ACCOUNTING THEORY UNDERLYING FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
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Transcript of ACCOUNTING THEORY UNDERLYING FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
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ACCOUNTING THEORY UNDERLYING FINANCIAL
ACCOUNTING
CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5
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Accounting Theory DefinedAccounting Theory Defined
173
“. . . a set of basic conceptsand assumptions and related
principles that explain andguide the accountant’sactions in identifying,
measuring, andcommunicating economic
information.”
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Accounting theory provides a logical framework for accounting practice.
Structure of Accounting Theory Structure of Accounting Theory FormalFormal ApproachApproach
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Accounting theory provides a logical framework for accounting practice.
ASSUMPTIONS
Structure of Accounting Theory Structure of Accounting Theory FormalFormal ApproachApproach
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Accounting theory provides a logical framework for accounting practice.
ASSUMPTIONS
PRINCIPLES
Structure of Accounting Theory Structure of Accounting Theory FormalFormal ApproachApproach
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Accounting theory provides a logical framework for accounting practice.
ASSUMPTIONS
PRINCIPLES
RULES
Structure of Accounting Theory Structure of Accounting Theory FormalFormal ApproachApproach
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Accounting theory is somewhat like a cloud, i.e. not well-defined.
AccountingTheory
Structure of Accounting Theory Structure of Accounting Theory InformalInformal ApproachApproach
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The terms "assumptions", "principles", "rules", "concepts", "postulates", "standards", etc. are used many different ways in the profession.
Therefore, the authors' classification of these terms is not important to us in this course.
i.e., you do not have to understand the authors’ theory structure - just know the meaning and relevance of the items/“ideas” on the following slides.
Structure of Accounting Theory Structure of Accounting Theory InformalInformal ApproachApproach
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Each business has an identity separate from its owners.
The business is the accounting entity. Financial statements report
only the activities, resources, and obligations of that business.
Each business has an identity separate from its owners.
The business is the accounting entity. Financial statements report
only the activities, resources, and obligations of that business.
Business Entity “Idea”Business Entity “Idea”
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Going-ConcernGoing-Concern
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we assume that a business will continue to exist indefinitely. For example, a company is more
likely to acquire long-term assets if it can assume that the company will continue to exist indefinitely.
It is fundamental to the matching principle.
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we assume that a business will continue to exist indefinitely. For example, a company is more
likely to acquire long-term assets if it can assume that the company will continue to exist indefinitely.
It is fundamental to the matching principle.
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MONEY MEASUREMENTMONEY MEASUREMENT
Business entities measure economic events and transactions in monetary units. In the United States, the unit of
measurement is the dollar.
Business entities measure economic events and transactions in monetary units. In the United States, the unit of
measurement is the dollar.
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Stable Dollar orStable Dollar orStable Monetary UnitStable Monetary Unit
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Assumes that the dollar maintains a relatively stable value. In countries with high inflation, this
assumption may not be valid.
Assumes that the dollar maintains a relatively stable value. In countries with high inflation, this
assumption may not be valid.
Stable Dollar orStable Dollar orStable Monetary UnitStable Monetary Unit
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Assumes that the dollar maintains a relatively stable value. In countries with high inflation, this
assumption may not be valid.
Accountants do not adjust the accounts for the changing value of the dollar (i.e., inflation)
Assumes that the dollar maintains a relatively stable value. In countries with high inflation, this
assumption may not be valid.
Accountants do not adjust the accounts for the changing value of the dollar (i.e., inflation)
Stable Dollar orStable Dollar orStable Monetary UnitStable Monetary Unit
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Continuous business activity is divided into arbitrary time periods as exemplified by this time line.
Business activity is best reported in annual, quarterly or monthly periods.
Continuous business activity is divided into arbitrary time periods as exemplified by this time line.
Business activity is best reported in annual, quarterly or monthly periods.
PeriodicityPeriodicity
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Substance Over Form The substance of a transaction or
economic event is more important than its legal form.
Other Basic IdeasOther Basic Ideas
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Other Basic IdeasOther Basic Ideas
Substance Over Form The substance of a transaction or
economic event is more important than its legal form.
e.g., next semester, we will study that even though parent and subsidiary companies are legally separate entities, GAAP says that a set of consolidated financial statements must be prepared as if they were one company, i.e., one economic entity.
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Consistency Requires that a company use the same
accounting principles from one period to the next. It does not require that all companies use the same principles.
A change from one acceptable accounting principle to another must be disclosed in the notes notes to the financial statements.
Consistency Requires that a company use the same
accounting principles from one period to the next. It does not require that all companies use the same principles.
A change from one acceptable accounting principle to another must be disclosed in the notes notes to the financial statements.
Other Basic IdeasOther Basic Ideas
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Double-Entry Bookkeeping Every transaction will have both a debit
effect and a credit effect on the primary financial statements.
Total debits must equalequal total credits.
Articulation The primary financial statements are
fundamentally related to each other as shown on page 19.
Double-Entry Bookkeeping Every transaction will have both a debit
effect and a credit effect on the primary financial statements.
Total debits must equalequal total credits.
Articulation The primary financial statements are
fundamentally related to each other as shown on page 19.
Other Basic IdeasOther Basic Ideas
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Major Principles/IdeasMajor Principles/Ideas
Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
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Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
All transactions are recorded at their historical
cost at the time of the transaction.
All transactions are recorded at their historical
cost at the time of the transaction.
Major Principles/IdeasMajor Principles/Ideas
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Exchange-Price or Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Exchange-Price or Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
The most important
principle. It provides the basis
for accrual accounting.
The most important
principle. It provides the basis
for accrual accounting.
Major Principles/IdeasMajor Principles/Ideas
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Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Revenues are recorded when they are earned (i.e., realized).
When does this happen?
When title passes.
Revenues are recorded when they are earned (i.e., realized).
When does this happen?
When title passes.
Major Principles/IdeasMajor Principles/Ideas
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Exceptions to Exceptions to Revenue Recognition PrincipleRevenue Recognition Principle
180 181
Cash basis of revenue recognition Installment basis of revenue recognition
(Need only know concept, not how to apply) Percentage-of-completion basis of
revenue recognition Revenue recognition at completion of
production(Need only know concept, not how to apply)
Cash basis of revenue recognition Installment basis of revenue recognition
(Need only know concept, not how to apply) Percentage-of-completion basis of
revenue recognition Revenue recognition at completion of
production(Need only know concept, not how to apply)
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Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Expenses should be recorded as
they are incurred in the process of
earning revenues.
Expenses should be recorded as
they are incurred in the process of
earning revenues.
Major Principles/IdeasMajor Principles/Ideas
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Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
The rules are different for
recognition of gains and losses.
The rules are different for
recognition of gains and losses.
Major Principles/IdeasMajor Principles/Ideas
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Gain and Loss RecognitionGain and Loss Recognition
Gains are recognized/recorded at the time they are realized.
For example, an increase in the value of land cannot be recognized as a gain until the land is actually soldsold.
Gains are recognized/recorded at the time they are realized.
For example, an increase in the value of land cannot be recognized as a gain until the land is actually soldsold.
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Gain and Loss RecognitionGain and Loss Recognition
Gains are recognized/recorded at the time they are realized.
For example, an increase in the value of land cannot be recognized as a gain until the land is actually soldsold.
Losses are recognized when they become apparent.
For example, a decrease in the value of inventory would be recognized as a loss when it becomes apparent.
Gains are recognized/recorded at the time they are realized.
For example, an increase in the value of land cannot be recognized as a gain until the land is actually soldsold.
Losses are recognized when they become apparent.
For example, a decrease in the value of inventory would be recognized as a loss when it becomes apparent.
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Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Exchange-Price or Historical Cost
Matching Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Gain and Loss
Recognition Full Disclosure
Disclose in the financial
statements or related notes, all
information important enough
to influence a stakeholder.
Disclose in the financial
statements or related notes, all
information important enough
to influence a stakeholder.
Major Principles/IdeasMajor Principles/Ideas
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Cost-Benefit ConsiderationCost-Benefit Consideration
Optional information should be included in the primary financial statements only if the benefits of providing it
exceed the costs.
For example, providing a listing of every sales transaction may be
interesting, but the cost of providing that information to every shareholder
might bankrupt the company.
Optional information should be included in the primary financial statements only if the benefits of providing it
exceed the costs.
For example, providing a listing of every sales transaction may be
interesting, but the cost of providing that information to every shareholder
might bankrupt the company.
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MaterialityMateriality
An item is material if knowledge of the item would affect the decision of an informed user, therefore, this is a somewhat nebulous concept.
Material items must be reported. An item can be material either in amount
or in nature.Materiality in amount is relative to the size of the amounts on a company’s fin. stmts.
(e.g. $50,000,000 may not be material …)
An item is material if knowledge of the item would affect the decision of an informed user, therefore, this is a somewhat nebulous concept.
Material items must be reported. An item can be material either in amount
or in nature.Materiality in amount is relative to the size of the amounts on a company’s fin. stmts.
(e.g. $50,000,000 may not be material …)
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ConservatismConservatism
Transactions should be recorded so that net assets and net
income are not overstated.
Anticipate losses, but do not anticipate
gains.
Transactions should be recorded so that net assets and net
income are not overstated.
Anticipate losses, but do not anticipate
gains.
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Summary of Significant Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesAccounting Policies
Appears in the notes to the financial statements.
Includes a discussion of the major accounting policies.
Appears in the notes to the financial statements.
Includes a discussion of the major accounting policies.
pp
. 195
-197
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A good framework is the best foundation.
Almost FinishedAlmost Finished
You may
skip from
p. 186 (F
ASB
Framework
Project) to
p. 195
(Summary of
Significant
Accounting
Policies).
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Virtual Keypad Questions
ConclusionConclusion