Action Researches Fundamentals

HEHERSON M. ANGEL, Ed.D. Director- Pantas Training and Development Center

Director for Research & Extension- Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

Why engage into research?

• Inherent to the teaching profession.

• To solve an existing problem.

• For promotion.

• For additional income.

• For continuous improvement.

RESEARCH

NON-PARA PARAMETRIC

INFERENTIAL STAT

QUANTITATIVE

VARIABILITY Variance ; StD

CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean ; Median ; Mode

POSITIONING Percentile; Quantile

CONTENT ANALYSIS Archival ; Interview

CASE STUDY Observation ; Interview

HISTORICAL Archival; Int’w; Fieldwork

GROUNDED THEORY Archival ; Interview

QUALITATIVE

EXPLANATORY

PHENOMENOLOGY Im’n; Obs’n ; Interview

DESCRIPTIVE STAT

EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE

Angel_H 7.14.14

SURVEY RESEARCH (Impact, Tracer, Market, Feasib, Opinion); ASSESSMENT; EVALUATION;

INSTRUMENT, MODEL; META ANALYSIS (Survey /Observation/Testing/ Measurement)

APPLIED

BASIC or PURE

CROSS-SECTIONAL

LONGITUDINAL

EXPERIMENTAL; CAUSAL; RELATIONAL

(Action Research, SEM) (Exp’n/ Obs’n/Survey)

ETHNOGRAPHIC Immersion

(n.) is any original work undertaken on a systematic manner in order to increase knowledge or to find research-based solution to an existing problem done on a short or long-term basis.

Research

(v.) means to search; to investigate; to explore; to probe; to inquire; to examine

Basic Research Applied Research

-provides new body of knowledge to unknown or less explored topics

-solves particular problems or future problems

-expands the existing literature

-corrects or strengthens existing literature

-satisfies people’s queries -settles peoples’ uncertainties

-has no or limited direct application

-has direct application

-e.g. Exploratory; Descriptive (stress levels)

-e.g. Action, Experimental (meds to lower stress)

Cross-sectional Longitudinal

- short period of time (1 sem, 1 year)

- long period of time ( > 1 year?)

- one-time data collection - Repeated data collection

- no fixed subjects/participants

- fixed subjects/participants

-e.g. Descriptive (level of stress of teachers) - Exploratory studies (Pheno on aversive impact of work stressors)

-e.g. Experimental (medical trials) -Trend studies (Youth Risk Behavior) -Cohort studies (AIDS patients’ health)

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

- data are presented in numerical and/or tabular format

-in textual or narrative format

- uses statistics (descriptive and/or inferential)

- no calculations

- can have conclusive and generalizable findings

- subjective and not generalizable

-e.g. Descriptive (surveys) Explanatory (experimental)

-e.g. Exploratory (grounded, content, ethno)

3. MIXED METHOD

Combination of quantitative and qualitative methods.

• Fixed – predetermined or planned before the research process

• Emergent – arises due to

necessity.

3.1. MIXED METHOD SIMULTANEOUS DESIGN

• Equivalent status of quanti and quali • Simultaneous collection of quanti and quali data. • Convergent interpretation of data.

Source: Morse & Neihaus, 2009

3.2. MIXED METHOD SEQUENTIAL DESIGN

• Two phases are done; either quali or quanti comes first.

• One type of data is more critical & the other plays a secondary role.

Source: Morse & Neihaus, 2009

• The application of two or more designs, methods, or techniques

• Ex. “The potential of stone tools to assess the existence of a bamboo industry during Prehistory”.

– Design:

• Descriptive (condition of lithic period)

• Exploratory (potential of stone tools)

• Explanatory (experimental)

– Method:

• Quantitative (experimental)

• Qualitative (immersion, observation, interview)

– Techniques:

• Interview

• Immersion

• Observation

• Experimentation

4. INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH DESIGN

Srivastava, T. N., and Rego, S. (2011). Business Research Methodology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd.

RESEARCH DESIGN

EXPLORATORY • Aims to make preliminary investigation to unknown or less explored variables.

• It generates speculative insights which are not conclusive.

• Uses qualitative method.

DESCRIPTIVE • Aims to describe the current state or condition or to further understand the variables identified in the exploratory design.

• Research findings are not conclusive and not generalizable (esp. sampling).

• Uses quantitative and in qualitative method.

EXPLANATORY • Aims to find relationship among variables (relational), or to explain the outcome of a treatment (causal).

• It generates conclusive data by eliminating plausible rival factors or moderating variables.

• Uses in quantitative method.

Exploratory research design is “used to make preliminary investigation into relatively unknown areas of research” and “employ an open, flexible, and inductive approach to research as they attempt to look for new insights into phenomena” (Blance, Durrheim & Painter, 2006, p.44).

Descriptive research design is used to collect data about the variables identified in an exploratory research using questionnaire, interview, or other instruments and provide descriptive analysis to further understand the variables (Srivastava & Rego, 2011).

Descriptive research design “such as surveys and naturalistic observation, is designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs” (Stangor, 2010, p. 22).

Explanatory research design has an ”aim to provide causal explanations to phenomena” and “on eliminating plausible rival hypotheses” (Blance, Durrheim & Painter, 2006, p.45).

In explanatory research design, “the investigator measures these variables [independent and dependent] and the provides evidence that either supports or refutes the contention that there is a cause-and-effect relationship that exists between these variables” (Salkind, 2010, p.1254).

RESEARCH CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE

Grounded

theory

-building new theories

-theory is “grounded” in

actual data (coded &

saturated)

Male Femaling: A grounded

theory approach to cross-

dressing and sex-changing

Content analysis -interpreting substance Discourse analysis on the selected

speeches of President Du30

Ethnography -exploring cultures Nagan ti Sirok ti Latok: Unobtrusive

participant observation of a ritual

on renaming sickly children

Phenomenology -describing unusual

occurrences

Fast turn-over, health problems,

and mortality of personnel of a local

university

Case study -investigating rare or

uncommon cases

Grounded theory

-building new theories

-theory is “grounded” in

actual data (coded &

saturated)

Male Femaling: A grounded theory approach to cross-dressing and sex-changing

-interpreting substance Discourse analysis on the selected

speeches of President Du30

-exploring cultures

Nagan ti Sirok ti Latok: Unobtrusive

participant observation of a ritual

on renaming sickly children

-describing unusual

occurrences

Content analysis

Ethnography

Fast turn-over, health problems,

and mortality of personnel of a

local university

Case study

Phenomenology

-investigating rare or

uncommon cases

Historical

research -chronicling events Political Dynasty in the Philippines

A case study of learners with ADHD

in an inclusive classroom

Survey Researches • Tracer Study

– retrospective analyses of graduates’ status

• Market Study

– to identify marketing opportunities and performance

• Feasibility Study – to determine the viability of a new service or product

• Opinion Poll

– inquiry into public stand or judgment

Assessment Researches • appraisal of the ability, nature, or quality of an individual or

an object thru testing, self-report inventory, rubric, or scale.

• Ability of individual o Achievement test (NAT,

Board exams)

o Aptitude test (NCAE)

o Performance test

o Diagnostic Test

o Agility test

o Intelligence Test

o Reading Comprehension Test (Phil-IRI)

o Standard-based assessment

• Nature of individual o Personality Test o Sociometric test o Psychometric test

• Quality/worth of object o year of artifacts or relics o karats of gold o cash value of estate o quality of rice

Evaluation Researches

• measurement on the attainment of objectives during or after a treatment

– Students’ formative and summative tests

– Summative test

• appraisal of the level of effectiveness on the delivery of inputs or a program

– Teaching performance evaluation

– Project evaluation

• appraisal of levels of improvement of new policy or initiative

– Impact study (e.g. 4P’s; Farm-to market road; RA 9003)

• Instrument development – e.g. Development and validation of an instrument to

measure and manage organizational process variety

• Model building – e.g. A Proposed Model for Investigating Relationships

Between Vision Components and Business Unit Performance

• Meta analysis – examination of data from a number of independent

studies of the same subject, in order to determine overall trends.

– e.g. The sleeper effect in persuasion: A meta-analysis review

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental studies • explain the outcome of a treatment or intervention. • Pure experiment uses control group and experimental groups (independent).

• Quasi-experiment uses same group (paired).

Experiments on causal relationships: • determine if changes in one

variable cause changes in another.

• e.g. L-carnitine and weight loss -review hours & score • generates conclusive data by

eliminating plausible rival factors (moderating, compounding)

• e.g. - proper diet; exercise - glutaphos; Bacopa monnieri

Relational studies: • determine if relationships exist

between a set of variables. • the variables compared are

already present in the group. • e.g. -height & basketball performance; -size of forehead & intelligence; - GPA and board exam - smoking & lung cancer

Association is not the same as causation

Action Research

• is a process of systematic, reflective inquiry to improve educational practices or resolve problems in any operating unit (i.e. school, classroom, office). [DO 16, s. 2017]

• e.g. • Effects of eLearning on the academic performance of BS

Aviation practicumers • Impact of PaL Strategy on the engagement of learners

in class discussions

SEM or Structural Equation Modeling:

FOUR TYPES OF SEM: • Causal modeling or path analysis • Confirmatory factor analysis • Latent Variable Structural Model • Growth Curve Models

SEM is an extension of the general linear model (GLM or multivariate regression model) that enables a researcher to test a set of regression equations simultaneously

GLM predicts one variable (dependent or response) from one or more other variables (independent, predictor, or explanatory).