Active and passive immunization. Passive immunization Substitution of missing specific antibodies...
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Transcript of Active and passive immunization. Passive immunization Substitution of missing specific antibodies...
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Active and passive immunization
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Passive immunization
• Substitution of missing specific antibodies protecting against infectious disease or treating the infectious disease.
• Used mainly in infectious diseases or diseases caused by toxins.
• Prompt but short-term effect.
• No immunological memory is induced.
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Active immunization
• Induction of immune memory by harmless antigen.
• In the case of infection by a pathogen prompt secondary immune response protects the immunized person from the disease.
• Has protective, but no therapeutic effect.
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Active immunisation
Passive immunisation
Speed of response Delayed Prompt
Length of response Long-term Short-term
Clinical use Long-term prophylaxis
Treatment, short-term prophylaxis
Active and passive immunisation
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Antisera used in human medicine
• Against bacterial infections: Tetanus (human), Diphteria (equine), Botulism (equine)
• Against viral infetions: Hepatitis B (human), Rabies (equine), Varicella-zoster (human), CMV (human), tick-born encephalitis (human), hepatitis A, measles and other viral infections (pooled human immunoglobulin)
• Against snake or black widow spider toxins• Anti Rh
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Edward Jenner
Discovery of small pox vaccine
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Primary and secondary immune response
gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch001c.htm
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Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 18 July 2006 11:29 AM)
© 2005 Elsevier
Formation of memory cells after antigenic challenge
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Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 18 July 2006 11:29 AM)
© 2005 Elsevier
Primary and secondary immune response
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„Classical“ vaccines
• Atenuated microbes: BCG (against TBC), mumps, measles rubella, varicella, cholera, yellow fever, poliomyelitis,
• Inactivated microorganisms: rabies, hepatitis A, tick-born encephalitis, poliomyelitis, cholera, plague. Formerly pertussis.
• Toxoids: tetanus, diphteria
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„Modern“ vaccines
• Subunit: influenza, pertussis
• Polysaccharide: Heamophilus influenzae B
(conjugated), Meningococcus (group A a C,
conjugated on non-conjugated), Pneumococcus
(conjugate and non-conjugated)
• Recombinant: hepatitis B
• Virus-like particles : papillomavirus
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„Future (?)“ vaccines
• Synthetic polypeptides
• Antiidiotype antibodies
• DNA vaccines
• Vector vaccines
• Antigens inserted into food (bananas, potatoes)
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Anti-idiotypic antibodies