ACTION DESIGN RESEARCH
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Transcript of ACTION DESIGN RESEARCH
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ACTION DESIGN RESEARCH
Ola HenfridssonViktoria Institute & University of Oslo
(in collaboration with M. Sein, S. Purao, M. Rossi, and R. Lindgren)
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What kind of research is this?– Objective: to improve some kind of organizational capability– 1+ year process study – Develops a new perspective on this organizational capability– Draws on contemporary theory– Design and release of multiple versions of a technology– Developing innovative features of a technology– Eventually causing a change in organizational strategy– Developing design principles for a particular type of information
system
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Available approaches
Design Research Action Research
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Candidate 1: Design Research
• Fundamentally, develop prescriptive design knowledge through building and evaluating IT artifacts intended to solve an identified class of problems– Technical novelty– Must be abstracted to develop knowledge
• Relevance of technology artifacts evaluated by utility• DR separates evaluation from building, rarely
accomplishing it in authentic settings• The problem of separation and sequencing
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Candidate 2: Action Research• Fundamentally, a study of change
– Central assumption: complex social processes are best studied by introducing change into these processes and observing their effects
• Focus on practical problems with theoretical relevance
• Produces results relevant to the organization while simultaneously informing theory
• Sees the technology artifact as a black box
• No clear emphasis on the technology artifact
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What is an IT artifact?
• An Ensemble: – The material and organizational features that are
socially recognized as bundles of hardware and/or software (cf. Orlikowski and Iacono 2001)
• ”technology as structure”: – Structures of the organizational domain are
inscribed into the artifact during its development and use
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What is an IT artifact? (2)
• An emergent thing: – Neither fixed nor independent, instead, emerges from
ongoing social and economic practices (Orlikowski and Iacono 2001)
• Where does emergence come from?– Interaction between technology and an organizational
context (Truex et al. 1999)– Shaped by the interests, values, and assumptions of a wide
variety of communities of developers, investors, users, etc. (Orlikowski and Iacono 2001)
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What is an IT artifact? (3)• Many artifacts are only partly the work of the designer.
– Numerous local actions (e.g., use, interpretation, negotiation, and redesign)
• Cannot be anticipated by reference to any a priori design (Iivari 2003)
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Considering the candidates
• DR and AR offer incomplete solutions for us– DR supports abstraction and innovation but relegates authentic
intervention as secondary
– AR supports intervention and knowledge emergence in authentic settings but innovation and abstraction are secondary goals
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Our thesis
• To study ensemble artifacts, we need a research method that can account for– Both technological and organizational contexts– Shaping of the artifact via design and use– Influences of designers and users
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Combining...
• AR and DR: – Are similar (Järvinen 2007; Lee 2007; Figueiredo
and Cunha 2007)– Should be kept apart (Iivari 2007)– Have commonalities (Cole et al. 2005)
• Suggestions for combining– Use the two in sequence (Iivari 2007)– Interleave the processes (Lee 2007)– Map commonalities (Cole et al. 2005)
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Sequencing
Identifyinga need
Building
Reflecting Theorizing
Evaluating
Start an AR process :
Start a DR process :Start a DR process:
Start an AR process:
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InterleavingDiagnosing a problem
Action planning
Action taking Build
Evaluating, reflecting
Specifying learning
Start a DR process :
Start an AR process:
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A New DR Method: ADR• Provides explicit guidance for accomodating building,
intervention, and evaluation in a concerted research effort
• An approach to produce knowledge by– intervening in an organization – through developing an innovative IT ensemble artifact
• Knowledge that – adds to, refines, or generates theory or theories
– supports IS practitioners in solving immediate problems
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ADR
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Stage 1: Problem formulation• An immediate or anticipated problem:
– perceived by organizational participants, and framed by the researcher
• Identify the class of which the specific problem is an instance
• Formulate initial research questions• Identify contributing theoretical bases• Identify prior technology advances
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Stage 1: Problem formulation (2)
• Practice-inspired Research– Field problems as knowledge-
creation opportunities (rather than theoretical puzzles)
• Theory-ingrained artifact– Artifacts as carriers of theoretical
traces– Iterations based on influences
from theory
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Stage 2: Building, Intervention, and Evaluation (BIE)
• BIE intends to support an iterative process at the intersection of the IT artifact and the organizational environment
• Building, intervention, and evaluation are interwoven
• Two forms of BIE:– IT-dominant BIE– Organization-dominant BIE
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IT-Dominant BIE
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Organization-Dominant BIE
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Forms of BIE
1. IT-Dominant BIE 2. Organization-Dominant BIE
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Stage 2: BIE Principles• Reciprocal shaping– Emphasizes the inseparable
influences from two domains: the IT artifact and the organizational context
• Mutually influential roles– Mutual learning among participants
in an ADR project• Authentic and concurrent
evaluation– Formative evaluation
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Stage 3: Reflection and Learning
• Analyze intervention results• Articulate learning in terms of
theories selected• Ongoing evaluation of adherence to
principles
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Stage 3 principle: Guided Emergence
• Captures seemingly incongruent perspectives
• Initial design by researchers, shaped by ongoing organizational use and reflected in redesign (Garud et al 2008; Iivari 2003)
• Combination of – preliminary design of the artifact (Principle 2)– refined by ongoing interactions among
perspectives and participants (Principles 3 and 4 respectively)
– outcomes of formative evaluation (Principle 5)
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4. Formalization of Learning
• Abstract results to a class of field problems
• Focused on transferability of results and communication of outcomes
• Outcomes specified as design principles and contributions to theory
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Stage 4: Principle
• Generalized Outcomes:– Generalizing the problem instance
– Generalizing the solution instance
– Deriving design principles from the design research outcomes
• BIE is an inductive step that connects design principles to a class of solutions and a class of problems
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ADR
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Comparing DR, AR, and ADR
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Our contribution• ADR: a customization of Design Research that
– Overcomes Stage-Gate Models for Design Research– Recognizes the inherently ensemble nature of IT artifacts– Captures innovativeness for both IT and org-dominant versions– Reconciles one-case Utility against abstraction to Design Principles
• As it– Brings together technology and behavioral IS researchers– Ensures relevance to build bridges with practice
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What kind of research is this?– Objective: to improve some kind of organizational capability– 1+ year process study – Develops a new perspective on this organizational capability– Draws on contemporary theory– Design and release of multiple versions of the technology– Developing innovative features of the technology– Eventually causing a change in organizational strategy– Developing design principles for a particular type of information system
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Many thanks for your attention!
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