Achieving Long-Term Surveillance in VigilNet
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Achieving Long-Term Surveillance
in VigilNetPascal A. Vicaire
Department of Computer Science
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, USA
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Motivating Application: Battlefield SurveillanceTo
Satellite
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Other Applications
Wildlife Monitoring
Alarm System
Flock Protection
Border Surveillance
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Power Consumption: An Important Issue in Surveillance Systems No power management 4 days lifetime!
Power management 10 months lifetime!
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State of the Art: Hardware
Power efficient hardware MICA2, MICAz, XSM, etc…
Energy scavenging hardware Vibrations. Roundy et al., “A Study of Low Level
Vibrations as a Power Source for Wireless Sensor Network”, Computer Communications, 2003.
Sun light. Perpetually powered Telos.
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State of the Art: Software
Synchronization and coordination: Nodes turn on only for specific tasks of which the execution time is known in advance.
Data aggregation and compression: Nodes reduce amount of transferred data to decrease energy costs.
Coverage control: Nodes providing redundant sensing coverage are turned off.
Duty cycle scheduling: Nodes alternate between on and off states at a fast rate, which still allow them to detect slow paced targets.
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Power Management in VigilNet Combination of three schemes in real system.
Duty CycleScheduling
TripwireService
SentryService
Node Level
Group Level
Network Level
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Putting Nodes Into a Sleep State
Toggle Period
Sleep 1% Wakeup Sleep
Preamble length = TogglePeriod * BitRate SYNC Bytes DATA CRC
Putting nodes to sleep as often and as long as possible. Sleeping mode: node wakeup 1% of the time.
Wakeup operation: send message with long preamble.
(1s)
(10ms)
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Group Level: Sentry Selection Redundant sensing coverage!
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Group Level: Sentry Selection Sentry selection and rotation.
Asleep
Awake
Sentry
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Group Level: Sentry Selection How are the sentries selected?
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Group Level: Sentry Selection 1. Neighbors exchange “hello” message
(ID + position + nb of neighbors + energy).
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Group Level: Sentry Selection 2. Each node selects a delay according to its
energy resources and coverage.
Delay = Function (Energy + Coverage)
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Group Level: Sentry Selection 3. Once the delay is elapsed, a node
announces itself as a sentry.
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Group Level: Sentry Selection Tradeoff: detection probability versus density.
TargetDetectionProbability
Number of Sentries inArea
10010 1,000
Sensing Radius=20mSensing Radius=8mSensing Radius=2m
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Node Level: Duty Cycle Scheduling Target takes time to go through the network.
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Node Level: Duty Cycle Scheduling Target takes time to go through the network
duty cycle scheduling.
Toggle Period (1s)
Asleep(800ms)
Awake (200ms)
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Node Level: Duty Cycle Scheduling Putting it all together.
Asleep
Awake
Sentry
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Node Level: Duty Cycle Scheduling Tradeoff: detection probability versus duty cycle.
Target DetectionProbability
Proportion of the TimeSentries are Awake
40%
100%
0% 20%
1000 Nodes, V=10m/s1000 Nodes, V=30m/s
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Exploiting knowledge about the target.
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Putting it all together.
Asleep
Awake
Sentry
Tripwire
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Each base station defines a tripwire; a node pertains
to the tripwire associated with the closest base.
Tripwire
Node
Base Station
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling There are as many tripwires as base stations.
Tripwire
Node
Base Station
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Tripwire schedule specification:
Tripwire1
Tripwire2
Tripwire3
Tripwire4
Tripwire5
Tripwire6
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Tripwire schedule specification:
Tripwire1
Tripwire2
Tripwire3
Tripwire4
Tripwire5
Tripwire6
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Tripwire schedule specification:
Tripwire1
Tripwire2
Tripwire3
Tripwire4
Tripwire5
Tripwire6
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Tripwire schedule specification:
Tripwire1
Tripwire2
Tripwire3
Tripwire4
Tripwire5
Tripwire6
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Tripwire schedule specification:
Tripwire1
Tripwire2
Tripwire3
Tripwire4
Tripwire5
Tripwire6
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Tripwire schedule specification:
Tripwire1
Tripwire2
Tripwire3
Tripwire4
Tripwire5
Tripwire6
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Tripwire schedule specification:
Tripwire1
Tripwire2
Tripwire3
Tripwire4
Tripwire5
Tripwire6
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
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Network Level: Tripwire Scheduling Tripwire schedule specification:
Tripwire1
Tripwire2
Tripwire3
Tripwire4
Tripwire5
Tripwire6
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
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On-Demand Wakeup
Wakeup PathTo Base StationFor Prompt Reporting
Detection Wakeup SurroundingNodes for Better Target Tracking, Target Classification,& Velocity Estimation
Asleep
Awake
Base Station
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Evaluation Methodology
Field
XSMsTripwire 1 Tripwire 2
Tripwire 3
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Evaluation Methodology
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (seconds)
En
erg
y(m
w)
Sentry
NonSentry
Initialization Duration = 5 minutes
Surveillance Duration = 1day
Without system rotation:NonSentry Life Time: 250 daysSentry LifeTime: 7 daysEne
rgy
(mW
s)
Time (s)
Initialization
Surveillance
SentryNon-Sentry
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Evaluation Results: Lifetime
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
No PM + Sentry + Duty Cycle + Tripwire
Lifetime (days)
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Evaluation Results: Target Detection and Classification Average detection delay: 2.42 seconds. Average classification delay: 3.56 seconds. Classification of humans, humans with
weapons, and vehicles. Average delay to get velocity estimation:
3.75 seconds (average error: 6%).
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Summary
Successfully integrate 3 power management strategies into real surveillance system having a 10 months lifetime (source code available online).
Analytical model to predict system performance under various system configurations.
Simulation results exposing tradeoffs between detection performance and lifetime of the network.
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My Webpage: www.cs.virginia.edu/~pv9f
Tian’s Webpage:www.cs.umn.edu/~tianhe
Research Group Webpage:www.cs.virginia.edu/~stankovic/sensornet.html
Questions?