ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTIONdl.mycivil.ir/dozanani/ACI/ACI 311-07 SP-2(07... · ACKNOWL...
11
ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION Reported by ACICommittee 3 11 SP-2(07) Amer ica n Concrete Instit ute ·
Transcript of ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTIONdl.mycivil.ir/dozanani/ACI/ACI 311-07 SP-2(07... · ACKNOWL...
ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE
INSPECTION Reported by ACICommittee 311
SP-2(07)
American Concrete Institute·
Tenth Edition
Copyright 2007, American Concrete Institute
First printing. March 2008 Secolld printing, March 2009
ISB : 978-0-87031 -275-5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thi.s manual is based on information from many sources, o.rganizalions, and individuals hose. contributions are gratefully acknoledge<l Pub] i ~hed references are Ii sted at the end of the text. References to standard specifications and method of testing are listed separately.
The orlgit!al ffiaIlUf>Cnpt as prepared by Joe W. Kelly. Chak of ACI Committee 311. and re vised over a pcri.od of years to achieve a first edition in 1941. The second edition, also in 1941, included a number of correction ' and minor revision. The third ed 'lion. in 1955. incorporated many cons tructi ve sugges!lon.~ from u ers. The fourth edi tion, in 1957, brought sevcral sections up to date and contained editorial corrections,
The fil th tldition providtld ne information un settlement o.f o:mcreLe, shoring and fo rming. trength requirements. cold-eather concreting, and shotcrete. The ixth edition primaril}' provided
updated informatio.n in all chapters, and included edito.rial and substantive changes throughout. Th.e se enth edition presented a complete re· ision of th.e manual b}' eliminating sections of the.
previous edition coveri ng concrete metllods no longer in use. ClIapters 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (partial), 16, 17. and 18 covered material that. as included m the manllru for the fJtst t.ime , The eighth and ninth editions ererevi!;ed to reflect changes in tecilnolc)gy and conSimlcti c.m practice.s.
This tenth edition presents an extensive revision and update to the text along itll ne photos charts, and forms,
The committcc ishes to thank Anne Balogh for her extensive ork in redrafting and unifying the previous te t in preparation for this edition. dditionally. the commiuee ishes to e pres its thanks to Portland Cement Association (PCA) fbr generously pmviding many of the ne photos contained in the manual and to commlttee member Michelle L. Wilson ho organized and coordinated the ~dection of photos and graphics fhroughou.t lh.e document
Finally, the oommittee ishes to thank Chair George R. Wargo for bis efforts in coordinating [be ork of all contributors .
ACI Manual 01 Concrete Iinspection Beported by AC I Committee 31 1
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Chapter 1---<1 nspection and the inspector, p. 6 I. l -IIlSpcctiQII P~QCCSSiCS
lo l.I- Why inspection j needed 1.1.2-PutpQres of inspecLluo 1. 1 .3--0 nc-T ami contractor ilL<pcction~
l .2.-JnSpec\Qf 1.2. 1- Dutie;; 1.2.2-f'.du 'llti" "llmi ccrt'ficati"" lo2.3- Autbo ·cy 12 .4--Rel:aOOl:IS jdI CootmctOrs., sUf"'rYiror.; illId OJkm 1.2. Safety
l.J- Jmportauce of clear specillcatiOtlS
Chapter 2--sta1istical conce;pts for quality assurance,p.11l
2.1 ualiry·control and qualicy-acceptallce ~tlSpec ~io.D
2, 2-Tn!lililioilill quality assurance 2.3-SLat' stical concept< and procedures 2.<l-Ba ic l.alisticai roncep
2A . l- Defini!io[js 2 4 .2- 'onnal distrihu tion curve' 2.4. Applying D.ormal di [l'iblltion cu
,oompres i "e strength 2S- Statbtical tools
2.5 . 1-freq~teuc disttibu ~jo!lS
2 5.2-CortCrol charts
10 concrele
2 ACI CO MI1'TE1E AEPOFIT
Appendix 1--Samplirng by random numbers, p. 17 A I . I-Example I : Sampling by tim" """uem;e A 1.2-Ex""'ple 2: Sampl.ing by "'~lerial eight A 1.3--Ex.ample . : Sampling b), depth of concn.t p~~'=cn!
Appendix 2~No~maj distr ibution curves, p. 20
Appendix 3--Computlng S1al'ldard deviation and required average concrete strength, p. 21
AJ . 1-0.ucuLaling s l9ndard d.eviation s 3 .2- 0Ilclliating required ~vernge IDlIIgdi k~
Appendix 4-Control charts on concrete matenals, p. 22
A4. I-Example. I: Cakul.ations tQ de ermine mov;lIg average for and·equivalent qe t
A4.2-E~il"'pl" 2: Cnk ub llons 10 d.e~nn.ine mm'ing s" crsgf;:S for L - 112 , 314 In. ooncr('t<; sggrcga1(l (maximum "ariation of pn-.JCen~e of material pilssing L i ll. sieve)
Chapter ~nspec1ilon and testlng o,t materials, p. 23
3.. I-Cemenl 3.1.1 tandard IYpe 3. L2-IHendoo ceme~l ls and mit",. hycl:rnn~k ce.men.1S 3·. I .3--Opti (lnal rcquiJCm1£ Dt5 J. l .4--Sampli.Jlg and testing procedures
3.2- Aggregate 3, . 2 . 1~<;poci fkadmL'"
3 .2.2 ampUng p.rocedures 3. . 3--~ ate.-
3. Admixtur,es 3. .S-Steel rcinforot.'mefll 3 .6- Curillg cOl:llJlounds 3.7-Joint malt,rial
Appendix 5--Aggregate sampling and leslillg. p. 33
AS. I--Sieo.-e Or SCleeIl "nal . of fioe il:tId corure aggregate : A5.~rM CI 6
A5 .2-Samplin~ aggregates : ASTM DiS A5 .3--M a1leTial. Ii ner than o. 200 {75 fl m) sieve.: ASTM
C1I7 AS.4--Clay lumps and friable particles tn illilgre.gales:
ASTM CI 42 AS S - Org uic impuri lies 00 fioe aggregate: ASTM oro A5.6--Spccific gra\'i~y and sbsorplion of conr . aggregate:
ASTMC l2i AS.7-Sp<,d !c. gm vily and absorption of Ii ne aggrnga1e:
ASTMC128 AS .S--ToLal moisUlT<: conlent of agl$fe~ by dryins;:
AST M C566
Chapleir 4--Hand I i rng and storage o f materia'ls, p. 36
4.L- Ccmenl 4 . L .1--Storage a od n;lul iJlg of bulk = .eut 4, 1.,2 ' tomgc of b~ggcd cement
4 .2-Aggregates 4.2.1 torage 10 tockpile
4.2.2--SlOrage oil bios 4 .2.3-Finish $c~"ing
4.2.4- Transpo.niflg 4.3 uppLementru:y cementitioos rna . ' al 4.4--Admi' lu",s
Chapter 5-Fundamentals of concrete, p . 3B 5. I--NatllTC of ooncrete.
5.1.I-Compotlellts 5. L .:2-Wa1er-ccmen t,tinu, mate rial rstiC)
S.2-Fresll coo.crete 5,.2. I-Workability S.2.2- 0msolidatioo
.2,3- Hydration, setting, and h:;rdeniTlg S.2.4- Heal of hydralion
5.3- HardcMd coru:.re~c 5.3. I-Curiull 5.3.2 . trcngtb 5.3.J-Dll!rabili!y 5.3.4--{;hcmical aAtack 5.3 . .5-Freel in,g-ant1-dli'ing e[f""ls 5.3 ,6--Alk~li-agg.rc g., rcacti viI}' 5.3.7-VoLume cban,ges
Chapter 'S-Proportioning and contra,1 ot concrete mixtu,res, p. 43
6.1- Facto to con ,der 6.2-c\{ .. ,th",is of pecifying concre te proportions
6.2.I-5trength pecificatloD 6.2.2-Prescript i 'e srt"<-~fica!ion.
6.3-PI'op.ortionillg fot specified sltel'Il.l11 0 i<'m Q. .I--C.emcnt I)'pes
6.4--Con.c-..ele lib sUPI' e[llent2ry ce~nendtio"" mate rials 6.~, . I-Mixture proponioning ~n.d control 6.4.2-WateT-cemelll' tious matetial Ialio 6.~,.3-Aggregale. selcctiC) n 6.4. Air eOIrJirunem 6.~, .5-Qllamily of p~stt 6.4.6-PropotUorl of fine-La·coarse aggregal.e
6 .5-PtopOftiorun~ for resi lance La se ere exposure conditi"n~
6.5, I- Paste quality 6.5.2_Requlred air enlJaiOllTIeu t 6.S,3- Aggregale proportions 6.5.4- Pruportionin!l by ab,61 ute ,'olume 6.5.S- Computing ab olme \ 'olume and percelltage of
'"lids 6.5.6- xample of proportioning DY ab olute volume
6 .6-Con!ru ~ of concrule pro rntion. 6.6, l -- aboratory batcll quaoliti 6.6.2- . iclt! haK'h 'lUillltilies 6.6,3- Field control (If elected proponion
6.7-Computat iOR< r ylcrct 6.7.I-Dellsity melhod
Chapter 7- Batchl rng and mixirng, p. 53 7.I-B<ilChing operd.lio[ls
7. .1-McasllrcmCDt 40 cr~llOCS
ACI MAiNUAL OF CONCRETE IN.SPiE.C110H
7 .1.2-Weit>hin~ e.q uipme-nL 7 .1 . 3-B~ldd.n !: equipmen! 7 . L4--Measurin~ afer 7. L5>-M~~uring aom,xtllrcs
7.2-Mi" illg 'operdtiO[lS 7.2.I-Cc-ntml or site mixing 7 .:U-Re~dy mixed concrete 7 .2.l-Volumetric bale"'ng and mixin. '
7.J- Plan! in pection 7.3. l-Conlrnl of rue..- runLen! 7 .• . 2 o!1ij[ol of;jir oonteJ]( 7.3.3-Co.oAtol of L.emperaLUte
7 PI~ciDg in pection 7.4.1-Conlrnl of !<i UIII!, loss 7.4 .2 O!1ij[ol of cO!JS i stcn~y 7.4 .l- 1easuring 00 ilCrete quaiLtiL)'
ella,pler a---. I nspection before COncreti ng, p..64
S. I- Pre lim;.t:r,), SWdy 8.2-S1ii:g.es of prep:;r-dtor)' ori 8.3-Fi...xQ<\'.tlon. and fQlrnda:tions
8.J .l- Buildjllg lab on-ground 8.3.2-Building fOUDll"tlons 8.3. Uodenuer placemem B.3.4--Pile fO ulld<ltions
8 F~= for buildings 8A . I- FDm' tig" Ln",., I1ml alignment M .2- Snoring B.4 .l-Pre'ye[lling bulgi' \j; and seLllemellt 8.4 .4--<:oating for rcl ~a,c 8 .5- F01IIl reuse and maintenance
8.5 Reiruorcemem 8.5. I-Cutt,ng und bending 8.5 .2- Storage and tlandling
8.6--lns!all. !ion 8.6.1 over deptb 8.6.2-Splicillg. elding. and andiori'\j; 8 .6.3-Conge.~ion
8.6. Suppon S.7- Embedded fi [\lIe
8.S_ Join!s 8,9-fiD~1 in ~.jO[l before pta ing 8.1O- 0leckfua
Cllapter e---.Concre1lng ope~a1llons , p. 71 9. ] - PL • . ing c<lnrliuon.
9.2-Handliug of concrete 9.2.1--Conve)·jng 9.2.2- !'lacung
9.3--Cnns() ~ldation
9.3.l- VibrnliOll 9A-Floi:iliing
9.4.j-UnfoJ1DCd sttrfaccs 9.4.2-Fotmed s\lt[aces
9.5 COll «\Jetton joints 9 .5 . 1-PI~[med
9.S.2-Unpl."nncd
Chapter 10- Form removal, reshoring, cu ring, and IProtection, IP .. 81
10. - Rem",·. 1 of fo rm. IIJld SouppnTt! lO.I . l - TIme of removal 10. !.2-Multistory ork
lO.2- Proteetion from d~IIk'\ge 1O.21- BiJ:d :f,lIii\j;
10. ----Curing lO.3. l - Mol L curillg 1 O.J .2-Me.mbrnn.e curing 1O.3.3-hnpt;;rmeabtc heets 103 . Acceleraled c utiilJl,
10.4-(.uring and PrQtcction during ealh"r extreme,
1O.4. l-Cold emh.er 1O.4.2- Hot ~"'Lher
Chapter 11- Postoonstruction inspection of concrete, p. 86
11. - Accepmnoc in' pectinn 1l.2- Vi \lal inspeCLion (ooMi!ion uI\'ey) 113 -Onher roles and respons iDi.I.il ie s
I I .3. I- NondCSlrllc. i YC c~'aluali()11 (!'IDE) 11. 3.2-~truClive Ie tiJJg 11.3.3-Summ:ary
11. O· er'o'3LioD leadiiDg to rep:ili/reh~bilitation
11.4.1-Minor defeclS 11. .4.2 t llJctural dofcas
Chapter 12 ..... Slabs for build ings, p. 92 12. D- I'ositioning of n;:infoTCCment 12. lvii lUre requifemeJll 1 2.3~<;labs-on- ·rmmd
12.3.1 Ilbgmde and ubbase I 23.2-PLacing alld ccmsolidatio" of CODCr·e le
12. .3- Fini. h illS 12.3 Hardened utfaces 12..3.5- o·cou",,,· ennstrueti.", and special toppinSl' 12.3.6-Cl1ring and pr·~ecfjon
12.4-Stru.t'Loral 'l.bs 12.j - Joint constn.tct· (m
Chapter 13-Pavement s labs and b:ri dge decks, 1P· 96
13. U-FoulldlltiOOJ (subg!'ll.dc and ~ubba:;t; COll f c) 13. U-Fine grading I . 1.2~~1Jib i1i l£<I base
13.2 Form; 1 . .2. 1-Ke}'~)' fom hS
13.3 . ' tec] rc Lni OTCC!l!.t1lli 13.3.1 l()age I .3.2- inst. lI. tion methods
13. Concrete I .4. I-Maten als 13.4.2- Mixture propo orring 13.4.3- Bald llJlg and mi.>. i' \j;
I. .5-~ving op",raIlon. 13.5.l - Concrete p1~ oent 13 . .5.2.- Vibrutioll 13.5.3 'UpfoJ1D pavin g
4 ACI CO MI1'TE1E AEPOFIT
13.5A-Fi.ed-fonn pavins; 1 3.5.5-Finishin~
13.5.6-Texluri ,,!: 13.5.7--Cwing and prute<:tion
13.6-Final '''''''ptaru::e 13.'- JoinL'
13.' .1 - Trdl\;S\'e.r.;e oolltraction joilll>i 13.' .2-Tml\;S\'e.r.;e OOllslru.cUon joint:s 13.' .3-Lon , jludill.1 COnlT'dctjon j oint' 13.' .4-Lons; jtudill.1 Con · tmclion joints 13.' .5-fupamion joinlS 13.'.6-Juin t sei!lill.~
13.8- Bodse doch 13.8-1 --Concrete pl.reme.fll 1 3.8.2-Finishill~
Chap,ler 14-ArcihitectLi ral concrete, p. 107 1 4 . I-DeJerminin.~ requiremeDts fOT ;oooeplabili ty
14.1 .1-Preconstruction samples 14. 2_llIlportance of wui fornlity 14 .3~Forrns
14.3.1 -f'Oflo sheatltin s; or lin,,'8 14.3.2-Textures alld peUem~ 14.3.3-f'Ornl joinl>i 14.3.4-f'Ornl realers and release ~enlS 14.3.5-f'<lffilues 14.3.6-f'<lffil removal
14.4-Reinforcement 14.5--Concrete malerials ant! mh lll..., proportions
14.5.l --Cemenl 14.5.2-AJ.l!7C-S;. t",-" 14.5.3-AdlllixlU!=
14.6-Batchi,,!:. mixi,,!:, iUld Irdnsportins 1 4 .'-Pladn~ and ounsolldaliml 1 4.8~~urrlli:e trealmell l>i
1 4.8.. l - S andblastins; 14.8.2-Bu.sb h"mlll"rin~ 14 .8..3-Grindin~
14.8.4-Manual tre. tmc:Jlt 14.S.5-fuposed·aggreg:ate finishes
14.9-Curinll ond protection 14. IO-Repain 14. I 1-Preca!t me'lIl ilers
14.1 1. !-Slor<lJ;le iUld Irdl\;SporUttion 14.1 1.2-Erect iml
14.12-Fillal llccepUtnce 1 4.1 2 .!-Bu~ holes 14.1 2.2-Color variations
Chap,ler l S-Spec.ial concreting methods, p. 113
1 5.1 ~~ l.ipformins; _enical ;;; [ructure~
15.I . l-f'Oflllmlt 15.1. - Reinforcillg t~ I IS. L3~o~U'ol of concrete p!aoernem 1$.1.4-Fini, hing and During 15. L5-Mixru.re requiremenlS
15.2-Slipfonni.llg cast·in-place p'ipe
15-2.1-Forms 15-2.2 ··on~1 of concrete pl~ccmcnt
15.3- THH IP COJlstruction IS.3. l-Casting I' . tform 15.3.2 FIJ!1D 15.3 .J.-80ml pre ,'clltiOIl 15.3.4,---{;oncrete placement 15.3 5 - Panel erect.io.l
15A-Lifl-slab constructioo 15.4.l- I<IJ!1D IS . . 2-800<1 pre,'clltiOIl 15-4 .3--Slab c~QCti.l}n
1 S.S- Preptooe.:l-aggregate roflCtele
1 $.5. l - As!>re.g.t" placomcnt 15.5 .2-Grout m31erials and mixlng 15.5 .J.-GruutinS opeT'dtion~
1 5 .6--Un~ter COD.crete conStli1.lction 15.6. l- Equipmea.1 and methods ISJ>.2-Mixurre mqwiremcnts tor lremie conc,,",te
15.7- Vacuum deaqering of concrete 15.7. I- EQuipmenI 311d methods 15.7.2-RCdllction in 81 ab th ieoknc.ss
1 -. Pumped rotlCfele
15.8. I-Type!' of t'quipm'-'nl 15.8.2- furure requirements 15.8.J.-Conlrol of pLavemellt 15.8.4- T .. kingC(lncnc~c ss mpl<l'S
15.9 bOlcrete 15.II.l-Shotcreting procesS<.,-, 15.9.2- furore proportions 15.9.J.-Safety 15.!}.4- FoTms and ground i nc·s 15.9.5- Sutface finiSb.i.llg 1 S.II.6-Cuo ng and I'TOleC.t ioll 15.9.7-ComIOl le$ting
Ch~pter 16--Special types of concrete, p. 123 1 6. 1 -stnlctu~1 lighte ight-l!;ggncg~tc con~rcte
16.U - Aggregates 16.1 .2-MixruTe propmtionin ' and control 16. 1.3-T tiug 16-1 .4-Batdti n1l illld lIIi~n~ 16. J .5- Plac'mg, com. I}lidatilJn, and f' n ishing 16.1.6- 0ll'ing <If":! protection
16.2-Ughteight fi ll concrete 16.2.1- !\ggregates 1 6.2.~Mixl\l!re proponionlns; iUld Ie ting
16.3- Lo-dcnsity concrete 16.3.l- Aggregates 16.3.2- FOILms fOl" cell u1ar conorete 16.3.3- furure proportioning and conu:ol 16.3.4- "'-"[tog 16.3. Batclli ng ~lld mi.xjllg 16.3.6-Plaeiu,!l and rousolidatlon 16.3 .7-Curing and l':roroc't iOIl
16 Heavyeight concrete 16.4 . I- Aggregates 16.4 .2- M i X ~1l nc prop<JttiQnS ",-nd control
ACI MAiNUAL OF CONCRETE IN.SPiE.C110 H
1 6.4.3-Il<lLcl:J i~ and mixinl,'; 1 6.4.4-P1iLCin~, runsolidaJion, and finishinl,'; 16.4 . .5-Curinl,'; a nd protection
1 65--Mas, concrete for danl' 16.5.!-MixLure propOrtioning I 6.5.2-Teslin~
16.5.3-TemperaLure c.on Lrol 16.5.4-Special equipment and procedures
16.6--Sullctll1ral ma.~ concreLe 16.7-S!uink"¥e-compe,,,,aliol,'; concrete
16.7. I-Materials 16.7.2-M'xLure proportioning and Oimlru~
1 6.7.3-Prtxlu~"tion. p l~cinl,';. and finitihin*. 16.7.4-Curiol,'; a nd protection
16.8--l-Ii!7J-performaooe concreLe
Chapter 17- Prec-asl and prestressed co'ncrete,. p. 132
n I-PrecasL concrete 17. l. I--:.Scope of iru;peclioo Ii .l.2-Inspecting for quality oun[ru) iUld qu.alily a.",ur"""" 17. l.3-Re.:md keeping ilDd Ie$l reporLs 17. l.4-Formork 17.1.5- :mbedded item,
17. 1.6- Bar and ire reiDiorcernem 17. l.i --Curio ' 17.I.S- Handling, lOl'age, and lI'aD i/lortation 17 . I.'l-E~c."tion
17 . 1 .1~lle~
17. 2--PrCc.l st prcSlr'Css.cQ ClJn~.,;~e 17.2. I-Coilerete ,lLaLerial 17.2:2- Tendons for jJf'Ctcn iQDi.ng 17.2.3- Tendon i:ttmdlillg aJld swrage 17.2.4- AlWehn1.Cnts for wndon 17.2.S- DefleeLiOll d.e i.::es 17.2.6- Tensioning of tl;noons 17.2.7- Wire [;>ilure io [e,tdons 17. 2.8-1)e~cnsi(m;1l!8
17 .3-C"-~t· in-p laee pm'Rcsscd "",,,,re te 17.3.1 -Col1erete material 17.3.2-Post-te""ioning tendons 17.3.3- Anchot'<Lges and Len iotl.iJlg 17.3.4-(Jf'Q1l!ing ~u.res
1 7 .3.5-Postco~tnICLiOll ,~--pec tioa
Ct'lapter 18-----Grol,lt, mortar,and stucco. IP· 140 I . I-Prc"ure grouting 18.2 GroUL'n,g und er base plat :illd macJilile base
1 .2.I -Drunp-pilC<k mortar 18.2.2-Gas· formiDg groUt.s 1 .2.3---Catalyzecl metalHc YOllls 18.2. Cen.lemiLious s)lsqems 1 .2.5- on. hrirn.k YOllls
18..3--<Mort3J' and :uuceo
Chapler 19-Tes1ing ,of concrete, p. 144 1 9 . 1~"mnp]jng
19.2'-:Te q of fresbly mi 00 concrete
1 9.2~. I -ConsiS1.ency
19.2.2-Air COlIWut 19.2.3- DensiL)' of fresh]. ItIi~.ed COJICfeLe:: ASTM C 1381
CI38,'v1 19.2 Temperature
19 3~"trcngth les ts 19.3.1-Compre 1ve !length: ASTM C31JC3 1 1,
C I92ICI92 .1, and C391C39M 19 . . 2--(:~pp ing <ryli"dric~1 cOllcret.c specimen. for
Wlll pte ' i 'e trenglll tesL·: ASr 1 C611 193.3-U ~ 0 unbondcd 0..,1'" for compm, ,,i \'c strengLh
te IS: AST I C123 11CI23] ·1 193.4- Te.ting COncmLo <--ylill1lers: AST 1 C39lC39M 19 . . 5- fleJO: ural l>trcngth of COllCfCtC: AST 1 C311
C3 IM. C192JC192M, C78, and C293 19 . .3.6--Mold.iu
6 ACI CO MI1'TE1E AEPOFIT
21.i.S-Underatercon U'UCtiOD (Clw.pler 15) 2 U .9-Vao.lum dc1I.crinll (Ch!!ptcr 15) 21.7 . 1 O-Pu<nped COnCrele (Chapter 15) ;H .7.1I bot~me (ChllJ)ter 15) 2].7 .12 tmctural lightcigllt·aggregate cODcre1e
(Chapler 16) 2U . 1 3-'l.o·dcn :;jtyconc~t: (CMptcr ~ 6)
21.7 . 14-Hl~-den,ily COR<'J"ete (Chapler 16) 2].7 .15- Mas ~orrcrete {Cbapter 16) 21.7.1 brinkage.compensati:ogcoacrete (Chapter 16) 2 Li .17-Pre,ues=l ooncrde (Chap!er 17) }.] .7 .18 routing under base plates (Cbapter 18) 2U. 1 9-'Prc5~ur" gront i. ng (Chapter I S) 21.7 .20-Mortarand lUCCO (Char>te.r I ) 2] .7 .21- I 'e ts or concrete (Cbapte:r 19) 21. i .22-R~-.:.o rd~ and R'POrts (CbafMe·r 20)
ChapleT 22-References, p. 171 22.1-Refe.reliced 'liilidilin:!S arId reports 22.2- CltGd lefererrce .
Appendix A~Gulde tor 'Concrete Inspection (ACI 311.4R=OS), p. 177
AP{lendix B-~uide lor Gonc.rete Plant Inspect ion and iesting ol IReady-Mixed Concrete (ACI 3U .S-04), p.191
Index, p. 197
CHAPTER 1-1NSPECIION AiND THE INSP,ECTOR 1.1---'lnspectlon p'r,ocesses
1.1.1 Why j""pt\('licm j",,,,eded- l1le pUi'JlOlSe of irlSpOCtioll is t.Q verify that th.:; n:;qnircmcn(s ~nd in~cn~ Qf ~t; contract de'ign documen1s are frudlfully aocomplisbed. In COllcrete oo[lslruetion, lllspec:uon includes Dot <lruy visual ob,sen'ali<lr and field m= ",ment!;, but also .eld and lal;Jorntm)' lestin g
and me oon~ ' on jl![d evalUllliOli of t daia. In lJ1..1Jly instatl.ce.s, inspectoo also ael as O;t are assisted b)' (be field lechnicians signed w perform the testing .
On~ imporl~nl re'pon.sibillty of lh" concrete 'nspector is t<J as. es~ the '1u.aUt>, (If the m~tcri.l s used in the corrCIete. lt i difficult , and II llally impo ible, [0 produce specifi.ed conere.te f.om nonconforming ma lerials. Thus. the n na l mated als e.nlC.n ng lhe concre[C. mix ture . ha llie! be of pecified Qual it)'.
An imporuutl factor in quality oonSUUctlon h gpo:><l OIfk
llul.!ll>hip in all 0~ra.ti0llS aud proce (Fig. 1.1). ObserviJlg this aspect becomes an imp ·taI11 respclfIsibilil. of lbe [nspect"'. \'cn lien tXlncrc:te is mack: lLISing lti~
qU'iJ i ~y materials, proportroncd oor:!Wlly, am.! batched oorrec(Jy, the re ulilllg caocrele structure can be wlsa~factoty
if wnstruCtlcmurkmilru;hip is of poor qu~~ily.
1anuru skiUs. technical knoledge, motiY3tioJl, and pride all ,contribu te to good rlTkm anship. Mo~t indh 'iduah
im'ol"cd ith OOJ1q"CIC 'desisn !1lld C(II15trwtion Illke prioc i.n their effort and strive to 3llain uperior quality (Fig. 1.2). NOl a1.l personnel.. hoover. ill r,e>rei ve !fl<' ne>ressill")' tm ining to dD th~i r 100s properl)'. The nccd 10 moot a,5HraDk
construction scb.edules ~nd sta ithin 'COSI ltmils often places too muon emp~is on pmductiun rdle·. . If speed
~mes a top priQli ty, c01lSttu~tiOIi quality 100)' not reccive adequate attention jf /lot propetl. e. ecIIted. Ironically, co t m~)' also uJTe,T. ecnni'lues ilial peed cuncrele placement can actually add tQ mat<;:ria.1 cost~ or n:;cu l~ in the nr.x>d or
expcMive repair Jaoob Fcl d., • n (lloQ j"VI;lStigalor of stn tcbLrnl fuil lln:;S. listed
e.xrunpl in hi book, LeS.wnS from FaifrmJ:S Of Concre/iJ Stille /UTes. sbo i.og th.at a hi~h ]y.mlC!(fJIlllge or fail ures of Cl;)l1l!!rctc. stnlt'llrres that he had invc.sligatcd en: C8l!L<;cd in
significant pan by poor con tM:Iion-in omer ords, poor orlananship. He laled: "The one tl"UIlJl hid; these failures COItClusi"dy poinl to is tha t aU good ronc",te construction
sbould 00 subjoctcd to rigid illipecCioo .•. U is beliC\'oo mat only by tltis kitld of inspection is it possible [0 guard llgruillSl the failure of C<>llClrelC strm:wres" (I'cld 1964).
For every lIIonumemal "lruCHll'3l coUapse, illrLuttlernble instances of sm all fail ures occur. ThOs is partlCltll .... rly lru"
ncn impommt concrete propc:nic. , ~llch as dl!ll1b'li~y a nd atert~gh tn • do lIot confoml to design requiremelll.s.
SupcnM ccmcrelc. slm::illres can be w i It at " ",asOOilbie. rust
if concrete producers am! ~ontr.lctor> are Yigi1!3111. As the lale F. R Jo.fcMilJan said in Ibe fQreorcI to his famoos CQJJI:rete P,imer (McMillan and Tunhill .1 987): "Many 1m nave been interestGd in the cau e of be~er oon~me h~ve
nO'ted th.e difficulty of miling allY reaJ prog:res ' until som"""" in authori ty h.a:s b","n crmvinocd ilial good concm1.e can t>c had, ~~t it sho\lld . c had. ~nd, h~Y in!! been so COll iD.ced, Ms ent OUI ~Ile ord that it must be had,"
1.L2 p",,!>,,",,,", a!illSpe"titm-T bc dClsim fDr 'l llilliry has led to' 1be use of inspecUoo pilI'SOlUlel [0 monilor and document q;~~lily of Goo<.-rele ClIlm1ructiIJ[L Tim ru.'p()nsi bililie~ and dutie<; of lnsp!'ctQ!s h~ve broacl<mcd Q\'~r !he. yt;.m;:. Today,
seve.rnl inspe<:riou lean mal' be u cd on one projea to represent ttre inlerestS of !lie "ruiOIlS p;lrti invo~ved.
! nspect",.,. may be employed: • By projecl.olietS to provide qu~li lY assllrance fot lhe
•
•
•
-
•
()rk; By gowrnment agencies and latg,e ittdu tries to assllIe lit" quali ty; By architects and ell&iaeers 10 verify and dOC11ment compliance hh proj l!\c l 'p"d.fic~!ions anti drnin~;
By contrwlor; to provide qU3.Ji~y;;ontrOl inspoction fOJ projects uOOe:r c~clion. This helps provi.c!e assurance to the cIJntmctnr thal th" finj,;b"u c.on'tru~1l{lJl ill ITICCl ail requirement' of thc conlrl'.<:t documents and Illu ill be accepted DY the O"ller; By producers of conC'llt", material, and products ho need as manee that finished products in n1Ut the requirenlerllS of the contracl di:lcumellls. Examples in ,i ud'e prod ucers of remcn t, aggregate. ",aciy mi xed
cOllcrete, and preCiJ;S1 prod~ts;
By [icen.-ing WId . uilding-permh jurisdictions c.harged
im cnf=illg b\liJding coocs and othcr rcg\ l~tiolls" In mi case, me illSpector ill be respollsible only for a, urin!; !hal lhe finis!tM trucluru. G{mfurrru; to
rcqllil"emcnt.5 Qf the <;<)dcs (>r rcs" la!iQns ; or
ACI MAiNUAL OF CONCRETE IN.SPiE.C110H 7
Fig. I . ]- IItCreQ-S'''81 oph ' (iC(1feQ bIJiUli"/l d 'iglls C(11l for higher suwlar(js of mar.eria/s a/lJ orkt:rn:'lllShip"
• By cammerdill labur~lurie~ desig)lnl . ."J [0 provid~
'l<!Sli".!;l iilld ins"""tiun seryices. Re.~ardless uf the function. inspectiun, iOK.i uding. LahurdlOl)'
and field lestin~ mill}' be perfonned by ~ learn or. ftK Vt:f)'
smal l projecls. by j ust one per>;on (PiS. 1.:3). 1.1.3 On~r a!ll;i C(J"J~(;for ill~(;fio"s
1.1.3.1 O"erimplicrim.- Oder il 'pectioll pro,oides a5Hl.l'lIllOO In 01WTh ~b.at Ibc rcqllirO;:!]lCllts of the cOlltrnc~ documetlls (draillg ant! pee ifLcati~ns ) are fulfiUe.:L ACI 311 AR. Section 2.3 . "-" prepared to g.uide architects. ~ngi nccrs, llnd oners in the developmcnt of cffi;<;:t i\'C illS'peCliOll pr.ogrruns. It [,ues:
I'm the prot~"<:tion or the public and the oner, the rcspo -;:ibility for pl~.nning and detailing .oncr in pection should be vested io the ME · a continuing, runction oflh" t1""i~ respon,ibility. Th" AlE &bOil d ImSUrc th~t the program for oner i nspec~on mcc~~ all requiremems of design specification ;J.lld the loc:al building colle. The irLSPfll-1.iorL re.sponsihi.lily may be discharged directly, may be conducted tIy "ner persolllleb,. or may be delegated t~ an independenl inspection o:ganizaLioll repotl.ill,ll to the AlE.
If th<: AJE is also rcsponslblc fu r oonS1J\lction. an independellt in pectio/l O(~1l.lizatiO/l should be reurl",.:d dlrectly by the tIllCT. When the m er provide.s the AlE =viae, the. oncr shguld also provide inspection or retain an independent inspection orgruli~ioll. InSpeCtiOIl requirements on projects sU£,<,£visoo by a construclinn manab'CT shouW .. i", be detil.lled by the NE iIDd !:tollld be c~.rriedotLt by inspection persolUlel represe.mirlg tlle otler.
The fec for oner inSp!;<;;tiQn and tcs ~ing shQ,!.1 d bc a epal111e and distinct jqem aoo should be paid by the oILer. Or by liL" AtE acti.nS On beh~lf of tbe On"r. di.oot~y to !be insp""tiQn org.ni7.:s.tiQn. ' r hc oner nr
-Fig. 1.2-Cancrete 's ability to be/armed into airY shape leIS art i.>try (llJdfrmcrian a hl111d ill 1",,,rI.
-
Fig. l.3-ACl·ccrlifr04 field I<,ehn;d{l" performing" slump resl.
AIEl shoutd ~"(, i.d the. llndc~irab le practice o · Mr.lnging payment llirough the c~mractor for iClSjlection services i.ntended for use b. the oILer ' S a basis of acccpULncc. Such a practice is nol in th.e ODer's itnteresl , ruJd may III lilt in 11 conllio;:t of irltereslS. Impartial service is difficult U1~d.et such circu mstance", and th · f~~,~ for inspectiun are evcntually paid by the (fnet ill ~ ny casc,
Under a lypicaJ COl1slructiOIl coml'll.ct, iIDspectOfS repreemiug ute octer ha no resj)0< "bility or autllority w
mllrLa¥" the oOOIrHcl<lt'S r>Jkfurce. 'The oneJ" s lnsl""'toon ~m is rcsp<)TIs.tlle for dctcrm ining th!lt m!!\crial$, proccd",,,,s,. ;J.Jld e:od product ooJJfonn w the requirements of IIIe cOll1:rnct docw:me:n[, . !k<;ause lnspe<;to.." are only respOo."I!Sible fOr evaillating the rnntracl(! r' s ork fo r conformance, they may
