Acoustic Characterization of Materials · Acoustic Characterization of Materials ... Ultrasonic...
Transcript of Acoustic Characterization of Materials · Acoustic Characterization of Materials ... Ultrasonic...
Acoustic Characterization of Materials
Prof. Francesco Costanzo –Continuum Mech.Assist. Prof. Regi. Hamilton –Shape Mem Alloys
Dr. Matthew Kropf –BioDiesel
Prof. Clifford Lissenden –Struct. Health Monit.
Adj. Prof. Chiaki Miyasaka –Thin Film Adh.Prof. Joseph Rose –Guided Waves in Pipes
Prof. Bernie Tittmann -Group Leader
Center of Acoustics & Vibration 2011 CAV
OUTLINE of Presentations
• [1] “Ultrasonic Applications in the Energy Industry” by Dr. Matthew Kropf
• [2] “Ultrasonics” Prof. Joseph Rose
Ultrasonic Applications in the Energy Industry
Presented by: Matt KropfEngineering Nano-Characterization Laboratory: Dr.
Bernhard TittmannDavid Parks, Cliff Searfass, Brian Reinhardt, Xiaoning
Xi, Ryan Johnson, Shawn Getty
Outline
• Nuclear Power Industry– Sensor Developments– Techniques and Applications
• Utility Grade Electricity Production– Turbine Blade sensors
• Biofuels– Biodiesel– Cellulosic Ethanol
ULTRASONICS IN THE NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY
Ultrasonics in harsh environments
Problem Statement
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• Aging Nuclear Reactor Facilities Life Extensions– Economic Viability– Structural Integrity
• Generation IV Condition Based Maintenance Paradigm
• Need for radiation damage characterization
Life Beyond 60 Workshop Summary Report. Bethesda, Maryland : Energies Incorporated, 2008.
Ultrasound for Nuclear Power
• Environmental Considerations– Temperatures– Pressures– Environment– Radiation
• Piezoelectric Sensitivities– Curie Temperature– Lattice disruption– Thermal Expansion
General Requirements
• High temperature capability– Hard ferroelectrics
• Bismuth Titanate• Lithium Niobate
– Relative Permittivity < 30 , ρ 106 – 108 Ωcm– Polar Single Crystals
• AlN• ZnO• GaPO4
– Relative Permittivity < 30 , ρ 103 – 109 Ωcm– Low relative permittivity and low resistivity can be detrimental
• Radiation Resistant• Easy disposal
Technical Implementation
radiation hardened cable
Reactor Results – 3 months
Nonlinear WavePropagation
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I. Linear Wave Dynamicsi. Hooke’s Lawii. Atoms move togetheriii. Constant Frequency
II. Nonlinear Wave Dynamicsi. Higher order terms in
strain energy densityii. Nonlinear Constitutive
relationship
Cantrell, John. H. Fundamentals and Application of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation. [book auth.] Tribikram Kundu. Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation: Engineering and Biological Material Characterization. s.l. : CRC Press, 2004.
Contribution from damage
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I. Damagei. Dislocations, Interstitials,
Vacanciesii. Stacking Faults, Precipitates
II. Contributioni. Nonlinear Strain
Component
Cantrell, John. H. Fundamentals and Application of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation. [book auth.] Tribikram Kundu. Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation: Engineering and Biological Material Characterization. s.l. : CRC Press, 2004.
Concept- Ultrasonic SAW for Fuel Pellet Inspection
Fuel Fuel FuelGraphite Graphite
AISI 304 or Z7CN18.09 Cladding
Wedge WedgeAlN AlN
Experimental Design
1”
Aluminum Nitride (AlN15)
Aluminum
Wedge714-ph Stainless Steel
In-SituPeriodic
ULTRASONIC APPLICATIONS TO ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
Ultrasonic sensors for turbine blade monitoring
Ultrasonic Monitoring of Turbine Blades
• Environmental Considerations– Temperature– Pressure– Environment– Mechanics
• Geometry• Motion
• Piezoelectric Limitations– Curie Temperature– Conformal application
Ultrasonic Monitoring of Turbine Blades
• Problem Statement: Developing ultrasonic transducers that can operate (reliably) at high temperatures (>1000 oC).
• Difficulties:– Ultrasonic coupling at high temperatures– Maintaining contact in hazardous and/or remote environments– High Curie temperature ferroelectric or high melting point
piezoelectric required• Bi4Ti3O12, Bi3TiNbO9 , LiNbO3, La2Ti2O7, Sr2Nb2O7 La3Ga5SiO14, GaPO4, AlN
– Single crystals can be difficult to work with.• Thermal expansion mismatch over extended temperature range.• Fragile
Piezoelectric Materials for Harsh Environments
• Sol-gel spray-on advantages:– Potential to eliminate the need of
couplants at high temperature.– Good matching of thermal
expansion between ceramics and metal (more details later).
– Can make thick film materials.– Means of maintaining contact are
eliminated.– Potential for complex geometries.– Transducers have good piezoelectric
response.
Technical Implementation
• Temperature Testing
ULTRASONICS IN THE BIOFUELS INDUSTRY
Ultrasonic sensors and actuators for the research and processing of biofuels.
Concept
• Biodiesel Reaction
• Immiscible units of alcohol and oil are mixed and heated drive the reaction
Vegetable Oil plus Alcohol Catalyst Equals(Triglyceride) (methanol and sodium hydroxide)
Glycerol
Biodiesel (Methyl Ester)
State of the Art
• On the industrial scale:– Long heated and stirred batches
• Higher Temperatures– Higher Conversion Rate
• More Intense Mixing– Higher Conversion Rate
Technological Innovation• Mixing is achieved through ultrasonic emulsification,
resulting in highly uniform mixtures• The resulting emulsion is rapidly heated by selective
application of microwave frequencies focused on methanol
0
2
ρε
pCtT E′′∝
∂∂
Mixing by Micro-Jetting
1) Immiscible Solution
Alcohol
Oil
3) Emulsion Complete
2) Ultrasonic Cavitation
Ultrasonic Emulsification
Conventional
44kHz Ultrasonic
Benefits at 1 Mgal/Year
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$ Sa
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s / y
ear
Cents / kW-h
Electricity Savings
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Sod
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hoxi
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DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IN BIO-FUEL RESEARCH
Low intensity ultrasonic measurements
Pure Tone Harmonics
Non-Linear Ultrasound for Fuel Quality
Integrated Liquid Level/Quality Measurement
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id le
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Configuration number
OilWater
A E Resources Company Confidential
Diagram of the Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)
V: the amplitude of output microscope signalZ: the distance between the object and lens focal plane
V vs z curve
Working principle
Curve fitting result:Surface wave velocity: 1628 m/s
Input sample parameter:Thickness: 8 µmDensity: 1.04 g/cm^3
Matching experimental and simulation results
Fresh onion skin sample on (100) silicon wafer
Average thickness: 8µm
Temperature: 22 ℃
Acoustic lens model: AL4M350 (f= 400 MHz)
onion density input number: 1.4 g/cm^3
Matching results for V(z) curves in five positions on the sample:
1625 m/s, 1630 m/s, 1628 m/s, 1630m/s, 1615m/s
Average velocity: 1626 m/s (1610 m/s for onion cell in paper)
Preliminary results
Conclusion
• Nuclear Power:– Robust transduction– Advanced measurements
• Utility Electric– Robust and conformal transduction– Innovative processing technique
• Bio-fuels production– Innovative processing approach– Novel Sensor strategies– Advanced measurements for fundamental research
Ultrasonic Guided Waves for NDT and SHM
Joseph L. RosePaul Morrow Professor Penn State University
Center for Acoustics and Vibration
May 9-10,2011
Reasons to Consider GW (understanding and computational power developments)
• Paradigm Shift from Bulk Wave Ultrasonics to Guided Wave– Cost– Less inspection time and greater coverage – Solving new problems with no prior solution potential
• Paradigm Shift from NDE to SHM– Reliability, continuous screening, early warning– Baked in potential for prefab sensor installation– Cost and safety benefits
Natural Waveguides
• Plates (aircraft skin)• Rods (cylindrical, square, rail, etc.)• Hollow cylinder (pipes, tubing)• Multi-layer structures• An interface
Principal Engineering Benefits of Guided Waves
Inspection over long distances from a single probe position.
Ability to inspect hidden structures and structures under water, coatings, soil, insulations, and concrete.
The Hybrid Analytical FEM Approach
Phased Arrray Technologies( medical, bulk, guided)
Guided wave active focusing in pipeFE simulation results
Transducer array located at pipe endArray can be segmented into 4 or 8 channels.Time delays are applied.
1 2 3 4 5 Focus beam forming
Focused guided wave beam
o
o
Rail coverage as a function of mode selection
Tomography
Affected path 1 Affected path 2
Ultrasonic transducers placed in an array around an area of interest
Damage Location suggested by the intersection
• Reconstruction Algorithm for Probabilistic Inspection of Damage (RAPID)
P(x,y) 1 1 2 21
1( ( , , , , , ) )1 1
N
k k k k kk
A R x y x y x y ββ β=
−= +
− −∑
1
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(x,y)Signal difference coefficient (SDC)
SDC = 1-ρ , R – ratio of distance of the path taken and line of sight
ρ – correlation between signals in the reference and damaged states
CT Testing of Ballistic Damage to Fabricated Armor Panel
Target
1st shot
2nd shot
The panel was impacted twice with a .177 caliber lead pellet at a velocity of 1000 ft/sec. The impacts created a visible damage region of approximately a 1 in diameter circle.
MsS and EMAT Devices
Long Range GW pipe InspectionBuried SHM SystemsUtomo Tomography
Bondometer, etc.
Ultrasonic Guided Wave Beam Steering in Plates Using Phased Arrays
Notes: Guided wave beam can be steered into different directions by applying phase delays to the elements of an array, circular array example.
Tubing Bridges
Ultrasonic VibrationIce Detection and De-icing
Gas Entrapment
Thank You Very Much