Activation RecordsMooly Sagiv

msagiv@post.tau.ac.ilSchrierber 31703-640-7606

Wed 10:00-12:00

html://www.math.tau.ac.il/~msagiv/courses/wcc01.htmlChapter 6

Basic Compiler PhasesSource program (string)

Fin. Assembly

lexical analysis

syntax analysis

semantic analysis

Translate

Instruction selection

Register Allocation

Tokens

Abstract syntax tree

Intermediate representation

Assembly

Frame

Example factorial

let function nfactor (n: int): int = if n = 0 then 1 else n * nfactor(n-1)in nfactor(10)end

IR for Main

/* prologue of main starts with l1 *//* body of main */MOV(TEMP(RV), CALL(NAME(l2), ExpList(CONST(10), null /* next argument */)))/* epilogue of main */

IR for nfact/* Prologue of nfunc starts with l2 *//* body of nfunc */MOV(TEMP(RV), ESEQ(SEQ( CJUMP(=, “n”, CONST(0), NAME(l3), NAME(l4)), LABEL(l3) /* then-clause */, MOV(TEMP(t1), CONST(1)), JUMP(NAME(l5)), LABEL(l4), /* else-clause */ MOV(TEMP(t1), BINOP(MUL, “n”, CALL(NAME(l2), ExpList(BINOP(MINUS, “n”, CONST(1)), null /* next argument */)))), LABEL(l5)), TEMP(t1)))/* epilogue of nfunc */

Where to store the value of n?

Pseudo IR for nfact/* Prologue of nfunc starts with l2 */PUSH(TEMP t128)MOVE(TEMP t128, TEMP t104)/* body of nfunc */MOV(TEMP(RV), ESEQ(SEQ( CJUMP(=, TEMP t128, CONST(0), NAME(l3), NAME(l4)), LABEL(l3) /* then-clause */, MOV(TEMP(t1), CONST(1)), JUMP(NAME(l5)), LABEL(l4), /* else-clause */ MOV(TEMP(t1), BINOP(MUL, TEMP t128, CALL(NAME(l2), ExpList(BINOP(MINUS, TEMP t128, CONST(1)), null /* next argument */)))), LABEL(l5)), TEMP(t1)))/* epilogue of nfunc */POP(TEMP t128)

.globl nfactor .ent nfactor nfactor_framesize=40 .frame $sp,nfactor_framesize,$31nfactor: addiu $sp,$sp,-nfactor_framesize L6: sw $2,0+nfactor_framesize($sp) or $25,$0,$4 # save arg1 or $24,$0,$31 sw $24,-4+nfactor_framesize($sp) sw $30,-8+nfactor_framesize($sp) beq $25,$0,L0 # n = 0?L1: or $30,$0,$25 lw $24,0+nfactor_framesize($sp) or $2,$0,$24 addi $25,$25,-1 # n-1 or $4,$0,$25 # arg1 = n-1 jal nfactor or $25,$0,$2 # r25= (n-1)! mult $30,$25 # r30=n(n-1)! mflo $30

L2: or $2,$0,$30 lw $30,-nfactor_framesize($sp) or $31,$0,$30 lw $30,-8+nfactor_framesize($sp) b L5L0: addi $30,$0,1 b L2L5: addiu $sp,$sp,nfactor_framesize j $31 .end nfactor

.globl nfactor .ent nfactor nfactor_framesize=40 .frame $sp,nfactor_framesize,$31nfactor: addiu $sp,$sp,-nfactor_framesize

L6: sw $2,0+nfactor_framesize($sp) # save static link or $25,$0,$4 # save arg1 or $24,$0,$31 # sw $24,-4+nfactor_framesize($sp) # save ra sw $30,-8+nfactor_framesize($sp) # prev. n

function nfactor (n: int): int =

beq $25,$0,L0 # n = 0?L1: or $30,$0,$25 lw $24,0+nfactor_framesize($sp) or $2,$0,$24 addi $25,$25, -1 # n-1 or $4,$0,$25 # arg1 = n-1 jal nfactor or $25,$0,$2 # r25= (n-1)! mult $30,$25 # r30=n(n-1)! mflo $30 b L2L0: addi $30,$0,1 b L2

L2: or $2,$0,$30 lw $30,-4+nfactor_framesize($sp) or $31,$0,$30 # restore ra. lw $30,-8+nfactor_framesize($sp) b L5L5: addiu $sp,$sp,nfactor_framesize j $31 .end nfactor

if n = 0 then 1 else n * nfactor(n-1)

.globl nfactor .ent nfactor nfactor_framesize=40 .frame $sp,nfactor_framesize,$31nfactor: addiu $sp,$sp,-nfactor_framesize L6: sw $2,0+nfactor_framesize($sp) or $25,$0,$4 # save arg1 or $24,$0,$31 sw $24,-4+nfactor_framesize($sp) sw $30,-8+nfactor_framesize($sp) beq $25,$0,L0 # n = 0?L1: or $30,$0,$25 lw $24,0+nfactor_framesize($sp) or $2,$0,$24 addi $25,$25,-1 # n-1 or $4,$0,$25 # arg1 = n-1 jal nfactor or $25,$0,$2 # r25= (n-1)! mult $30,$25 # r30=n(n-1)! mflo $30

L2: or $2,$0,$30 lw $30,-4+nfactor_framesize($sp) or $31,$0,$30 lw $30,-8+nfactor_framesize($sp) b L5L0: addi $30,$0,1 b L2L5: addiu $sp,$sp,nfactor_framesize j $31 .end nfactor

Outline of this lecture• Properties of variables

• Stack Frames

• The Frame Pointer and Frame Size

• The Static Pointers and Nesting Levels

• Machine Architectures

• Parameter Passing and return Address

• Limitations

• Memory Management in the Tiger Language

• Summary

Compile-Time Information on Variables

• Name• Type• Scope

– when is it recognized

• Duration – when does its value exist

• Size – How many bytes are required at runtime

• Address– Fixed

– Relative

– Dynamic

Stack Frames

• Allocate a separate space for every procedure incarnation

• Relative addresses• Provides a simple mean to achieve modularity• Naturally supports recursion• Efficient memory allocation policy

– Low overhead

– Hardware support may be available

• LIFO policy• Not a pure stack

– Non local references

– Updated using arithmetic

A Typical Stack Framehigher addresses

previous frame

current frame

static link

argument 1

argument 2

locals

return address

temporaries

argument 2

argument 1

static link

outgoing parameters

saved registers

lower addresses

next frame

frame size

frame pointer

stack

pointer

outgoing parameters

Pseudo IR for nfactLABEL L2MOVE(TEMP SP, BINOP(MINUS, TEMP SP, CONST framesize))) MOVE(MEM(BINOP(MINUS, TEMP FP, CONST k)), TEMP t128)MOVE(TEMP t128, TEMP t104)MOV(TEMP(RV), ESEQ(SEQ( CJUMP(=, TEMP t128, CONST(0), NAME(l3), NAME(l4)), LABEL(l3) /* then-clause */, MOV(TEMP(t1), CONST(1)), JUMP(NAME(l5)), LABEL(l4), /* else-clause */ MOV(TEMP(t1), BINOP(MUL, TEMP t128, CALL(NAME(l2), ExpList(BINOP(MINUS, TEMP t128, CONST(1)), null /* next argument */)))), LABEL(l5)), TEMP(t1)))MOVE(TEMP t128, MEM(BINOP(MINUS, TEMP FP, CONST k)))MOVE(TEMP SP, BINOP(PLUS, TEMP SP, CONST framesize)))

Pascal 80386 Framehigher addresses

previous frame

current frame

static link

argument 2

argument 1

locals

return address

temporaries

argument 1

argument 2

static link

outgoing parameters

saved registers

lower addresses

next frame

bp

sp

previous bp

Summary thus far• The structure of the stack frame may depend

on– Machine – Architecture– Programming language– Compiler Conventions

• The stack is updated by:– Emitted compiler instructions– Designated hardware instructions

The Frame Pointer• The caller

– the calling routine• The callee

– the called routine• caller responsibilities:

– Calculate arguments and save in the stack– Store static link

• call instruction: M[--SP] := RA PC := callee

• callee responsibilities:– FP := SP– SP := SP - frame-size

• Why use both SP and FP?

Variable Length Frame Size• C allows allocating objects of unbounded

size in the heapvoid p() { int i; char *p; scanf(“%d”, &i); p = (char *) alloca(i*sizeof(int)); }

• Some versions of Pascal allows conformant array value parameters

Pascal Conformant Arrays program foo ; const max = 4 ; var m1, m2, m3: array [1..max, 1..max] of integer var i, j: integer procedure mult(a, b: array [1..l, 1..l] of integer; var c:array [1..l, 1..l] of integer)); var i, j, k: integer; begin { mult } for i := 1 to l do for j := 1 to l do begin c[i, j] := 0 ; for k := 1 to l do c[i, j] := c[i, j] + a[i, k] * b[k, j]; end end; { mult} begin { foo} … mult(m1, m2, m3) end. { foo}

Supporting Static Scoping• References to non-local variables

• Language rules– No nesting of functions

• C, C++, Java

– Non-local references are bounded to the most recently enclosed declared procedure and “die” when the procedure end

• Algol, Pascal, Tiger

• Simplest implementation• Pass the static link as an extra argument to functions

– Scope rules guarantee that this can be done

• Generate code to traverse the frames

letfunction fun1():int = let var d:=0 function fun2():int = d+1 in fun2() endin fun1()end

/* prologue starts at t_main: */ MOVE(TEMP t103, CALL(NAME fun1, TEMP FP))/* epilogue */

/* prologue starts at fun1 */ESEQ( MOVE( MEM(BINOP(PLUS, TEMP FP, CONST -4)), CONST 0),CALL(NAME fun2, TEMP FP)))/* epilogue */

/* prologue starts at fun2 */BINOP(PLUS, MEM( BINOP(PLUS, MEM(BINOP(PLUS, TEMP FP, CONST 0)), CONST -4)), CONST 1),…/* epilogue */

type tree = { key: string, left: tree, right: tree }function pretyprint(tree: tree): string =let var output := “” function write(s: string) = output := concat(output, s) function show(n: int, t: tree) = let function indent(s: string) = (for i := 1 to n do write(“ ”); output := concat(output, s)) in if t= nil then indent(“.”) else (indent(t.key); show(n+1, t.left); show(n+1, t.right)) end {show} in show(0, tree); output end

Realistic Tiger Example

linkmain

output

link

pretyprint

show

link

nt

indent

s

i

tree

type tree = { key: string, left: tree, right: tree }function pretyprint(tree: tree): string =let var output := “” function write(s: string) = output := concat(output, s) function show(n: int, t: tree) = let function indent(s: string) = (for i := 1 to n do write(“ ”); output := concat(output, s)) in if t= nil then indent(“.”) else (indent(t.key); show(n+1, t.left); show(n+1, t.right)) end {show} in show(0, tree); output end

Realistic Tiger Example

linkmain

output

link

pretyprint

show

link

nt

n

tree

show

t

Other Implementations of Static Scoping

• Display– An array of static links– d[i] is static link nesting level i– Can be stored in the stack

• lambda-lifting– Pass non-local variables as extra parameters

Machine Registers

• Every year– CPUs are improving by 50%-60% – Main memory speed is improving 10%

• Machine registers allow efficient accesses– Utilized by the compiler

• Other memory units exist– Cache

RISC vs. CISC Machines

Feature RISC CISC

Registers 32 6, 8, 16

Register Classes One Some

Arithmetic Operands Registers Memory+Registers

Instructions 3-addr 2-addr

Addressing Modesr

M[r+c] (l,s)several

Instruction Length 32 bits Variable

Side-effects None Some

Instruction-Cost “Uniform” Varied

Caller-save vs. Callee-Save Registers

• Compile every procedure separately

• Partition the machine registers into two sets– Caller-Save registers– Callee-Save registers

• Hardware support may be available

• Register allocation algorithm will be described later

Parameter Passing• 1960s

– In memory • No recursion is allowed

• 1970s– In stack

• 1980s– In registers– First k parameters are passed in registers (k=4 or k=6)– Where is time saved?

• Most procedures are leaf procedures• Interprocedural register allocation• Many of the registers may be dead before another invocation• Register windows are allocated in some architectures per call (e.g., sun Sparc)

Modern Architectures• return-address

– also normally saved in a register on a call– a non leaf procedure saves this value on the stack– No stack support in the hardware

• function-result – Normally saved in a register on a call– A non leaf procedure saves this value on the stack

Limitations

• The compiler may be forced to store a value on a stack instead of registers

• The stack may not suffice to handle some language features

Frame-Resident Variables• A variable x cannot be stored in register when:

– x is passed by reference– Address of x is taken (&x)– is addressed via pointer arithmetic on the stack-frame

(C varags)– x is accessed from a nested procedure– The value is too big to fit into a single register– The variable is an array– The register of x is needed for other purposes– Too many local variables

• An escape variable:– Passed by reference– Address is taken– Addressed via pointer arithmetic on the stack-frame– Accessed from a nested procedure

type tree = { key: string, left: tree, right: tree }function pretyprint(tree: tree): string =let var output := “” function write(s: string) = output := concat(output, s) function show(n: int, t: tree) = let function indent(s: string) = (for i := 1 to n do write(“ ”); output := concat(output, s)) in if t= nil then indent(“.”) else (indent(t.key); show(n+1, t.left); show(n+1, t.right)) end {show} in show(0, tree); output end

Limitations of Stack Frames• A local variable of P cannot be stored in the activation

record of P if its duration exceeds the duration of P• Example 1: Static variables in C

(own variables in Algol)void p(int x){ static int y = 6 ; y += x; }

• Example 2: Features of the C languageint * f() { int x ; return &x ;}

• Example 3: Dynamic allocationint * f() { return (int *) malloc(sizeof(int)); }

Higher Order Functions

fun f(x) =let fun g(y) = x + y

in g end

val h = f(3)val j = f(4)

val z = h(5)val w = j(7)

int (*)() f(int x) { int g(int y) { return x + y; } return g ; }

int (*h)() = f(3);int (*j)() = f(4);

int z = h(5);int w = j(7);

Memory Management in the Tiger Compiler

• Isolate architecture dependent parts in a separate module– Frame

• Isolate programming language dependent parts in a separate module– Translate

• Isolate labels and register temporaries in a separate module– Temp

Two Layers of Abstraction

semant.c

translate.h

translate.c

frame.h temp.h

mipsframe.c temp.c

Temporaries and Labels

/* temp.h */typedef struct Temp_temp_ *Temp_temp;Temp_temp Temp_newtemp(void);

typedef struct Temp_tempList_ *Temp_tempList;struct Temp_tempList_ { Temp_temp head; Temp_tempList tail;}Temp_tempList Temp_TempList(Temp_temp h, Temp_tempList t);

typedef S_symbol Temp_label;Temp_label Temp_newlabel(void);Temp_label Temp_namedlabel(string name);string Temp_labelstring(Temp_label s);

Example frame invocations (translate.c)

• When a function g(x, y, z) where x escapes is encounteredf = F_newFrame (g, U_BoolList(TRUE, U_BoolList(FALSE, U_BoolList(FALSE, NULL)))) ;

• When a local variable v is encountereda = F_allocLocal(f, escape)– Causes to reserve a space for v in f or in register

• When a variable is accessed F_Exp(a, access) returns the generated code– access is the code for computing the static link

• Ignored when a is in register

Hidden in frame.c• Word size

• The location of the formals

• Machine instructions to implement “shift-of-view”' (prologue)

• The number of locals allocated so far

• The label in which the machine code starts

The frame interface

/* frame.h */typedef struct F_frame_ *F_Frame;typedef struct F_access_ *F_access;

typedef struct F_accessList_ *F_accessList;struct F_accessList_ { F_access head; F_accessList tail; }

F_frame F_newFrame(Temp_label name, U_boolList formals);F_label F_name(F_frame d);F_accessList F_formals(F_frame f);F_access f_allocLocal(F_frame f, bool escape);Temp_temp F_FP(void);extern const int F_wordsize;T_exp F_Exp(F_access acc, T_EXP static_link);

MIPS frame implementation/* frame.c */#include “temp.h”#include “frame.h”struct F_frame_ {Temp_label name; int formalsCount; int localsCount;

F_accessList formals; …}; typedef enum {inFrame, inReg} F_access_kind;struct F_access { F_access_kind kind;

union { int offset; /* frame offset */ Temp_temp reg; /* register */} u;

};

…F_access F_allocLocal(F_frame f, bool escape){ assert(f); if (escape) return F_allocInFrame(-1 * F_wordSize * + flocalsCount); else return F_allocInRegister();}

The Frames in Different Architectures

Pentium MIPS Sparc

InFrame(8) InFrame(0) InFrame(68)

InFrame(12) InReg(t157) InReg(t157)

InFrame(16) InReg(t158) InReg(t158)

M[sp+0]fp

fp sp

sp sp-K

sp sp-K

M[sp+K+0] r2

t157 r4

t158 r5

save %sp, -K, %sp

M[fp+68]i0

t157i1

t158i2

g(x, y, z) where x escapes

x

y

z

View

Change

The Need for Register Copies

function m(x: int, y: int) = (h(y, y); h(x, x))

Nesting Blocks in Tigerfunction f() = let var v := 6 in = print(v); let var v := 7 in print(v) end; print(v); let var v := 8 in print(v) end; print(v);end

Managing Static Links• Implemented in the translate module

(translate.c)

• The static pointer is passed as extra argument

• For every function records the frame of function in which it is defined

• Generate instruction sequences for non-local references

Summary• Stack frames provide a simple compile-time

memory management scheme– Locality of references is supported

• Can be complex to implement– What about procedure parameters?

• Memory allocation is one of most interesting areas