Acmei research final report

Immigration

Movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native in order

to settle there

Immigrant

A person who comes to another country for the purpose of living there

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

For centuries, European migration patterns consisted mainly of movement around the

continent, or away from it. Millions fled religious persecution. Others were driven by hunger and

poverty, including impoverished southern Europeans.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

1950-60

Workers arrived in their millions to fill gaps in European labour markets. National policies were fairly liberal .

•People from West-indies and India to UK •Migration from southern-european countries to northern-europe •Contacts with Turkey and Maghreb.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

1950-60

The numbers peaked in the early 1960s, creating a net European migration figure which is far higher than today's. These immigrants, mostly non-white, were not expected to stay

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

1970’s

Policies became restrictive from the 1970s on. Satiation of labour market. 1973: Migration stop

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

1980’s Recession. Some possibilities remained: family reunification, studies, seasonal work, …. This left the asylum system to carry the weight of the migration wave Some scholars, like sociolinguists (Hayley Johnson and Katlyn Archer), have said that the increase in immigration flows from the 1980s, are an expression of the growing of global inequalities between poor and rich countries

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

1990’s

Germany (unification and close to Eastern-Europe) had the largest flows of migrants followed by the United Kingdom

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

2000’s

A number of governments have been revising their policies to take better account of employment and demographic needs. Some country investing in return programmes.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Now

Convergent policies Arab Spring

Humanitarian crisis

1. Group of immigrants for citizenship

2.Total foreign resident population by group of

citizenship

3.Countries of origin

Italy for large part of his story has been a country of emigration

IMMIGRATION IN ITALY

The phenomenon of immigration has reached a significant size in the early 1970’s, and has become an important phenomenon for the

demographics of the country in the XXI°century


ITALY = DOOR OF EUROPE



4.Immigrants living in italy by country of origin


5. Percentage of the regional immigrant population 2011


Country 2011

Romania 968.576

Marocco 482.627

Albania 452.424

China 209.934

Fonte: ISTAT 2011

6. Immigrants in the national territory

IMMIGRATION IN TURKEY

Throughout history, Turkey has been affected by diverse forms of migratory

movements and refugee flows. Traditionally, Turkey has been a country of emigration with large numbers of its citizens migrating to Western Europe, particularly Germany since the 1970s


Since the early 1990s, the country has been positioned on the transit route

for irregular migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan.

Turkey remains a destination for human trafficking in the Black Sea region, with victims usually coming from Moldova,

Ukraine, Russian Federation, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.


The country maintains a geographical limitation to its obligations under the 1951 Geneva Convention

on the Status of Refugees in which it grants refugee status only to European

asylum seekers. It has until recently ranked in the top three countries globally for

resettlement of non-European refugees, with the main countries of destination for

resettlement being the United States, Canada, and Australia.


Migration issues in Turkey are shaped by its efforts to become a member of the European Union (EU), which are creating pressures for an overhaul of

its immigration and asylum policies. This is because the alignment of Turkey’s migration policy and practice with the EU migration acquis and policies is one of the conditions for the country’s accession to the EU. An issue of concern in

Europe at present relates to the possible negative consequence of Turkey’s potential

membership in the EU, that is, the probability of a massive wave of migration from Turkey to EU’s more prosperous members.


7.Migration flow that passes from turkey


According to figures provided by Ankaraoffice of the UNHCR, as of 2005 total of 32,832 people are recorded as having made a valid asylum application in Turkey since 1998. As of 2005, 3900 Iranians and 2200 Iraqis, 400

Somalians and 300 Afghans are still in the country, while an additional 1400 Chechens, who are in a "refugee-like situation", are deemed of concern.

These refugees are spread out to satellite cities with notable populations. These numbers greatly increased in the following years especially in regards to Afghans and Iraqis. As of

January 2010, 25, 580 refugees and asylum seekers remain in the country. Of these, 5090 Iranians, 8940 Iraqis, 3850 Afghans and 2700 "other" (including Somalians, Sri Lankans, Pakistanis, Chinese, Uzbeks, Palestinians and

others) are still in the country. with the number expected to rise to 8710 Iranians, 9560 Afghans, 7860 other while the Iraqis are expected to decrease to 7890 by December 2011.

Notable here is that Afghans are expected to make up the largest refugee population in Turkey in the near future.

IMMIGRATION IN POLAND

Poland for large part of his story has been a country of emigration

Until the fall of communism and the transformation of Poland, West Germany was a special place for Polish

refugees


Today the roles are reversed Poland has become one of the most attractive countries in which to live and make a career.

Nearly six thousand German companies , mostly small and medium-sized enterprises , have moved to Poland. The value of the German investments is estimated at €

22 billion , amount that last year represented 21 percent of all foreign investments in Poland.


8.Number of persons having acquired the citizenship of an EU

Member State, 2010

IMMIGRATION IN SPAIN

Since the mid-'80s Spain was a country of net immigration.

Confronted by this "new phenomenon" Spanish governments that will succeed for

all the '90s and early 2000 adopt restrictive immigration policies markedly

inspired by those of the countries of northern Europe


In 2004, the new socialist government, compared the severity of the problem and the growing criticism at home and abroad,

put in place a comprehensive reform of immigration policies.


A comprehensive assessment of the effects of the crisis on the irregularity is

still difficult. It would seem that at first its effect is to reduce it, mainly because it reduces the

flow, but in the medium term could increase it.

A more accurate assessment can be done, when, and if, the economy will recover

recovery migratory flows


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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Regolari

Irregolari

With the support of the

Lifelong Learning programme — Grundtvig of the European Union

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.

This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of

the information contained therein

Acmei research final report

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