THE GROUP TRAINING COURSE IN SEISMOLOGY, EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT POLICY

(2010-2011)

COURSE ID : J10-00880

ACTION PLAN

ON

FOCAL MECHANISM DETERMINATION OF

LOCAL EARTHQUAKES IN MALAY

PENINSULA AND ITS IMPROVEMENT

By Siti Norbaizura MAT SAID (D-10-03474)

Assistant Director

Geophysics and Tsunami Division

6th Floor, Headquarters,

Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD)

Jalan Sultan, 46667, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

E-mail:snorbaizura@met.gov.my

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION……………………….………………………………………………1

1-1.Contents and Findings from the Lectures, Study Trips or Workshops 1

……1-1.1Lectures on Earthquake Phenomenology 1

…… 1-1.2Special Lecture on the 2011 Off Tohoku-Pacific Earthquake 4

…… 1-1.3Study Trip to Miyagi Prefecture 1……………..………………………………10

1-1.48CUEEConference 1… …………..……………………………… 14

1-1.5Project Cycle Management 1… …………..………………………………15

1-2.Outline of Master Thesis 16

1-3.Role of the Geophysics and Tsunami division of the Malaysian Meteorological Department 17

2. ACTION PLAN………………………………………………… ……..18

2 - 1 . O b j e c t i v e … 1 8

2-2.Expected Outputs … 18

2-3.Actions for Short Term (in 2 months) … 19

2-4.Actions for Medium Term (in 6 months) … 20

2-5.Actions for Long Term (in 2 years) … 22

2-6.Logical Flow Chart … 24

2-7.Information for Related Organization … 25

3 . A N N E X … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 2 6

1.Schedule of the Training Course (from October 2010 to September 2011) 26

2.Report of Observation Visit 37

3.Handouts of Action Plan Presentation (delivered on September 12, 2011) 38

1

1. INTRODUCTION

1-1.Contents and Findings from the Lectures, Study Trips or Workshops

1-1.1 Lectures on Earthquake Phenomenology

Table 1 shows the information on the basic subjects related to the earthquake phenomenology. The

followings are the discussion on the detailed contents and findings for subjects of Local Earthquake

Analysis and Earthquake Focal Mechanism.

Title : Local Earthquake Analysis.

Contents :Classification of Earthquakes, Seismic Wave of Local Earthquakes, Wadati

Diagram, Particle Motion, Apparent Velocity, Hypocenter Determination and

Magnitude.

Delivered

Documents/

Materials : Handouts/Lecture Notes (softcopy and hardcopy).

Findings : A single seismic station or local seismic network observes local earthquakes. By

using seismic wave records ones can determine hypocenters, magnitudes, focal mechanisms, and crust

and upper mantle structure. We learned how to pick up P- and S-wave arrival times correctly as well as

other phases and to measure amplitudes from observed seismic wave records in which these phases

will be analyzed by different methods to know hypocenters and magnitudes of earthquakes. A Wadati

diagram (primitive analysis) (graph of S-P time vs P-time ) can be used to obtain the time origin of an

Subject Lecturer

Practice on Theory of Seismic

Waves

N. Takeuchi ( Nov,24, 26 and 29, and

Dec, 1)

T. Furumura (Dec 2, 7 and 13)

Local Earthquake Analysis N. Hurukawa (Nov, 17, 19 and Dec, 8

Analysis of Teleseismic Records H. Hirose (Jan, 13 and 14)

Y. Hayashi (Jan, 17)

Earthquake Focal Mechanism Y. Yagi (Jan, 20, 21, 26 and 27)

Seismicity and Statistics T. Iwata (Mar, 25 and 28)

Crust and Upper Mantle Structure T. Iwasaki (Mar, 11 and Apr, 1)

Seismic Tomography H. Inoue (Apr 4 and 8)

Table 1. Basic subjects related with earthquake phenomenology

2

earthquake, to calculate the hypocentral distance, to obtain the Vp/Vs ratio (or Poisson‟s ratio) in

medium and to examine P and S readings. We can represent a hypocentral distance by an S-P time (a

time difference between P- and S- wave arrival times), 𝑉𝑝 (P –wave velocity) and 𝑉𝑝 /𝑉𝑠 ratio (ratio

of P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity). If we regard 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑉𝑝 /𝑉𝑠 as constant ( 5.7-6.0 km/s and

1.73 in the upper crust of the Earth, where almost all earthquakes occur, respectively) we can obtain

hypocentral distance by multiplication of S-P time with Oomori coefficient, k= [𝑉𝑝/(𝑉𝑝 /𝑉𝑠 − 1)] = 8.

As for volcanic regions k is about 5 (since 𝑉𝑝 is about 4 km/s and 𝑉𝑝 /𝑉𝑠 is about 1.8). The quality of

reading data can be judged by travel time residuals. Data that are not on the straight line in the Wadati

diagram is unreliable. In detection of initial S wave, it is sometimes very difficult to find its onset,

because an S- to P- converted phases arrives earlier than the S wave. However, if we analyze

three-component seismograms, we can easily identify S wave. In identification of unknown phases

(predominant observed ones) we can compare the direction of their particle motion with those of P and

S waves and then analyze the type. This method is described by Matsuzawa et al. (1986, 1990) who

analyzed later phase of microearthquakes and identified them as P- to S- and S- to P- converted waves

at the subducting plate in northeastern Japan.

There are several methods for determining the hypocenter of an earthquake, in which can be

classified as graphical and calculative. As for graphical method, we need to obtain the origin time (by

using a Wadati diagram) and S-P times at three stations (circles are drawn based on location of

stations as centers and hypocentral distances as radius). A point of intersection (let say E) of two

common chords is the epicenter. One of the common chords is selected to be a diameter of a

semicircle. A distance between E and a point of intersection of the straight line and the semicircle is a

focal depth.

Joint determination of hypocenters of many earthquakes were developed to improve

hypocenter accuracy. Due to the lateral heterogeneity of the actual Earth, an assumption of the

horizontally layered model is not adequate to obtain precise location of earthquakes, and thus, a

station correction (travel-time difference between the assumed velocity structure and the actual one)

which corrects a travel-time anomaly caused by the lateral heterogeneity (station delay) is required

before determining hypocenter in order to obtain the correct earthquake location. A method that

include station corrections for travel times as additional parameters to be determined from a group of

earthquakes is described by Douglas (1967) and Freedman (1967). However, solutions by this method

is unstable when media is very heterogenous and station coverage is not good because of trade-off

between station corrections and focal depths of earthquakes. Thus this method is modified by

Hurukawa and Imoto (1992), known as the MJHD method, which bring almost the same results as the

master-event method (Dewey 1972) without requiring for a selection of a master event. This is the

major advantage of the MJHD method and very effective especially in a case of no earthquakes are

observed clearly at all stations.

3

Title : Earthquakes Focal Mechanism.

Contents : Source Mechanism (Focal Mechanism), Moment Tensor Inversion and Waveform

Inversion

Delivered :Handouts/Lecture Notes (softcopy and hardcopy). Software for moment tensor

Documents/ inversion and Seismic Analysis Code (SAC)

Materials

Findings :From recordings of earthquake-generated waves, information about the earthquake

source may be derived, including its magnitude, location, time of occurrenece, its orientation, and

movement of fault. Source mechanism also provides information of the state of tectonic stress field

and location of the weak zone (fault zone). Determination of focal mechanism can be performed by

using polarities of P-wave first motion or waveform inversion (moment tensor).

For single event,

Polarity/Amplitude Requirement

Polarity of first P-wave Many stations (depend on station coverage)

Polarity and amplitude of first P-wave Five or more P-wave components

Waveform of P-wave and S-wave Five or more waveform components

Overall waveform One or more waveform stations

In case of a sparse local seismic network, P- first motion data may not be enough to determine

reasonable solutions. If we assume that the focal mechanisms for many earthquakes in close area are

identical, the up down information for each earthquake can be drown in same focal mechanism

diagram. Using this focal mechanism diagram, we can determine the composite focal mechanism

occurred in special area.

The seismic waveforms contain the information of the focal mechanism (in radiation

patterns) and hypocenter) and moment tensor inversion method can be applied to determine focal

mechanism and hypocenter depth. By comparing the synthetic with observed seismograms we can

apply iterative techniques to determine Earth structure or source process. If we assume earth structure,

we can calculate green‟s function and estimate moment tensor components and location of centroid

using waveform inversion (detailed source rupture process). Grid search method can be used for

estimation of depth and source time functions. The matrix of moment tensor inversion (which involves

observation waveform and convolution of green‟s function with source time function) can be solved by

using least squares approach. At any time, we cannot choose the actual fault plane of two nodal planes

with point source. Instead, we need to refer to aftershock distribution or tectonic setting in order to

determine which nodal plane responsible for the earthquake. If earthquake is large enough to detect

directivity of rupture, it is useful to compare variances of detailed source inversion with two fault

planes.

4

1-1.2 Special Lecture on the 2011 Off Tohoku-Pacific Earthquake

Two days before the occurrence of mega thrust March 11 earthquake, a strong foreshock with a

magnitude 7.3 (USGS) took place almost exactly at the breaking point of the tsunami-earthquake and

for the shaking was felt up to Tsukuba area, the IISEE Director, Dr Ando, responded (as he used to)

with updating all the students on the magnitude and location of the earthquake. We continued class

with information that the shaking we felt just now was from somewhere in Sendai area. And after the

first break of afternoon lecture of Crust and Upper Mantle Structure from Takaya Iwasaki Sensei, we

had felt the same shaking, but with greater intensity and longer period, in other words, incredible

strong one. Expecting that this shaking was not merely weak tremors, i grabbed all my valuable things

with me, and upon Sensei Iwasaki‟s advice we were all prepared for the worst which might happen.

It was terrifying indeed to having experience such incredible ground shaking due to the Off

Tohoku-Pacific earthquake which occurred at 2.46 pm (of Japan local time) on March 11, 2011. There

was nothing else on mind, only fear of thinking whether it was really the end of life and whether i

could still have time to see those of my loved ones, my family in Malaysia. As Roger Bourke White Jr.

in his anatomy of memorable disaster says, „A memorable disaster isn't closely related to the

magnitude of losses or the victims, either. It is the survivors that make disasters memorable.‟ It was

my first and will be my whole-life-valuable-moment, indeed to being one of the people whom

experienced this earthquake, and as a student studying science of earthquake and disaster policy, this

is a good opportunity for me to have a practical view and application towards all the theory learnt.

Table 2 shows the information of special lectures which based on the technical standpoint of

researchers in the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building

Research Institute (IISEE, BRI) following 2011 Off Tohoku-Pacific Earthquake.

Subject

Lecturer

Date

Tectonic Background of the Off Tohoku-Pacific Earthquake

(Tectonic, Seismicity and Source Process)

Dr Bunichiro Shibazaki Mar, 22

Rapid Determination of Source Characteristic of the Off

Tohuku-Pacific Earthquake

Dr Tatsuhiko Hara

Mar, 23

Tsunami Source of the Off Tohuku-Pacific Earthquake

Dr Yushiro Fujii

Mar, 24

Table 2. Information on the special lecture following the 2011 Off

Tohoku-Pacific Earthquake

5

Title : Tectonic Background of the Off Tohoku-Pacific Earthquake.

Contents : Tectonic, Seismicity and Source Process

Delivered : Handouts/Lecture Notes (softcopy and hardcopy).

Documents/

Materials

Findings : With estimates of 9.0 in moment magnitude by most of the seismological

institutions, the March 11, 2011, Tohoku earthquake in northern Honshu is now placed as the fourth

largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and the largest powerful earthquake to have hit Japan since

modern instrumental recordings initiated more than 130 years ago. Japanese Prime Minister Naoto

Kan said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult

crisis for Japan. The earthquake moved Honshu 2.4 m (7.9 ft) east and shifted the Earth on its axis by

almost 10 cm (3.9 in).

of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists. The hypocentral region of this earthquake

extended from offshore Iwate Prefecture to offshore Ibaraki Prefecture. The Japanese Meteorological

Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length

of 500 km (310 mi) and a width of 200 km (120 mi)(Fig. 1).

This undersea megathrust earthquake with epicenter approximately 72 kilometers (45 mi)

east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku, Japan, lasting approximately six minutes. The nearest major

city to the quake was Sendai, Honshu, Japan, 130 km (81 mi) away and 373 km (232 mi) from Tokyo.

The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, and multiple aftershocks were

reported afterwards. The first major foreshock was a 7.2 MW event on 9 March, approximately 40 km

(25 mi) from the location of the 11 March quake, with another three on the same day in excess of 6.0

Figure 1. Earthquake

generation zone along the Japan

trench

This earthquake resulted from thrust faulting on

or near the subduction zone plate boundary between the

Pacific and North America plates. At the very latitude of

this earthquake, the Pacific plate moves approximately

westwards with respect to the North America plate at a rate

of 8-9 cm/yr, and begins its westward descent beneath

Japan at the Japan Trench, dips under Honshu's underlying

plate releasing large amounts of energy. This motion pulls

the upper plate down until the stress builds up enough to

cause a seismic event. The break caused the sea floor to

rise by several meters. A quake of this magnitude usually

has a rupture length of at least 480 km (300 mi) and

generally requires a long, relatively straight fault surface.

Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in the area

of the rupture is not very straight, it is unusual for the

magnitude of an earthquake to exceed 8.5; the magnitude

6

MW. Over six hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake

and the largest aftershock (USGS 7.9) occurred within the Ibaraki Prefecture, 250km southwest of

main shock. The following figures describe the source parameters such as focal mechanism, seismic

moment, and source depth, moment rate function and slip distribution obtained by the USGS and Yuji

Yagi & Naoki Nishimura.

Title : Rapid Determination of Source Characteristic of the Off Tohuku-Pacific

Earthquake

Figure 2. Visual representations of source mechanism of the Mar 11, 2011 Mw 9.0 Earthquake

Offshore Honshu, Japan, obtained by the USGS

Figure 3. Visual representations of source mechanism of the Mar 11, 2011 Mw 9.0

Earthquake Offshore Honshu, Japan, obtained by Yuji Yagi and Naoki Nishimura

7

Contents : Magnitude Issuance from various institutions and Hara (2007)

Delivered : Handouts/Lecture Notes (softcopy and hardcopy).

Documents/

Materials

Findings : The significant improvement observed after the very magnitude 9.3 earthquake of

26 December 2004, which produced the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami is that seismologists

responded considerably quickly after the earthquake. Due to communication broke down following

the near field event, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) somehow took longer time to provide

well-established magnitude and the comparison between issuance time of magnitude is shown as per

Table 3.

Source Magnitude

Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Quick report : 7.9

revised : 8.4 (16:00JST, March 11)

revised: Mw 8.8 (17:30JST, March 11)

revised: Mw 9.0 (12:55JST, March 13)

Japan Earthquake Early Warning (EEW)

Within first 20s : 4.3-7.2,

approx. 1 minute from origin time : up to 7.7

within 2 minutes from origin time: 8.1

(as quick guess, it is not bad, merit to EEW which

currently has a successful rate of 30%)

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC)

Mwp 7.9 (11 March 2011 05:55 UTC)

Mwp 8.8 (11 March 2011 06:43 UTC)

(even it was not quick, almost one hour to get

result but still better improved, in comparison to

2004 Indian Ocean event)

Istituto Nazionaledi Geofisica e Vulcanologia

(INGV) Realtime Monitor

OT+3min : mB=8.0, Mwp=8.0

OT+5min : mB=8.0, Mwp=8.5

OT+8min : mB=7.8, Mwp=8.5

OT+12min: mB=7.8, Mwp=8.2 and Mwpd=8.5

OT+15min: mB=7.7, Mwp=8.4 and Mwpd=8.8

(for teleseismic event, these results are good

Table 3. Issuance of magnitude for March 11, 2011 Off Tohoku-Pacific Earthquake

8

United States Geological Survey‟s (USGS)

Earthquake Research Institute, Japan (ERI)

GEOFON, German Research Centre for

Geosciences, (GFZ)

enough)

OT+34min : USGS Research CMT Mw 8.9

OT+1hr : USGS W-Phase V1 Mw 8.9

OT+6hr : USGS W-Phase V2 Mw 9.0

OT+7hr : global CMT V1 Mw 9.1

OT+3day : global CMT V2 Mw 9.1

CMT V1 Mw 9.0

OT+8min : Mw(mB) = 8.6 (personal

communication)

Hara (2007), IISEE, BRI

8.96

We can see that the estimated magnitude using Hara (2007)‟s formula (8.96) which having similar

technique with Mwpd by INGV , agrees well with Mw 9.0 from JMA, Mw 9.0 from the USGS

W-Phase V2 and Mw 9.1 from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor V1 and V2. The upper,

middle

Figure 4. Graphical representation for

measurements of high frequency energy radiation

using (Hara, 2007a, b)

and lower traces in Figure 4 show the

observed seismogram, the squares of the

band-pass (2-4 Hz) filtered seismogram,

and its smoothed time series (normalized

by the maximum value), respectively. “A”

and “F” in the lower trace denote the

arrival of P-wave and estimated end of

high frequency energy radiation,

respectively. The estimated duration of

high frequency energy radiation is 170.5

sec (as observed in lower trace) and this

almost 3 minutes source duration provides

good guess that the event has a large

rupture. (e.g 180 s x 2 km s−1 = 360 km

with rupture velocity within 2-2.5 km/s).

Having shown that this method works well for March 11 event, it is possible to obtain the source

duration by band-pass filtering the global data.

9

Title : Tsunami Source of the Off Tohuku-Pacific Earthquake

Contents : Issuance of tsunami warnings and advisories, tsunami source and

Propagation and slip distributions.

Delivered : Handouts/Lecture Notes (softcopy and hardcopy).

Documents/

Materials

Findings : The big parabola (gps antenna) in Geological Survey Institute (GSI), sense the

strong coupling (the energy was accumulated) before the earthquakes, but the data was not useful for

prediction as it is difficult to predict when earthquakes will happen, especially for event as big as

magnitude 9.0. If Japan was prepared for magnitude 8.4 at least, the Fukushima power plant might

have been protected. The breakwater or embankment in front of the power plant which having height of

10 m was too low for the 2011 tsunami, where its height reaches 15 m.

A long wavelength of seafloor deformation is needed to explain the long inundation area in

Sendai Plain, for instance two kinds of slips are needed to explain long-distance tsunami inundation. A

deeper fault causes long duration of wavelength of the source, and if there is no slip or narrow fault

(only tsunami earthquake type) there will be less inundation. Large slips near the trench with tsunami

larger than expected from weak ground shaking, and when the fault is narrow are the characteristics of

tsunami earthquakes. In 2011 earthquakes, two types of earthquakes occurred simultaneously which

caused very destructive tsunami near the trench. The long wavelength generated from deep fault caused

long inundation distance.

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) had started its first issuance of tsunami warnings

and advisories in just 3 minutes after the origin time and in which they were updated 10 times and

covered/ expanded to a total of 66 areas before its cancellation approximatley 2 days and 3 hours after

its first issuance. The highest observed tsunami height recorded by the JMA is 8.5m (or higher) at

Miyako and followed by 8.0m at Ofunato (both in Iwate Prefecture).

Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7

10

Figure 5 shows the assumed tsunami source (by Yushiro Fujii (IISEE, BRI) and Kenji Satake (ERI,

Univ. of Tokyo) which is located within the aftershock area with a fault length and width, 400 km x

150 km. The focal mechanisms parameters (strike, dip and rake) are 193º, 14º and 81º, respectively,

from the USGS's Wphase moment tensor solution. The top depth of the fault was assumed to 3 km.

The average slip on the fault is 20 m. The maximum heights of simulated tsunami indicate that the

tsunami energy is concentrating to directions perpendicular to the strike of fault as shown in Figure 6

and tsunami propagation around coast of Japan is shown by Figure 7.

After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami the international community stepped up its efforts on

developing and building early warning systems. Japan is a leading nation with respect to expertise and

implementation of both earthquake and tsunami early warning systems, as well as countermeasures

for disaster mitigation. However, breakwater contsructed near Kamaishi port was partly broken,

unable to decrease the energy of tsunami and thus brought damage to the nearby area. Two

embankment constructed in the so-called Tsunami Mitigation Area of Miyako (Taro town), also did

not work, but still, these countermeasures did reduce at some extent, the level of damage of the

affected areas. The March 11 earthquake and the subsequent tsunami that rushed towards and

devastated the shores of Honshu island in Japan would have been a substantially larger disaster than it

already is, were it not for the well functioning warning systems on the Japanese islands. As for me i

personally impressed on how well the disaster risk management in Japan, particularly the community

in both International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering in Building Research

Institute and Japan International Cooperation Agency in Tsukuba in coping the co- and post-disaster

situation here. It is on the other perspective gave me opportunity to learn how crucially important to

know what to do as well as to do what the best we can do when disaster strikes. Awareness on the

importance of good disaster risk management should be raised somehow and be addressed in

managing disaster in all countries and countermeasures in mitigating the impact of disaster should be

taken, considering both financial and political aspects of respective countries.

1-1.3 Study Trip to Miyagi Prefecture (September 5-7, 2011)

Title : Study Trip to Miyagi Prefecture

Contents : Observation visit (some with lecture) to earthquake and tsunami affected areas in

Sendai (Tohoku University and Government Office Building No 3), in Ishinomaki

(Ishinomaki Tax Office and Ishinomaki Harbor Combination Government

Building), in Onagawa Town, and in Minamisanriku-Town (Shizugawa Hospital

and Shizugawa HS.)

Delivered : Handouts.

Documents/

Materials

11

Findings : The maximum seismic intensity during the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake is 7,

in which was observed in Kurihara area (northern part of Miyagi prefecture) while the strongest peak

ground acceleration recorded is 2933gal (Tsukidate). According to the National Police Agency as of

July 15, 2011, the estimated casualties is more than 26,000. The M8 Tokachi-Oki earthquake in 2003

is an example of successful prediction by the Earthquake Research Promotion) for which they predict

that the probability of a M8 earthquake in the next 30 years is 60%. The highest probability (90% -

99%) of earthquake occurrence was predicted near Off Miyagi and Off Ibaraki but with magnitude less

than M7.8, much smaller than the real occurrence. The Japanese Government is now applying a long

term earthquake forecasting based on the assumptions that earthquakes repeatedly occur at nearly the

same location with nearly the same magnitude. An asperity model can be adopted for interplate

earthquakes. The most damaged buildings observed are in and near Onagawa Town for which the

tsunami height reached up to 16m. The followings are the photos of the collapsed building

(swept-away and fallen over buildings) in the Memorial Park in Onagawa Town, which are proposed

to be preserved.

Enoshima-kyosai hall Four-storey RC building

Onagawa Polic Station City Hall

12

This right figure shows the damaged buildings of the

Shizugawa public hospital in Minamisanriku-Town

with mountains of debris in front of the buildings.

Tsunami had attacked up to the fourth floor and many

hospitalized people were killed by the waves. Some

who were able to flee to the fifth floor (left-building)

were survived. Takeshi Kanno, a 31-year-old doctor,

never thought that he would save lives in his line of

work as many at one time as he did on March 11. He who was on duty when he heard the tsunami

alert, immediately began moving patients to the highest floor, helping dozens of people in the short

window between the 9.0 magnitude quake and the deadly wave. When the wall of water arrived,

Kanno watched it swallow the street in three minutes, taking the patients he couldn‟t move with it.

“We went downstairs, and everyone was gone,” he says. Over the next two days, Kanno refused to

leave those he had helped survive. When evacuation helicopter arrived, he waited until the last of his

patients had gone before he too left. Three days after the quake, he at last made it back to his wife, just

hours before the birth of their second child, a boy named Rei. The name evokes two meanings, a beam

of light in English and the wisdom to overcome hardship in Chinese and Japanese. He is now one of

the 100 world‟s most influential people tallied up by the TIME (Time100, Vol. 177, No 17|2011 ). The

following figures show some buildings near the Shiguzawa hospital. There were more than 300 aged

people who fled up to the fifth floor of the building marked

with A whom later survived and were rescued by a

helicopter. The area covered by a lot of debris (marked

with B) was once a place where a group of students played

before the deadly wave arrived. These students then fled to

an apartment (building marked with C), trying to climb up

to the top of the building but only 12 from them were

survived. Behind the building marked with A was a police

station where one policeman was killed. He was ordered by the superintendent to stay since he was

on duty, while the remaining policemen were asked to evacuate. A railway line near to this police

station was broken but there was no casualties reported because no train running during this time.

This place was heavily affected, and had remained isolated when all communication means were

broken down. Those people who survived were

rescued by helicopters. The right hand side figure

shows the damaged disaster prevention office. Mayor

Katsunobu Sakurai, 55 ordered about 50 of his staff

members to stay here in this building to make

announcement of the upcoming tsunami. He thought

that the embankment would protect them from

A

C B

Figure 3

13

tsunami but unfortunately, the tsunami was so huge that it reached until the top of the building. Some

of them who held the rail with their back facing the wave were safe but those with position facing

the wave were washed away by this powerful tsunami. It is believed that many people were killed in

this area in which two of them still made announcement to the public to flee from tsunami, until their

last breath. This building is suggested to be preserved as monument. According to Dr Ando, those

who escaped were safe but not those who looked for tsunami.

The above figure shows the locations of the elementary, junior high and high schools (from

right to left) which located in hills area, served as an evacuation places following the tsunami. An

example that can be learned, in which it must be principal to construct public facilities on the higher

portion because those structure will be used for shelters, especially to the locations that prone to natural

disasters. Similarly the buildings facing the sea should be a high rise building so that it can be used as

shelter when tsunami strikes. As Roger Bourke White Jr. in his anatomy of memorable disaster says, „A

memorable disaster isn't closely related to the magnitude of losses or the victims, either. It is the

survivors that make disasters memorable.‟ One of the survivors, Mr Go To who shared his experience

during our visit to an evacuation center in Minamisanriku-Town really gave big impression on us about

how powerful a nature can be, regardless how well a nation is prepared or how high the technology of

the countermeasures in place to mitigate the impact of disasters. Disaster does not care about borders

and can affect any place, and on behalf of the people in Japan that receive assistance from all over the

world, he appreciates that. He trusts that the whole world is actually connected and helpful towards

hardships.

14

1-1.4 8CUEE Conference, Tokyo Tech, March 7-8, 2011

Title : 8th International Conference on Urban Earthquake Engineering (8CUEE)

Contents : Mitigating Seismic Mega Risk through the International Urban Earthquake

Engineering Center.

Delivered : Book, CD, handouts.

Documents/

Materials

Findings : The ASEAN region which comprises Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,

Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, is not just geographically located

between several tectonic plates causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis but also located

in between the Pacific and the Indian Oceans causing seasonal typhoons and in some areas, tsunamis.

Thus, it is economically prudent and more efficient for these countries, who have limited financial

resources and physical resilience to work collectively and cooperate in the areas of civil protection as

well as disaster preparedness and reduction. A synthesis report which analyse the social and the

economic loss potentials and the likelihood of occurrence of different hazards at country and regional

level has been carried out with a simplified quantitative risk assessment. This report shows that in

terms of human casualties, cyclonic storms are the dominant disaster risk in ASEAN followed by

earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, epidemics, landslides, droughts, volcanic eruptions and forest-fires.

During the last 40 years (1970-2009), 1, 211 reported disasters have caused over 414, 900 deaths. In

terms of social vulnerability (SV) ranking, Myanmar has the highest ranking followed by Indonesia,

Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Malaysia. The cost of climate change in

ASEAN could be as high as 6-7% loss in GDP by 2100 compared to what could have been achieved in

a world without climate change.

A three pillar model is proposed for disaster risk management in ASEAN countries which

includes 1) assessing and reducing government liability or exposure to disaster caused by natural

hazards (disaster risk reduction), 2) promoting risk transfer to private sector (insurance and capital

markets) and 3) financing sovereign risk where immediate liquidity and budget support after a disaster

is secured. The followings are the recommendations to reduce disaster risk in ASEAN proposed in this

paper namely a) analysis should be repeated at higher resolution for instance a 100-km grid and risk

aggregation by hazard type and area would provide, at low cost, a much more refined picture of risk b)

worst case scenario should be considered for the highly populated cities which can later be used in

preparation of city specific Disaster Management Plans (DMP) and c) a fully probabilistic analysis

such as Open Source Risk Model should be performed for the hazards and regions identified as high

risk in level a and b to consolidate methodologies for hazard, exposure, and risk assessment, and

raising risk management awareness in the region.

15

1-1.5 Project Cycle Management (PCM) : Practice for Disaster Mitigation and Development

Assistance, from May, 23-25

Title : Project Cycle Management (PCM)

Contents : Participatory planning, stakeholders analysis, problem analysis, objective

analysis, project selection, project design matrix (PDM), plan of operation and

improvement of PCM method

Delivered : Manual for PCM, handouts for case studies and presentation.

Documents/

Materials

Findings : Project Cycle Management (PCM) is a method to manage a project throughout an

entire process from project planning to evaluation by using a standardized table called Project Design

Matrix (PDM). The original form of PDM was conceived by USAID in the late 1960s (called Logical

Framework). In the early 1980s, the German Organization for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) improved

this Logical Framework and elaborated the Objective Oriented Project Planning (ZOPP) method,

which systemizes the procedures of Logical Framework formulation including stakeholder, problem

and objective analysis. In Japan, the Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development

(FASID) studied ZOPP and introduced it as „PCM method‟ in the early 1990s. In 1994, JICA adopted

this method into Japan‟s Official Development Assistance (ODA). PCM has the following

characteristics as described in the following table.

Characteristic Description

Consistency The entire project cycle is managed based on a PDM. Thus, even though more

than one person may conduct different steps in the project cycle such as plan,

implementation and evaluation, the consistency of the project management is

assured.

Logical Approach Project planning is undertaken based on logical analysis of the “cause-effect”

and “means-end” relationships, making it possible to logically formulate a

PDM with effective strategies and activities.

Participation Carries out a workshop-style discussion. Along with experts, officials of the

donor and the recipient country, beneficiaries of the project and local people

who are expected to have a stake in the project are also invited to attend the

discussion to share issues and views. The discussion also increases the

beneficiaries‟ ownership by involving them in analysis and planning process.

In the discussion, it is important to reach decision by consensus, not by vote, so

Table 4. Characteristics of PCM

16

that all participants will have a sense of ownership.

Transparency Discussions are conducted by having participants write their views on cards

and sharing the views. Discussion processes are recorded in the forms of

Problems Tree and Objectives Tree so that not just project stakeholders but also

outsiders can easily understand the process of analysis and planning.

1-2.Outline of Master Thesis

Title : Focal Mechanism Determination of Local Earthquakes in Malay Peninsula.

Supervisor : Dr. Tatsuhiko HARA, Chief Research Scientist of the International Institute of

Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute.

Abstract : Since November 30, 2007, small local earthquakes have been observed in the

Malay Peninsula near the Bukit Tinggi area. The total number of these events in the Malay Peninsula

is 30 until the end of 2010, including the newly recorded small earthquakes in Jerantut, Manjung and

Kuala Pilah, which occurred in March, April and November in 2009, respectively. Although

hypocenters and magnitudes are determined for these events using data from the Malaysian National

Seismic network, focal mechanisms have not been determined. In this study, we determined their focal

mechanisms. We selected three crust structure models, and compared the observed travel time

differences between P and S waves to those computed for these models. Although they agree relatively

well for all of these models, model iasp91 explained the observations better. We analyzed four events

that occurred in the Bukit Tinggi area for focal mechanism determination. We used three-component

broadband waveform data recorded at stations IPM and KOM of the Malaysian National Seismic

network. We determined their focal mechanisms using polarity data of the first motions of P and S

waves and their amplitude ratios. We used iasp91 for take off angle calculations. We obtained

relatively well-constrained solutions for all four events. The focal mechanisms of the largest 3.5mb

event, which occurred on November 30, 2007 is a mostly strike slip with some dip slip mechanism,

while those of three events are strike slip mechanisms. The maximum compressional (P) axes of the

November 30, 2007 event is in the NNW-SSE direction, while those of three events are in the NW-SE

direction. The minimum compressional (T) axes of the strike slip events are in the NE-SW direction.

Since there is no surface trace of ruptures observed, this result is important to improve our

understanding of these seismic activities.

Keywords : Focal Mechanism, Polarity, Compression, Bukit Tinggi fault.

Discussion : The consistent dilatational first motions of P waves observed for all events

recorded at IPM station imply that the mechanisms of the events are similar. Hardebeck (2002)

suggests that the observed polarity at a given station should be the same for each event in a cluster.

17

Comparing the fault orientations and the strikes of the nodal planes, the relationship between these

two faults and the focal mechanisms obtained is not clear and the orientation of compressional axes

obtained from the determination of focal mechanisms contradicts with the GPS observation before

2004. One possible explanation to these Bukit Tinggi earthquakes is that they are due to the

weak-zone-normal extension mechanisms (Hurukawa and Imoto 1992). Relocation of these

earthquakes will be effective to improve the accuracy of the results of this study in future works.

Reference : Hurukawa, N. and Imoto, M., 1992, Geophys. J. Int., 109, 639-652

1-3. Role of the Geophysics and Tsunami Division of the Malaysian Meteorological Department

The Seismological Division of the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD), established

in 1974, was aimed to serve as national centre for monitoring earthquake activities in Malaysia and its

surrounding areas to meet the increasing demand for seismological information. At the end of the year

2007, it has officially changed its name to Geophysics and Tsunami Division. This is in keeping with

its function to monitor earthquakes and as well as tsunami activities occured in the region. Considering

the fact that Malaysia must be able to respond to both local tsunamis and to a huge earthquake like the

one in Sumatra on 26 December 2004, the Government has taken actions towards avoiding a similar

occurrence and has installed an end-to-end National Tsunami Early Warning System which comprises

of three major components, monitoring and detection, data processing and data dissemination. It

includes networks of 17 seismic stations , 10 strong motions station, 6 tidal gauges, 2 tsunami buoys

and 4 coastal cameras that are useful for monitoring tsunami as well as the sea conditions over the sea

and coastal regions. We have also installed 13 warning sirens for the impending tsunami. The

Malaysian Government will continue to ensure that all disaster warnings can be disseminated

effectively and timely to the Malaysian public. By the end of 2010, another 14 coastal cameras and 10

coastal sea-level stations were added to the observation network whereas 10 siren stations and an SMS

Gateway were added to the dissemination component. Malaysia is also looking forward to install 25

more new strong-motion, under the 10th Malaysia plan and the priority of establishment of stations will

be given to west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, since they experience stronger ground

shaking compared to other areas in the country. With the system being operational, Malaysia will now

be able to provide timely, understandable warnings within minutes, that will motivate ordinary citizens

to quickly move out of harm‟s way.

18

2. ACTION PLAN

2-1. Objective

To perform relocation of the local earthquakes in the Malay Peninsula by using a method of

modified joint hypocenter determination (MJHD) developed by Hurukawa and Imoto (1990),

and HYPOCENTER program (Lienert and Havskov 1995).

To determine focal mechanism of local earthquakes in the Malay Peninsula particularly near

the Bukit Tinggi fault and the Kuala Lumpur fault zone, analysed by Mat Said (2011) by using

more data (stations), in addition to IPM and KOM stations. A method that uses polarities and

amplitude ratios from short-period body waves first motions from data recorded at FRM,

KTM and KGM, will be used.

To determine focal mechanism of small local earthquakes recorded in Jerantut, Manjung and

Kuala Pilah, which occurred in March, April and November 2009, respectively. A method that

uses polarities and amplitude ratios from broadband body waves first motions (Snoke 1984)

and/or from short-period body waves first motions, will be used. As these events occurred in

2009, it may be possible to use data from JRM station.

To install temporary seismic stations within a distance of 100 km from epicenters and to

observe the quality of the recorded data.

2-2. Expected Outputs

Relocation using a method of modified joint hypocenter determination (MJHD) developed by

Hurukawa and Imoto (1990), and HYPOCENTER program (Lienert and Havskov 1995) will

improve hypocenters of the local earthquakes in the Malay Peninsula, and thus, will be

effective to improve the accuracy of the results of the focal mechanism obtained.

The focal mechanism determination of local earthquakes near the Bukit Tinggi fault and the

Kuala Lumpur fault zone will be more reliable when using more data.

The focal mechanism determination of local earthquakes occurred in the Malay Peninsula will

improve an understanding of seismic activities in this region. A detailed picture of its structure

and deformation can later be used for disaster mitigation and planning of high rise buildings.

With more seismic stations being operational, Malaysia will be able to monitor closely the

seismic activities occurring in this region. The accuracy of the earthquake parameters

determined by the Antelope 4.10 system will be more improved when more stations record

the events. If the quality of the data from these stations are good, we can consider a

permanent station at that very location.

19

2-3. Actions for Short Term (in 2 months)

ACTION

EXPECTED OUTPUTS

ACTOR

NECESSARY

INPUTS

IMPORTANT

ASSUMPTION

To set up environment for relocation

of earthquakes and focal mechanism

determination.

All software and materials

required for relocation of

earthquakes and focal

mechanism determination are

ready/fully installed.

Part

icip

an

t

Master‟s

degree students

Guidance from

IT expert(s)

Environment can be set up

in the workplace of

Malaysian National

Tsunami Early Warning

Center (Geophysics and

Tsunami Division).

.

Org

an

iza

tio

n

Staff with

IT-computer

related

background

20

2-4. Actions for Medium Term (in 6 months)

ACTION

EXPECTED OUTPUTS

ACTOR

NECESSARY

INPUTS

IMPORTANT

ASSUMPTION

To perform relocation of the local

earthquakes in the Malay Peninsula

(2007-2008), by using a method of

modified joint hypocenter

determination (MJHD) developed

by Hurukawa and Imoto (1990), and

HYPOCENTER program (Lienert

and Havskov 1995).

Hypocenter locations of the

local earthquakes in the Malay

Peninsula are improved .

Relocation improves the

accuracy of the results of the

focal mechanism on the study

region.

Part

icip

an

t

Master‟s

degree students

Guidance from

experts (Dr

Nabuo

Hurukawa from

the

International

Institute of

Seismology

and Earthquake

Engineering)

Procedure described by

Fatt et. al (2011) can be

applied to 2007 and 2008

Malay Peninsula events.

Org

an

iza

tio

n

Fatt et. al

(2011) who

already

performed the

same study on

local

earthquakes in

the Malay

Peninsula for

event occurred

in 2009.

21

ACTION

EXPECTED OUTPUTS

ACTOR

NECESSARY

INPUTS

IMPORTANT

ASSUMPTION

To retrieve three-component short

period data recorded at stations of

FRM, KTM and KGM for four

Bukit Tinggi events which analysed

by Mat Said (2011).

To retrieve three-component short

period and/or broadband data of

Malaysian National Seismic

Network for Jerantut, Manjung and

Kuala Pilah earthquakes.

Data from at least two stations

with opposite location from

epicenter are obtained so that

we can see polarities from

different angle.

Part

icip

an

t

Master‟s

degree

students.

Guidance from

expert(s).

Enough data is available

for determination of local

earthquakes.

Org

an

iza

tio

n

Geophysics and

Tsunami

Division staff

who are

familiar with

Antelope 4.10

system (Mr

Afiq Zhofri and

Mr Devadass).

22

2-5. Actions for LongTerm (in 2 years)

ACTION

EXPECTED OUTPUTS

ACTOR

NECESSARY

INPUTS

IMPORTANT

ASSUMPTION

To determine focal mechanism of

four Bukit Tinggi events analysed

by Mat Said (2011). A method that

uses polarities and amplitude ratios

from short-period body waves first

motions from data recorded at

FRM, KTM and KGM, will be

used.

To determine focal mechanism for

Jerantut, Manjung and Kuala Pilah

earthquakes by using short period

and/or broadband data.

Focal mechanism solutions of

four Bukit Tinggi events are

obtained. The results are

comparable with those

obtained by Mat Said (2011).

Focal mechanism solutions of

Jerantut, Manjung and Kuala

Pilah events are obtained.

P

art

icip

an

t

Master‟s

degree

students .

Guidance from

experts (Dr

Tatsuhiko Hara

from the

International

Institute of

Seismology

and Earthquake

Engineering).

A method which uses

polarities and amplitude of

short-period body waves

data can be applied to the

data retrieved from the

Antelope 4.10 system.

A method which uses

polarities and amplitude of

short-period and/or

broadband body waves

data can be applied to the

data retrieved from the

Antelope 4.10 system.

Org

an

iza

tio

n

23

Action

Expected Outputs

Actor

Necessary

Inputs

Important Assumption

To install temporary seismic

stations to monitor seismic activities

in the Malay Peninsula.

To observe the quality of the

reading data from temporary

stations.

The accuracy of the

earthquake parameters

determined by the Antelope

4.10 system will be

improved when more stations

record the events.

The focal mechanism solutions

will be better resolved when

more data available.

Part

icip

an

t

Master‟ degree

students.

Budget from

the

Government.

Expertise on

installation.

Financial support for

installation of temporary

seismic stations is

available.

Org

an

izati

on

Staff who are

familiar with

seismic system

and network.

24

2-6. Logical Flow Chart (Objective-Output-Action Analysis : Focal Mechanism Determination of Local Earthquakes in Malay Peninsula)

All software and materials required for relocation of earthquakes

and focal mechanism determination are ready/fully installed.

To set up environment for relocation of

earthquakes and focal mechanism determination.

To perform relocation of the local

earthquakes in the Malay Peninsula

(2007-2008), by using a method of

modified joint hypocenter

determination (MJHD) developed by

Hurukawa and Imoto (1990), and

HYPOCENTER program (Lienert and

Havskov 1995).

To install temporary

seismic stations to monitor

seismic activities in the

Malay Peninsula.

The accuracy of the earthquake

parameters determined by the Antelope

4.10 system will be improved when

more stations record the events.

Core Objective :

Focal

mechanisms of

local earthquakes

in Malay

Peninsula are

determined and

are improved.

Hypocenter locations of the local

earthquakes in the Malay

Peninsula are improved .

Relocation improves the accuracy

of the results of the focal

mechanism on the study region.

To retrieve three-component short period data

recorded at stations of FRM, KTM and KGM

for four Bukit Tinggi events which analysed by

Mat Said (2011). To retrieve three-component

short period and/or broadband data of

Malaysian National Seismic Network for

Jerantut, Manjung and Kuala Pilah earthquakes.

Focal mechanism

solutions of four Bukit

Tinggi events are

obtained. The results

are comparable with

Mat Said (2011).

The focal mechanism

solutions will be better

resolved when more

data available.

A method that uses

polarities and

amplitude ratios

from short-period

body waves first

motions will be used.

A method that uses polarities

and amplitude ratios from

short-period body waves first

motions or from broadband

body waves first motions

(Snoke 1984) will be used.

Focal mechanism

solutions of

Jerantut, Manjung

and Kuala Pilah

events are

obtained.

2 M

ON

TH

S

6 M

ON

TH

S

2 Y

EA

RS

25

2-7. Information for Related Organization

Having real experience of facing incredible strong ground shaking due to the great 2011 Tohoku

earthquake (Magnitude 9.0 - Near the East Coast of Honshu, Japan) and the following co- and

post-disaster actions taken by the community here in both IISEE/BRI and JICA Tsukuba, I see a crucial important part to learn from here is how they manage the situation and they know what to do

during disaster. Raising risk management awareness is one issue to be addressed in managing disaster

in my country in near future.

26

ANNEX

1. Schedule of the Training Course (from October 2010 to September 2011)

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

2. Report of Observation Visit

OBSERVATION VISIT REPORT

2010 10 08

EDO-TOKYO MUSEUM, YOKOAMI-CHO PARK

AND HONJO-BOSAI-KAN (LIFE SAFETY LEARNING CENTER)

The first observation visit by the participants from Seismology and Earthquake Engineering for the

Master‟s degree program by GRIPS and BRI of 2010/2011 has been scheduled on Friday, October 8,

2010. The purpose of this one day visit is to learn more about the history and the culture of Japan as

well as to have hands-on experience on disaster preparedness training and simulation. A total of 16

students from the E and S course participating in this visit which led by Dr. T. Yokoi, coordinator Saito

san and IISE Director Dr. S. Ando and a small briefing on the visit has been given by Dr. Yokoi a day

before the visit. The visit started as early as 7.45am and it took about two hours to arrive at the first

destination of the visit which is the Edo-Tokyo Museum (Photo 1). Participants have the opportunity

to explore the old Tokyo through a variety of reference materials and miniatures. Dr Yokoi has began

his explanation on the geological history of Tokyo Bay and Low Land, since 120,000y. BP till present

(20th century) (Photo 2). He has also explained and emphasized on the Great Kanto Earthquake which

occurred in 1855 and 1923 and the difference in the effects of these two earthquakes (Photo 3). He was

also explaining the surface of the ground below Tokyo, the sedimentation of the alluvium under the

ground which severely damaged by these earthquakes as well as the soil property of the site (Photo 4).

After 2 hours short tour exploring the Edo-Tokyo Museum, all of the participants as well as the

lecturers were having lunch at Yokoami-cho Park (Photo 5) and then continued with the next

destination which is the Honjo Bosai-kan, to learn and to experience simulation in dealing with

disasters. It began with the theater on earthquake occurred in Japan, its flashback and how the

earthquake drill is important in strengthening disaster preparedness. The participants were randomly

divided into two small groups soon after the movie, where each of them has the opportunity to run four

simulation, namely 1)the rainstorm simulation section, of 30kmph wind speed and the humidity is as

per the strongest typhoon 2) the smoke maze section 3)the firefighting training section and 4) the

earthquake simulation section where the ground shaking of JMA M.7 (intensity 12) took place (Photo

6). Briefing has been conducted by the instructor from the Tokyo Fire Department before each

simulation. These simulation finished two hours after and the followings are the lesson observed and

learnt from the one day visit;

1. Smoke sensors should be installed in the building for early detection of fire;

2. The very first thing to do when seeing fire is letting other people know/call out for help;

38

3. It is important to know what action to be taken during the occurrence of disaster and drill

should be conducted regularly;

4. Visual tools/hands-on experience/simulation have proven to be very effective means at raising

peoples' awareness.

3. Handouts of Action Plan Presentation, delivered on September 12, 2011.

ACTION PLAN ONFOCAL MECHANISM DETERMINATION OF LOCAL

EARTHQUAKES IN MALAY PENINSULA AND ITS IMPROVEMENT

SITI NORBAIZURA BINTI MAT SAID

1

Presented by

ADVISOR

DR. TATSUHIKO HARA

O u t l i n e

D i s c u s s i o n o n t h e F i n d i n g s o f M a s t e r P a p e r

O b j e c t i v e a n d E x p e c t e d O u t p u t

A c t i o n f o r S h o r t Te r m ( i n 2 m o n t h s )

A c t i o n f o r M e d i u m Te r m ( i n 6 m o n t h s )

A c t i o n f o r L o n g Te r m ( i n 2 y e a r s )

2

Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 3

Photo 4 Photo 5 Photo 6

39

Discussion on Focal Mechanism of Local

Earthquakes in Malay Peninsula

3

Issue : The relationship between

the faults in the study area and

the focal mechanisms obtained in

this study is not clear.

O b j e c t i v e a n d E x p e c t e d O u t p u t

4

• T o p e r f o r m r e l o c a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l e a r t h q u a k e s i n t h e M a l a y P e n i n s u l a

E f f e c t i v e t o i m p r o v e t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e f o c a l m e c h a n i s m o b t a i n e d .

• T o d e t e r m i n e f o c a l m e c h a n i s m o f l o c a l e a r t h q u a k e s a n a l y s e db y M a t ( 2 0 1 1 ) b y u s i n g m o r e d a t a .

F o c a l m e c h a n i s m s w i l l b e m o r e r e l i a b l e w h e n u s i n g m o r e d a t a .

• T o d e t e r m i n e f o c a l m e c h a n i s m o f l o c a l e a r t h q u a k e s r e c o r d e d i n J e r a n t u t, M a n j u n ga n d K u a l a P i l a h.

I m p r o v e s a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f s e i s m i c a c t i v i t i e s i n t h i s r e g i o n .

• T o i n s t a l l t e m p o r a r y s e i s m i c s t a t i o n s w i t h i n a d i s t a n c e o f 1 0 0 k m f r o m e p i c e n t e r s .

M o n i t o r s e i s m i c a c t i v i t i e s i n a n d a r o u n d M a l a y P e n i n s u l a

Action for Short Term (in 2 months)

5

ACTION EXPECTED

OUTPUTS

ACTOR NECESSARY

INPUTS

IMPORTANT

ASSUMPTIONS

To set up

environment.

All software/

materials

required for

relocation and

focal

mechanism

determination

are fully

installed.

Master’

degree

students

Staff with

IT-

computer

related

backgrou

nd

Guidance

from experts

(IT and

seismology)

Environment can

be set up in the

workplace of

Malaysian National

Tsunami Early

Warning Center

(Geophysics and

Tsunami Division).

Ac t i o n f o r M e d i u m Te r m ( i n 6 m o n t h s )

6

A C T I O N E X P E C T E D

O U T P U T S

A C T O RN E C E S S A R Y

I N P U T S

I M P O R T A N T

A S S U M P T I O N S

T o p e r f o r m

r e l o c a t i o n o f t h e

l o c a l

e a r t h q u a k e s

( 2 0 0 7-2 0 0 8 ) , b y

u s i n g t h e M J H D

and t h e

H Y P O C E N T E R

p r o g r a m .

H y p o c e n t e r

l o c a t i o n s o f

t h e l o c a l

e a r t h q u a k e s

i n t h e M a l a y

P e n i n s u l a a r e

i m p r o v e d .

R e l o c a t i o n

i m p r o v e s t h e

a c c u r a c y o f

t h e r e s u l t s o f

t h e f o c a l

m e c h a n i s m o n

t h e s t u d y

r e g i o n .

M a s t e r ’

d e g r e e

s t u d e n t s

F a t te t . a l

( 2 0 1 1 )

w h o

a n a l y s e d

2009

e v e n t s .

G u i d a n c e

f r o m e x p e r t s

(D r N a b u o

H u r u k a w a

f r o m I I S E E ,

B R I ) .

P r o c e d u r e

d e s c r i b e d b y F a t t

e t . a l ( 2 0 1 1 ) c a n

b e a p p l i e d t o 2 0 0 7

a n d 2 0 0 8 M a l a y

P e n i n s u l a e v e n t s .

ACTION EXPECTED

OUTPUTS

ACTOR NECESSARY

INPUTS

IMPORTANT

ASSUMPTIONS

To retrieve three-

component short

period data for

four Bukit Tinggi

events which

analysed by Mat

Said (2011).

To retrieve three-

component short

period and/or

broadband data

for Jerantut,

Manjung and

Kuala Pilah

earthquakes.

Data from at

least two

stations with

opposite

location from

epicenter are

obtained.

Master’

degree

students

Staff who

are

familiar

with

Antelope

4.10

system

(Mr Afiq

Zhofri

and Mr

Devadas

s).

Guidance

from expert(s).

Enough data is

available for

determination of

local earthquakes.

Action for Medium Term (in 6 months) -cont

7

A C T I O N E X P E C T E D

O U T P U T S

A C T O RN E C E S S A R Y

I N P U T S

I M P O R T A N T

A S S U M P T I O N S

T o d e t e r m i n e

f o c a l m e c h a n i s m

o f f o u r B u k i t

T i n g g ie v e n t s

a n a l y s e db y M a t

S a i d ( 2 0 1 1 ) .

T o d e t e r m i n e

f o c a l m e c h a n i s m

f o r J e r a n t u t,

M a n j u n gand

K u a l a P i l a h

e a r t h q u a k e s

T h e r e s u l t s

a r e

c o m p a r a b l e

w i t h M a t S a i d

( 2 0 1 1 ) .

F o c a l

m e c h a n i s m

s o l u t i o n s o f

J e r a n t u t,

M a n j u n gand

K u a l a P i l a h

e v e n t s a r e

o b t a i n e d .

M a s t e r ’

d e g r e e

s t u d e n t s

G u i d a n c e

f r o m e x p e r t s

( D r T a t s u h i k o

H a r a , I I S E E ,

B R I ) .

A m e t h o d o f u s i n g

p o l a r i t i e s a n d

a m p l i t u d e o f s h o r t-

p e r i o d a n d / o r

b r o a d b a n d b o d y

w a v e s d a t a c a n b e

a p p l i e d t o t h e d a t a

r e t r i e v e d f r o m t h e

A n t e l o p e 4 . 1 0

s y s t e m .

Ac t i o n f o r L o n g Te r m ( i n 2 ye a r s )

8

ACTION EXPECTED

OUTPUTS

ACTOR NECESSARY

INPUTS

IMPORTANT

ASSUMPTIONS

To install

temporary

seismic stations

to monitor

seismic activities

in the Malay

Peninsula.

To observe the

quality of the

reading data from

temporary station

The accuracy

of the

earthquake

parameters

determined by

the Antelope

4.10 system

will be

improved.

The focal

mechanism

solutions will

be better

resolved when

more data

available.

Master’

degree

students.

Staff who

are

familiar

with

seismic

system

and

network.

Budget from

the

Government.

Expertise on

installation.

Financial support

for installation of

temporary seismic

stations is

available.

Action for Long Term (in 2 years)-cont

9

Thank You

10