ACI Creativity and Design Day 4

Creativity and Design

4. Creativity in Design

Dr. Ricardo Sosa & Dr. Kristin L. Wood

http://www.aci-institute.com/index.php/web/master_program/ProgStructure/5/104


The objective of this course is to introduce students to the basics of product design, including issues relating to product form and function, as well as aesthetics and experience. Students will learn how to integrate creative ideas into product designs that would appeal to consumers. Cutting edge and relevant issues in product designs will be discussed. Special emphasis will also be placed on examining product designs in an Asian cultural context.

http://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity.html

http://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity.html

4

Innovations: Recent History

Edison Telegraph Wright Brothers Biplane

Gutenberg Printing Press Kilby’s Integrated Circuit Ford Model T

5

Innovations: Recent History

1938 Electronic TelevisionSputnik Satellite Sony Walkman

Trevithick's Steam Locomotive Waterwheel

6

Current Innovations

Black & Decker Alligator Lopper

Transition Drivable Airplane

Autonomous Humanoid Robots

MEMS Devices Paint Roller

7

Current Innovations

RevoPower Wheel North Face Boa Shoe Laser-guided Scissors

Self-wetting Paint Roller

www.nandahome.comwww.makezine.com

www.popsci.com

Ideation Activity• Phase I of Design with Transactional Problems

– Phase I Problem



• Explorations in Creative Product Design


How does design impact our daily lives?

What is creativity &

design?

http://www.webmastergrade.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Abstract-Design.jpg

http://www.webmastergrade.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Abstract-Design.jpg

What are the most influential innovations in history?

http://gocoinventions.com/html/about.html

What are possible avenues to express

our imagination?

How do we enhance our creativity

individually and in teams?

How can we make a difference & change the world?

Our Journey…An Interactive E-Book Presentation

Beginnings

Chapter I

Chapter II

Chapter III

Chapter IV

Chapter V

…

Epilogue

Pic reference: http://secretsatsixth.livejournal.com/

Prologue-Beginnings

PROLOGUE: Beginnings

Sensing Design in Our Engineered World

Prologue: Beginnings

Exploration Activity• Consumer Shoe Market

– Customer needs and product attributes

– Engineering Context

– The Future…

SENSING DESIGN IN OUR ENGINEERED WORLD: FOOTWEAR DESIGN

Aesthetic

Stylish

Ergonomic

Thematic

Long-Life

Reasonable Cost

Functional

Savvy

Helpful

Unique

Athletic

THE WEAR EQUATION

WEAR

=MATERIAL CONSTANT

xPRESSURE VELOCITY

x

SENSING DESIGN IN OUR ENGINEERED WORLD:

QuillReed Metal Nib Fountain Ballpoint Multi Color

Mono Poly Continuum

???

?

Ink Pen Design

Ideation Activity• List ideas for creating a next generation multi-color

pen

• Discuss your ideas in 2s or 3s around your area

CONTINUUM PEN

Concept pen by Jinsun Park

SMART YO-YO DESIGN

Automating process of towel dispensing:

• Many previous designs required physical contact with device

• Need process that prevents thetransfer of germs; improve hygiene

AUTOMATION DESIGN

.

Chapter I: Interactive E-Book Presentation

Chapter 1:

Aircraft ProductsUAVs-RPA


Chapter 1

AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS: UAVS -RPA

• History

• A New Generation of Aircraft:

•Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or Remote Piloted Aircraft

UAV - RPA

• Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR)

• Search and Rescue

• Natural Disaster Relief

• Safety of Human Personnel

• Aircraft with avionics and sensors to control flight, travel and loiter to way points, and transmit imagery and other information

Need Genesis

Lone Star Challenge: The Mission

Create a long duration, autonomous

surveillance device for urban environments

• The Challenge:– 24 hr surveillance

• Important Needs:– Autonomous (high level commands)

– Total system weight <10 lbs

– No tether data links

– Transport by a team of 3 people

29

2007 - 2008

Lone Star Challenge: Customer Needs

Prospective Customers

• Military personnel

• Search and rescue operators

• Firefighters

• RC plane hobbyists

Top Derived Needs

• Long life

• Durability in crashes

• Ease of control

• Ease of setup

• Portability

• Maneuverability

• Covert

• Flexible system

302007 - 2008

Chosen Concept Description

Concept chosen was a Distributed Automata System which consists of an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) dropping sensory pods

2007 - 2008

Lone Star Challenge2007 - 2008

•Need: Pioneer an innovative remote piloted aircraft to provide sustained low energy expenditure ISR and enhanced capabilities for missions

AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS: PERCHING UAV

StickyPad Aircraft: Sub-Systems

4 Sub-Systems:

• Attach System

• Perching Line

• Detach System

• Re-takeoff System

Perching – StickyPad Aircraft

• Need:

• Video quality captured by UAVs is vital for the

success of any surveillance mission.

• Wind gusts can render the video information useless

• Gusts also cause deviations in the flight path of the

MAV, creating collisions with trees, buildings or other

objects

AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS: GUST-RESISTANT WINGS

Aircraft Products: Gust Resistant Wings

AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS: TRANSFORMER MICRO-AERIAL VEHICLES

TACMAV (53 cm wing span) uses flexible wings

which can be folded around its fuselage allowing

it collapse and be stored in a 13 cm diameter

tube carried soldier's backpack

Develop micro UAV with compact stowage

Digitally Designed and Manufactured Aerial Platforms

Computer-Aided DesignDESIGN

MANUFACTURING

Water jetting

FEM/FEA Stress Analysis

3D Printing

Laser cutting

Advanced Gesture Control CONTROL

Nature-Inspired Flying Craft

• Maple seed – Nature’s “helicopters”

Chapter II: Interactive E-Book Presentation

Chapter 2:

Assistive Technologies


Chapter 1

Chapter 2

15% of US Population has a “disability”

Assistive Technologies

Switch

activated

ball thrower (Green, et al., 2000)

Assistive

bowling device

(Cox, et al., 1999)

Assistive key handler

(Shimek, et al., 2001).

Need: to create an automated assistive guitar to facilitate a person with disabilities to communicate through the medium of music

ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: ASSISTIVE STRING INSTRUMENTSMusic therapy developmentally facilitates individuals to share their knowledge of new skills with others

Chapter III: Interactive E-Book Presentation

Chapter 3:

Products for DevelopingCountries


Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

86% of the world lives in a developing country

4 Billion live on less than $4/day (PPP)

http://www.gaia-photos.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/zal_p12.jpg

PDC: Powered Parachute Project

• Working with Indigenous people Technology and Education Center (ITEC), Steve Saint –Founder

• Lack of Transportation in Third World Countries – Frontier Environments– Limited Roads– Lack of adequate runways– Limited trained pilots

• Make a flying vehiclethat can also drive

http://www.itecusa.org/image/IMG_4806.JPG

http://www.itecusa.org/image/IMG_4806.JPG

53

PDC: I-TEC – Indigenous Peoples Technology and Education Center

• Founder Steve Saint partly raised by Waodani2

• Empower indigenous peoples through technology and education

(1) itecusa.org/who.htm; (2) www.endofthespear.com; (3) http://www.itecusa.org/pds.htm

35 lbm portable dental chair and

drill3

Off-road/aerial four-passenger

vehicle (experimental)

Non-verbal medical training materials

http://www.endofthespear.com/

http://www.itecusa.org/pds.htm

http://www.itecusa.org/itec_005.htm


http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=3089493&id=811475021

http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=3089493&id=811475021

PDC: Jungle Transportation Options

Walkslow (~ ½ mph or 0.2 m/s)

Boat/Carlimited to rivers/roads

Solution“flying car” powered parachute

Airplanecomplex & $$$ for

jungle dwellers



PDC: Powered Parachute

School of Engineering and Engineering Technology

$

PDC: LeTourneau Engineering Global Solutions (LEGS)

Ability to manufacture with locally available toolsBethany Crippled Children's Clinic in Kenya, Bangladesh, Sierra Leon.

• Band saw• Drill press• Vacuum• Dremel tool

inexpensivemaintenance

free

excellent

functionality

Provide leg prosthetic device to developing countries

PDC: Engineering Service with LEGS

Timothy Doris Peter

Kenyan Children with a L.E.G.S. Prosthetic

PDC: LeTourneau Engineering Global Solutions (LEGS)

• Nearly one in five child deaths – about 1.5 million each year – is due to diarrhea.

• Diarrhea kills more young children than AIDS, malaria and measles combined.

• Drinking contaminated water also leads to reduced personal productive time, with widespread economic effects.

• Need: Develop personal water filtration devices to improve access to clean water supplies and improve quality of life.

PRODUCTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: LIFESTRAW™

More than 1 Billion without Clean Water

Women & Children Work for Water

Life-Changing Innovative Design LifeStraw™

Life Straw

Process

Chapter IV: Interactive E-Book Presentation

Chapter 4:

Energy Harvester Products


Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Develop an autonomous network of health

monitoring sensors and communication

hubs to assess bridge safety and prevent

catastrophic failure

ENERGY HARVESTERS: WIRELESS SENSOR NODE DESIGN

Bridge Health Monitoring

There are 600,000 bridges in the

United States

150,000 are labeled structurally

deficient

Aging infrastructure created a need for better inspection methods to prevent catastrophic failure

IH-35 in Minneapolis

Overall Objective

• Develop in-situ energy sources to support long-term

monitoring of highway bridges

– Evaluate potential energy sources

– Investigate alternative energy storage

– Develop innovative concepts for energy harvesting

– Design, build, and evaluate prototypes

– Integrate most promising concepts into monitoring system

25.8 % of U.S. bridges are structurally deficient in 2006 and worsening.

Bridge Types

1

2

3

System Design

Power monitoring system from bridge vibrations

Energy Harvester

Strain gage WSN Node

WSN Router

WSNGateway

Strain gage

WSN Node

Energy Harvester

Host Controller

Energy Harvester

Vibration Energy Harvesters from Everyday Life

Paradiso, J. and Starner, T., “Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics,” Pervasive Computing, January-March 2005.

Average Power Requirements

0.000001

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Router 100 Hz

rainflow

30 Hz

rainflow

1/sec 1/min 1/hour 1/day 1/month

Sample Rate

Averag

e P

ow

er (

mW

)

always on

deep sleep

turn off

Power Requirements

• End node ~0.5 mW (long-term average)

• Router node ~200 mW

• Gateway ~5-10 W

Bridge Frequency Analysis

16 December 2010 74

Power Spectrum of Several Locations Min, Max, RMS Accelerations with

LocationTo see change of ωn with location

Same frequencies not dominant at all locations

Varying magnitude with location

Prototype

16 December 2010 75

CAD Prototype Components

• New combination of linear & nonlinear system

Mounting

[2]

Next Generation Design

16 December 2010 76

Exploded View

• 1/3 the volume, ½ the parts, easy adjustment, assembly, & mounting

Mounting

Iso View

Supplying Power Alternatives to Remote Communities

ENERGY HARVESTERS: SPARC

2008-09 Water Wheel Testing

• Potential Energy

• Kinetic Energy– Darrieus

– Propeller

– Water wheels

Test: Compare Final Systems

Lake Pull: Stock System vs. SPARC (27.5°Al Shroud + Filter)

1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0

Stream Velocity [mph]

Gen

era

tor

Po

wer

Ou

tpu

t [W

atts

]

Po

wer

Incr

eas

e

Stream Velocity [m/s]

System Improvement, %

Manufactured System

SPARC Improved System

ENERGY HARVESTERS: SINGAPORE SOLAR PARK – MARINA BARRAGE

ENERGY HARVESTERS: SINGAPORE BREEZE SHELTERS – MARINA BAY

Chapter V: Interactive E-Book Presentation

Chapter 5:

Amusement ParkRides


Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

No water theme park is complete without a long run on a water slide, but what do you do when you don't have the room? Let the laws of physics give you a ride!

The team puts together an amazing, fun-filled "slide-in-a-ring" and then turns on the hose for some aquatic fun.

AMUSEMENT PARK RIDES: ACORN’S PERPETUAL MOTION WATER

SLIDE

Ideation Activity• Generate / Sketch Ideas: Water Park Slides

– Assume very little water available (a hose or small water tank)

– Assume very little space (perhaps the size of a merry-go-round or Ferris wheel)

– …

Amusement Park Rides: Acorn’s Water Slide

AMUSEMENT PARK RIDES: SINGAPORE FLYER

Chapter VI: Interactive E-Book Presentation


Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 6:

Robotic Systems

ROBOTIC SYSTEMS

ROBOTIC SYSTEMS: HIGHLY MOBILE ROBOTS

Design for Highly Mobile Robots

• Why? – Urban Search and Rescue

• Involves human dangers including physical harm, difficult access and hazardous materials

• Japan’s east coast post tsunami disaster, radioactive rubble, missing persons

• 9-11 New York City post terrorist disaster

– Outdoor ISR, Search and Rescue, Recreation• Exploration of caves and tunnel

– Searching for illegal activity or activity of interest– Tool for spelunking, exploring new cavities for potential

future human exploration– Perimeter Monitoring

• Collapsed Mine Rescue and Exploration– Verifying survivor location to aide proper rescue drilling– 2010 Chililean and New Zealand Disasters

Design Requirements: Evaluating the Scenarios

1 2 3

4 5 6

Design Requirements: Evaluating the Scenarios

DEVICE MUST COPE WITH:HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

(RADIOACTIVE OR OTHER)

RESTRICETED POINTS OF ACCESSLARGE DEBRIS CAUSING LEDGES

AND CREVICES

ROCKY, MUDDY, SANDY, OR SMOOTH TERRAIN

Design Requirements: Summary

1. Insertion / Retraction through 8 in (20cm) borehole

2. Negotiate rubble, mud, & rough terrain

3. Negotiate 2 foot vertical obstacles and crevices

Highly Mobile Robots

Solutions: Conceptual Mobility Enhancers

Solution: Conceptual Embodiment, Crevice

1

2

3

4

5

Solution: Prototype


FanBot PogoBot

Chapter VII: Interactive E-Book Presentation

Epilogue


Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 7:

Biomedical –Biomechanics Devices

Compliant Prosthetic Sockets

• Develop an efficient

CAD/CAE/CAM

framework to fabricate

prosthetic sockets

Interface between

prosthesis and limb

Selective compliance for

increased comfort

socket

attachment fitting

pylon

prosthetic foot

Significance of the Work

• 400,000 living limb amputees in US alone

• 60,000 new amputees added annually

• 97% could benefit from prostheses to assist locomotion

• 70,000 new prosthetists needed to meet needs with current technology

• Use of CAD/CAM techniques is only way to meet need

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

• Rapid Prototyping technique

Complex geometries with minimal cost penalty

Socket created directly from subject-specific geometry

Allows direct integration of socket with other components

Mating features

between socket

and pylon

Incorporation of spiral slots

• Slots can be directly implemented within socket wall through straightforward CAD operations

• Back wall is needed to protect feature and keep smooth outer appearance

• Void space between walls can be filled with cushioning material

SLS Socket Test

Epilogue: Interactive E-Book Presentation

Epilogue


Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Epilogue

Epilogue:

A Snapshot of the Future: EngineeringGrand Challenges

ENGINEERING GRAND CHALLENGES OF THE 21st Century

Improve Urban Infrastructure: Singapore’s Helix Bridge

http://www.cnngo.com/singapore/play/worlds-first-curved-double-helix-bridge-marina-bay-505668



• Teamology


119

OVERVIEW OF MBTI

• 4 letters define the “type”

• Describes how a person prefers to interact with their environment

• Various tests exist to define “type”

E (for Extrovert) or…

I (for Introvert)

S (for Sensor) or…

N (for iNtuitor)

T (for Thinker) or…

F (for Feeler)

J (for Judger) or…

P (for Perceiver)

120

MBTI

“There is a great deal of human nature in people.”

- Mark Twain

121

MBTI: Design Team Roles

OB

OBSERVER

Sees all

sides

IS

SI

SE

ES EN

NE

NI

IN

S N

I

E

INSPECTOR

Detects & corrects errors.

INVESTIGATOR

Gets facts & know-how.

MODELMAKER

Builds & tests

rough prototypes.

TEST PILOT

Pushes performance envelope.

ENTREPENEUR

Explores new products

and methods.

INNOVATOR

Synthesizes new products.

VISIONARY

Imagines various product

forms and uses.

STRATEGIST

Speculates on project &

product future.

INFORMATION-GATHERING

IT

TI

TE

ET EF

FE

FI

IF

T F

I

E

REVIEWER

Compares results with goals.

SIMULATOR

Analyzes performance &

efficiency.

SCHEDULER

Sets deadlines &

breaks bottlenecks.

COORDINATOR

Focuses effort & saves time.

DIPLOMAT

Harmonizes team, client, & customer.

CONCILIATOR

Detects and fixes

interpersonal issues.

NEEDFINDER

Evaluates human factors &

consumer issues.

CRITIC

Addresses aesthetic &

moral issues.

DECISION-MAKING

ME

MEDIATOR

Referees

conflicts

122

6-Hats Overview

• 6 “Hat Colors” represent 6 Communication styles, originally from business management

• Instrument created to determine preferred hat(s)

• Provides basis for algorithm to choose and understand teams

• Edward DeBono, Six Thinking Hats, Little & Brown, 1985

• Instrument Creator: Dr. Dan Jensen at USAFA

123

6-Hats Overview

White Hat

* I focus on objective facts.

* I enter into a discussion without

preconceived ideas on a solution

Red Hat

* I have good intuition

* I think emotions should play a

significant role in decision making

Yellow Hat

* I usually see the positive side

* I tend to see the valuable

contributions in people’s ideas

124

6-Hats Overview

Black Hat

* I can quickly see why an idea will

not work

* I like to play the “devil’s advocate”

Green Hat

* I am creative

* I am good at finding new

approaches to solving a problem

Blue Hat

* I like to lead the problem solving

process

* I focus on the big picture,

summarize and draw conclusions

125

Extended Overview of 6-Hats Communication Styles/Roles

White Hat

I focus on objective facts.

I enter into a discussion without preconceived ideas on a

solution

I seek to know that facts of a situation

I seek to know the statistical evidence concerning a

decision

I try to think totally objectively about a situation

I seek to differentiate between facts and opinions

I am more interested in facts than opinions

Red Hat

My feelings sway my decisions

I have good intuition

I often have hunches about the best decision

My personal opinions play a significant role in my decision

making process

I listen to my emotions when making decisions

I am suspicious of other people’s decision making process

I think emotions should play a significant role in decision

making

Yellow Hat

I usually see the positive side of things

I can often see the good parts of even a bad idea

I am usually optimistic that a new idea will work

I tend to see the valuable contributions in people’s ideas

I believe that most new ideas have significant value

I usually “look on the bright side” of a problem

My comments are usually positive and constructive

Black Hat

I can quickly see why an idea will not work

I often can tell an idea will not work by judging from past

experience

I like to play the “devil’s advocate”

I can usually see the pitfalls in an idea

I can readily detect poor logic in someone’s argument

I find it easy to be critical of other’s ideas

I am often pessimistic of others ideas

Green Hat

I am creative

I often generate new ways of thinking about a problem

I easily think “outside of the box”

I am good at finding new approaches to solving a problem

I am constantly thinking of alternatives

I am not likely to settle for the “status quo”

I can easily generate new concepts

Blue Hat

I like to lead the problem solving process

I tend to think as much about the problem solving process as

the problem itself

I focus on the big picture, summarize and draw conclusions

I find myself trying to keep the group focused

I tend to try to optimize the group problem solving process

I often help the group clearly define the problem

I often find myself orchestrating the group



• Ideation-Creativity Methods


Cognitive Model

Analogy Exercise• Consider a number of cases

– A Design Problem / Opportunity…

– An Analogy

– A Solution…

129

Examples of Analogy

Device that

allows

repeatable

printing

Problem

DescriptionAnalogy Concept

Wine Press Gutenberg Printing

Press

130

Examples of Analogy

Device that

provides

pseudorandom

frequency

changes for

transmission

encryption

Problem


Player Piano Frequency-hopping

Radio Transmission

131

Examples of Analogy

Device that

temporarily

secures two

materials without

adhesives and is

reusable

VelcroCockle Burr

Problem


132

Examples of Analogy

Device that

secures and cuts

unwieldy materials

such as tree

branches

Black & Decker Alligator LopperAlligator Jaws

Problem


Examples of Analogy

Device that can

traverse large

distances over

rough, uneven

terrain utilizing

wind power as the

source for

locomotion

Mars Exploration Robot

Tumbleweed

Problem


Examples of Analogy

Portable device

that provides

both hand-held

and hands-free

lighting

Problem


B&D Snake LightKing Cobra

Examples of Analogy

New sail that

includes

appropriate

flexibility but also

rigidity

Ship Sails

Bat Wing

Problem


Examples of Analogy

Increases passive

cooling in public

spaces

“Airfoil Shape Structures”

Airfoil

Problem


http://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=eGff8Z9D0z3q6M&tbnid=8JWZPCoxjTjPoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/aboutus/wonder_of_flight/airfoil.html&ei=b3TjUZebDY23rAeproGoDw&bvm=bv.48705608,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNH-GNSkTM0t0n8t7rvuZ3dBgcluOA&ust=1373947237591078

http://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=eGff8Z9D0z3q6M&tbnid=8JWZPCoxjTjPoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/aboutus/wonder_of_flight/airfoil.html&ei=b3TjUZebDY23rAeproGoDw&bvm=bv.48705608,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNH-GNSkTM0t0n8t7rvuZ3dBgcluOA&ust=1373947237591078

http://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Ea61JsIX0g-1kM&tbnid=3aF_f1kWwX07tM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Control_surfaces_on_airfoil.svg&ei=CXTjUeqDKcTirAfbnoGoDw&bvm=bv.48705608,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNH-GNSkTM0t0n8t7rvuZ3dBgcluOA&ust=1373947237591078

http://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Ea61JsIX0g-1kM&tbnid=3aF_f1kWwX07tM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Control_surfaces_on_airfoil.svg&ei=CXTjUeqDKcTirAfbnoGoDw&bvm=bv.48705608,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNH-GNSkTM0t0n8t7rvuZ3dBgcluOA&ust=1373947237591078

137

Distant Design Analogy Example: Analogy

between two devices (Distant domain)

Vegetable

Peeler

Pick-up winder to

create coiled wire

pick-ups for an

electric guitar

138

Biological Analogy from Functional Similarity

www.raymondchow.ca/ gallery/leaf.jpg

Bipolar

Plate VeinsFlow

Field

Lamina

(Blade)

Analogous Functions: ‘distribute fluid: guide fluid:

disperse fluid’

http://www.raymondchow.ca/photo_2005_10_09_00_56_22.html

http://www.raymondchow.ca/photo_2005_10_09_00_56_22.html

139

Concept Generation (Ideation) Methods

• Human beings have an innate ability for problem solving by synthesis and analogy

• Synthesis – combining existing parts into novel combinations (creativity)

• Analogy – illustration or extraction of an idea by means of another familiar idea that is similar or parallel to it in some significant features

• Most systems design is a synthesis / analogy from knowledge of physical principles and existing designs

140

• Engineers are typically well trained in fundamental knowledge, but little training in synthesis leading to innovation

• Theory – innovation is not a single “light bulb” event, but a series of many complementary insights purposefully guidedtowards desired results

• Goal of concept generation methods: increase skills in concept generation (synthesis and analogy)


141


Advantages of methods:

• Amplify concept generation ability

• Guide process towards desired results

• Diminish preconceived solutions (obstacles, since first ideas are rarely “best”)

• Overcome “group think” and design fixation

142

Ideation Methods

Formal Concept

Generation Methods

Intuitive

Directed

(Logical)

Group

Only

Group or

Individual

Brainstorming

Synectecs

Progressive

Methods

Sequential

PMI

K-J

6-3-5

Gallery Method

C-Sketch

Storyboarding

Affinity Method

Morphological Analysis

Check Listing

Action-Verbs

Design Catalogs

TIPS (TRIZ)

Inversion

Forward Steps

Factorization & Combinations

Axiomatic Principles

Physical Effects

Solution

Principles

Information Gathering

Information Gathering

143

Overview of the Methods

Two Categories of CG Methods:1. Intuitive methods – facilitate divergent thinking,

resulting in many ideas

2. Directed methods – systematic approach to using known information to generate solutions

144

Agenda for Our Study

Classical Brainstorming: Guidelines for Idea Generation

Brainstorming with Mind Maps Morphological Analysis External Search Design by Analogy (DbA) SCAMPER: Idea Generators for Intuitive Concept

Generation 6-3-5 / CSketch (a brainwriting technique)

145

Basic Guidelines for Idea Generation:Applies to all Idea Ideation Methods

• Suspended judgment of ideas

• Present all ideas, including the bad or silly ones

• Wild and Crazy Ideas are good

• Build from others’ ideas: Piggy Backing and Leap Frogging

• Strive for quality and quantity

• Review the problem at the beginning of the session; re-represent the problem especially in action

146

Brainstorming Method: The Basics

Brainstorming (Mode of Communication: Verbal):

Select a facilitator and scribe

Review / Re-represent the problem ~10 minutes -(task clarification, CN’s, specifications, etc.)

Rapid idea generation: facilitator uses categories of ideas to piggy-back and leap-frog

When ideas trickle, either stop or use idea generators (analogies, physical principles, etc.)

147

Brainstorming Exercises

• Design Problem I: “System to prevent the entrance of insects (bugs) to a home or other residence”

• Design Problem II: “System to detect golf ball hit from the tee box”

Ideation Exercise• In teams of 4-5 persons, generate as many solutions

as possible to the “Detect Golf Ball” problem

• Time Limit: 15 minutes

• Share the ideas with the class

149

Golf-Ball Detection Problem:Merely a List…

Bright colored ball

Electronic Grid with ball emitter

Sound horn in ball

Exploding ball

Golf lessons

GPS System

Scent-Human

Scent-Dog

Virtual golf

Pressure sensitive ground

String attached to ball

Smoke trail

Shorter golf course

Putt-Putt golf

Spotters paced every 10 m

Colored golf course

Trajectory calculation system

Robotic arm hits ball

Mini-camera in ball

Light emitting ball

Ball shoots flare

Plexiglass side walls on golf course

Funnel shaped golf course

Speaker in ball; use microphone to call yourself

150





151

Advancing a Brainstorming Session: Mind Maps

• Step 1: Write Problem in the center

• Step 2: Add ideas: cluster into hierarchical groupings

– Look for categories!!

– Groupings help lead to more ideas

– Documents brainstorming

– Power of technique – utilizes fact that ideas in memory are linked by association

152

Golf-Ball Detection Problem: A Mind Map

Detect Golfball

Human

Golf

Lessons

Take Series

of Pictures

In Flight

Beep

TrailSmoke

Trail

Change Game

Putt- Putt Golf

Robotic Arm

Hits Ball

Mylar Field

Virtual/

Video GolfShorter

Golf Course

Play at Night

Glow in the Dark

Ball Detects

Human

Change Human

Binoculars

Mimi Camera

in BallShoot Laser

Beam Back

Hear Beeper w/Ear Phones

Proximity Sensor,

Beep when Close

Detect Angle & Speed:

Calculate Trajectory

Accelerometer

Radar Gun

Strain Gage

Rate if

Angle Change

Handle Orientation

GyroscopeInclinometer

Change Ball

Ball Inflates

String Attached

to Ball

Ball Becomes

BiggerJumping

Ball

Continuous Vertical

Bounce

Emit a Signal

Passive Emitter

Active Emitter

Bright

Colors

Magnetic

Ball

Smell:

Human Detects

Dog Detects Scent

Sound Horn

in BallGPS

Eject

Smoke

Exploding

Ball

Radio

Signal

LED Array

in Ball

Wave Flag

Beep

Speaker in Ball,

Use Microphone to

Call Yourself

Eject

Ink

Collar &

Antenna

Analogy: Fish

Finder

Measure with Speed of

Sound: Time to Hit Ground

Analogies

Hunting

Bird

Dog

Torpedo

Radar

Golf Course

Systems

Artillery

Field Observers:

Spotters

Course

Characteristics

Radar

System

Light

Beams

Video Cameras

Follow Ball

(TV Display)

Electronic

Grid

Camera

Grid

Mylar

Course

Pressure

Sensitive

Ground

Add Plexiglass

or Nets to Sides

of Fairways

Funnel Shape

to Course

Change Course

Colors

Ideation Exercise• In teams of 4-5 persons, generate as many solutions

as possible to the “Prevent Pest in Home” problem

• Utilize Brainstorming with Mindmapping

• Time Limit: 15 minutes

• Share the ideas with the class

154

Include Pictures in Mind Maps

155

A Sticky Note Mind Map

156





157

Morph Matrix

Functions

Current

Solution

Apply

finger

force

shaped

top, bent

bottom

Convert to

large force pivot

Move file

into place

pivot out

file

Stop

motion teeth hit

Release

force

spring of

bent

body

158

Morph Matrix

Functions

Current

Solution

New

Solution 1

New

Solution 2

Apply

finger

force

shaped

top, bent

bottom

shaped top

and bottom

Convert to

large force pivot linkage

Move file

into place

pivot out

file file on arm

slide arm

out

Stop

motion teeth hit

mechanical

stop

Release

force

spring of

bent

body

159

Morph Matrix

Functions

Current

Solution

New

Solution 1

New

Solution 2

Hydraulic

Solution

Electrical /

Magnetic

Apply

finger

force

shaped

top, bent

bottom

shaped top

and bottom

Convert to

large force pivot linkage

Move file

into place

pivot out

file file on arm

slide arm

out

Stop

motion teeth hit

mechanical

stop

Release

force

spring of

bent

body piston magnet

160

Morph Matrix Example

161

Morph Matrix Example: Ways to Store Energy

162

Remove

Bilge

Water

water, impurities water, impurities

natural energy,

shock, wave action noise, vibration (?)

secured? ”primed?", clogged

monitor water level

Morph Matrix Example: Bilge Water Removal System

163

Natural

Energy

Water,

Debris

Impurities

Clogged?

Water

Debris,

Impurities Noise?,

Vibrations

Energy

Type Motion?

Fluid

Motion

Air,

Water

"Purified

Water"

Primed?

Solids/

Solutions

Water, Air

Chemical Energy

Chem.

Energy

Collect

debris/

impurities

Transform

energy

Store

or retain

energy

Energize

water

Capture

or collect

energy

Eject

water Prevent

entrance

of debris Prevent

Impurities

Inhibit

backflow

Channel

waterChannel

water

Permit

debris/impurities

removal

Import

water

Provide

corrosion

and UV

protection

Morph Matrix Example: Bilge Water Removal System

164

Sub-functions

Mechanical Fluid Elec trical

Pr inc iples Pr inc iples

CaptureEnergy

TransformEnergy

ImportWater

TransportWater

Pr inc iplesPr inc iples Pr inc iples

Energy Misc .

Pr inc iples

Wave - Spring

Wave - Pendulum

Wind - Vanes

Wind - Cups

Float - Dock

Multiple F loats

Solar PanelsBatteries

Salt-Water

Concentration

Reactive Compounds

Salter DuckWave - Elastic

Reservoir - Rain

Ocean - Pressure

Wave - Bladder

Boat Movement

Suction

Flowing Water

Moving Column

Delta Temperature

Capacitor

Four Bar

Pendulum

Cam

Universal Joint

Bevel Gear

Spur Gears

Wind Mill

Belts-Sprokets

Crank-Shaft

Rack-n-Pinion

Vapor ize

Atomize

Lif t

Fer ris Wheel

Archimedes Screw

Shovel Syphon

Solidify-Freeze

Absorb-Sponge

Absorb-Chemical

Fer ris Wheel

Archimedes Screw

Piston

Tube

Pressure

Pressure Head

Steam

Atomizer

Mass-Spring

Spin-Centrifugal

Funnel

Water -Column

Carousel

Channel

Weir

InhibitBackflow Ball Valve

Butter fly Valve

Flapper Valve

Water Column

Water Piston

Fountain

One-Way

ResistanceActuated Valve Solenoid

PreventDebris/

Impurities

Screen

Permeable Membrane

Absorb-Sponge

Chemical Bond

Oil Eaters

Skimmer

PropellerTorsional Spring

Squeeze Bladder

Morph

Matrix

Example:

Bilge

Water

Removal

System

165

Morph

Matrix

Example:

Bilge

Water

Removal

System

166

Morph

Matrix

Example:

Bilge

Water

Removal

System

167

Morph

Matrix

Example:

Bilge

Water

Removal

System

168





169

External Search:

Information

Sources

Published

Media

People

Worldwide

Web

Analogies

Benchmarking

Nature

Product Function

Product Architecture

Patents

Journals

Product Information

Textbooks

Consumer Product

Periodicals

Government Reports

Customers

Experts

Professionals

in Field

Trade Summaries

Mfgs. Listings

Information Research

Services

170





171

Bio-Inspired Design-by-Analogy Example

“Wings Take to the Water,” 2000, BBC NewsReed, 2006, “The Future of Shipping”, Popular Science

Collapsible Sail

172

Example of Analogy: Same domain analogy

Liquid measuring

device with

convenient to read

measurement

scales

New Measuring Cup

Historical Patent for this problem

Problem


173

Distance Design Analogy Example: Analogy

between two devices (Distant domain)

Vegetable

Peeler

Pick-up winder to

create coiled wire

pick-ups for an

electric guitar

174

The mapping of features of one thing to a design problem you are trying to solve

Anytime you take information from an example you have seen before

Can be same domain or distant domain

What is a Design Analogy?

Design by Analogy (DbA): Word Tree Method

175

What is Design by Analogy?

Leonardo’s drawings for flying machines/devices based on the analogy of bat wings

Semantic Retrieval

Consider a nuclear chain reaction based on physics concepts…

Similar concepts exist inhow we store an retrieveinformation in our brain…

One concept activates others…

Thus, we need a method/technique to enhance our creativity and assist us in retrieving analogous ideas based on concepts and experiences stored in our memories… A

tremendously helpful technique utilizes the tool known as VisualThesaurus™

http://www.visualthesaurus.com/

[email protected]

innovacion

mailto:[email protected]

Interactive dictionary and thesaurus which creates word maps

What is the Visual Thesaurus?

Example: Sleep

Understanding the Display

A Design Problem…

How to acquire, listen, organize, access and share music

The CD was the solution!!

But if you want to listen to different artists, you have to carry several CDs and constantly recharge your CD player

• To solve the transactional design problem, we seek to generate re-representations of the problem, memory retrieval mechanisms foranalogous ideas, and actual analogous solutions.

Keywords TreesBlackbox

1. Functional Requirements2. Customer Requirements3. Statement Keywords


AccessAcquireListen

OrganizeArrangeStore

Key

wo

rds

Design Problem…

Design Problem…

Design Problem…Using different levels of VisualThesaurus

Solutions From VisualThesaurus…

To This….

Or even this….

From This…

WordTree Analogy Method OverviewProblem Descriptors(problem statement / mission statement, CNs, functions)

Create Multiple

Problem Statements

Rotational Brainwritng:

Search for Analogies and Solutions

Round 1:Problem Statements

R2: Single Words from Tree

R3: Patent Results and Researched Analogies(Google)

Continue with Design Process

Identify Potential

Analogies

Create WordTrees (Re-represent the problem)

1. Team Generates Using Sticky Note

WordTrees by Rotational Brainwriting

2. WordNet results

3. Combine Team results with WordNet results

Identify Analogous

Domains

Patent Search

Analogous Domain

Research

Analogies

Functional Model

Finished Sticky Note WordTree

Prepare

for

Storage

Example Results

Analogies for a Towel Folder

• cogging

• douse (douse a sail)

• raking

• sandblasting

• stickle

• sheet metal design (metal folding)

• napkin folding

• origami

Automated Design for a Towel Folder

WordTree Analogy Method Overview

Problem Descriptors(problem statement / mission statement, CNs, functions)

Create Multiple

Problem Statements

Rotational Brainwritng:

Search for Analogies and Solutions

Round 1:Problem Statements

R2: Single Words from Tree

R3: Patent Results and Researched Analogies(Google)

Continue with Design Process

Identify Potential

Analogies

Create WordTrees (Re-represent the problem)

1. Team Generates Using Sticky Note

WordTrees by Rotational Brainwriting

2. WordNet results

3. Combine Team results with WordNet results

Identify Analogous

Domains

Patent Search

Analogous Domain

Research

Analogies

Functional Model

194




Generation 6-3-5 / CSketch (a brainwriting, brainsketching

technique)

SCAMPER Method

Substitute

Combine

Adapt

Modify /Distort

Put toother use

Eliminate

Rearrange/Reverse

SCAMPER Questions…

Substitute

Adapt

• What can be substitute?• Can the rules be changed?• Other process or procedure?• Other place?• Other approach?• What else instead?

• What else is like this?• What other idea does this suggest? • What other part can be changed? And

exchanged for what?• Change characteristics of a component?• Who could we emulate?

SCAMPER Questions…

Modify /Distort

• What we can be magnified, made larger, or extended?• What can be exaggerated? Overstated?• How about greater frequency?• How can this be altered for the better?• Change meaning, color, motion, sound, odor, form, or shape?

Change the name?• What changes can be made in the plans? In the process? In the

marketing?

Rearrange/Reverse

• What other arrangements might be better?• Interchange components? Other pattern? Other

layout? Other sequence? Change the order?• Change pace or schedule?• What are the opposites? What are the negatives?• Should I turn it around? Up instead of down?

Consider it backwards?• Reverse roles? Do the unexpected?


A Design Problem…

The CD was the solution!!

But if you want to listen to different artists, you have to carry several CDs and constantly recharge your CD player

Generating Solutions…

Adapt

• What else is like this?• What other part can be changed? • Who could we emulate? …

Who else organize, allow access and share things?....

A LIBRARY!

Solutions From scAmper, using “Library”…

From this….

To This….

Or even this….

Ideation Activity• Phase II of Design with Transactional Problems

– Phase II Problem and SCAMPER Information

– Survey

204




Generation 6-3-5 / CSketch (a brainwriting, brainsketching

technique)

205

6-3-5 / Csketch Method (Brainwriting)

• Procedure (Mode of Communication: graphical):

6 – group members

3 – ideas (sketches & keywords) per paper (sub-round #1, 15 minutes)

5 – complete rounds of exchanging papers(5-10 min/exchange*6 people*5 round =2.5-5 hours for 5 rounds)

206

6-3-5 / Sketch Method

Guidelines

• Each rotation allows adding to and synthesizing (combining) ideas

• Avoid negative written comments

• No talking! (Emphasizes sketching)

• Sketches with brief keywords

207

6-3-5 / CSketch Method

208

6-3-5 / CSketch Case Study: Power ScrewDriver

209

6-3-5 / CSketch Case Study: Power ScrewDriver

210

6-3-5 / CSketch Case Study: Power Driver

Primary Functions from the Functional Model

• Convert EE torque

• Import hand

• Increase torque

• Actuate electricity

• Change torque

• Couple Bit

211

6-3-5 / Csketch Sub-Round 1

Motor

Epicyclic

Motor

Actuator

SwitchActuator

Switch

ActuatorSwitch

Battery

Battery

Battery

Bit

Storage

Bit

Bit

Bit

Storage

Hand

Grip

Hand

Grip

Hand

Grip

Screw

Chuck

Spring

Chuck

Spring

Chuck

Worm

Drive

Battery

Cavity/Latch

212

6-3-5 CSketch, Second Rotation

213

De sign

Pro ble m

De sign a d e v ice t o q u ick ly sh e ll p e a n u t s

in p la ce s like Ha it i a n d We st Afr ica n

Cu sto m e r

Ne e d s

1 .Lo w co st

2 .Ea sy t o m a n u fa ct u r e

3 .Qu ick ly sh e llin g o f a la r ge q u a n t it y o f

4 .Re m o ve t h e sh e ll wit h m in im a l d a m a ge

p e a n u t s

Fu n ctio n s

1 .Im p o r t e n e r gy

2 .Br e a k t h e sh e ll

3 .Se p a r a t e t h e p e a n u t fr o m t h e sh e ll

Peanut Sheller Product Development

214

Water Mill by a

Waterfall

Cam

Grate

Hopper

Graduated Concentric

Crushing Surfaces

Conveyor

Collection Bin

Hand Crank

Vertical Crushing

Plate

Water Mill by a

Waterfall

Cam

Grate

Hopper


Crushing Surfaces

Conveyor

Collection Bin

Hand Crank

Vertical Crushing

Plate

215

Boiling

Water

Water Mill by a

Waterfall

Cam

Vertical

Crushing Plate

Grate

Hopper


Crushing Surfaces

Conveyor

Collection Bin

Hand Crank

Conveyor Drive

Grate

Fire

Water Inlet

Hopper

Vertical Crushing

Plate

Hopper

Boiling

Water

Water Mill by a

Waterfall

Cam

Vertical

Crushing Plate

Grate

Hopper


Crushing Surfaces

Conveyor

Collection Bin

Hand Crank

Conveyor Drive

Grate

Fire

Water Inlet

Hopper

Vertical Crushing

Plate

Hopper

Ideation Activity• C-Sketch

– In groups of 4-5 persons, discuss and review the design problem

– First five (5) minutes: Mindmap as many solutions as possible

– Next five (5) minutes: sketch three (3) diverse ideas on a sheet of paper.

– Rotate paper to your right.

– Next five (5) minutes: modify and evolve ideas on the rotated paper OR add an entirely new idea inspired by the ideas drawn on the page

– Rotate and repeat…

– Design Problems:

• “Incentivize sustainable home or office energy use, including the layout and implement of smart grid systems”

217

1. Choose top priority

functions

2. Brainstorm / Mind

Map intuitive ideas

3. External Search for

additional ideas

4. Create morph matrix

of combined results

5. Perform 6-3-5 /

CSketch by seeding

with morph matrix

Overall

Ideation

Methodology

Theory of Inventive Problem Solving: TIPS / TRIZ

• History:– Creator: Genrich S. Altshuller (pen name Altov)

• First Invention: Scuba Diving Equipment When 14 Years of Age

• Soviet Navy Officer and Patent Expert

• 1940’s, Post World War II

– Russian Jew; placed in intellectual camp to Stalin

– Camp composed of engineers and cognitive psychologists

– Developed Science of Design based on study of patents (>200,000 patents; >300 person years)

– Theory based on the concept of contradictions, conflicts, and negative correlations as inventive problems


• Types / Levels of Patents:– Level 1: Routine design problems solved by methods well known within the

specialty. No invention needed. About 32% of the solutions fell into this level.

– Level 2: Minor improvements to an existing system, by methods known within the industry. Usually with some compromise. About 45% of the solutions fell into this level.

– Level 3: Fundamental improvement to an existing system, by methods known outside the industry. Contradictions resolved. About 18% of the solutions fell into this category.

– Level 4: A new generation that uses a new principle to perform the primary functions of the system. Solution found more in science than in technology. About 4% of the solutions fell into this category.

– Level 5: A rare scientific discovery or pioneering invention of essentially a new system. About 1% of the solutions fell into this category.


• Main Elements:– Laws of System Evolution (8)

– Generalized Engineering Parameters (39)

– Design Principles (40)

– TIPS Parameter Matrix

– Physical Effects (>1000)

– S-Fields

– Systematic Methodology

Generalized engineering parameters for describing product metrics.

1Weight of moving object 21 Power

2 Weight of stationary object 22 Energy loss

3 Length of moving object 23 Substance loss

4 Length of stationary object 24 Information loss

5 Area of moving object 25 Waste of time

6 Area of stationary object 26 Quantity of a substance

7 Volume of moving object 27 Reliability

8 Volume of stationary object 28 Accuracy of measurement

9 Velocity 29 Manufacturing precision

10 Force 30 Harmful actions affecting the design object

11 Stress or pressure 31 Harmful actions generated by the design object

12 Shape 32 Manufacturability

13 Stability of object's composition 33 User friendliness

14 Strength 34 Repairability

15Duration of action generalized by

moving object35 Flexibility

16Duration of action generalized by

stationary object36 Complexity of design object

17 Temperature 37 Difficulty to control or measure

18 Brightness 38 Level of automation

19 Energy consumed by moving object 39 Productivity

20 Energy consumed by stationary object

TIPS’ Design Principles (1-20) to solve engineering conflicts.

1Principle of segmentation

Divide the object into independent parts that are easy to disassemble, increase the degree of

segmentation as much as possible

2 Principle of removal Remove either the disturbing part or the necessary part from the object

3 Principle of local qualityChange the object's or environment's structure from homogeneous to non-homogeneous. Let different

parts of the object carry different functions.

4 Principle of asymmetry Make object asymmetrical, or increase asymmetry

5 Principle of joining Merge homogeneous objects or those intended for contiguous operations.

6 Principle of universality Let one object perform several different functions. Remove redundant objects.

7 The nesting principlePlace one object inside another, which in turn is placed in a third, etc., or, let an object pass through a

cavity into another

8 Principle of counterweight Attach an object with lifting power or use the interactions with the environment, e.g., aerodynamic lift.

9 Principle of preliminary counteraction Perform a counter-action to the desired action before the desired action is performed

10 Principle of preliminary actionPerform the required action before it is needed, or set up the objects such that they can perform their

action immediately when required

11Principle of introducing protection in

advance

Compensate for the low reliability of an object by introducing protections against accidents before the

action is performed

12 Principle of equipotentiality Change the conditions such that the object does not need to be moved up or down in the potential field

13 Principle of opposite solutionImplement the opposite action of what is specified. make a moving part fixed and the fixed part mobile.

Turn the object upside down.

14 Principle of spheroidalitySwitch from linear to curvilinear paths, from flat to spherical surfaces, etc. Make use of rollers, ball

bearings, spirals. Switch from direct to rotating motion. Use centrifugal force.

15 Principle of dynamismMake the object or environment able to change to become optimal at any stage of work. Make the object

consist of parts that can move relative to each other. If the object is fixed, make it movable.

16 Principle of partial or excessive action If 100% is unobtainable, try for slightly less or slightly more.

17 Principle of moving into a new dimensionIncrease the object's degree of freedom. Use a multi-layered assembly instead of a single layer. Incline

the object or turn it on its side. Use the other side of an area.

18 Use of mechanical vibrationsMake the object vibrate. Increase the frequency of vibration. Use resonance, piezovibrations,

ultrasonic, or electomagnetic vibrations.

19 Principle of periodic action Use periodic or pulsed actions, change periodicity. Use pauses between impulses to change the effect.

20 Principle of uninterrupted useful effect Keep all parts of the object constantly operating at full power. Remove test or set-up runs.

TIPS’ Design Principles (21-40) to solve engineering conflicts.

21Principle of rushing through Carry out a process or individual stages of a process at high speed.

22 Principle of turning harm into goodUse harmful factor to obtain a positive effect. Remove a harmful factor by combining it with other harmful

factors. Strengthen a harmful factor to the extent where it ceases to be harmful.

23 The feedback principle Introduce feedback. If there already is feedback, change it.

24 The go between principleUse an intermediary object to transfer or transmit the action. Merge the object temporarily with another object

that can be easily taken away.

25 The self service principleThe object should service and repair itself. Use waste products from the object to produce the desired

actions.

26 The copying principleInstead of unavailable. complicated or fragile objects, use a simplified cheap copy. Replace an object by its

optical copy, make use of scale effects. If visible copies are used, switch to infra-red or ultra-violet copies.

27 Cheap short life instead of expensive longevity Replace an expensive object that has long life with many cheap objects having shorter life.

28 Replacement of a mechanical pattern

Replace a mechanical pattern by an optical, acoustical or odor pattern. Use electrical, magnetic or

electromagnetic fields to interact with the object. Switch from fixed to movable fields changing over time. Go

from unstructured to structured fields.

29 Use of pneumatic or hydraulic solutions Use gaseous or liquid parts of an object instead of solid parts.

30 Using flexible membranes and fine membranesReplace traditional constructions with those made from flexible membranes or thin film. Isolate an object

from its environment using flexible membranes or thin film

31 Using porous materialsMake the object porous or use porous elements, e.g., inserts, covers, etc. If the object is already porous, fill

the pores in advance with some useful substance.

32 The principle of using colorChange the color or translucency of an object or its surroundings. Use colored additives to observe certain

objects or processes. If such additives are already used, employ luminescence traces.

33 The principle of homogeneity Interacting objects should be made of the same material, or material with identical properties.

34 The principle of discarding and regenerating parts

Once a part has fulfilled its purpose and is no longer necessary, it should automatically be discarded or

disappear, e.g., evaporate, or change its shape. Parts that become useful after a while should be

automatically generated.

35 Changing the aggregate state of an object Change state, e.g., solid to liquid. Use pseudostates and intermediary states, e.g., elastic solid bodies.

36 The use of phase changes Use phenomena occurring in phase changes, e.g., use of volume changes, heat dissipation, etc.

37 Application of thermal expansionUse expansion or contraction of materials by heat. Use materials with different thermal expansion

coefficients.

38 Using strong oxidation agentsReplace air with enriched air or replace enriched air with oxygen. Treat the air or oxygen with ionizing

radiation. Use ionized oxygen. Use ozone.

39 Using an inert atmosphere Replace the normal environment with an inert one or a vacuum.

40 Using composite materials Switch from homogeneous materials to composites.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

1

15. 8.

29. 34

29. 17.

38. 34

29. 2.

40. 28

2. 8.

15. 38

8. 10.

18. 37

10. 36.

37. 40

10. 14.

35. 40

1. 35.

19. 39

28. 27.

18. 40

5. 34.

31. 35

6. 29.

4. 38

19. 1.

32

35. 12.

34. 31

12. 36.

18. 31

6. 2.

34. 19

5. 35.

3. 31

10. 24.

35

10. 35.

20. 28

3. 26.

18. 31

3. 11.

1. 27

28. 27.

35. 26

28. 35.

26. 18

2

10. 1.

29. 35

35. 30.

13. 2

5. 35.

14. 2

8. 10.

19. 35

13. 29.

10. 18

13. 10.

29. 14

26. 39.

1. 40

28. 2.

10. 27

2. 27.

19. 6

28. 19.

32. 22

35. 19.

32

18. 19.

28. 1

15. 19.

18. 22

18. 19.

28. 15

5. 8.

13. 30

10. 15.

35

10. 20.

35. 26

19. 6.

18. 26

10. 28.

8. 3

18. 26.

28

10. 1.

35. 17

3

15. 8.

29. 34

15. 17.

4

7. 17.

4. 35

13. 4.

8

17. 10.

4

1. 8.

35

1. 8.

10. 29

1. 8.

15. 34

8. 35.

29. 34 19

10. 15.

19 32

8. 35.

24 1. 35

7. 2.

35. 39

4. 29.

23. 10 1. 24

15. 2.

29 29. 35

10. 14.

29. 40

28. 32.

4

10. 28.

29. 37

4

35. 28.

40. 29

17. 7.

10. 40

35. 8.

2. 14 28. 1

1. 14.

35

13. 14.

15. 7

39. 37.

35

15. 14.

28. 26

1. 40.

35

3. 35.

38. 18 3. 25 12. 8 6. 28

10. 28.

24. 35 24. 26

30. 29.

14

15. 29.

28

32. 28.

3

2. 32.

10

5

2. 17.

29. 4

14. 15.

18. 4

7. 14.

17. 4

29. 30.

4. 34

19. 30.

35. 2

10. 15.

36. 28

5. 34.

29. 4

11. 2.

13. 39

3. 15.

40. 14 6. 3

2. 15.

16

15. 32.

19. 13 19. 32

19. 10.

32. 18

15. 17.

30. 26

10. 35.

2. 39 30. 26 26. 4

29. 30.

6. 13 29. 9

26. 28.

32. 3 2. 32

6

30. 2.

14. 18

26. 7.

9. 39

1. 18.

35. 36

10. 15.

36. 37 2. 38 40

2. 10.

19. 30

35. 39.

38 17. 32

17. 7.

30

10. 14.

18. 39 30. 16

10. 35.

4. 18

2. 18.

40. 4

32. 35.

40. 4

26. 28.

32. 3

2. 29.

18. 36

7

2. 26.

29. 40

1. 7.

35. 4

1. 7.

4. 17

29. 4.

38. 34

15. 35.

36. 37

6. 35.

36. 37

1. 15.

29. 4

28. 10.

1. 39

9. 14.

15. 7

6. 35.

4

34. 39.

10. 18

10. 13.

2 35

35. 6.

13. 18

7. 15.

13. 16

36. 39.

34. 10 2. 22

2. 6.

34. 10

29. 30.

7

14. 1.

40. 11

25. 26.

28

25. 28.

2. 16

8

35. 10.

19. 14 19. 14

35. 8.

2. 14

2. 18.

37 24. 35

7. 2.

35

34. 28.

35. 40

9. 14.

17. 15

35. 34.

38

35. 6.

4 30. 6

10. 39.

35. 34

35. 16.

32. 18 35. 3

2. 35.

16

35. 10.

25

9

2. 28.

13. 38

13. 14.

8

29. 30.

34

7. 29.

34

13. 28.

15. 19

6. 18.

38. 40

35. 15.

18. 34

28. 33.

1. 18

8. 3.

26. 14

3. 19.

35. 5

28. 30.

36. 2

10. 13.

19

8. 15.

35. 38

19. 35.

38. 2

14. 20.

19. 35

10. 13.

28. 38 13. 26

10. 19.

29. 38

11. 35.

27. 28

28. 32.

1. 24

10. 28.

32. 25

10

8. 1.

37. 18

18. 13.

1. 28

17. 19.

9. 36 28. 1

19. 10.

15

1. 18.

36. 37

15. 9.

12. 37

2. 36.

18. 37

13. 28.

15. 12

18. 21.

11

10. 35.

40. 34

35. 10.

21

35. 10.

14. 27 19. 2

35. 10.

21

19. 17.

10

1. 16.

36. 37

19. 35.

18. 37 14. 15

8. 35.

40. 5

10. 37.

36

14. 29.

18. 36

3. 35.

13. 21

35. 10.

23. 24

28. 29.

37. 36

11

10. 36.

37. 40

13. 29.

10. 18

35. 10.

36

35. 1.

14. 16

10. 15.

36. 28

10. 15.

36. 37

6. 35.

10 35. 34

6. 35.

36

36. 35.

21

35. 4.

15. 10

35. 33.

2. 40

9. 18.

3. 40

19. 3.

27

35. 39.

19. 2

14. 24.

10. 37

10. 35.

14

2. 36.

25

10. 36.

37

37. 36.

4

10. 14.

36

10. 13.

19. 35

6. 28.

25 3. 35

12

8. 10.

29. 40

15. 10.

26. 3

29. 34.

5. 4

13. 14.

10. 7

5. 34.

4. 10

14. 4.

15. 22

7. 2.

35

35. 15.

34. 18

35. 10.

37. 40

34. 15.

10. 14

33. 1.

18. 4

30. 14.

10. 40

14. 26.

9. 25

22. 14.

19. 32

13. 15.

32

2. 6.

34. 14 4. 6. 2 14

35. 29.

3. 5

14. 10.

34. 17 36. 22

10. 40.

16

28. 32.

1

32. 30.

40

13

21. 35.

2. 39

26. 39.

1. 40

13. 15.

1. 28 37

2. 11.

13 39

28. 10.

19. 39

34. 28.

35. 40

33. 15.

28. 18

10. 35.

21. 16

2. 35.

40

22. 1.

18. 4

17. 9.

15

13. 27.

10. 35

39. 3.

35. 23

35. 1.

32

32. 3.

27. 15 13. 19

27. 4.

29. 18

32. 35.

27. 31

14. 2.

39. 6

2. 14.

30. 40 35. 27

15. 32.

35 13 18

14

1. 8.

40. 15

40. 26.

27. 1

1. 15.

8. 35

15. 14.

28. 26

3. 34.

40. 29

9. 40.

28

10. 15.

14. 7

9. 14.

17. 15

8. 13.

26. 14

10. 18.

3. 14

10. 3.

18. 40

10. 30.

35. 40

13. 17.

35

27. 3.

26

30. 10.

40 35. 19

19. 35.

10 35

10. 26.

35. 28 35

35. 28.

31. 40

29. 3.

28. 10

29. 10.

27 11. 3

3. 27.

16 3. 27

15

19. 5.

34. 31

2. 19.

9

3. 17.

19

10. 2.

19. 30

3. 35.

5

19. 2.

16

19. 3.

27

14. 26.

28. 25

13. 3.

35

27. 3.

10

19. 35.

39

2. 19.

4. 35

28. 6.

35. 18

19. 10.

35. 38

28. 27.

3. 18 10

20. 10.

28. 18

3. 35.

10. 40

11. 2.

13 3

3. 27.

16. 40

16

6. 27.

19. 16

1. 40.

35

35. 34.

38

39. 3.

35. 23

19. 18.

36. 40 16

27. 16.

18. 38 10

28. 20.

10. 16

3. 35.

31

34. 27.

6. 40

10. 26.

24

17

36. 22.

6. 38

22. 35.

32

15. 19.

9

15. 19.

9

3. 35.

39. 18 35. 38

34. 39.

40. 18

35. 6.

4

2. 28.

36. 30

35. 10.

3. 21

35. 39.

19. 2

14. 22.

19. 32

1. 35.

32

10. 30.

22. 40

19. 13.

39

19. 18.

36. 40

32. 30.

21. 16

19. 15.

3. 17

2. 14.

17. 25

21. 17.

35. 38

21. 36.

29. 31

35. 28.

21. 18

3. 17.

30. 39

19. 35.

3. 10

32. 19.

24 24

18

19. 1.

32

2. 35.

32

19. 32.

16

19. 32.

26

2. 13.

10

10. 13.

19

26. 19.

6 32. 30

32. 3.

27 35. 19

2. 19.

6

32. 35.

19

32. 1.

19

32. 35.

1. 15 32

19. 16.

1. 6 13. 1 1. 6

19. 1.

26. 17 1. 19

11. 15.

32 3. 32

19

12. 18.

28. 31 12. 28

15. 19.

25

35. 13.

18

8. 15.

35

16. 26.

21. 2

23. 14.

25

12. 2.

29

19. 13.

17. 24

5. 19.

9. 35

28. 35.

6. 18

19. 24.

3. 14

2. 15.

19

6. 19.

37. 18

12. 22.

15. 24

35. 24.

18. 5

35. 38.

19. 18

34. 23.

16. 18

19. 21.

11. 27

3. 1.

32

20

19. 9.

6. 27 36. 37

27. 4.

29. 18 35

19. 2.

35. 32

28. 27.

18. 31

3. 35.

31

10. 36.

23

21

8. 36.

38. 31

19. 26.

17. 27

1. 10.

35. 37 19. 38

17. 32.

13. 38

35. 6.

38

30. 6.

25

15. 35.

2

26. 2.

36. 35

22. 10.

35

29. 14.

2. 40

35. 32.

15. 31

26. 10.

28

19. 35.

10. 38 16

2. 14.

17. 25

16. 6.

19

16. 6.

19. 37

10. 35.

38

28. 27.

18. 38 10. 19

35. 20.

10. 6

4. 34.

19

19. 24.

26. 31

32. 15.

2 32. 2

22

15. 6.

19. 28

19. 6.

18. 9

7. 2.

6. 13

6. 38.

7

15. 26.

17. 30

17. 7.

30. 18

7. 18.

23 7

16. 35.

38 36. 38

14. 2.

39. 6 26

19. 38.

7

1. 13.

32. 15 3. 38

35. 27.

2. 37 19. 10

10. 18.

32. 7

7. 18.

25

11. 10.

35 32

23

35. 6.

23. 40

35. 6.

22. 32

14. 29.

10. 39

10. 28.

24

35. 2.

10. 31

10. 18.

39. 31

1. 29.

30. 36

3. 39.

18. 31

10. 13.

28. 38

14. 15.

18. 40

3. 36.

37. 10

29. 35.

3. 5

2. 14.

30. 40

35. 28.

31. 40

28. 27.

3. 18

27. 16.

18. 38

21. 36.

39. 31

1. 6.

13

35. 18.

24. 5

28. 27.

12. 31

28. 27.

18. 38

35. 27.

2. 31

15. 18.

35. 10

6. 3.

10. 24

10. 29.

39. 35

16. 34.

31. 28

35. 10.

24. 31

24

10. 24.

35

10. 35.

5 1. 26 26 30. 26 30. 16 2. 22 26. 32 10 10 19 10. 19 19. 10

24. 26.

28. 32

24. 28.

35

10. 28.

23

25

10. 20.

37. 35

10. 20.

26. 5

15. 2.

29

30. 24.

14. 5

26. 4.

5. 16

10. 35.

17. 4

2. 5.

34. 10

35. 16.

32. 18

10. 37.

36. 5

37. 36.

4

4. 10.

34. 17

35. 3.

22. 5

29. 3.

28. 18

20. 10.

28. 18

28. 20.

10. 16

35. 29.

21. 18

1. 19.

21. 17

35. 38.

19. 18 1

35. 20.

10. 6

10. 5.

18. 32

35. 18.

10. 39

24. 26.

28. 32

35. 38.

18. 16

10. 30.

4

24. 34.

28. 32

24. 26.

28. 18

26

35. 6.

18. 31

27. 26.

18. 35

29. 14.

35. 18

15. 14.

29

2. 18.

40. 4

15. 20.

29

35. 29.

34. 28

35. 14.

3

10. 36.

14. 3 35. 14

15. 2.

17. 40

14. 35.

34. 10

3. 35.

10. 40

3. 35.

31

3. 17.

39

34. 29.

16. 18

3. 35.

31 35

7. 18.

25

6. 3.

10. 24

24. 28.

35

35. 38.

18316

18. 3.

28. 40

3. 2.

28 33. 30

27

3. 8.

10. 40

3. 10.

8. 28

15. 9.

14. 4

15. 29.

28. 11

17. 10.

14. 16

32. 35.

40. 4

3. 10.

14. 24

2. 35.

24

21. 35.

11. 28

8. 28.

10. 3

10. 24.

35. 19

35. 1.

16. 11 11. 28

2. 35.

3. 25

34. 27.

6. 40

3. 35.

10

11. 32.

13

21. 11.

27. 19 36. 23

21. 11.

26. 31

10. 11.

35

10. 35.

29. 39 10. 28

10. 30.

4

21. 28.

40. 3

32. 3.

11. 23

11. 32.

1

28

32. 35.

26. 28

28. 35.

25. 26

28. 26.

5. 16

32. 28.

3. 16

26. 28.

32. 3

26. 28.

32. 3

32. 13.

6

28. 13.

32. 24 32. 2

6. 28.

32

6. 28.

32

32. 35.

13

28. 6.

32

28. 6.

32

10. 26.

24

6. 19.

28. 24

6. 1.

32

3. 6.

32

3. 6.

32

26. 32.

27

10. 16.

31. 28

24. 34.

28. 32

2. 6.

32

5. 11.

1. 23

29

28. 32.

13. 18

28. 35.

27. 9

10. 28.

29. 37

2. 32.

10

28. 33.

29. 32

2. 29.

18. 36

32. 28.

2

25. 10.

35

10. 28.

32

28. 19.

34. 36 3. 35

32. 30.

40 30. 18 3. 27

3. 27.

40 19. 26 3. 32 32. 2 32. 2

13. 32.

2

35. 31.

10. 24

32. 26.

28. 18 32. 30

11. 32.

1

30

22. 21.

27. 39

2. 22.

13. 24

17. 1.

39. 4 1. 18

22. 1.

33. 28

27. 2.

39. 35

22. 23.

37. 35

34. 39.

19. 27

21. 22.

35. 28

13. 35.

39. 18

22. 2.

37

22. 1.

3. 35

35. 24.

30. 18

18. 35.

37. 1

22. 15.

33. 28

17. 1.

40. 33

22. 33.

35. 2

1. 19.

32. 13

1. 24.

6. 27

10. 2.

22. 37

19. 22.

31. 2

21. 22.

35. 2

33. 22.

19. 40

22. 10.

2

35. 18.

34

35. 33.

29. 31

27. 24.

2. 40

28. 33.

23. 26

26. 28.

10. 18

31

19. 22.

15. 39

35. 22.

1. 39

17. 15.

16. 22

17. 2.

18. 39

22. 1.

40

17. 2.

40

30. 18.

35. 4

35. 28.

3. 23

35. 28.

1. 40

2. 33.

27. 18 35. 1

35. 40.

27. 39

15. 35.

22. 2

15. 22.

33. 31

21. 39.

16. 22

22. 35.

2. 24

19. 24.

39. 32

2. 35.

6

19. 22.

18

2. 35.

18

21. 35.

22. 2

10. 1.

34

10. 21.

29 1. 22

3. 24.

39. 1

24. 2.

40. 39

3. 33.

26

4. 17.

34. 26

32

28. 29.

15. 16

1. 27.

36. 13

1. 29.

13. 17

15. 17.

27

13. 1.

26. 12 16. 4

13. 29.

1. 40 35

35. 13.

8. 1 35. 12

35. 19.

1. 37

1. 28.

13. 27

11. 13.

1

1. 3.

10. 32

27. 1.

4 35. 16

27. 26.

18

28. 24.

27. 1

28. 26.

27. 1 1. 4

27. 1.

12. 24 19. 35

15. 34.

33

32. 24.

18. 16

35. 28.

34. 4

35. 23.

1. 24

1. 35.

12. 18

33

25. 2.

13. 15

6. 13.

1. 25

1. 17.

13. 12

1. 17.

13. 16

18. 16.

15. 39

1. 16.

35. 15

4. 18.

31. 39

18. 13.

34

28. 13.

35

2. 32.

12

15. 34.

29. 28

32. 35.

30

32. 40.

3. 28

29. 3.

8. 25

1. 16.

25

26327.

13

13. 17.

1. 24

1. 13.

24

35. 34.

2. 10

2. 19.

13

28. 32.

2. 24

4. 10.

27. 22

4. 28.

10. 34 12. 35

17. 27.

8. 40

25. 13.

2. 34

1. 32.

35. 23

34

2. 27.

35. 11

2. 27.

35. 11

1. 28.

10. 25

3. 18.

31

15. 32.

13 16. 25

25. 2.

35. 11 1 34. 9

1. 11.

10 13

1. 13.

2. 4 2. 35

1. 11.

2. 9

11. 29.

28. 27 1 4. 10

15. 1.

13

15. 1.

28. 16

15. 10.

32. 2

15. 1.

32. 19

2. 35.

34. 27

32. 1.

10. 25

2. 28.

10. 25

11. 10.

1. 16

10. 2.

13 25. 10

35

1. 6.

15. 8

19. 15.

29. 16

35. 1.

29. 2

1. 35.

16

35. 30.

29. 7 15. 16

15. 35.

29

35. 10.

14

15. 17.

20 35. 16

15. 37.

1. 8

35. 30.

14

35. 3.

32. 6

13. 1.

35 2. 16

27. 2.

3. 35

6. 22.

26. 1

19. 35.

29. 13

19. 1.

29

18. 15.

1

15. 10.

2. 13 35. 28

3. 35.

15

35. 13.

8. 24

35. 5.

1. 10

36

26. 30.

34. 36

2. 26.

35. 39

1. 19.

26. 24 26

14. 1.

13. 16 6. 36

34. 26.

6 1. 16

34. 10.

28 26. 16

19. 1.

35

29. 13.

28. 15

2. 22.

17. 19

2. 13.

28

10. 4.

28. 15

2. 17.

13

24. 17.

13

27. 2.

29. 28

20. 19.

30. 34

10. 35.

13. 2

35. 10.

28. 29 6. 29

13. 3.

27. 10

13. 35.

1

2. 26.

10. 34

26. 24.

32

37

27. 26.

28. 13

6. 13.

28. 1

16. 17.

26. 24 26

2. 13.

18. 17

2. 39.

30. 16

29. 1.

4. 16

2. 18.

26. 31

3. 4.

16. 35

36. 28.

40. 19

35. 36.

37. 32

27. 13.

1. 39

11. 22.

39. 30

27. 3.

15. 28

19. 29.

25. 39

25. 34.

6. 35

3. 27.

35. 16

2. 24.

26 35. 38

19. 35.

16

19. 1.

16. 10

35. 3.

15. 19

1. 18.

10. 24

35. 33.

27. 22

18. 28.

32. 9

3. 27.

29. 18

27. 40.

28. 8

26. 24.

32. 28

38

28. 26.

18. 35

28. 26.

35. 10

14. 13.

28. 17 23

17. 14.

13

35. 13.

16 28. 10 2. 35 13. 35

15. 32.

1. 13 18. 1 25. 13 6. 9

26. 2.

19

8. 32.

19

2. 32.

13

28. 2.

27 23. 28

35. 10.

18. 5 35. 33

24. 28.

35. 30 35. 13

11. 27.

32

28. 26.

10. 34

28. 26.

18. 23

39

35. 26.

24. 37

28. 27.

15. 3

18. 4.

28. 38

30. 7.

14. 26

10. 26.

34. 31

10. 35.

17. 7

2. 6.

34. 10

35. 37.

10. 2

28. 15.

10. 36

10. 37.

14

14. 10.

34. 40

35. 3.

22. 39

29. 28.

10. 18

35. 10.

2. 18

20. 10.

16. 38

35. 21.

28. 10

26. 17.

19. 1

35. 10.

38. 19 1

35. 20.

10

28. 10.

29. 35

28. 10.

35. 23

13. 15.

23 35. 38

1. 35.

10. 38

1. 10.

34. 28

32. 1.

18. 10

TIP

S P

aram

eter

Mat

rix

The rows of the matrix represent “What should be improved” versus

the columns that represent “What deteriorates”

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

1

15. 8.

29. 34

29. 17.

38. 34

29. 2.

40. 28

2. 8.

15. 38

8. 10.

18. 37

10. 36.

37. 40

10. 14.

35. 40

1. 35.

19. 39

28. 27.

18. 40

5. 34.

31. 35

6. 29.

4. 38

19. 1.

32

35. 12.

34. 31

12. 36.

18. 31

6. 2.

34. 19

5. 35.

3. 31

10. 24.

35

10. 35.

20. 28

3. 26.

18. 31

3. 11.

1. 27

28. 27.

35. 26

28. 35.

26. 18

2

10. 1.

29. 35

35. 30.

13. 2

5. 35.

14. 2

8. 10.

19. 35

13. 29.

10. 18

13. 10.

29. 14

26. 39.

1. 40

28. 2.

10. 27

2. 27.

19. 6

28. 19.

32. 22

35. 19.

32

18. 19.

28. 1

15. 19.

18. 22

18. 19.

28. 15

5. 8.

13. 30

10. 15.

35

10. 20.

35. 26

19. 6.

18. 26

10. 28.

8. 3

18. 26.

28

10. 1.

35. 17

3

15. 8.

29. 34

15. 17.

4

7. 17.

4. 35

13. 4.

8

17. 10.

4

1. 8.

35

1. 8.

10. 29

1. 8.

15. 34

8. 35.

29. 34 19

10. 15.

19 32

8. 35.

24 1. 35

7. 2.

35. 39

4. 29.

23. 10 1. 24

15. 2.

29 29. 35

10. 14.

29. 40

28. 32.

4

10. 28.

29. 37

4

35. 28.

40. 29

17. 7.

10. 40

35. 8.

2. 14 28. 1

1. 14.

35

13. 14.

15. 7

39. 37.

35

15. 14.

28. 26

1. 40.

35

3. 35.

38. 18 3. 25 12. 8 6. 28

10. 28.

24. 35 24. 26

30. 29.

14

15. 29.

28

32. 28.

3

2. 32.

10

5

2. 17.

29. 4

14. 15.

18. 4

7. 14.

17. 4

29. 30.

4. 34

19. 30.

35. 2

10. 15.

36. 28

5. 34.

29. 4

11. 2.

13. 39

3. 15.

40. 14 6. 3

2. 15.

16

15. 32.

19. 13 19. 32

19. 10.

32. 18

15. 17.

30. 26

10. 35.

2. 39 30. 26 26. 4

29. 30.

6. 13 29. 9

26. 28.

32. 3 2. 32

6

30. 2.

14. 18

26. 7.

9. 39

1. 18.

35. 36

10. 15.

36. 37 2. 38 40

2. 10.

19. 30

35. 39.

38 17. 32

17. 7.

30

10. 14.

18. 39 30. 16

10. 35.

4. 18

2. 18.

40. 4

32. 35.

40. 4

26. 28.

32. 3

2. 29.

18. 36

7

2. 26.

29. 40

1. 7.

35. 4

1. 7.

4. 17

29. 4.

38. 34

15. 35.

36. 37

6. 35.

36. 37

1. 15.

29. 4

28. 10.

1. 39

9. 14.

15. 7

6. 35.

4

34. 39.

10. 18

10. 13.

2 35

35. 6.

13. 18

7. 15.

13. 16

36. 39.

34. 10 2. 22

2. 6.

34. 10

29. 30.

7

14. 1.

40. 11

25. 26.

28

25. 28.

2. 16

8

35. 10.

19. 14 19. 14

35. 8.

2. 14

2. 18.

37 24. 35

7. 2.

35

34. 28.

35. 40

9. 14.

17. 15

35. 34.

38

35. 6.

4 30. 6

10. 39.

35. 34

35. 16.

32. 18 35. 3

2. 35.

16

35. 10.

25

9

2. 28.

13. 38

13. 14.

8

29. 30.

34

7. 29.

34

13. 28.

15. 19

6. 18.

38. 40

35. 15.

18. 34

28. 33.

1. 18

8. 3.

26. 14

3. 19.

35. 5

28. 30.

36. 2

10. 13.

19

8. 15.

35. 38

19. 35.

38. 2

14. 20.

19. 35

10. 13.

28. 38 13. 26

10. 19.

29. 38

11. 35.

27. 28

28. 32.

1. 24

10. 28.

32. 25

10

8. 1.

37. 18

18. 13.

1. 28

17. 19.

9. 36 28. 1

19. 10.

15

1. 18.

36. 37

15. 9.

12. 37

2. 36.

18. 37

13. 28.

15. 12

18. 21.

11

10. 35.

40. 34

35. 10.

21

35. 10.

14. 27 19. 2

35. 10.

21

19. 17.

10

1. 16.

36. 37

19. 35.

18. 37 14. 15

8. 35.

40. 5

10. 37.

36

14. 29.

18. 36

3. 35.

13. 21

35. 10.

23. 24

28. 29.

37. 36

11

10. 36.

37. 40

13. 29.

10. 18

35. 10.

36

35. 1.

14. 16

10. 15.

36. 28

10. 15.

36. 37

6. 35.

10 35. 34

6. 35.

36

36. 35.

21

35. 4.

15. 10

35. 33.

2. 40

9. 18.

3. 40

19. 3.

27

35. 39.

19. 2

14. 24.

10. 37

10. 35.

14

2. 36.

25

10. 36.

37

37. 36.

4

10. 14.

36

10. 13.

19. 35

6. 28.

25 3. 35

12

8. 10.

29. 40

15. 10.

26. 3

29. 34.

5. 4

13. 14.

10. 7

5. 34.

4. 10

14. 4.

15. 22

7. 2.

35

35. 15.

34. 18

35. 10.

37. 40

34. 15.

10. 14

33. 1.

18. 4

30. 14.

10. 40

14. 26.

9. 25

22. 14.

19. 32

13. 15.

32

2. 6.

34. 14 4. 6. 2 14

35. 29.

3. 5

14. 10.

34. 17 36. 22

10. 40.

16

28. 32.

1

32. 30.

40

13

21. 35.

2. 39

26. 39.

1. 40

13. 15.

1. 28 37

2. 11.

13 39

28. 10.

19. 39

34. 28.

35. 40

33. 15.

28. 18

10. 35.

21. 16

2. 35.

40

22. 1.

18. 4

17. 9.

15

13. 27.

10. 35

39. 3.

35. 23

35. 1.

32

32. 3.

27. 15 13. 19

27. 4.

29. 18

32. 35.

27. 31

14. 2.

39. 6

2. 14.

30. 40 35. 27

15. 32.

35 13 18

14

1. 8.

40. 15

40. 26.

27. 1

1. 15.

8. 35

15. 14.

28. 26

3. 34.

40. 29

9. 40.

28

10. 15.

14. 7

9. 14.

17. 15

8. 13.

26. 14

10. 18.

3. 14

10. 3.

18. 40

10. 30.

35. 40

13. 17.

35

27. 3.

26

30. 10.

40 35. 19

19. 35.

10 35

10. 26.

35. 28 35

35. 28.

31. 40

29. 3.

28. 10

29. 10.

27 11. 3

3. 27.

16 3. 27

15

19. 5.

34. 31

2. 19.

9

3. 17.

19

10. 2.

19. 30

3. 35.

5

19. 2.

16

19. 3.

27

14. 26.

28. 25

13. 3.

35

27. 3.

10

19. 35.

39

2. 19.

4. 35

28. 6.

35. 18

19. 10.

35. 38

28. 27.

3. 18 10

20. 10.

28. 18

3. 35.

10. 40

11. 2.

13 3

3. 27.

16. 40

16

6. 27.

19. 16

1. 40.

35

35. 34.

38

39. 3.

35. 23

19. 18.

36. 40 16

27. 16.

18. 38 10

28. 20.

10. 16

3. 35.

31

34. 27.

6. 40

10. 26.

24

17

36. 22.

6. 38

22. 35.

32

15. 19.

9

15. 19.

9

3. 35.

39. 18 35. 38

34. 39.

40. 18

35. 6.

4

2. 28.

36. 30

35. 10.

3. 21

35. 39.

19. 2

14. 22.

19. 32

1. 35.

32

10. 30.

22. 40

19. 13.

39

19. 18.

36. 40

32. 30.

21. 16

19. 15.

3. 17

2. 14.

17. 25

21. 17.

35. 38

21. 36.

29. 31

35. 28.

21. 18

3. 17.

30. 39

19. 35.

3. 10

32. 19.

24 24

18

19. 1.

32

2. 35.

32

19. 32.

16

19. 32.

26

2. 13.

10

10. 13.

19

26. 19.

6 32. 30

32. 3.

27 35. 19

2. 19.

6

32. 35.

19

32. 1.

19

32. 35.

1. 15 32

19. 16.

1. 6 13. 1 1. 6

19. 1.

26. 17 1. 19

11. 15.

32 3. 32

19

12. 18.

28. 31 12. 28

15. 19.

25

35. 13.

18

8. 15.

35

16. 26.

21. 2

23. 14.

25

12. 2.

29

19. 13.

17. 24

5. 19.

9. 35

28. 35.

6. 18

19. 24.

3. 14

2. 15.

19

6. 19.

37. 18

12. 22.

15. 24

35. 24.

18. 5

35. 38.

19. 18

34. 23.

16. 18

19. 21.

11. 27

3. 1.

32

20

19. 9.

6. 27 36. 37

27. 4.

29. 18 35

19. 2.

35. 32

28. 27.

18. 31

3. 35.

31

10. 36.

23

21

8. 36.

38. 31

19. 26.

17. 27

1. 10.

35. 37 19. 38

17. 32.

13. 38

35. 6.

38

30. 6.

25

15. 35.

2

26. 2.

36. 35

22. 10.

35

29. 14.

2. 40

35. 32.

15. 31

26. 10.

28

19. 35.

10. 38 16

2. 14.

17. 25

16. 6.

19

16. 6.

19. 37

10. 35.

38

28. 27.

18. 38 10. 19

35. 20.

10. 6

4. 34.

19

19. 24.

26. 31

32. 15.

2 32. 2

22

15. 6.

19. 28

19. 6.

18. 9

7. 2.

6. 13

6. 38.

7

15. 26.

17. 30

17. 7.

30. 18

7. 18.

23 7

16. 35.

38 36. 38

14. 2.

39. 6 26

19. 38.

7

1. 13.

32. 15 3. 38

35. 27.

2. 37 19. 10

10. 18.

32. 7

7. 18.

25

11. 10.

35 32

23

35. 6.

23. 40

35. 6.

22. 32

14. 29.

10. 39

10. 28.

24

35. 2.

10. 31

10. 18.

39. 31

1. 29.

30. 36

3. 39.

18. 31

10. 13.

28. 38

14. 15.

18. 40

3. 36.

37. 10

29. 35.

3. 5

2. 14.

30. 40

35. 28.

31. 40

28. 27.

3. 18

27. 16.

18. 38

21. 36.

39. 31

1. 6.

13

35. 18.

24. 5

28. 27.

12. 31

28. 27.

18. 38

35. 27.

2. 31

15. 18.

35. 10

6. 3.

10. 24

10. 29.

39. 35

16. 34.

31. 28

35. 10.

24. 31

24

10. 24.

35

10. 35.

5 1. 26 26 30. 26 30. 16 2. 22 26. 32 10 10 19 10. 19 19. 10

24. 26.

28. 32

24. 28.

35

10. 28.

23

25

10. 20.

37. 35

10. 20.

26. 5

15. 2.

29

30. 24.

14. 5

26. 4.

5. 16

10. 35.

17. 4

2. 5.

34. 10

35. 16.

32. 18

10. 37.

36. 5

37. 36.

4

4. 10.

34. 17

35. 3.

22. 5

29. 3.

28. 18

20. 10.

28. 18

28. 20.

10. 16

35. 29.

21. 18

1. 19.

21. 17

35. 38.

19. 18 1

35. 20.

10. 6

10. 5.

18. 32

35. 18.

10. 39

24. 26.

28. 32

35. 38.

18. 16

10. 30.

4

24. 34.

28. 32

24. 26.

28. 18

26

35. 6.

18. 31

27. 26.

18. 35

29. 14.

35. 18

15. 14.

29

2. 18.

40. 4

15. 20.

29

35. 29.

34. 28

35. 14.

3

10. 36.

14. 3 35. 14

15. 2.

17. 40

14. 35.

34. 10

3. 35.

10. 40

3. 35.

31

3. 17.

39

34. 29.

16. 18

3. 35.

31 35

7. 18.

25

6. 3.

10. 24

24. 28.

35

35. 38.

18316

18. 3.

28. 40

3. 2.

28 33. 30

27

3. 8.

10. 40

3. 10.

8. 28

15. 9.

14. 4

15. 29.

28. 11

17. 10.

14. 16

32. 35.

40. 4

3. 10.

14. 24

2. 35.

24

21. 35.

11. 28

8. 28.

10. 3

10. 24.

35. 19

35. 1.

16. 11 11. 28

2. 35.

3. 25

34. 27.

6. 40

3. 35.

10

11. 32.

13

21. 11.

27. 19 36. 23

21. 11.

26. 31

10. 11.

35

10. 35.

29. 39 10. 28

10. 30.

4

21. 28.

40. 3

32. 3.

11. 23

11. 32.

1

28

32. 35.

26. 28

28. 35.

25. 26

28. 26.

5. 16

32. 28.

3. 16

26. 28.

32. 3

26. 28.

32. 3

32. 13.

6

28. 13.

32. 24 32. 2

6. 28.

32

6. 28.

32

32. 35.

13

28. 6.

32

28. 6.

32

10. 26.

24

6. 19.

28. 24

6. 1.

32

3. 6.

32

3. 6.

32

26. 32.

27

10. 16.

31. 28

24. 34.

28. 32

2. 6.

32

5. 11.

1. 23

29

28. 32.

13. 18

28. 35.

27. 9

10. 28.

29. 37

2. 32.

10

28. 33.

29. 32

2. 29.

18. 36

32. 28.

2

25. 10.

35

10. 28.

32

28. 19.

34. 36 3. 35

32. 30.

40 30. 18 3. 27

3. 27.

40 19. 26 3. 32 32. 2 32. 2

13. 32.

2

35. 31.

10. 24

32. 26.

28. 18 32. 30

11. 32.

1

30

22. 21.

27. 39

2. 22.

13. 24

17. 1.

39. 4 1. 18

22. 1.

33. 28

27. 2.

39. 35

22. 23.

37. 35

34. 39.

19. 27

21. 22.

35. 28

13. 35.

39. 18

22. 2.

37

22. 1.

3. 35

35. 24.

30. 18

18. 35.

37. 1

22. 15.

33. 28

17. 1.

40. 33

22. 33.

35. 2

1. 19.

32. 13

1. 24.

6. 27

10. 2.

22. 37

19. 22.

31. 2

21. 22.

35. 2

33. 22.

19. 40

22. 10.

2

35. 18.

34

35. 33.

29. 31

27. 24.

2. 40

28. 33.

23. 26

26. 28.

10. 18

31

19. 22.

15. 39

35. 22.

1. 39

17. 15.

16. 22

17. 2.

18. 39

22. 1.

40

17. 2.

40

30. 18.

35. 4

35. 28.

3. 23

35. 28.

1. 40

2. 33.

27. 18 35. 1

35. 40.

27. 39

15. 35.

22. 2

15. 22.

33. 31

21. 39.

16. 22

22. 35.

2. 24

19. 24.

39. 32

2. 35.

6

19. 22.

18

2. 35.

18

21. 35.

22. 2

10. 1.

34

10. 21.

29 1. 22

3. 24.

39. 1

24. 2.

40. 39

3. 33.

26

4. 17.

34. 26

32

28. 29.

15. 16

1. 27.

36. 13

1. 29.

13. 17

15. 17.

27

13. 1.

26. 12 16. 4

13. 29.

1. 40 35

35. 13.

8. 1 35. 12

35. 19.

1. 37

1. 28.

13. 27

11. 13.

1

1. 3.

10. 32

27. 1.

4 35. 16

27. 26.

18

28. 24.

27. 1

28. 26.

27. 1 1. 4

27. 1.

12. 24 19. 35

15. 34.

33

32. 24.

18. 16

35. 28.

34. 4

35. 23.

1. 24

1. 35.

12. 18

33

25. 2.

13. 15

6. 13.

1. 25

1. 17.

13. 12

1. 17.

13. 16

18. 16.

15. 39

1. 16.

35. 15

4. 18.

31. 39

18. 13.

34

28. 13.

35

2. 32.

12

15. 34.

29. 28

32. 35.

30

32. 40.

3. 28

29. 3.

8. 25

1. 16.

25

26327.

13

13. 17.

1. 24

1. 13.

24

35. 34.

2. 10

2. 19.

13

28. 32.

2. 24

4. 10.

27. 22

4. 28.

10. 34 12. 35

17. 27.

8. 40

25. 13.

2. 34

1. 32.

35. 23

34

2. 27.

35. 11

2. 27.

35. 11

1. 28.

10. 25

3. 18.

31

15. 32.

13 16. 25

25. 2.

35. 11 1 34. 9

1. 11.

10 13

1. 13.

2. 4 2. 35

1. 11.

2. 9

11. 29.

28. 27 1 4. 10

15. 1.

13

15. 1.

28. 16

15. 10.

32. 2

15. 1.

32. 19

2. 35.

34. 27

32. 1.

10. 25

2. 28.

10. 25

11. 10.

1. 16

10. 2.

13 25. 10

35

1. 6.

15. 8

19. 15.

29. 16

35. 1.

29. 2

1. 35.

16

35. 30.

29. 7 15. 16

15. 35.

29

35. 10.

14

15. 17.

20 35. 16

15. 37.

1. 8

35. 30.

14

35. 3.

32. 6

13. 1.

35 2. 16

27. 2.

3. 35

6. 22.

26. 1

19. 35.

29. 13

19. 1.

29

18. 15.

1

15. 10.

2. 13 35. 28

3. 35.

15

35. 13.

8. 24

35. 5.

1. 10

36

26. 30.

34. 36

2. 26.

35. 39

1. 19.

26. 24 26

14. 1.

13. 16 6. 36

34. 26.

6 1. 16

34. 10.

28 26. 16

19. 1.

35

29. 13.

28. 15

2. 22.

17. 19

2. 13.

28

10. 4.

28. 15

2. 17.

13

24. 17.

13

27. 2.

29. 28

20. 19.

30. 34

10. 35.

13. 2

35. 10.

28. 29 6. 29

13. 3.

27. 10

13. 35.

1

2. 26.

10. 34

26. 24.

32

37

27. 26.

28. 13

6. 13.

28. 1

16. 17.

26. 24 26

2. 13.

18. 17

2. 39.

30. 16

29. 1.

4. 16

2. 18.

26. 31

3. 4.

16. 35

36. 28.

40. 19

35. 36.

37. 32

27. 13.

1. 39

11. 22.

39. 30

27. 3.

15. 28

19. 29.

25. 39

25. 34.

6. 35

3. 27.

35. 16

2. 24.

26 35. 38

19. 35.

16

19. 1.

16. 10

35. 3.

15. 19

1. 18.

10. 24

35. 33.

27. 22

18. 28.

32. 9

3. 27.

29. 18

27. 40.

28. 8

26. 24.

32. 28

38

28. 26.

18. 35

28. 26.

35. 10

14. 13.

28. 17 23

17. 14.

13

35. 13.

16 28. 10 2. 35 13. 35

15. 32.

1. 13 18. 1 25. 13 6. 9

26. 2.

19

8. 32.

19

2. 32.

13

28. 2.

27 23. 28

35. 10.

18. 5 35. 33

24. 28.

35. 30 35. 13

11. 27.

32

28. 26.

10. 34

28. 26.

18. 23

39

35. 26.

24. 37

28. 27.

15. 3

18. 4.

28. 38

30. 7.

14. 26

10. 26.

34. 31

10. 35.

17. 7

2. 6.

34. 10

35. 37.

10. 2

28. 15.

10. 36

10. 37.

14

14. 10.

34. 40

35. 3.

22. 39

29. 28.

10. 18

35. 10.

2. 18

20. 10.

16. 38

35. 21.

28. 10

26. 17.

19. 1

35. 10.

38. 19 1

35. 20.

10

28. 10.

29. 35

28. 10.

35. 23

13. 15.

23 35. 38

1. 35.

10. 38

1. 10.

34. 28

32. 1.

18. 10

TIP

S P

aram

eter

Mat

rix

The rows of the matrix represent “What should be improved” versus

the columns that represent “What deteriorates”

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

1

15. 8.

29. 34

29. 17.

38. 34

29. 2.

40. 28

2. 8.

15. 38

8. 10.

18. 37

10. 36.

37. 40

10. 14.

35. 40

1. 35.

19. 39

28. 27.

18. 40

5. 34.

31. 35

6. 29.

4. 38

19. 1.

32

35. 12.

34. 31

12. 36.

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28. 10.

29. 35

28. 10.

35. 23

13. 15.

23 35. 38

1. 35.

10. 38

1. 10.

34. 28

32. 1.

18. 10


• Basic Methodology:1. Determine the conflict(s) in the design problem.2. Formulate as conflicts in generalized engineering parameters (refer to

table).3. Determine the intersections of the TIPS Parameter Matrix for the number

indices of the engineering parameters (refer to matrix).4. Read the principles that apply to help solve the problem (or simply try all

40 design principles (refer to tables).5. Use the design principles to develop creative solutions to the conflict(s),

referring to the examples of the design principles as analogies and by carrying out an extensive search for physical effects (refer to table) that satisfy the design principle.

6. Sketch and refine the idea(s), such as through the 6-3-5 / CSketch Method, so that it may be integrated into the entire product concept.

TIPS Application I

• Domain: Clothes Iron– Conflict / Contradiction: Heavy weight to remove wrinkles

(adhesion of clothing fibers) but desire low human force to operate (ergonomics)

– Generalized Parameters: Weight of Moving Object (#1) vs. Force (#10)

– TIPS Parameter Matrix Indicates Principles:8, 10, 18, 37

– Exemplar inventive concepts from principles: segmented iron, counter weighted iron, clam shell iron press, eccentric weight iron with vibration isolation, ultrasonic iron vibrating water molecules, heated iron or steam iron

TIPS Application II

• Domain: Metal Shot Manufacturing– Conflict / Contradiction: Directing

shot versus wear on piping (ducting) and acoustic noise generated

– Generalized Parameters: Duration of action generalized by moving object (#15) vs. Energy consumed by moving object (#19)

– TIPS Parameter Matrix Indicates Principles: 6, 28

Pipe

Shot

Figure 10.13. Conflict for a pipe transport system.

Pipe

Shot

MagnetsProtective Shot

Layer

Figure 10.14. Generated solution to resolve conflict.

TIPS Application III• Domain: Fingernail Clipper

Product– Conflict / Contradiction: need to

import the hand (large dimensions and surface area for comfort and nail access) versus the need for compact storage

– Generalized Parameters: User Friendliness (#33) vs. Area of Stationary Object (#6)

– TIPS Parameter Matrix Indicates Principles: 15

Figure 10.15. Fingernail clipper concept, with the need for compact storage.

TIPS Application IV• Domain: Cat Litter Box

– Conflict / Contradiction: litter to surround and encapsulate cat waste vs. separate the waste easily from the litter (easy cleaning)

– TIPS Parameter Matrix Indicates Principles: 7, 13

Figure 10.16a. Inventive solution to the waste filtration function of a cat-litter box

product



• Idea Representation


233

Jigsaw Exercise: Activity DiagramCompare &Choose Saw

Beginning ofLife Cycle

Test TrialSaws

PurchaseSaw

TransportSaw

Termination ofLife Cycle

Dispose orRecycle Saw

UnpackageSaw

Set-UpSaw

StowSaw

MaintainSaw

RetrieveBlade

StowBlade

InsertBlade

StowBattery

LoadBattery intoCharger

RetrieveBattery

AlignMaterial & Saw

Prepare toCut

CutMaterial

LoadBattery

WatchCut

AdjustCut

MoveSaw

StopSawing

MoveSaw

CleanWork Area

234

Product Prototype CasesKeurig individual serving

coffee brewer

235

Product Prototype Cases

236


Keurig coffee brewer industrial design

prototype. The parts are completely

non-functional solid blocks, but the

prototype conveys the look and feel.

237


100 dpi

Keurig coffee

brewer

experimental

prototype.

238


100 dpi

Keurig coffee brewer alpha prototype.

239


100 dpi

Keurig coffee brewer beta prototype.

240

Idea Representation

• Novel UmbrellaConcepts:

241

Idea Representation

What chapter will you add to your ebook?

What story will you tell?

How will you design our World?

ACI Creativity and Design Day 4

Business

Transcript of ACI Creativity and Design Day 4