Acoustical Imaging Volume 14

Acoustical Imaging

Volume 1 Proceedings of the First International Symposium, December 1967, edited by A. F. Metherell, H. M. A. El-Sum, and Lewis Larmore

Volume 2 Proceedings of the Second International Symposium, March 1969, edited by A. F. Metherell and Lewis Larmore

Volume 3 Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, July 1970, edited by A. F. Metherell

Volume 4 Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, April 1972, edited by Glen Wade

Volume 5 Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, July 1973, edited by Philip S. Green

Volume 6 Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, february 1976, edited by Newell Booth

Volume 7 Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, August 1976, edited by Lawrence W. Kessler

Volume 8 Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium, May 29-June 2, 1978, edited by A. F. Metherell

Volume 9 Proceedings of the Ninth InternationaI Symposium, December 3-6, 1979, edited by Keith Y. Wang

Volume 10 Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium, October 12-16, 1980, edited by Pierre Alais and Alexander F. Metherell

Volume 11 Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium, May 4-7, 1981, edited by John P. Powers

Volume 12 Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium, July 19-22, 1982, edited by Eric A. Ash and C. R. Hill

Volume 13 Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Symposium, October 26-28, 1983, edited by M. Kaveh, R. K. Mueller, and J.F. Greenleaf

Volume 14 Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Symposium, April 22-25, 1985, edited by A. J. Berkhout, J. Ridder, and L. F. van der Wal

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

Acoustical Imaging Volume 14

Edited by

A. J. Berkhout Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands

and

J. Ridder L. F. van der Wal Institute of Applied Physics TNO-TH Delft, The Netherlands

PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK AND LONDON

The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this series as follows:

International Symposium on Acoustical Holography.

Acoustical holography; proceedings. v. 1-New York, Plenum Press, 1967-

v. illus. (part col.), ports. 24 cm.

Editors: 1967- . A. F. Metherell and L. Larmore (1967 with H. M. A. el-Sum) Symposium for 1967- held at the Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories, Hun-

tington Beach, Calif.

1. Acoustic holography - Congresses - Collected works. I. Metherell. Alexander A., ed. II. Larmore, Lewis, ed. III. el-Sum, Hussein Mohammed Amin, ed. IV. Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories, v. Title. QC244.5.1.5 69-12533

ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9524-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2523-9 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2523-9

Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging, held April 22-25, 1985, in The Hague, The Netherlands

©1985 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1985

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PRD'ACE

The representation of 'material' parameters using acoustic waves, i.e. acoustical imaging, still proves to be an interesting field of research, showing rapid development with respect to transducer techno­logy, signal processing and imaging hardware.

The application of acoustical imaging techniques can be observed in various fields, e.g.

- 10w- and high-frequency seismic exploration - seabottom investigation and underwater robotics - medical diagnostics and tissue characterization - acoustical microscopy and nondestructive testing

Regarding each of these different applications, it is quite remarkable that each application seems to be limited to a well-defined range of frequencies. This is explained from the fact that, given the attenuation of the medium and the desired depth of penetration, each acoustical imaging method tends to be applied within that specific range of frequencies, which produces optimum spatial resolution. However since all applications may be traced back to a joint wave-theoretical basis, quite often the differences between them can be expressed by a mere scale-factor with respect of frequency range, depth of penetration and transducer dimensions. Given the proper framework, a meeting of resear­chers from various acoustical imaging fields may therefore prove a very fruitful enterprise. Seismic modeling with respect to layered media may for instance also be applied within the field of nondestructive evalua­tion of integrated circuits, tissue characterization methods -known in medical echography- may inspire those working in the field of seabottom investigations and seismic exploration, etc.

As mentioned earlier, the achievement of optimum resolution is a common factor in most acoustical imaging techniques.

In seismic exploration the large gas and oil fields have already been discovered and the remaining small ones can only be found with high-resolution techniques. In medical diagnostics there is a large need for more detail in acoustic images and high-resolution systems are highly in demand. In the expanding field of nondestructive testing there is, apart from the detection of anomalies, an increasing interest in quantitative characterization. The latter is only feasible with high­resolution systems.

Therefore current efforts are increasingly devoted to acoustic inversion techniques, i.e. acoustic focussing, seismic migration. inverse scattering, computerized tomography and deconvolution, in order to eliminate image distortion and improve spatial resolution.

For this reason 'spatial resolution' was chosen as the key subject of the 14th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging.

v

The manuscripts in this publication cover all the material presented at the symposium in both lectures and posters. We feel sure that the contents will provide useful information to those who are professionally involved with acoustical imaging.

vi

L.F. van der Wal J. Ridder A.J. Berkhout

ACKR<NLEDGEKERTS

First of all we would like to thank Hanneke Mulder for her indis­pensable assistance in organizing this 14th Symposium on Acoustical Imaging. Without her extraordinary devotion this meeting would have been a precarious undertaking. Of course we also are indebted to Jaco Bakker, Gerrit Blacquiere, Henk Cox, Niels Kinneging, Cees-Jan Rameau, Arie de Sterke, Rob Verschoor and Rob Witte for their valuable assistance.

Alan Stunt and Wim Soede deserve a special word of thanks for the marvelous job they have done in leafing through all the manuscripts, looking for typing errors and grammatical mistakes, indicating possible improvements and carrying out most of the corrections. Without their effort the timely publication of these proceedings would have been all but impossible.

Finally we would like to thank the following sponsors of the 14th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging for their financial contributions:

Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO (Delft) KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (Schiphol) KEMA N.V. (Arnhem) MASSCOMP Europe B.V. (Amersfoort) N.V. Nederlandse Apparatenfabriek NEDAP (Groenloo) N.V. Optische Industrie OLDELFT (Delft) Nederlandse Unilever Bedrijven B.V. (Vlaardingen) Pie Data Medical B.V. (Maastricht) Rijkswaterstaat, Afdeling Hydroinstrumentatie (Rijswijk) Rontgen Technische Dienst B.V. (Rotterdam) Shell Nederland B.V. (Den Haag) Institute of Applied Physics TNO-TH (Delft)

The 15th Symposium on Acoustical Imaging will be organized by H.W. Jones during July 14-16, 1986 at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. We wish him both courage and a successful meeting.

vii

CONTENTS

OPEN I NG SESS ION

Ultrasonic Therapy and Imaging in Ophthalmology F.L. Lizzi, D. Jackson Coleman and J. Driller

Resolution Limits of Acoustical Echo Systems A.J. Berkhout

MODELING 1

The Acoustic Response of a Sphere in a Two-layer Half-space

P.M. Bakker

The Bandlimited Pulse from a Dynamite Source in an Elastic Medium . . .. . ...

A. Ziolkowsky

Changes in Seismic Pulse Forms due to Diffraction Effects (Abstract)

o. Lovhaugen and J. J. Stamnes

Seismic Analysis of Thin Beds aided by 3D Physical Model Experiments

J.A. Vogel, U. Stelwagen, and R. Breeuwer

INVERSION 1

Resolution in Sonar Systems - a Review H .0. Berktay

Experience with a Long Streamer in Seismic Exploration ........ .

R. Kanestrom, L. Gelius and J. Moller-Holst

Aspects of Spatial Resolution for Long-range, Low-frequency Imaging of the Sea Floor

J.M. Berkson, H.J. Kloosterman, T. Akal and J. -L. Berrou

1

19

33

43

51

53

69

85

99

ix

INVERSION 2

Acoustical Surveying of Porous Soils K. Attenborough and H.M. Hess

Reconstruction of One-dimensional Inhomogeneities in Elastic Modulus and Density from

. • . • . • 111

Measurements of Acoustic Resonances . . ....• 123 S.J. Norton, L.R. Testardi and T. Hsieh

Application of the Phase Closure Technique to Passive Acoustic Imaging through Inhomogeneous Media ....... 133

K.A. Marsh, J.M. Richardson and J.F. Martin

INVERSION 3

Practical Aspects of Spatial Resolution as Applied to Seismic Imaging (Abstract) ....... 141

D. Go sh

Angular Spectrum Decomposition: Improving the Resolution

T.J. Teo and J.M. Reid

Spatial Resolution of Migration Algorithms G. Beylkin, M. Oristaglio and D. Miller

Ray Tracing and Seismic Modeling E.A. Robinson and E.J. Douze

INVERSION 4

Numerically Efficient Full Wavefield Approach

143

155

169

to synthetic Seismogram Computation .•.•...... 187 H. Schmidt and G. Tango

Well-resolved and poorly-resolved Features in Seismic Reflection Tomography (Abstract) .•••.. 199

K.P. Bube, R.T. Langan, J.R. Resnick, R.T. Shuey and D.A. Spindler

Resolution Limits in Inversion by Parameter Estimation ... 201 p. van Riel and A.J. Berkhout

Resolution Enhancement of Processed Seismic Data using Prior Weighting Functions .......• 207

J.M. Blackledge, M.A. Fiddy and W.A. Ward

INVERSION 5

Scanned Microscopy Techniques. . . . . . ....... 221 G.S. Kino, B.T. Khuri-Yakub, J.D. Fox,

R.L. Jungerman, P.C.D. Hobbs, K.K. Liang and R.G. Stearns

x

Imaging with Holosaft ..........••••..... 237 V. Schmitz, W. MUller and G. Schafer

Recovery of Ultrasonic Impulse Response by Spectral Extrapolation. . . . ....... 247

T. Miyashita, H. Schwetlick and W. Kessel

INVERSION 6

Numerical Performance of The Schur Algorithm in Seismic Inversion and Continuous-time Prediction Problems

I. Widya

Time Domain Diffraction Tomography O.J. Tretiak

Generalized Tomography as an Unified Approach to Linear Inverse Scattering:

259

273

Theory and Experiment . . . . . • • . . . . . . . 283 K.J. Langenberg and V. Schmitz

Image Reconstruction Fidelity using the Born and Rytov Approximations •........ 295

L. Zapalowski, S. Leeman and M.A. Fiddy

INVERSION 7

Ambiguity Functions for Diffraction Tomography using Back-and-forth propagation ....... 305

Z.C. Lin and G. Wade

Image Reconstruction for Planar Acoustic Tomography using Hexagonal Arrays ........... 319

H. Lee

Optimal Observation Angles for planar Tomography in STAM System

P.C.H. Chen and G. Wade

Acoustic and Thermal Wave Microscopy E.A. Ash, Y. Martin and S. Sheard

INSTRUMENTATION 1

Spatial Resolution of Thermal-wave and

329

343

Thermo-acoustic Microscopes ...•.•.......• 361 L.D. Favro, P.K. Kuo and R.L. Thomas

Ultrasonic Waveforms in Metal plates using Laser Generation and EMAT Detection •........ 367

D.A. Hutchins and D.E. Wilkins

Spatial Resolution of Subsurface Structure in Photothermal Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 377

F.A. McDonald, G.C. Wetsel, Jr. and G.E. Jamieson

Toward Quantitative Imaging with the Acoustic Microscope 387 R.D. Weglein and A.K. Mal

INVERSION 8

Diagnostic Ultrasound: History, Transducers, Artefacts and New Applications .•....... 397

N. Born, C.T. Lancee, N. de Jong and C.M. Ligtvoet

Speckle Reduction in Pulse-echo Images by Using Phase Insensitive Summation and Multiplicative Techniques. . . . . . . . . . 405

A.T. Kerr, M.S. patterson, F.S. Foster and J.W. Hunt

Limited Angle Reflection Mode Computerized Tomography. 413 G. Roehrlein and H. Ermert

Combined Shear-compression Ultrasound Reflection Tomography .........•.. 425

M. Moshfeghi and D. Hanstead

INVERSION 9

Acousto-optic Deconvolution for Real-time Echography .... 437 J.C. Somer and F.H.M. Jongsma

Prior Inverse Filtering for High Resolution Pulse-Echo Images ......... .

J.H. Kim, B.S. Lee and S.B. Park

Attenuation Correction using Mellin Transform ·J.M. Nicolas and J.L. Bernatets

Two-dimensional Wiener Inverse Filtering in Echographic Imaging:

447

459

Possibilities and Restrictions .......... 471 T.J.M. Jeurens, J.C. Somer,

F.A.M. Smeets and A.P.G. Hoeks

INFORMATION EXTRACTION

Spatial Resolution in Ultrasonic pulse Echo Texture Analysis (Abstract) ........... 479

O.K. Nassiri, J.C. Bamber, M. Tristam and C.R. Hill

Texture in B-mode Echograms: a Simulation Study of the Effects of Diffraction and of Scatterer Density on Gray Scale Statistics ...... 481

J.M. Thijssen and B.J. Oosterveld

xii

ultrasonic Imaging using the Instantaneous Frequency of pulse-echo Signals. . ........ 487

D.A. Seggie, G.M. Doherty, S. Leeman and L.A. Ferrari

Theory of Q - profiling .............. . J.M. Blackledge and W.A. Ward

Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization Imaging (Abstract) F.L. Lizzi, E.J. Feleppa and M.M. Varemko

MODELING 2

497

505

Modeling of Elastic Wave Phenomena near a Plane Interface .. 507 U. Stelwagen

propagation of Transient Acoustic Waves in LOssy and Lossless Media

O. Guyomar and J. Powers

Diffraction Impulse Response of Non-planar Transducers M. Sigwalt and M. Fink

Ultrasonic Defect Positioning by Non-linear

521

533

Least Squares Curve Fitting ......•...•.•. 547 T.A. Slesenger and G.B. Hesketh

INSTRUMENTATION 2

A High Spatial Resolution Digital System for Ultrasonic Imaging ......•.....•... 559

J.F. McDonald, P.K. Das, K.C. Laprade, C.J. Hidalgo, K.S. Goekjian, L.Jones, H. Shyu and G. Capsimalis

Imaging of Complex Structures by 3D-MIgration Techniques (Abstract) .

~. Butscher and D. Ristow

1 MHz Ultrasonic Transducer Operating in Air T. Vano, M. Tone and A. Fukumoto

Shallow Prospecting on Land by means of a Novel

573

575

Electro acoustical p-wave Pulse Generator ....... 585 G.B. Cannelli, E. D'Ottavi and S. Santoboni

INVERSION 10

New Nonlinear Parameter Imaging CT System Using a Parametric Acoustic Array ........... 595

V. Nakagawa, M. Nakagawa, M. Voneyama and M. Kikuchi

Mathematical Modeling of an Ultrasonic Transmission Imaging System Applied to Image Restoration ...... 605

V.B. Kwon, M. Bernard and H. Maitre

xiii

Phase Tomography, Velocity and Temperature Measurement ... 617 H.W. Jones, M. Mieszkowski and J. Berry

POSTERS ON MODELING

Transient Fields from Focused Acoustic Waves .•... 629 O. Guyomar and J. Powers

Time-domain Analysis of Acoustic Wave Propagation, Diffraction and Radiation. .•...• . . 635

H. Lasota and B. Delannoy

The Diffracted Transient Field of the Rectangular Piston in Loss-less and Absorbing Media . • . .. . 639

G. Scarano, N. Denisenko, M. Matteucci and M. pappalardo

POSTERS ON INSTRUMENTATION

Acoustic Emission Structure-Borne Noise Measurements on Aircraft during Flight. • . • • ......• 643

C.M. Breevoort, C.D. Bailey and W.M. pless

Practical Resolution Limitations of Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

N. J. Burton and D.M. Thaker 649

Transmission Thermoacoustic Imaging without Contact 653 B. Cretin and D. Hauden

Range Resolution Improvement with a New Signal Processor implementing a Fast Kalman Estimator ••..•.... 657

A. Herment, R. Reynaud, C. Arcile, C. Chaput and G. Demoment

Display of Ultrasonograms on a Liquid Crystal TV and a Fluorescent Vacuum Tube ..••

K. Ito, N. Schibuya and H. Yokoi

Ultrasonic Biopsy Apparatus •.....•.... W.H. Kruimer, J.H.E. Lammers and J.M. Thijssen

The Influence of Ultrasonic Probe Design and

661

665

Construction on Spatial Resolution •.•...••.• 669 W.H. van Leeuwen

A Versatile Digital Scan Converter for High Quality Imaging .•.••.....•. 671

R. Lutolf, A. Vieli, M. Kesselring and M. Anliker

Study and Realization of Some Annular Array Transducers for Ultrasound Imaging Systems . • . • • • .• • .. 675

L. Masotti, M. Cavallini, A. Fabbrizzi, S. Rocchi, G. Castellini and A. Casini

Spatial Resolution of the Scanning Acoustic Microscope for Subsurface Imaging of Samples ..••....... 679

B. Nongaillard, J.M. Rouvaen, P. Logette, H. Saisse and H. Fevrier

Wide Angle Electronic Sector Scanning with Curved Arrays 685 B. Richard, J.C. Roucayrol and J. Perrin

High Resolution Sampled Phase-delay Sonar Beamformer A. Stepnowski and R. Salamon

POSTERS ON INVERSION

One-dimensional Inverse Acoustic

689

Scattering for Lossy Media .•.•..•...•.•• 695 J. Bai, O.J. Tretiak, P.C. Pedersen and C. Rorres

Comparison of Algorithms for High Resolution Deconvolution of Array Beamforming Output •••.... 699

C.~. Zala, I. Barrodale and J.S. Kennedy

Application of Acoustical Holography to Nonstationary Random Processes

W.S. Gan

Pattern Recognition Application in underwater Acoustics using Acoustical Holography.

w. S. Gan

Holographic Imaging with Elastodynamic Waves K.J. Langenberg and Th. Kreutter

Inverse Filter Design for Holographic Imaging

. . . • • • • • 703

707

711

Systems with Small Apertures ...•.•....•. 715 H. Lee

Acollstic Impedance Tomography: Two Reconstruction Procedures

J .-P. Le febv re 719

The Influence of the PSF on Reconstructed B-scan Images 725 J. Missun

The Relation between Super-Resolution and A Priori Information in Probabilistic Inverse Scattering •... 729

J.M. Richardson and K.A. Marsh

Derivation of a Fast Kalman Filter for High Resolution B-scan Imaging •........• 733

D. Saint-Felix, D. Xue-Cheng, A. Herment and G. Demoment

Towards High-resolution Ultrasound Computerized Tomography. . . . ...•••..• 737

H. Schomberg, W. Beil, G.C. MCKinnon, R. Proksa and O. Tschendel

xv

Theoretical and Numerical Results on Scattering from Soft Cylinders with Implications in Diffraction Tomography •.......•••..... 741

M. Soumekh, M. Kaveh and B. Soumekh

Tomographic Image Reconstruction from Holographic B-scan Signals . . . . . .... 749

T. Yamamoto, S. Fujii, H. Yamashita and Y. Aoki

POSTERS ON INFORMATION EXTRACTION

Applications of the Double Frequency Technique in Bubble Sizing and Pressure Measurements in Fluids 753

J.T. Chapelon, P.M. Shankar and V.L. Newhouse

High Resolution Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization J .R. Kl epper

A New Method for the Analysis of the Frequency Dependence of the Backscattering

757

Coefficient in Tissue-like Media ........... 761 J.M. Nicolas

Optical-digital Joint Fourier Transform Classification of Liver Echotexture . . . . . . . 765

P. Si rotti, G. Ri zzatto and E. Di Stefano

Sizing of Defects in Steel Constructions by Ultrasound 769 S. Terpstra

Soft Tissue Movement Information in Ul trasonic M-mode Images .............. 771

M. Tristam, D.C. Barbosa, D.O. Cosgrove O.K. Nassiri, J.C. Bamber and C.R. Hill

Underwater Imaging of Cracks in Concrete .•.•.... 775 K. Verhulst and R. Breeuwer

participants 781

Index • • • . 795

xvi