A+Constitutive+Law+for+Bond+Failure+of+Fully Grouted+Cable+Bolts+Using+a+Modified+Hoek+Cell (1)

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    Pergamon Int . J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci . & Geomech. Abstr . Vol. 32, No. I, pp . 11-36, 1995C o p y r i g h t 1 9 95 E l s e v i e r S c i e n ce L t d0 1 4 8 - 9 0 6 2 ( 9 4 ) 0 0 0 1 8 - 2 P r i n te d i n G r e a t B r i ta i n . A l l r i g h ts r e s er v e d0148-9062/95 $9.50 + 0 .00

    A C o n s t i t u t i v e L a w f o r B o n d F a i l u r e o fF u l l y - g r o u t e d C a b l e B o l t s U s i n g aM o d i f i e d H o e k C e l lA. J. HYETT,W. F. BAWDENtG . R . M A C S P O R R A N : ~M. MOOSAVIt

    A series o f pu l l t e s t s were per fo rm ed us ing fu l ly -g rou ted seven -wire s t randcable , in which the conf in ing pressure a t the ou t s ide o f the ceme nt annulus w asmain ta ined cons tant us ing a modi f i ed Hoe k ce l l. The bon d s t rength wa s show nto increase with confining pressure. The associated radial displacements at theout s ide o f the cemen t annulus were me asured by two se t s o f d iametr ica l lyopposed s t ra in gauge arm s loca ted a t the midpoint o f the t es t s ec tion . Theradial di lat ions decreased with confining pressure, so that at pressures corre-sponding to h igh bon d s t rengths , les s than 201 tm o f rad ia l de form at ion wasgene ra ted a f ter 50 m m o f ax ia l di sp lacement. Observa t ions under the scanningelectron microscope revealed th at the low di lat ions can be explain ed by theoc cnr re nce o f a n " u ns c r e w i ng " f a i l u r e m e c ha n i s m a l ong t he m a j or i ty o f t hetest section.

    The da ta were used to develop a f r i c t iona l -d i la t iona l m ode l fo r cable bo l tf a i l u r e i n bo t h g r a p h ic a l a nd m a t he m a t i c a l f o r m . T he l a t te r i s a m e m a b l e t oimplemen ta t ion in numer ica l program s , and present s an oppor tuni ty to incor -po rate realis tic cable bo lt behaviour into num erical analyses .

    Fro m an op erat iona l perspect ive, the miniscule ra dial di lat ions in duced bybo nd fa i lure , which are respons ib le fo r the genera tion o f rad ia l pres sure a t thecable -grout in ter face and the deve lopmen t o f r i c t iona l bond st rength , exp la inthe sens i t i vi t y o f the bo nd s t rength to ( i ) the grout qual it y, ( i i) the rad ia ls t i f fness of the borehole wall and ( i i i ) mining- induced destress ing.

    N O M E N C L A T U R Er I = i n n e r r a d i u s o f c e m e n t a n n u l u s , i .e . n o m i n a l r a d i u s o f c a b l er 2 = o u t e r r a d i u s o f g r o u t a n n u l u sr c = r a d i u s f o r w h i c h r a d i a l f r a c t u r e s a r e o p e nL e = e m b e d m e n t l e n g t h

    L ~ = l e n g t h o f t e s t s e c t i o n f o r w h i c h t h e g r o u t f l u t e s a r e s h e a r e dL f = f r e e l e n g t h o f t h e c a b l e b e t w e e n t e s t a n d a n c h o r s e c t i o n s

    A ~ = a p a r e n t c a b l e - g r o u t i n t e r fa c e c o n t a c t a r e aP l = r a d i a l p r e s s u r e a t r = r IP 2 = r a d i a l p r e s s u r e a t r = r 2P c = r a d i a l p r e s s u r e a t r = r ca 0 = t a n g e n t i a l s t r e s s i n t h e g r o u t a n n u l u sF a = a x i a l l o a d o n c a b l eQ = c o m p o n e n t o f a x i a l f o r ce r e l a t e d t o u n t w i s t i n g th e c a b l eu a = a x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t a t e x i t p o i n t

    u rz = r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t a t r = r ~U r2 = r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t a t r = r 2U rc = r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t a t r = r c0 = t w i s t o f c a b l ek ~ = c o e f f i c i e n ts f o r c a b l e b o l t m o d e l

    t D e p a r t m e n t o f M i n i n g E n g i n e e r in g , Q u e e n ' s U n i v e r s i t y , K i n g s t o n ,O n t a r i o , C a n a d a K 7 L 3 N 6 .

    : [ :N o r a n da M i n e r a l s In c . , G E C O D i v i s i o n , M a n a t o u w a d g e , O n t a r i o ,C a n a d a .

    G r o u t p r o p e r t i e sE 8 = Y o u n g ' s m o d u l u s o f t h e g r o u tv ~ = P o i s s o n ' s r a t i o o f t h e g r o u to c = c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h o f t h e g r o u t~bg = i n t e r n a l a n g l e o f f r i c t i o n f o r t h e g r o u t% = M o h r ~ o u l o m b c o h e s i o n - - in t e r c e p t fo r t h e g r o u t

    C a b l e p r o p e r t i e sE c = a x i a l Y o u n g ' s m o d u l u s o f t h e c a b l evc = P o i s s o n ' s r a t i o o f t h e c a b l e , i . e. c o n t r a c t i o n d u r i n g a x i a l

    p u l lK ~ = r a d i a l s t i ff n e s s o f t h e c a b l e

    C = t o r s i o n a l r i g i d i t y o f c a b l el = p i t c h l e n g t h o f t h e c a b l e

    h 0 = h e i g h t o f g r o u t f l u t e s= a n g l e o f t h e p i t c h

    P a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e c a b l e - g r o u t i n t er f a c e~ b~ = f r i c t i o n a n g l e b e t w e e n g r o u t a n d s t e e l~ b ' = a v e r a g e c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o nv = d i l a t i o n a t c a b l e - g r o u t i n t e rf a c ev sp = d i l a t i o n d u e t o s p l i t t i n gv0 = d i l a t i o n d u e t o s p l i t t i n g f o r p ~ = 0

    K 0 = r a d i a l s t i ff n e s s o f t h e c a b l e - g r o u t i n t e r f a c e a f t e r s p l i t t i n g f o rP l = 0

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    12 HYE T T et al .:Fiel ,

    Gran ite, Lime,,Hemlo Golder

    C ONS T IT UT IVE L AW F OR C AB L E B OL T S

    ,ncep t ua l

    natural

    C o n s t a n t t s t a n t R a d i a lP r e s s u S t i f f n e s sMo dified Hoc k Luminum, PVC pipes(this paper) vancrete blocks

    Fig. 1. Boundary cond it ions to the cable-bolt system. In operational practise this consists of the borehole wall . In thelaboratory, previous workers hav e used pipes and con crete blocks. In this research a constant radial pressure is applied andthe dilat ions at the outside of the cem ent annulus were measured.i = dilation angle o f the cab le-grout interfacekt = empirical constant describing pressure dependan cy of radialdisplacement at the cable-grout interface

    R o c k p r o p e r ti e sEr = Y oung's modulus of rockVr = P oisson's ra tio of rockKr = radial st iffness of the borehole wa ll

    b o n d c a p a c i t i e s [ 1 , 2 ], a n d r e c e n t t e s t s [3 ] h a v e i n d i c a t e da s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p u l l t e s t r e s u l t s c o n -d u c t e d o n g r o u t e d c a b l e s f r o m d i f fe r e n t N o r t h A m e r i c a nm a n u f a c t u r e r s . C o n c e r n i n g t h e l a tt e r, t o th e a u t h o r s 'k n o w l e d g e , a l l l a b o r a t o r y c a b l e p u l l t e s t s h a v e b e e nc o n d u c t e d i n e i t h e r c o n f i n i n g p i p e s [ 4 -7 ] , c o n c r e t e b l o c k s

    I N T R O D U C T I O NT h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t o f a r o c k m a s s u s i n g f u l ly - g r o u t e dc a b l e b o l t s f a ll s in t o t h e g e n e r a l c l a s s i fi c a t i o n o f a l o a dt r a n s f e r p r o b l e m . A s t h e b a s i s o f th i s p r o b l e m , i t isn e c e s s a r y t o i n v e s t ig a t e t h e m e c h a n i c s o f l o a d t r a n s f e rb e t w e e n a s i ng l e c a b l e a n d t h e s u r r o u n d i n g r o c k m a s s ,i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o n d s t r e n g t ha n d e m b e d m e n t l e n g t h r e q u i re d t o m o s t e f fe c ti v e lyr e i n f o r c e t h e r o c k m a s s , w i t h o u t r e a c h i n g t h e t e n s i l es t r e n g t h o f t h e c a b l e ( 2 4 0 - 2 6 0 k N ) . D u r i n g f a il u r e o fc a b l e - r e i n fo r c e d g r o u n d , b o t h s t r e ss r e d i s t r ib u t i o n a n d ap r o g r e s s i v e d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f th e r o c k m a s s q u a l i ty m a ya d v e r s e l y a f fe c t b o t h t h e b o n d s t r e n g t h a n d t h e e m b e d -m e n t l e n g t h a v a i l a b l e , p o t e n t i a ll y r e s u l t in g i n v e r y p o o rc a b l e b o l t p e r f o r m a n c e . T h u s , a n y a t t e m p t t o m o d e l t h eb e h a v i o u r o f a c a b le - r e i n f o r c e d r o c k m a s s m u s t b e b a s e do n a f u l l y i n t e r - a c t i v e a n a l y s i s i n w h i c h t h e b e h a v i o u r o ft h e r o c k m a s s c o n t r o l s t h e b o n d s t r e n g t h o f th e c a b l eb o l t a s w e l l a s v i c e v e r s a .

    C a b l e b o l t r e s e a r c h , b o t h i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n df i e l d , h a s c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t m o d e o ff a i lu r e f o r a c e m e n t - g r o u t e d s e v e n - w i re s t r a n d i n v o l v e sf r i c t io n a l s l i p a t t h e g r o u t - c a b l e i n t e r f a c e . A s t h ea x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t ( u a ) o f t h e c a b l e i s i n c r e a s e d , t h ef r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( F a ) t o p u l l o u t d e p e n d s o n t h ei n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n r a d i a l p r e s s u r e ( P l ) a n d r a d i a ld i l a t i o n ( u r j ) a t t h e g r o u t - c a b l e i n t e r f a c e , w h i c ht h e m s e l v e s a r e c o n t r o l l e d b y f a c t o r s s u c h a s :

    ( i) t h e m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d m e c h a n i c a l b e -h a v i o u r o f th e g r o u t a n n u l u s

    ( ii ) t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e c a b l e( ii i) t h e r a d i a l c o n f i n e m e n t a p p l i e d a t t h e o u t s i d e o f

    t h e c e m e n t a n n u l u s .P r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h h a s e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t l o w

    w a t e r : c e m e n t ( w : c ) g r o u t s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i g h

    910

    Fig. 2. Cutaway section of the modified Hock cell (MHC): (1) 15.2 mm(0.6") seven-wire strand; (2) typ e 10 portland cemen t annulus; (3)pressure vessel endcap; (4) specimen endcap; (5) 15 mm PVC tube fordebonding; (6) ABS pipe to support end of specimen and overcom eend-effects; (7) neop rene bladd er; (8) cantilever strain gaug e arm s; (9)high pressure electrical feedthrough; (10) h igh pressure fi t t ing; (I 1)pressure transducer.

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    HYETT et al .: CON STITUTIVE LAW FOR CABL E BOLTS 13

    Fig. 3. Photograph o f various compon ents of the M HC.[8, 9] or th e in s i tu r o c k m a s s [ 10 , l l ] ; n a m e l y u n d e r ac o n s t a n t r a d i a l s t i f f n e s s b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n ( F i g . 1 ) .R e i c h e r t e t a l . [2 ] a n d H y e t t et a l . [6 ] d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a ta s t i f f e r r e s p o n s e a n d h i g h e r u l t i m a t e c a p a c i t i e s w e r eo b t a i n e d f o r t e s t s c o n d u c t e d i n p i p e s w i t h h i g h e r r a d i a ls t if f n e s s, a n d t h a t , i f t h e r a d i a l s t i f f n e ss o f t h e b o r e h o l ew a l l w a s c o n s i d e r e d , t h e s e c o u l d b e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h ins i tu t e s t s . H o w e v e r , f o r a l l o f t h e s e t e s t s t h e c o n f i n i n gp r e s s u r e a n d d i l a t i o n i n d u c e d b y b o n d f a i l u r e w e r e n o tm o n i t o r e d . T h i s i n h i b i te d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f th e m e c h -a n ic s o f b o n d f a i l u re a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t d e v e l o p m e n t o fa r e a l i s t i c c o n s t i t u t i v e l a w .I n g e n e r a l , t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n a t t h e b o r e h o l ew a l l c a n b e c o n c e p t u a l i z e d b y t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a s p ri n gw i t h r a d i a l s t i ff n e s s K r - - d p 2 /d u r 2 , w h e r e d p 2 a n d dur2 ar et h e c h a n g e s i n r a d i a l c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e a n d d i s p l a c e -m e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e a p p l i e d s t i ff n e s s K ~ v a r i e s b e -t w e e n z e r o f o r a c a b l e b o l t u n d e r c o n s t a n t r a d i a lp r e s s u r e t o i n f i n i t y in t h e c a s e w h e r e n o c h a n g e i n r a d i a ld i l a t i o n i s a l l o w e d .

    I n t h e p r e s e n t t e s t p r o g r a m m e , a l l f o u r t e s t v a r i -ab le s ( F a , Ua, P 2 a n d u r 2 ) w e r e e i t h e r c o n t r o l l e d o rm o n i t o r e d f o r a s e ri e s o f l a b o r a t o r y c a b l e p u l l t e st sc o n d u c t e d i n a t r i a x i a l H o e k c e l l . I d e a l l y , t h e r a d i a lp r e s s u r e a n d d i l a t i o n ( p~ a n d u r n ) s h o u l d h a v e b e e nm e a s u r e d / c o n t r o l l e d a t t h e c a b l e - g r o u t i n t e r fa c e w h e r es l i p i s a c t u a l l y o c c u r r i n g a n d f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e t op u l l o u t w a s m o b i l i z e d . H o w e v e r , i t w o u l d h a v e b e e nv i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r a d i a l p r e s s u r ea n d r a d i a l d i l a t i o n g e n e r a t e d t h e r e b y d i r e c t i n s t r u -m e n t a t i o n . A s a p r a c t i c a l c o m p r o m i s e , a m e t h o d w a sa d o p t e d w h e r e b y m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e a t t h eo u t e r s u r f a c e o f th e g r o u t a n n u l u s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h ed e f o r m a t i o n b e h a v i o u r d e t e r m i n e d r e l at e d n o t to t h a t o f

    t h e c a b l e - g r o u t i n t e r f a c e , b u t i n s t e a d t o t h a t o f t h ec o m p l e t e g r o u t e d c a b l e b o l t , w h i c h c o m p r i s e s t h e c a b l e ,g r o u t a n n u l u s a n d t h e i n t e r f a c e i n b e t w e e n . T e s t s w e r ec o n d u c e d a t a r a n g e o f c o n f in i n g p r e ss u r e s e x p e c te d t ob e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h o s e t h a t w o u l d b e g e n e r a t e d a t t h eb o r e h o l e w a l l d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n a l c a b l e b o l t b o n d f a i lu r e .

    E X P E R I M E N T A L P R O C E D U R EM o d i f i e d H o c k c e l l ( M H C )

    A t r i a x i a l c e l l , h e n c e f o r t h r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e m o d i f i e dH o e k c e l l ( M H C ) , w a s d e s i g n e d , i n w h i c h a s e ri e s o fc a b l e p u l l t e s t s w e r e t o b e c o n d u c t e d u n d e r a c o n d i t i o no f c o n s t a n t r a d i a l p r e s s u r e ( F i g . 2 ). T h e d e s i g n w a sf u n d a m e n t a l l y s i m i l a r t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d b y H o e k a n dF r a n k l i n [ 1 2 ] w h i c h i s w i d e l y u s e d f o r t h e t r i a x i a l t e s t i n go f i n t a c t r o c k c y l i n d e r s . T h e p r i n c i p a l d e s i g n m o d i f i-c a t i o n s t h a t w e r e i n t r o d u c e d a r e l i s t e d b e l o w :

    ( i) t h e b o d y o f th e c e l l w a s e l o n g a t e d t o 2 8 5 m mt o a c c o m o d a t e a 2 6 5 m m l o n g r u b b e r s e al in gs le e v e o r b l a d d e r o f 5 0 . 8 m m ( 2" ) i. d .

    ( ii ) t h e b o t t o m o f t h e ce ll w a s m a c h i n e d s o l i d a n dt h e e n d c a p o m i t t e d

    ( ii i) a n i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n c o l l a r w a s i n c o r p o r a t e db e h i n d t h e r u b b e r b l a d d e r o n w h i c h w e r em o u n t e d t w o s et s o f d i am e t r i c a ll y o p p o s e dc a n t i l e v e r s t r a i n g a u g e a r m s o r i e n t e d p e r p e n -d i c u l a r t o e a c h o t h e r ( F i g . 3 ) , t o m o n i t o rd i l a t i o n a t t h e m i d d l e o f t h e s a m p l e

    ( iv ) w i r e s w e r e le d o u t t h r o u g h a h i g h p r e s s u r ef e e d - t h r o u g h w i t h i n t h e c e l l b o d y( v ) t h e c e l l w a s o n l y d e s i g n e d t o o p e r a t e a t p r e s s-u r e s u p t o 2 0 M P a , s o t h a t t h e c l e a r a n c e g a pc o u l d b e d e s i g n e d w i t h a l e n i e n t t o l e r a n c e t of a c i li t a te r e m o v a l o f t h e t e s t s p e c i m e n a f t e rf a i lu r e ( s ee [ 12] ) .

    T h e c e l l w a s p r o o f e d t o 2 5 M P a , a n d a s e r ie s o fc a l i b r a t i o n s w e r e c o n d u c t e d o n s t e e l a n d a l u m i n i u mp i p e s w i t h d i f f e re n t o . d .s t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e e f f e c t o f t h er u b b e r b l a d d e r o n t h e d e f o r m a t i o n s m e a s u r e d b y t h es t r a i n g a u g e a r m s . T h e f i n a l d e s i g n w a s r o b u s t e n o u g ht o e n a b l e 4 0 t e s t s t o b e c o n d u c t e d w i t h a s i n g le b l a d d e r .T h e m o s t p e r s i st e n t p r o b l e m i n v o l v e d th e r e m o v a l o f t h ef a i l e d s p e c i m e n f r o m t h e c e l l f o l l o w i n g a t e s t .T e s t s a m p l e p r e p a r a t i o n

    E a c h p u l l t e s t s a m p l e c o n s i s t e d o f a 1 5 . 2 m m ( 0 . 6 " )s e v e n - w i r e s t r a n d c a b l e w i t h a t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f2 4 0 - 2 6 0 k N o r 2 4 - 2 6 t o n n e s ( A S T M A 4 1 6) , g r o u t e du s i n g a t y p e l 0 p o r t l a n d c e m e n t p a s t e i n t o t w o s e c t i o n so f p i p e : a l o w e r 2 " S c h . 8 0 s t e e l p i p e 5 5 0 m m i n l e n g t h ;a n d a n u p p e r 2 5 0 m m 2 " S c h 8 0 P V C p i p e ( s ee [1 3] f o rf u r t h e r d e t a i l s ) . T h e f o r m e r i s u s e d t o a n c h o r t h e t e s t

    Table 1. Properties of cement paste for different w:c ratiosw :c ratio a c (MP a) E~ (GPa ) vg ~bg C) t 0 (MP a)0.30 79 18.6 0.2 27 t8.90.40 58 12.1 0.2 22 15.50.50 45 9.3 0 .2 20 I 1.5

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    4/26

    1 4 H Y E T r e t a l . : C O N S T I T U T I V E L A W F O R C A B L E B O L T S

    !

    125

    red

    250~

    Marco f u n b o n d e d c a b l e

    5 0 0 ra m l u t e d "a n c h o r"section of grouted c a b l e

    I Hc e k c e ll

    ~IHC boltedL i n g h e a d

    Exit pointRotation imited

    MTSactuatorhead 1

    tull rate= 0.3mm/sFig. 4. The pull test set-up. It is essentially dentical o th at u sed in [6].

    s p e c i m e n , w h i le t h e l a t te r s e r v e s o n l y a s a m o u l d w h i c hw a s r e m o v e d p r i o r t o t e st i n g s o e n a b l i n g t h e M H C t op r o v i d e r a d i a l c o n f i n e m e n t to t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e g r o u ta n n u l u s . S a m p l e s w e r e g r o u t e d u s i n g t h r e e d i f f e r e n tw : c r a t i o c e m e n t p a s t e s ; 0 . 3 , 0 . 4 a n d 0 . 5 . T h e r e l e v a n tp h y s i c a l p r o p e r t ie s o f t h e se a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1 .T h e y f a l l w i t h i n t h e p r e v i o u s d a t a s e t p r e s e n t e d b y H y e t tet al . [ 1 4] . T h e s a m p l e s w e r e c u r e d a t > 9 5 % r e l a ti v eh u m i d i ty ( A S T M C 5 1 1 ) fo r 2 8 d ay s .Pul l t e s t pro cedure

    T h e t r i a x i a l c e l l w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e m o d i f i e dp u s h t e s t s e t u p d e s c r i b e d a n d e v a l u a t e d b y R e i c h e r t [1 5] .T h i s p r o c e d u r e i s i t s e l f a d e r i v a t i v e o f t h e s p l i t -p i p e p u l lt e s t d e v e l o p e d b y F u l l e r a n d C o x [ 4 ] w h i c h h a s s i n c eb e c o m e t h e a c c e p t e d l a b o r a t o r y s t a n d a r d .

    T h e c o m p l e t e e x p e r i m e n t a l s e t - u p i s s h o w n i n F i g . 4 .F o r e a c h c a b l e p u l l t e s t :- - t h e a x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t ( u , ) w a s i n c r e a s e d a t a r a t e

    o f 0 .3 m m / s e c i n a s t if f M T S t e s t in g f r a m e- - t h e a x i a l p u l l o u t f o r c e ( F , ) a p p l i e d b y t h e t e s t i n gm a c h i n e w a s m o n i t o r e d- - a p r e s c r ib e d p r e s s u r e (P 2 ) w a s m a i n t a i n e d c o n s t a n t( t o w i t h i n 0 . 1 M P a ) i n t h e t r i a x i a l c e ll

    t lmprovements in g rout pum p technologyhave enabled man y miningoperations to routine ly use grouts in the ra nge 0.3-0.35 w:c forcable bo lt applications.

    - - t h e r a d i a l d i l a t io n ( u,2 ) w a s m e a s u r e d b y c a n t i l e v e rs t r a i n g a u g e a r m s w i t h i n t h e t r i a x i a l c e l l .

    T o p r e v e n t t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t r a n s v e rs e f r a c t u r e s , i tw a s n e c e s s a r y t o a x i a l l y c o n s t r a i n t h e g r o u t a n n u l u su s i n g a s p e c i m e n e n d c a p ( 4 i n F i g . 2 ) p r i o r t o t h ea p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e c o n f i n i n g p r e s su r e . T h e b a s e o f t h eM H C w a s b o l t e d t o t h e p u l l in g h e a d t o p r e v e n t b o t he c c e n tr i c lo a d i n g a n d r o t a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e a n d c e l ld u r i n g t e s t i n g . C o n s e q u e n t l y , r o t a t i o n w a s p r e v e n t e dd u r i n g t h e t e s t a t a l l p o i n t s e x c e p t t h e f r e e e n d o f t h ec a b l e ( F i g . 4 ) . A l l d e f o r m a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t e s tf r a m e a n d h e a d a t t a c h m e n t s w e r e s u b tr a c t e d s o t h a t t h ea x i a l d e f o r m a t i o n i s e x a c t l y t h a t a t t h e e x i t p o i n t .

    T h e t e s t p r o g r a m m e ( T a b l e 2 ) w a s i n t e n d e d t oi n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t o f t w o p a r a m e t e r s :

    (i) t h e c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u re a p p l i e d b y t h e M H C( ii) t h e w : c c e m e n t r a t i o o f t h e c e m e n t p a s t e .

    T h e e m b e d m e n t l e ng t h , 2 50 m m , w a s c o m p a r a b l e t ot h a t u s e d b y p r e v i o u s w o r k e r s [ 1, 4 , 8] . A t t h e s t a r t o f t h et e s t 25 m m o f f r e e c a b l e ( L f i n F i g . 4 ) e x is t e d b e t w e e n t h et e s t se c t io n a n d t h e a n c h o r s e c t i o n . A d e c i s io n w a s m a d et o c o n d u c t m o r e t e s t s a t a 0 . 3 w : c r a t i o . i " A n a v e r a g eo f f o u r t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t e a c h c o m b i n a t i o n o fp a r a m e t e r s , a n d o n l y h i g h l y c i r c u m s p e c t r e s u l t s w e r ee l i m i n a t e d .

    E X P E R IM E N T A L R E S U L T SF a i l u r e a l w a y s o c c u r r e d b y s l i p a t t h e c a b l e - g r o u t

    i n t e r f a c e . A t y p i c a l s e t o f r e s u l t s f o r a x i a l f o r c e a n dr a d i a l d i l a t i o n ( 0 .3 w : c , 1 5 M P a c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e ) a r ep r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 5 : t h e h e a v y li n e re p r e s e n t s a n a v e r a g e .A v e r a g e r e s u l ts f o r e a c h c o m b i n a t i o n o f p a r a m e t e r s a r ep r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 6 . O v e r a l l , t h e r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t -a x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a w e r e l e s s c o n s i s t e n t t h a n t h ea x i a l l o a d - a x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a . T h i s w a s i n e v i t a b l eb e c a u s e t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e a t t h e o u t e rs u r f a c e o f a f r a c t u r e d c e m e n t a n n u l u s , t r a n s e c t e d b yr a d i a l f r a c t u r e s a n d c o m p r i s i n g d i s t i n c t w e d g e s a b l e t om o v e i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f o n e a n o t h e r d u r i n g a t e st . N e v e r -t h e l e ss , d i s t i n c t tr e n d s e x i s t w i t h i n t h e d a t a s e t . T h e s e a r em o s t e v i d e n t f o r th e 0 . 3 w : c r a t i o r e s u lt s f o r w h i c h m o r et e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d .In f luen ce o f co n f in in g pressure

    T h e m o s t o b v i o u s e f f e c t o f c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e i s t oi n c r e a s e t h e b o n d s t r e n g t h , e s p e c i a l l y f o r c o n f i n i n g p r es s -u r e s b e l o w 1 0 M P a . T h e s h a p e o f th e l o a d - -d i s p la c e m e n tp l o t s i s a l s o p r e s s u r e d e p e n d e n t . F o r l o w c o n f i n i n gp r e s su r e s , p e a k c a p a c i t y w a s a t t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e i n i t ia l1 0 m m o f a x i a l d i s p la c e m e n t , w h e r e a s f o r h i g h e r c o n f i -n i n g p r e s s u r e s i t u s u a l ly o c c u r s a f t e r 4 0 - 5 0 m m . T h ea s s o c i a t e d r a d i a l d i l a t i o n s d e c r e a s e w i t h c o n f i n i n g p r e s s -u r e . A t h i g h e r c o n f i n i n g p re s s u r e s , d i l a t i o n s i n t h e r a n g e1 0 -2 0 I x m , a r e a p p r o a c h i n g t h e r e s o l u t i o n l i m i t o f t h ec a n t i l e v e r s t r a i n g a u g e a r m s .In f luen ce o f wate r : cem en t ra t io

    H i g h e r b o n d s t r e n g t h s w e r e a t t a i n e d f o r l o w e r w : cr a t i o g r o u t s , t h e e ff e c t b e i n g m o s t p r o n o u n c e d b e t w e e n

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    H Y E T r et al.: CONS TI TUTI VE LAW F OR CABLE BOLTSTable 2. The com plete test programme

    15

    w:c ra tio 1 MPa 2 MPa 3 MPa 5 MPa 10 MPa 15 MPa V ar iedMPa Total0.30 3 5 3 3 4 2 200.40 2 3 4 4 130.50 3 4 3 10

    0 . 3 a n d 0 . 4 w : c . H o w e v e r , a t h i g h c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e s ,t h e s h a p e o f t h e p u ll c u r v e s c h a n g e d w i t h g r o u t w : cr a ti o . R e s u l t s f o r a 0 .3 w : c e x h i b i t e d p r o n o u n c e d w o r kh a r d e n i n g , w h e r e a s t h o s e f o r a 0 . 5 w : c w e r e a l m o s tp e r f e c t l y p l a s t i c . I n f a c t , d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l st a g e s , t h eb o n d s t r e n g t h f o r a 0 .5 w : c r a t i o w a s h i g h e r t h a n f o r a0 . 4 w : c w h i c h w a s i n tu r n h i g h e r t h a n f o r a 0 .3 w : c ( se eF i g . 6 ) . T h e e f f e c t o f w : c r a t i o o n r a d i a l d i l a t i o n w e r ea l s o s u r p ri s i n g . C o n t r a r y t o e x p e c t a t i o n , s l ig h t l y h i g h e rr a d i a l d i l a t i o n s o c c u r r e d f o r w e a k e r g r o u t s ( h i g h e rw : c r a t i o ) . I t h a d b e e n a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t h i g h e r r a d i a l

    20OWater : cement rat io : 0.3Emhedment l ength : 250 mmConfining pressure : 15 MPa

    1 6 0 ........................... ! ............................ ; ............................ i ............ "" ~ '~ . ' " !

    i i . I - - " " : . i -- ~

    "d 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    4 0

    00 10 20 30 40

    Axia l d i s p l acemen t , u a (mm)50

    0.06

    0.04

    ~'2 0.02,g

    iWater : cement rat io : 0.3Embedment l ength : 250 mmConfining pr essure : 15 MPa

    /.~

    ~ o. 0o .....................................; 2 ;- 0 .0 2 .............................................................................................................. . ................ ................

    - 0 . 0 40 10 20 30 40 50

    A x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t , u o ( m m )Fig. 5. T ypical data obtained from a MH C cable pull test: top , pullforce (F,) vs axial displacement (u,); bo ttom, radial displacement (ua)versus axial displacement (ul). Th e h eavy lines represents the averageof the individ ual test results.R M M S 3 2 /I - -B

    d i l a t i o n s w o u l d b e g e n e r a t e d b y s t r o n g e r g r o u t f l u t e s .B o t h o f th e s e a p p a r e n t a n o m a l i e s c a n b e e x p l a in e d b yt h e r o l e o f s h r i n k a g e d u r i n g c u r i n g .

    R e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a e x i s t c o n c e r n i n gs h r i n k a g e d u e t o c u r i n g o f c e m e n t p a s t e , e s p e c ia l l y c o n -c e r n i n g t h e e f f e c t o f w : c r a t io . M o r e i s k n o w n f o r c o n -c r e t es , f o r w h i c h t h e a g g r e g a t e a c t s t o r e d u c e s h r i n k a g e .Q u a l i t a t i v e l y , i t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t t h e s h r i n k a g es t r a in i s n e g l ig i b le f o r a 0 . 3 w : c r a t i o c e m e n t p a s t e , b u ti n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g w : c r a t i o . L a l d j i a n d Y o u n g[ 20 ] c o n s i d e r t h e e f f e c t o f s h r i n k a g e i n t h e i r m o d e l f o r t h eb o n d f a il u r e o f c o n c r e t e g r o u t e d g r o u n d a n c h o r s . T h e yg i v e t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n f o r t h e c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s sg e n e r a t e d a t t h e c a b l e - g r o u t i n t e r f a c e d u e t o s h r i n k a g e :

    E c ( r ~ -- r ~ )P l = Es1 7(r2 -- r~ )(1 -- v g) + ~,~ (r22(1 + Vg) + r~(1 I J g) )( 1 )

    w h e r e E s i s t h e s h r i n k a g e s t r a i n .F o r p u l l t e s t s c o n d u c t e d i n a b o r e h o l e o r p i p e , g r o u t

    s h r i n k a g e w i ll c r e a t e a n i n i ti a l g a p b e t w e e n t h e c o n f i n e -m e n t a n d t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e o f t h e c e m e n t a n n u l u s .

    I N T E R P R E T A T I O N O F T H E E X P E R I M E N T A LR E S U L T S

    F a i l u r e m e c h a n i s m sT h e r e a r e t h r e e c o n c e i v a b l e m e c h a n i s m s b y w h i c h

    b o n d f a i l u r e m a y o c c u r d u r i n g a p u l l t e s t ( F i g . 7 ) :( i ) d i l a t i o n a l s l i p a c c o m m o d a t e d b y r a d i a l s p l i t -t i n g

    ( i i ) u n s c r e w i n g( ii i) s h e a r f a i l u r e o f t h e c e m e n t f l u t e s .

    ( i ) a n d ( i i i ) a r e k n o w n t o b e i m p o r t a n t d u r i n g t h e b o n df a i lu r e o f r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s i n c o n c r e t e [ 1 6 - 1 9 ]. F o r c a b l e sd i l a t i o n a l s l i p a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r a d i a l s p l i t t i n g i s k n o w nt o d o m i n a t e a t v e r y lo w P l - D u r i n g t e s ts c o n f i n e d b yt r a n s p a r e n t h e a t s h r i n k [1 5], r a d ia l f r a c t u r e s w h i c h f o r ma f t e r 1 - 2 m m o f a x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t , w e r e o b s e r v e d t od i l a t e b y 2 - 3 m m . F i g u r e 8 p r e s e n t s r e su l t s f r o m t w oM H C t es ts c o n d u c t e d a t 1 M P a c o n f in i n g p re s su r e . T h ed i s t in c t i v e e l b o w i n t h e d i l a t i o n p r o f i le is t h o u g h t t oc o r r e s p o n d t o a t r a n s i t i o n f r o m u n s c r e w i n g t o d i l a t i o n a ls li p , c a u s e d b y t h e t o r q u e t h a t b u i l d s u p d u r i n g t h e p u l lt e s t .

    A t s l ig h t l y h i g h e r p~ b o n d f a i lu r e t e n d s t o o c c u r b ye i t h e r u n s c r e w i n g o r s h e a r f a i l u r e . F i g u r e 9 s h o w s as e r i e s o f s c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p i c ( S E M ) m i c r o -g r a p h s f r o m a c a b l e p u l l t e s t sp e c i m e n w h i c h h a s u n d e r -g o n e b o n d f a i lu r e w h i le c o n f i n e d in a S c h . 8 0 a l u m i n i u mp i p e [ 3 ]. W h e r e a s s h e a r i n g o f t h e g r o u t f l u te s is i m p o r t -a n t n e a r t h e e x i t p o i n t o f th e c a b l e ( i. e. t h e e n d p r e v e n t e d

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    16 HYETT e t a l . :200 I t

    Water : cement ratio : 0.3Embedment length : 250 mm15 MPa

    160 I- ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|_ 0 | .............. + + + + t o = ,.

    i rg o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    4 0 0ii .................... ....... ........... ............ .... ! .................. .......... ~..........................

    0 10 20 30 40 50Axial displacemen t, u, (ram)

    CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR CABLE BOLTS0.10 ' ' VWater : cement ratio : 0 .3 / 1 MPaEmbedment length : 250 mm /!

    i0.08

    i 0 .0 6 . . . . 3 M P a

    Q 0 .04

    1 o . o 2 ............................................ ~0.00 ~ . . . . r 15 MPa

    -0.02 I I I0 10 20 30 40 50Axial displacement, u. (ram)

    2 00

    16 0

    1 2 o

    .~ 80 50 mm ). The ultimate capacity and maxi-mum radial dilation are usually attained after 40 or

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    HYETT e t a l . : CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR CABLE BOLTS 19

    5 0 m m o f a x i a l d i s p la c e m e n t . T h e r e a f t e r , t h e d i l a t i o nr e c o r d e d b y t h e s t r a i n g a u g e a r m s d o e s n o t c o n t i n u e t oi n c r e a s e .

    MODELS FOR CABLE BOLT FAILUREI n s t in c t i v e l y , i t m a y s e e m t h a t t h e r e g u l a r g e o m e t r y o f

    a f u l l y - g r o u t e d c a b l e b o l t s h o u l d f a c i li t a te a m a t h e m a t i -c a l a p p r o a c h . I n d e e d , B u r n s [ 2 1 ] p r e s e n t s a n e l a s t ict r e a t m e n t o f t h e s p l i c e j o i n t s w i t h i n c a b l e - r e i n f o r c e dc o n v e y o r b e lt s. H e s t a t e s t h a t " a c a b l e w h e n p u l l e d ,

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    h a s a t e n d e n c y t o t w i s t " , a n d p r o c e e d s t o c o n s i d e r t h ei n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n a x i a l l o a d a n d t o r q u e a l o n g t h ee m b e d d e d c a b l e w h e n i t is p u ll e d f r o m a n i n c o m p r e s s i b l ee l a s t ic h a l f s p a c e . B a s e d o n a n a n a l y s i s o f th e f o r c e sg e n e r a t e d a s a f u l l y - b o n d e d c a b l e is p u l le d , T a n [ 22 ]a l s o p r e d i c t s t h e t e n d e n c y f o r t h e c a b l e t o t w i s t w h e np u l l e d .

    I f p ro g r e s s iv e b o n d f a i lu r e a t t h e g r o u t - c a b l e i n t e r fa c ei s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d , t h e p r o b l e m b e c o m e s s i g n i f i c a n t l ym o r e i n v o l v e d . I n c e r ta i n w a y s i t b e c o m e s s i m i l a r to t h ef r i c t i o n a l s h e a r f a i l u r e o f a n y i r r e g u l a r i n t e r f a c e . T h u s ,

    Fig. 9. Scanning electron micrographs for a specimen that has undergone bond failure in an aluminium pipe. Top, section25 mm f rom the exit point of the test section; middle, detailed micrograph of the degradation and fracturing: bottom, sameflutes but at 75 mm from exit point.

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    2 0 H Y E T T e t a l . : C O N S T I T U T I V E L A W F O R C A B L E B O L T S

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    i i i i !. . . . . . , 1 .I i0 ................................................................................................. --------------...- / t / i ;i . - - - : " F ! . . . - . . - - - . . . .4 0 - I .......... # ~ ~ ....................I I / " ~ . . . . . . . i iI ~ . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . i !Y . " [ " P . . . . . . iI I .- i ' "2 0 - f l : " / ' ' ~ " ; ' 7 " : " . . . . . . 7 . ~ . :. -. '. . :. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. " . . . . . I M P a I O M P a . . .

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    A x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t ( m m )Fig. 10. Axial pull force (Fa) vs axial displacement (ua) for the first 5 mm of p ullout - 0.3 w:c ratio.

    t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f N e w l a n d a n d A l l e ly [23 ] f o r g r a n u -l a r m e d i a, a n d J a e g e r [ 2 4 ], L a d a n y i a n d A r c h a m b a u l t[ 25 ] a n d G o o d m a n [ 2 6] f o r r o c k j o i n t s p r o v i d e g u i d a n c eand in s igh t .A s s t a t e d b y S a e b a n d A m a d e i [ 2 7 ] , t h e m e c h a n i c a lr e s p o n s e o f a n y ro u g h i n t e r f a c e t o s h e a r lo a d i n g d e p e n d sm o s t c r i t i c a l l y o n t h e s u r f a c e m o rp h o l o g y , t h e s t r e n g t ho f t h e ir r e g u l a ri t ie s / a s p e ri t ie s a n d t h e b o u n d a ry c o n -d i t i o n s a p p l i e d n o rm a l t o t h e s u r f a c e . G o o d m a n [2 6 ]p re d i c t e d t h a t a j o i n t s h e a r t e s t c o n d u c t e d u n d e rr e s t r i c t e d n o rm a l d i s p l a c e m e n t c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d r e s u l ti n a h i g h e r s h e a r s t r e n g t h t h a n o n e c o n d u c t e d u n d e rc o n d i t io n s o f c o n s ta n t n o r m a l s tr e ss . L a b o r a t o r y t e st sb y L e i c hn i tz [ 2 8 ] a n d A r c h a m b a u l t e t a l . [2 9 ] h a v es i n c e c o n f i rm e d t h i s . Im p o r t a n t r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s[2 7 ] i n t h e ro c k j o i n t l i te r a t u r e h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e dt h a t a n a d e q u a t e r e p r e s e n ta t i o n o f j o i n t r e s p o n s eu n d e r a n y b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e d e r iv e d f r o m t e st sc o n d u c t e d u n d e r c o n s t a n t n o rm a l s t r e s s .A l t h o u g h s u c h c o m p a r i s o n s a r e v a l u a b l e , i t i s i m p o r t -a n t n o t t o o v e r s i m p l i fy o r d i s t o r t t h e p ro b l e m , i n o rd e rt o fo r c e a g re e m e n t b e t w e e n th e m e c h a n i c s o f c a b l e b o l tb o n d f a il u re a n d a p p a r e n t ly a n a l o g o u s p r o b l e m s . C a b l eb o l t b o n d f a i l u r e i s q u i t e d i s t i n c t f r o m s h e a r f a i l u r e o fa ro c k jo i n t , o r e v e n b o n d f a i lu r e o f d e fo rm e d b a r s . I nf a c t , it is w i t h in t h e s e fu n d a m e n t a l d i f fe r e n c e s t h a t m a n yo f t h e a n s w e r s to i n a d e q u a t e c a b l e b o l t p e r f o r m a n c e a r et o b e fo u n d .

    G R A P H I C A L M O D E LU s i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d a b o v e , a n de s s e n t ia l l y f o l l o w i n g t h e a p p r o a c h t a k e n fo r r o c k j o i n t sb y G o o d m a n a n d B o y l e [ 3 0] a n d S a e b a n d A m a d e i [ 27 ]fo r r o c k jo i n t s , a s e ri e s o f re s p o n s e c u rv e s c a n b ec o n s t ru c t e d . S i m i l a r r e p re s e n t a t i o n s h a v e b e e n u s e d b yL e i c h n i t z [ 2 8 ] f o r r o c k j o i n t s a n d b y Y a z i e i a n d K a i s e r[31 ] fo r cab le bo l t s .I n F i g . 1 2 , t h e M H C t e s t d a t a f o r a 0 . 3 w : c r a t i o ,w h e n p l o t t e d i n q u a d ra n t s 1 a n d 3 (Q I , Q 3 ) h a s b e e n

    u s e d t o c o n s t ru c t t h e a p p ro p r i a t e r e s p o n s e c u rv e s i nq u a d ra n t s 2 a n d 4 (Q 2 , Q 4 ) . N o t i c e t h a t t h e a x i a l lo a dh a s b e e n r e t a i n e d r a t h e r t h a n d i v i d i n g b y t h e a p p a r -e n t c o n t a c t a r e a t o o b t a i n a n a x i a l s h e a r s t r e s s . T h ec o m p l e t e d c o n s t ru c t i o n i s s h o w n i n F i g . 1 3 .

    I n q u a d r a n t 2 :( i) e n v e l o p e s a re s h o w n fo r a 1 0 m m i n c r e m e n t o fa x i a l p u l l . T h e u p p e rm o s t e n v e l o p e r e p re s e n t st h e c h a n g e i n p e a k c a p a c i t y w i t h c o n f i n i n gpressu re . The cu rves fo r d i f fe ren t ax ia l d i s -

    p l a c e m e n t s l i e o v e r o n e a n o t h e r f o r l o w c o n f i-n i n g p r e s s u re s i n d i c a t i n g a n a l m o s t p e r f e c tp l a s t i c r e s p o n s e , w h e re a s a t h i g h e r c o n f i n i n gp re s s u re s d i v e rg e n c e o f t h e c u rv e s i s i n d ic a t i v eo f w o r k h a r d e n i n g b e h a v i ou r ;( ii ) t h o u g h l i n ea r b e l o w 5 MP a , t h e e f f e c t o f c o n f i-n i n g p r e s s u re o n p e a k c a p a c i t y d e c r e a s e s a th igher rad ia l con f in ing p ressu res . As d i scussedb e l o w , i f t h e p u l l f o r c e (F a ) i s d i v i d e d b y t h ea p p a re n t c o n t a c t a r e a a t t h e g ro u t - c a b l e i n t e r -f a c e , th e l i n e a r s e g m e n t p ro v i d e s a n e s t i m a t e o fthe ave rage f r i c t ion ang le (~b ') a t th e in te r facea long the t es t s ec t ion .I n q u a d r a n t 4 :

    ( i i i ) the l ine AB rep resen t s the rad ia l defo rmat iono f t h e i n t a c t a n n u l u s a s t h e r a d i a l c o n f i n i n gpressu re i s app l ied ( i . e . i t s s lope i s the rad ia ls t i f fness o f the in tac t annu lus ) ;( iv ) the s lope o f the o th er cu rves , ua = 10 , 20 , 30 , 40a n d 5 0 m m , r e p re s e n t s t h e r a d i a l s t i ff n e s s o f t h ec a b l e - -b o l t s y s t e m (g ro u t a n n u l u s , c a b l e -g ro u ti n t e r f a c e a n d c a b l e ) a s t h e c a b l e i s p ro g re s s -ive ly pu l led . T he rad ia l s t i ffness decrea ses wi thax ia l d i sp lacemen t espec ia l ly a t low conf in ingpressu res . Fo r ua = 10 m m the rad ia l s t i f fnesso f th e g ro u t a n n u l u s i s a l m o s t c o n s t a n t b e l o w3 M P a a n d a b o v e 1 0 M P a : t h e f o r m e r a p p r o x i -m a t e l y c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e r a d i a l s t if f n es s o f t h e

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    i i i i i i..... i ~.........., i i i 1 5 M P a i ~ - - - - ~ . ,, .- - - : : - 4 - - - - ~ - 4 - ~ ~ - - j - ~ . , oi i i \ . - ] i i ! i . - - ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1.......................................................... 5 MPa:~,i_--~-t~-** ' - ~ . . . . 7 7 ' ~ ! ............ ........... ........... ........... .........: : ! i i - ' ~ \ I : : , , i i i ! i i t! . . . . . . . . . i 3 3 M P a ~ ' ~ ] ~ i. . . . . - & - ~ . . i : : , , i . . .. . .. . .. i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i : :. . . . . . . . . . . i i . . . . . . . . . . . i ::. . . . . . . . .

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    i n d e p e n d e n t g r o u t w e d g e s b e a t i n g a g a i n s t t h ec a b l e - g r o u t i n t e r f a c e ( i . e . t h e c o n f i n i n g p r e s s -u r e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t to c l o s e t h e r a d i a l f r a c t u r e s )a n d t h e l a t t e r t o t h e r a d i a l s t if f ne s s o f t h e i n t a c ta n n u l u s ( i. e. t h e c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e i s h i g he n o u g h t o c l o s e r a d i a l f r a c t u r e s ) . I n b e t w e e n ,t h e s t i f f n e s s p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n c r e a s e s a s t h er a d i a l f r a c t u r e s a r e c l o s e d b y t h e c o n f i n i n gp r e s s u r e .

    T h e a b i li ty o f t h e m o d e l t o s i m u l a t e b o n d s t r e n g th f o rr a d i a l s t r e s s p a t h s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m o r e r e a l i s t i c r a d i a lb o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s l i k el y t o o c c u r a t th e b o r e h o l e w a lli n o p e r a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d b e l o w .C a b l e b o l t b o n d f a i l u r e u n d e r c o n s t a n t r a d i al s t if fn e s s

    H y e t t et a l . [ 6] p r e s e n t e d r e s u l t s f r o m a s e r ie s o f c a b l ep u l l te s ts c o n d u c t e d u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n o f c o n s t a n tr a d i a l s t i f f n e s s i n 2 " S c h . 8 0 st e e l, a l u m i n i u m a n d P V Cp i p e s ( F i g . 1 4 ) . F o r t h e s e , h i g h e r c a b l e c a p a c i t i e s w e r eo b s e r v e d f o r t e st s c o n d u c t e d i n p i p e s o f h i g h e r r a d i a ls ti ff n e ss . T h e g r a p h i c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r th e a l u m i n i u mt e s t s is s h o w n i n F i g . 1 5 , a n d r e s u l t s f o r a l l t h r e ec o n f i n e m e n t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 1 6 . A c o m p a r i s o nb e t w e e n F i g s 1 4 a n d 1 6, i n d i c a t e s a g o o d a g r e e m e n t .Cabl e b o l t bon d f a i l u r e under var iab l e r ad ia l p r e s s ur e

    S e v e r a l M H C c a b l e p u ll te s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d i nw h i c h t h e r a d i a l c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e w a s v a r i e d d u r i n g

    a s i n gl e te s t. F o r H P 0 3 4 - 5 t h e p r e s s u r e w a s i n c r e a s e df r o m 1 M P a a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f th e t e s t t o 3 , 5 a n d1 0 M P a o v e r 5 0 m m o f ax i al d i s p la c e m e n t . F o r H P 0 3 3 - 5t h e p r e s s u r e w a s s u c c e s s iv e l y r e d u c e d f r o m 1 0 M P a a tt h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e t e st t o 5 , 3 a n d f i n a ll y 1 M P a . T h ea x i a l l o a d ( F a ) a n d r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t ( U r 2 ) r e s p o n s e sa r e i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 1 7 . F o r b o t h t e s t s t h e m o d e l i sa b l e t o r e a l i s t i c a l l y s i m u l a t e t h e c a b l e b o l t b o n d f a i l -u r e r e s p o n s e ( F i g . 1 8 ), a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e v a r i a t i o n s i nr a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t . F o r H P 0 3 4 - 5 , i t o v e r e s t i m a t e d t h el o a d a t h i g h e r c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e s , e s p e c i al l y 1 0 M P a( ua > 4 0 m m ) , w h i c h m a y r e f l e c t i ts i n a b i l i t y t o p r o p e r l yr e p r e s e n t t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f d a m a g e t o t h e g r o u t f lu te su n d e r d i f f e r e n t l o a d p a t h s . F u r t h e r t e s ti n g is r e q u i r e d t oc o n f i r m t h i s .

    M A T H E M A T I C A L M O D E LT h e g r a p h i c a l m o d e l a n d t h e c o n s t r u c ti o n s a s s o c i-

    a t e d w i t h u s i n g i t p r o v i d e i n s i g h t i n t o t h e f r i c t i o n a l -d i l a t i o n a l m e c h a n i c s o f c a b l e b o l t b o n d f a il u r e . In t h en e x t s e c ti o n , a n e q u i v a l e n t m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l w il lb e i n tr o d u c e d . T h e t h e o r y p r e s e n t e d p r o v i d e s g e n e r a l it yt h r o u g h t h e in c l u si o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e o p e r a t i o n a l a n dp h y s i c a l p a r a m e t e r s ( i . e . h o l e s i z e , g r o u t p r o p e r t i e s ,c a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s e t c ) . T h e s i g n c o n v e n t i o n u s e d i ss h o w n i n F ig . 1 9 . T h e f o r m u l a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d a r es u i t a b l e f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n t o n u m e r i c a l m o d e l s ,s o p r o v i d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l t o r e a l i s t i c a l l y s i m u l a t e t h e

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    F i g . 1 3 . C o m p l e t e c a b l e b o l t b o n d f a i l u r e r e s p o n s e c u r v e s f o r a 0 .3 w : c r a t i o , o p p o s i t e t h e M H C d a t a f r o m w h i c h t h e y w e r ed e t e r m i n e d . S i m i l a r c u r v e s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d f o r a 0 .4 a n d 0 . 5 . F u r t h e r d e t a i l s a r e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e t ex t .

    c o m p l e x i n t e r a c t io n b e t w e e n t h e r o c k m a s s s u r r o u n d i n ga n e x c a v a t i o n , n o t ju s t f o r a s i n g le c a b le , b u t f o r a n a r r a yo r p a t t e r n o f c a b l es d e s i g n e d t o r e i n f o r c e it .

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    A s e x p l a i n e d u n d e r t h e s a m e s u b h e a d i n g a b o v e , s p l i t -t i ng o f th e g r o u t a n n u l u s w h i c h o c c u r s a f t e r a p p r o x .1 m m o f a x i al p u l l , h a s t h e p o t e n t i a l t o g e n e r a t e d i l a t i o n si n t h e o r d e r o f 1 0 - 2 0 ~ t m . H o w e v e r , i f a h i g h r a d i a lc o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e is a p p l i e d t o t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e c e m e n ta n n u l u s , a n a l m o s t i n s t a n t a n e o u s r e v e r s a l o c c u r s .H e n c e , a t h i g h c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e s r a d i a l s p l i t t i n g m a yr e s u l t in n o r a d i a l d i l a t i o n . I f t h e p r e s s u r e - d e p e n d e n tc l o s u r e is a s su m e d t o b e h y p e r b o l i c (a s f o r th e n o r m a lc l o s u r e o f a m a t e d r o c k jo i n t ) t h e n t h e t o t a l d i l a t io n d u et o s p l i t t i n g m a y b e w r i t t e n a s :

    P l " V oVsp = v0 (K0" Vo + p l ) (4)w h e r e Vo i s th e d i l a t i o n g e n e r a t e d b y s p l i tt i n g w h e np j = 0 , a n d K o r e p r e s e n t s t h e r a d i a l s t i ff n e ss ( M P a / m m )o f t h e c a b l e - g r o u t i n t e r f a c e im m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g s p li t-t i n g , w h e n p j = 0 a l s o . A p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s f o r Ko a n d voc a n b e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t - a x i a ld i s p l a c e m e n t p l o t s i n F i g . 6 . U s i n g t h e 0 . 3 w : c r a t i or e s u lt s w h i c h a r e b e t t e r c o n s t r a i n e d , a t 1 M P a a p p r o x .R M M S 3 2 / 1 ~

    1 0 ~ tm o f r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t o c c u r s d u e t o s p l i t t i n g , f o r3 M P a , 3 p.m a n d f o r h i g h e r c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e s a n e g l i -g i b le a m o u n t . B a s e d o n t h e s e li m i t e d d a t a , v0 w a sd e t e r m i n e d t o b e 3 5 la m a n d K 0 , 3 0 M P a / m m . S i n c e t h ec a b l e i s n o t r i g i d , Vsp i s r e l a t e d t o t h e r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n ta t t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e o f t h e g r o u t a n n u l u s ( U r l ) b y :

    Pl " Vo p~ Fa vcUrl = V0 -- (K o" v0 + Pl ) Krc 2rrrt Ec (5 )w h e r e t h e t h i r d a n d f o u r t h t e r m s d e s c r i b e th e r a d i a l c o n -t r a c t i o n o f t h e c a b l e d ir e c t l y re l a t e d t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o fP t , a n d t h e r a d ia l c o n t r a c t i o n c a u s e d b y t h e P o i s s o ne f f e c t a s t h e c a b l e i s p u l l e d a x i a l l y . I n t h e f o r m e r , K ~:r e p r e s e n t s t h e r a d i a l s t i f fn e s s o f t h e c a b l e i t s e l f p e r p e n -d i c u l a r t o i t s a x i s . A s s u m i n g t h i s s e c t i o n i s s o l i d , a n d n o tc o m p o s e d o f s e v e n i n d i v i d u a l w i r e s w i t h l i m i t e d c o n t a c ta r e a s, w i l l r e s u lt i n a n o v e r - e s t i m a t i o n o f K ~ : . F u r t h e r -m o r e , c a b l e s f r o m c e r t a i n m a n u f a c t u r e r s a p p e a r t o b ew r a p p e d m o r e t i g h t l y t h a n t h o s e f r o m o t h e r s . I n t h ea b s e n c e o f r e li a b l e d a t a , a v a l u e f o r K ~ o f 2 5 0 0 M P a / m mw a s i n d i r e c t l y d e t e r m i n e d b a s e d o n a b e s t f it w i t h t h eM H C r e s u l t s . T h i s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y a n o r d e r o fm a g n i t u d e l e ss t h a n i f a v a l u e h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e db a s e d o n t h e a x i a l v a l u e o f E c ( 1 4 0 G P a ) f o r a n e q u i v a l -e n t b a r o f th e s a m e n o m i n a l d i a m e t e r. T h e f o u r t h t e r mi n e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) , d e s c r i b e s t h e r a d i a l c o n t r a c t i o n a t t h em i d p o i n t o f th e s p e c i m e n ( i .e . w h e r e t h e c a n t i l e v e r

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