ACTIONS AGREED UNDER BUCHAREST CONVENTION TOWARDS THE REDUCTION OF NUTRIENT POLLUTION IN THE BLACK...
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Transcript of ACTIONS AGREED UNDER BUCHAREST CONVENTION TOWARDS THE REDUCTION OF NUTRIENT POLLUTION IN THE BLACK...
ACTIONS AGREED UNDER BUCHAREST ACTIONS AGREED UNDER BUCHAREST CONVENTION TOWARDS THE CONVENTION TOWARDS THE
REDUCTION OF NUTRIENT POLLUTION REDUCTION OF NUTRIENT POLLUTION IN THE BLACK SEAIN THE BLACK SEA
Valeria AbazaValeria AbazaPollution Monitoring & Assessment Officer
Permanent SecretariatCommission on the Protection of the
Black Sea Against Pollutionwww.blacksea-commission.org
Southeast Europe Business Forum 22-23 November 2012Istanbul, Turkey
BLACK SEA AND ITS GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Black Sea
• Enclosed water body• Large Catchment• Unique ecosystem
Black Sea Bathymetry and Annoxia
Black Sea has world’s largest volume of anoxic waters
Temperature 5-25oC 8-9oCSalinity 18%o 21-22%o
Black Sea Catchment
Regional Environmental Problems in the Black Sea
•Eutrophication/Nutrient Enrichment•Chemical Pollution, including Oil•Changes in Marine Living Resources, Overfishing
•Biodiversity Changes/Habitats Loss, including Alien Species Introduction
Regional approach
• Sea possess no physical borders!• Most marine problems are transboundary and
require collective action• Environment, the easiest area of cooperation
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Bucharest Convention
In April 1992 six Black Sea countries (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine) signed and shortly thereafter ratified the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest Convention) with its (three) integrated protocols.
Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russian Federation
Turkey Ukraine
Bucharest Convention
Ratified: 10-Nov-1993Entry into force: 15-Jan-1994
Ratified: 23-Feb-1993Entry into force: 15-Jan-1994
Ratified: 29-Mar-1994Entry into force: 29-Mar-1994
Ratified: 01-Sep-1993Entry into force: 15-Jan 1994
Ratified:16-Nov-1993Entry into force: 15-Jan-1994
Ratified:14-Apr-1994Entry into force: 14-Apr-1994
Protocols to the Convention1. Protocol on the Protection of the Black Sea Marine
Environment against Pollution from Land Based Sources (1992)
2. Protocol on Cooperation in combating pollution of the Black Sea Marine Environment by Oil and Other Harmful Substances (Emergency Protocol)
3. Protocol on the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution by Dumping
4. Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol5. Protocol on the Protection of the Marine Environment of
the Black Sea from Land-Based Sources and Activities (2009)
Obligations of Contracting Parties General obligation: to prevent, reduce and control the pollution in the Black Sea in order to protect and preserve the marine environment and to provide legal framework for co-operation and concerted actions to fulfill this obligation.
To protect the biodiversity and the marine living resources;
To provide framework for scientific and technical co-operation and monitoring activities.
LBSA Protocol 2009• Adopted at the Ministerial Conference in Sofia, 17 April
2009 – not enforced yet• 24 Articles and 5 annexes with main reference to:• Pollution from point sources (art. 7)• Pollution from diffuse sources (art.8)• Other harmful activities (art.9)• Transboundary pollution and impact (art.10)• Information and Data Collection, Monitoring and
Assessment (art.11)• Environmental Impact Assessment (art. 12)
Geographical scope of the LBSAThe LBSA protocol (2009) applies also to:• Pollution emissions originating from land-based
point and diffuse sources, which reach the marine environment through rivers or other watercourses;
• Inputs of polluting substances transported through the atmosphere;
• Activities that may directly or indirectly affect the marine environment or coastal areas.
Black Sea Catchment (Map GIWA 2004)
Implementation of Bucharest Convention and its Protocols
Strategic Action Plan - SAP• Signed on October 31, 1996 (Black
Sea Day)• Adopted by all Black Sea countries • In 2009 updated BS SAP was adopted
at Ministerial Conference in Sofia, BG• Addressed to transboundary env.
problems• Ecosystem approach• Framework for coordination and
coherence with MSFD
Geographical scope of SAP
• The geographical scope of the Bucharest convention - the Black Sea
• In addition the SAP covers pollution sources from coastal area.
• Black Sea coastal states shall make effort to implement relevant provisions of the SAP at the Black Sea basin level.
Ecosystem Quality Objectives• EcoQO 1: Preserve commercial marine living
resources.• EcoQO 2: Conservation of Black Sea Biodiversity and
Habitats.• EcoQO 3: Reduce eutrophication.• EcoQO 4: Ensure Good Water Quality for Human
Health, Recreational Use and Aquatic Biota.
EcoQO 3: Reduce eutrophication - actions
(30) Introduce cost efficiency approach to nutrient management in all BS countries
(31) Upgrade all WWTPs serving populations > 200,000 p.e. within the six BS country sub-basins to include N&P removal
(32)Ensure all tourist resorts are connected to sewerage systems with WWTPs of adequate capacity to address seasonal loads
(33) Ensure that all industrial plants have adequate WWT to reduce N&P emissions from direct discharge to surface waters
(34). Reduce or phase out theuse of high P-containing laundry detergents
(35). Introduce harmonized P and N standards for all WWTPs serving >100,000 p.e. Ensure compliance with and harmonize standards at regional level
EcoQO 3: Reduce eutrophication - actions
(36). Reduce atmospheric emissions of N from municipal, agricultural and industrial sources, through the introduction of BAT, BAP principles etc.
(37). Harmonize the monitoring and assessment of N&P in major rivers and straits
(38) Improve network of atmospheric deposition monitoring stations around the Black Sea coast (at least 1 per country)
(39). Develop a nutrient modeling tool to enable source apportionment estimates to be made
(40). Improve the use of regulatory instruments for reducing point and diffuse source pollution from agriculture
(41). Introduce appropriate economic incentives to reduce nutrient emissions from agriculture
EcoQO 3: Reduce eutrophication - actions
(42). Develop and expand the capacity of national agricultural extension services for promoting the control of agricultural pollution
(43). Promote organic farming and other low input farming systems
(44). Develop/define BAT for the design and operation of large-scale agro-industrial livestock production units, including pig and poultry farms with no land
EcoQO 4: Ensure Good Water Quality for Human Health, Recreational Use and Aquatic
BiotaEcoQO 4a: Reduce pollutants originating from land based
sources, including atmospheric pollutions
(50). Harmonise environmental quality standards throughout the Black Sea region and elaborate regionally agreed criteria for assessment of the state of the Black Sea environment
(51). Develop/improve the existing monitoring system to provide comparable data sets for pollutant loads (from direct discharges and river inputs) and for other parameters
EcoQO 4a: Reduce pollutants originating from land based sources, including atmospheric
pollutions
(52). Improve the “list of Black Sea specific priority pollutants” to help target monitoring priorities
(53). Continue/improve rehabilitation /construction of wastewater treatment plants
(54). Optimise and/or increase resources to regulatory bodies responsible for pollution control and improve capacity through targeted training programmes
SAP implementation
• Conducted by countries• Regional monitoring program• Annual reporting to BSC• Periodical assessment (5 years)
– State of Environment Report– Assessment of SAP implementation and SAP
revision
MONITORING - BSIMAP
Black Sea Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme (BSIMAP)
• Implemented since 2001.•Build on established national monitoring programmes•Operational•Last version of BSIMAP was adopted in 2006.
BSIMAPBlack Sea Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme (BSIMAP):•addressed to the main transboundary environmental problems in the Black Sea region: eutrophication, water pollution and water quality, biodiversity change and decline, habitats destruction•provides criteria for monitoring and external quality control instruments•build on established national monitoring programmes•there is no regional monitoring activity
BSIMAP Pollution Monitoring Network
Monitoring network: spatial coverage
Territorial waters
Pollution Hot
Spots
Sampling Sites
Coastline (km)
Average distance (km) represented per sampling site
Bulgaria 14 12 300 25Georgia 6 5 310 62Romania 6 43
(13 transects)225 17
Russia 11 5 475 95Turkey 10 70
(25 transects)1400 56
Ukraine 9 16 1628 102
Monitoring
National institutions involved
Bulgaria Regional laboratories in Varna and Burgas
Georgia Environment Pollution Monitoring Department, MoEP
RomaniaNational Institute for Marine Research & Development; Water Directorate Dobrogea Litoral – Constanta
Russian Federation
Socchi Hydrometeorological Centre, Tuapse Roshydromet Monitoring Laboratory, Southern Branch of SIO RAS
Turkey MoEF, Istanbul University
Ukraine UkrSCES , State Ecological Inspection of the North-West region of the Black Sea (MENR)
BSIMAP LBS component
Complementary to the Pollution Monitoring, the BSIMAP LBS component includes monitoring of pollution loads from LBS, including:•River discharges•Industrial discharges•Municipal dischargesThe emphasis is given to the Pollution Hot Spots.
Monitoring
Hot spots
Monitoring
REPORTING
ReportingWho: National Focal Points / Members of Advisory
GroupsWhat: Different parameters of the Black Sea ecosystem
state, pressures, impacts, measures, changes in legislation/policy, programs, investments, etc. 1. PMA (pollution in water, sediments, biota)2. LBS (pollution loads from rivers and hot spots – municipal
and industrial)
When: annually (in Autumn), data for previous yearHow: in standardized formats
Data flow
Implementing agencies and laboratories
National ministries and agencies BSC focal points
BSC PS BSIS (Black Sea Information System)
Users: scientists, decision-makers,
public
Standardized format
Usage of monitoring data & informationState of
Environment reporting (SoE)
Transboundary diagnostic analysis
Impact assessments of major pollutant
sources
Assesment of SAP implementation
and SAP revision
Monitoring data &
information
BSIS
GIS, mapping
Trend analysis
Annual reports• Compiled from countries’ reports• Contain assessment of environmental quality
performed by countries • Typical data products:
– Spatial variability of parameters: charts, maps, transects
– Annual variability of parameters: charts– Inter-annual variability of parameters: charts
Parameters reported• BOD5• Total Nitrogen (TN)• Total Phosphorus (TP)• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) • Flow (Q)• Heavy metals• Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Monitoring results: Nitrogen loads
Other riversDanube
Ref: BSC LBS AG report 2009-2010
Monitoring results: Phosporus loads
Other riversDanube
Ref: BSC LBS AG report 2009-2010
State of Environment Report 2006/7
• More than 60 scientists involved• 12 chapters addressed to different
environmental problems as well as socio-economic pressures and impact
• Last chapter – overall assessment of the state of the Black Sea Ecosystem
State of Environment Report 2006/7
Relative contributions of different point and diffuse sources to the emissions of (a) total nitrogen (N) and (b) total phosphorus averaged
over 5 year bins and amounts of total nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer consumption in the Danube catchments basin (solid circles).
State of Environment Report 2006/7
Decadal variability of surface dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentration along the western and eastern coastal waters of the NWS
based on the averaging of available data from several stations at 5-year bin
Monthly surface NO3 concentration (blue) and total nitrogen (organic + inorganic) concentration (green) (μM) at the Bosphorus northern entrance during 1996-2003
Further tasks and challenges• Harmonization of monitoring programs conducted by
countries to meet requirements of new LBS protocol and SAP
• Standartization of sampling and sample analysis techniques
• Improving of QA/QC• Ensuring sustainability of monitoring programs in the
countries
Monitoring