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Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support

Paleerat Jariyakanjana, MD, FTCEP

Management of Cardiac Arrest

CPR Quality

• Minimize interruptions in compressions.• Avoid excessive ventilation.• Rotate compressor every 2 minutes, or

sooner if fatigued.• If no advanced airway, 30:2 compression-

ventilation ratio.

CPR Quality

• Quantitative waveform capnography– If PETCO2 <10 mm Hg, attempt to improve

CPR quality.• Intra-arterial pressure

– If relaxation phase (diastolic) pressure <20 mm Hg, attempt to improve CPR quality.

End-Tidal CO2—New

• Low ETCO2 values – inadequate cardiac output– bronchospasm, mucous plugging of the ETT,

kinking of the ETT, alveolar fluid in the ETT, hyperventilation, sampling of an SGA, or an airway with an air leak

End-Tidal CO2—New

• In intubated patients, failure to achieve an ETCO2 >10 mm Hg by waveform capnography after 20 minutes of CPR may be considered as one component of a multimodal approach to decide when to end resuscitative efforts, but it should not be used in isolation (Class IIb, LOE C-LD).

Shock Energy for Defibrillation

• Biphasic: Manufacturer recommendation (eg, initial dose of 120-200 J); if unknown, use maximum available. Second and subsequent doses should be equivalent, and higher doses may be considered.

• Monophasic: 360 J

Drug Therapy

• Epinephrine IV/IO dose: 1 mg every 3-5 minutes

• Amiodarone IV/IO dose: First dose: 300 mg bolus. Second dose: 150 mg.

Refractory VF/pVT Arrest

• Lidocaine – alternative to amiodarone for VF/pVT that is

unresponsive to CPR, defibrillation, and vasopressor therapy (Class IIb, LOE C-LD)

• Magnesium– routine use is not recommended (Class III: No

Benefit, LOE B-R)

After cardiac arrest—New

• Lidocaine – inadequate evidence to support the routine

use – considered immediately after ROSC from

cardiac arrest due to VF/pVT (Class IIb, LOE C-LD)

After cardiac arrest—New

• β-blocker– inadequate evidence to support the routine

use– considered early after hospitalization from

cardiac arrest due to VF/pVT (Class IIb, LOE C-LD)

Vasopressin—New

• no advantage as a substitute for epinephrine in cardiac arrest (Class IIb, LOE B-R)

• combination with epinephrine: no advantage (Class IIb, LOE B-R)

Epinephrine

• administer epinephrine as soon as feasible after the onset of cardiac arrest due to an initial nonshockable rhythm (Class IIb, LOE C-LD)

Steroids—New

• In IHCA, the combination of intra-arrest vasopressin, epinephrine, and methylprednisolone and post-arrest hydrocortisone as described by Mentzelopoulos et al may be considered

• further studies are needed before recommending the routine use of this therapeutic strategy (Class IIb, LOE C-LD)

• For patients with OHCA, use of steroids during CPR is of uncertain benefit (Class IIb, LOE C-LD).

Advanced Airway

• Endotracheal intubation or supraglottic advanced airway

• Waveform capnography or capnometry to confirm and monitor ET tube placement

• Once advanced airway in place, give 1 breath every 6 seconds (10 breaths/min) with continuous chest compressions

Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC)

• Pulse and blood pressure• Abrupt sustained increase in PETCO2

(typically ≥40 mm Hg)• Spontaneous arterial pressure waves with

intra-arterial monitoring

Reversible Causes

• Hypovolemia• Hypoxia• Hydrogen ion (acidosis)• Hypo-/hyperkalemia• Hypothermia• Tension pneumothorax• Tamponade, cardiac• Toxins• Thrombosis, pulmonary• Thrombosis, coronary

Overview of Extracorporeal CPR—New

• ECPR: venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during cardiac arrest

Overview of Extracorporeal CPR—New

• Criteria– treat reversible underlying causes of cardiac

arrest (eg, acute coronary artery occlusion, pulmonary embolism, refractory VF, profound hypothermia, cardiac injury, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, drug intoxication etc)

– serve as a bridge for left ventricular assist device implantation or cardiac transplantation

Overview of Extracorporeal CPR—New

• insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use

• In settings where it can be rapidly implemented, ECPR may be considered for select cardiac arrest patients for whom the suspected etiology of the cardiac arrest is potentially reversible during a limited period of mechanical cardiorespiratory support (Class IIb, LOEC-LD).

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