Rina D. AmistadAcetaminophen (oral) (a SEET a MIN oh fen)INDICATION: Acetaminophen is used to treat many conditions such as headache, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches, colds, and fevers.MECHANISM OF ACTION: inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), with a predominant effect on COX-2. Inhibition of COX enzymes prevents the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, an unstable intermediate byproduct which is converted to pro-inflammatory compounds.In the central nervous system, inhibition of COX enzymes reduces concentrations of prostaglandin E2, which lowers the hypothalamic set-point to reduce feverCONTRAINDICATION: existingallergyto the drug,liver disease, regular alcohol consumption, and possible interactions with certain other medications.SIDE EFFECTS: Nausea and vomiting1. Drinking gradually larger amounts of clear liquids. 2. Avoiding solid food until the vomiting episode has passed.3. Temporarily discontinuing all oral medications (which can irritate the stomach and make vomiting worse). But, do not discontinue any medication before checking with your doctor first.4. Eat small meals throughout the day instead of three large meals.5. Rest after eating with your head elevated about 12 inches above your feet.6. Drink liquids between meals instead of during meals and drink at least six to eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day to prevent dehydration (unless fluid restricted for another medical condition).7. Eat foods that are cool or room temperature, as hot foods emit a stronger odor that may increase your nausea.8. Avoid caffeine and smoking9. Require appropriate dietary advice and advice on fluid intake.10. watch for hydration status

Itching 1. Remind patient to use tepid (not hot) water and to shake off excess water and blot between intertriginous areas (body folds) with a towel.2. Advise patient to avoid rubbing vigorously with towel, which over stimulates skin, causing more itching.3. Instruct patient to avoid scratching and to trim nails short to prevent skin damage and infection.4. Advise patient to avoid situations that cause vasodilation (warm environment, ingestion of alcohol or hot foods and liquids).5. Lubricate skin with an emollient that traps moisture (specifically after bathing).6. Keep room cool and humidified.7. Advise patient to wear soft cotton clothing next to skin and avoid activities that result in perspiration.8. When the underlying cause of pruritus is unknown and further testing is required, explain each test and the expected outcome.9. Maintaining a cool room temperature10. Taking showers instead of baths

Loss of appetite1. Eat small frequent meals and healthy snacks that are high in protein and calories.2. Eat during periods of greatest appetite, rather than at set mealtimes. Be flexible. Eat whenever you feel hungry.3. Rest before eating.4. Indulge in your favorite foods.5. Make plans to eat with family and friends.6. Dont drink large quantities of fluids with meals, since this will make you feel fuller sooner.7. Exercise as tolerated. A moderate exercise routine helps stimulate appetite.8. Make mealtime as pleasant as possible9. Avoid foods that cause bloating and gas, such as cabbage, broccoli, and beans; or indigestion, such as spicy foods.10. Avoid empty calorie liquids Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).

1. Assess and document degree of jaundice of skin and sclera.2. Intervene to reduce anxiety. 3. Reinforce the health care providers explanation about the cause and expected outcome of jaundice.4. Promote adequate nutrition. Assess dietary intake and nutritional status. 5. Encourage the client to adhere to a high-carbohydrate diet, with protein intake6. Monitor intake output7. Assess skin color every 8 hours8. Give the cause of yellow health education9. Instruct to avoid eating raw foods10. Encourage the client to express feelings and concerns about body-image changes. Trouble breathing

1. Gentle rubbing of the back and stroking of an arm2. Ensuring the room is well ventilated3. Distraction can help some patients take their mind off their dyspnea4. Require oxygen therapy with an oxygen mask5. Ensure that the pillows are supporting the small of the patients back6. Leaning forward with their arms resting on a pillow on a bed table.7. Specific breathing exercises can be highly beneficial for patients with chronic dyspnea8. Encouraged to expectorate and dispose of sputum in a tissue or sputum pot9. Encouraged to drink up to two liters of fluid daily to minimize the risk of dehydration10. Offering several small, regular, balanced meals/snacks throughout the day can help to reduce discomfort and improve nutritional intake.

Hoarseness1. Instruct patient to hydrate2. Instruct patient to avoid irritants3. Emphasize on smoking cessation4. Instruct to reduce caffeine intake5. Teach techniques to maximize vocal effectiveness6. Provide relaxation techniques7. Provide vocal hygiene8. Advice on proper diet9. Emphasize that alcohol intake results to dehydration10. Instruct to avoid vocal strain such as shouting and throat clearing Dizziness1. Ensure safety by raising side rails2. Encourage to wear properly fitting non-slip footwear3. Furniture should be removed with sharp edges4. Throw rugs should be removed5. Provide well lighted room6. Instruct to arise slowly and avoid sudden position changes7. Please avoid driving or ask help or assistance when driving8. Instruct that the room should be free from clutter9. Instruct to avoid strenuous activities10. Instruct to sit while doing activities rather than standing.