Accounting Clinic i
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Transcript of Accounting Clinic i
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Accounting Clinic IAccounting Clinic I
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Prepared by: Nir Yehuda
With contributions by
Stephen H. Penman – Columbia University
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IntroductionIntroduction
Accounting clinic I contains the following:• A brief review of the four financial statements• Examples of how each financial statement is prepared• A summary of the principles of measurement in financial
statement
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The Financial StatementsThe Financial Statements
1. Balance Sheet
2. Income Statement
3. Cash Flow Statement
4. Statement of Shareholders’ Equity
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February 1, February 2, 2002 2001 ------------- ------------- ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,641 $ 4,910 Short-term investments 273 525 Accounts receivable, net 2,269 2,424 Inventories 278 400 Other 1,416 1,467 ------ ------ Total current assets 7,877 9,726 Property, plant and equipment, 826 996 net Investments 4,373 2,418 Other non-current assets 459 530 ------ ------ Total assets $ 13,535 $ 13,670 ------ ------ LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 5,075 $ 4,286 Accrued and other 2,444 2,492 ------ ------ Total current liabilities 7,519 6,778 Long-term debt 520 509 Other 802 761 Commitments and contingent - - liabilities (Note 7) ------ ------ Total liabilities 8,841 8,048 ------ ------ Stockholders equity: Preferred stock and capital in - - excess of $.01 par value; shares issued and outstanding: none Common stock and capital in 5,605 4,795 excess of $.01 par value; shares authorized: 7,000; shares issued: 2,654 and 2,601, respectively Treasury stock, at cost; 52 (2,249) - shares and no shares, respectively Retained earnings 1,364 839 Other comprehensive income 38 62 Other (64) (74) ------ ------ Total stockholders equity 4,694 5,622 ------ ------ Total liabilities and $ 13,535 $ 13,670 stockholders equity ------ ------
The Balance Sheet: The Balance Sheet: Dell Computer Dell Computer
CorporationCorporation
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• The balance sheet reports the resources the firm controls at a
point in time and the claims against those resources. That is, it is
a detailed description of the firm's assets, liabilities and owners'
equity.
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The Form of the Balance SheetThe Form of the Balance Sheet
Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ EquityorShareholders’ Equity = Assets – Liabilities• Assets are economic resources that produce future earnings.• Liabilities are obligations to transfer assets or provide services to parties
other than the owners.• Equity is the owners' residual interest in the assets of an entity that
remains after deducting the liabilities.
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Example - Balance Sheet PreparationExample - Balance Sheet Preparation
• Presented below are selected accounts of Biking Corporation at December 31, 2004:
Patent $150,000 Income taxes payable $93,000 Interest payable 30,000 Notes payable (short-term) 264,000Bonds payable 450,000 Equipment 950,000Common stock, $5 par value 400,000 Discount on bonds payable 25,000Preferred stock, $10 par value 150,000 Refundable federal and state income taxes 97,630Prepaid insurance 89,000 Accumulated depreciation – equipment 232,000Accounts payable 283,000 Inventory 242,000Trading securities 117,000 Cash 360,000Land 520,000 Accumulated depreciation – building 450,000Accounts receivable 143,000 Long-term loan from bank 640,000Rent payable 45,000 Building 1,200,000Retained earnings ?
Required: Prepare a classified balance sheet.
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SolutionSolution
Current assets $ Current liabilities $Cash 360,000 Accounts payable 283,000Trading securities 117,000 Notes payable 264,000Accounts receivable 143,000 Interest payable 30,000Inventory 242,000 Income taxes payable 93,000Prepaid insurance 89,000 Rent payable 45,000Total current assets 951,000 Total current liabilities 715,000
Property, plant and equipment Long-term liabilitiesLand 520,000 Long term loan from bank 640,000Buildings 1,200,000 Bonds payable 450,000Less acc. depreciation (450,000) 750,000 Less discount on bonds payable (25,000) 425,000Equipment 950,000 Total long term liabilities 1,065,000Less acc. depreciation (232,000) 718,000 Total liabilities 1,780,000Total Property, plant and equipment 1,988,000
Stockholders’ equityIntangible assets Capital stockPatent 150,000 Preferred stock, $10 par; 150,000
Common stock, $5 par 400,000 550,000Retained earnings 759,000Total stockholders’ equity
Total assets 3,089,000 Total liabilities and 3,089,000stockholders’ equity
Retained earnings are calculated as a plug number.
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• The balance sheet reports assets and the claims on those assets at a point in time.
• The other three financial statements summarize the effects of transactions and economic events occurring between two balance sheets dates.
• The income statement reports revenues less expenses (earnings) that increase owners' equity between two balance sheet dates.
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Fiscal Year Ended ------------------------------------------- February 1, February 2, January 28, 2002 2001 2000 ------------ ------------ ------------- Net revenue $ 31,168 $ 31,888 $ 25,265 Cost of revenue 25,661 25,445 20,047 ------ ------ ------ Gross margin 5,507 6,443 5,218 ------ ------ ------ Operating expenses: Selling, general and 2,784 3,193 2,387 administrative Research, development and 452 482 374 engineering Special charges 482 105 194 ------ ------ ------ Total operating expenses 3,718 3,780 2,955 ------ ------ ------ Operating income 1,789 2,663 2,263 Investment and other income (58) 531 188 (loss), net ------ ------ ------ Income before income taxes and 1,731 3,194 2,451 cumulative effect of change in accounting principle Provision for income taxes 485 958 785 ------ ------ ------ Income before cumulative 1,246 2,236 1,666 effect of change in accounting principle Cumulative effect of change in - 59 - accounting principle, net ------ ------ ------ Net income $ 1,246 $ 2,177 $ 1,666 ------ ------ ------ Earnings per common share: Before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle: Basic $ 0.48 $ 0.87 $ 0.66 ------ ------ ------ Diluted $ 0.46 $ 0.81 $ 0.61 ------ ------ ------ After cumulative effect of change in accounting principle: Basic $ 0.48 $ 0.84 $ 0.66 ------ ------ ------ Diluted $ 0.46 $ 0.79 $ 0.61 ------ ------ ------ Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic 2,602 2,582 2,536 Diluted 2,726 2,746 2,728
The Income Statement: The Income Statement: Dell Computer Dell Computer
CorporationCorporation
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The Form of the Income StatementThe Form of the Income Statement
Net Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Margin
Gross Margin – Operating Expenses = Operating Income before Tax (EBIT)
Operating Income before Tax – Interest Expense = Income before Taxes
Income before Taxes – Income Taxes = Income after Taxes (and before
Extraordinary Items)
Income before Extraordinary Items + Extraordinary Items = Net Income
Net Income – Preferred Dividends = Net Income Available to Common
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Example - Income Statement PreparationExample - Income Statement Preparation
• below are selected ledger accounts of Grant Corporation at December 31, 2005:
Merchandise Inventory 409,000 Accounting and legal services 24,000Office salaries 282,000 Shipment-in 81,000Sales 5,000,000 Advertising 108,000Purchases 2,548,000 Depreciation of office 62,000Insurance expense 26,000 Depreciation of sales equipment 58,000Sales commission 76,000 Sales salaries 257,000Sales returns 42,000 Extraordinary loss (before tax) 96,000Purchase discounts 31,000 Interest expense 176,000
A physical inventory indicates that the ending inventory is $547,000.
Assume a tax rate of 35%.
Required:Prepare a condensed income statement
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SolutionSolution
Net Sales (1) 4,958,000Cost of goods sold (2) 2,460,000 Gross profit 2,498,000Selling expense (3) 499,000Administrative expense (4) 394,000 893,000 Income from operations 1,605,000Other expense 176,000Income before taxes 1,429,000 Income taxes (35%) 500,150Income before extraordinary item 928,850Extraordinary loss, net of $33,600 taxes 62,400Net income 866,450
(1) 5,000,000-42,000
(2) 409,000+(2,548,000+81,000-31,000)-547,000
(3) 257,000+76,000+108,000+58,000
(4) 282,000+26,000+24,000+62,000
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Fiscal Year Ended ------------------------------------------- February 1, February 2, January 28, 2002 2001 2000 ------------ ------------ ------------- Cash flows from operating activities: Net income $ 1,246 $ 2,177 $ 1,666 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 239 240 156 Tax benefits of employee 487 929 1,040 stock plans Special charges 742 105 194 (Gains)/losses on investments 17 (307) (80) Other 178 135 56 Changes in: Operating working capital 826 642 812 Non-current assets and 62 274 82 liabilities ------ ------ ------ Net cash provided by 3,797 4,195 3,926 operating activities ------ ------ ------ Cash flows from investing activities: Investments: Purchases (5,382) (2,606) (3,101) Maturities and sales 3,425 2,331 2,319 Capital expenditures (303) (482) (401) ------ ------ ------ Net cash used in investing (2,260) (757) (1,183) activities ------ ------ ------ Cash flows from financing activities: Purchase of common stock (3,000) (2,700) (1,061) Issuance of common stock under 295 404 289 employee plans Other 3 (9) 77 ------ ------ ------ Net cash used in financing (2,702) (2,305) (695) activities ------ ------ ------ Effect of exchange rate changes (104) (32) 35 on cash ------ ------ ------ Net (decrease) increase in cash (1,269) 1,101 2,083
The Statement of Cash The Statement of Cash Flows : Dell Computer Flows : Dell Computer
CorporationCorporation
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• The statement of cash flows explains the change in cash during the period in terms of cash provided by or used for operating, investing and financing activities.
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The Form of the Cash Flow StatementThe Form of the Cash Flow Statement
Change in Cash = Cash from Operations
+ Cash from Investing
+ Cash from Financing
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The Form of the Cash Flow StatementThe Form of the Cash Flow Statement
• The primary purpose of a statement of cash flows is to provide relevant information about the cash inflows and outflows of an enterprise during a period. The statement has three main sections:
• Cash Flows from Investing ActivitiesCash Flows from Investing Activities - Investing activities involve acquiring and disposing of debt or equity investments, property, plant and equipment and other productive assets used in the production of goods or services by the enterprise (other than materials that are part of the enterprise's inventory).
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The Form of the Cash Flow StatementThe Form of the Cash Flow Statement
• Cash Flows from financing ActivitiesCash Flows from financing Activities - Financing activities involve obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on their investment; borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed, and obtaining and paying for other resources obtained from creditors on long-term credit.
• Cash Flows from operating ActivitiesCash Flows from operating Activities - Operating activities involve all transactions and other events that are not defined as investing or financing. Operating activities generally involve producing and delivering goods and providing services. Cash flows from operating activities are generally the cash effects of transactions and other events that enter into the determination of net income.
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Example – Preparation of a cash flow statementExample – Preparation of a cash flow statement
• Presented below are the balance sheets of Scientific Instruments, Ltd. for December 31, 2005 and 2004
2005 2004Cash 70 110Accounts receivables 170 300Inventories 200 240Loan to company B 1,500 -Land 500 -Equipment 500 550Acc. Depreciation (190) (200)
2,750 1,000
Accounts Payable 120 200Bonds Payable 1,000 -Deferred tax liability 380 300Common Stock 1,220 250Retained Earnings 30 250
2,750 1,000
Scientific Instruments, Ltd.Balance Sheet
December 31, 2005 and 2004
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• Additional Information: Equipment with original cost of $50 was sold for $35 Dividend declared and paid in cash was $300 Stocks and Bonds were issued for cash Net income reported was $80.
• Required:• Prepare a statement of cash flow for 2005
• Note: Cash from operating activities involves adjusting net income for all the non-cash items in net income.
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SolutionSolution
Cash flows from operating activitiesNet Income 80
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash providedby operating activities:Gain on sale of equipment (10)Depreciation 15Increase in deferred tax liability 80Decrease in accounts receivables 130Decrease in inventories 40Decrease in accounts payable (80) 175Net cash provided by operating activities 255
Cash flows from investing activitiesLoan to B (1,500)Purchase of Land (500)Sale of Equipment 35Net cash used by investing activities (1,965)
Cash flows from financing activitiesIssuance of common stock 970Issuance of bonds payable 1,000Payment of cash dividend (300)Net cash provided by financing activities 1,670 Net decrease in cash (40)Cash, December 31, 2004 110Cash, December 31, 2005 70
Statement of Cash FlowFor the year ended December 31, 2005
Scientific Instruments, Ltd.
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Common stock And Capital in
Excess of Par Value
Treasury Stock
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Retained Earnings
Other Comprehensive
Income
Other
Total Balances at February 2, 2001
2,601
4,795
-
-
839
62
(74)
5,622
Net income - - - - 1,246 - - 1,246 Change in unrealized gain on investments, net of taxes
-
-
-
-
-
(65)
-
(65)
Foreign currency translation adjustments
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
Net unrealized gain on derivative instruments, net of taxes
-
-
-
-
-
39
-
__39 Total comprehensive income for fiscal 2002
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,222
Stock issuances under employee plans, including tax benefits
69
843
-
-
-
-
10
853 Purchases and retirements
(16)
(30)
52
(2,249)
(721)
-
-
(3,000)
Others - (3) - - - - - (3) Balances at ____ ____ __ _______ ______ ___ ___ _____ February 1,2002 2,654 $5,605 52 $(2,249) $1,364 $38 $(64) $4,694
The Statement of Stockholders’ Equity: The Statement of Stockholders’ Equity: Dell Computer CorporationDell Computer Corporation
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Shareholder’s EquityShareholder’s Equity
• has two primary components:contributed capital which represents stockholders’ investment –
common stock (par value) and additional paid in capital, andretained earnings which equals cumulative net income minus
cumulative dividends since the formation of the company. (Dividends are distributions of assets to stockholders.)
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Comprehensive Income Comprehensive Income
• To avoid earnings fluctuations some of the unrealized gains/losses are reported in “other comprehensive income” and not included in net income.
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The Stocks and Flows EquationThe Stocks and Flows Equation
Ending equity = Beginning equity + Total (comprehensive) income – Net payout to shareholders
Comprehensive income = Net income + Other comprehensive income
Net payout to shareholders = Dividends + Share repurchases -Share issues
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The Articulation of the Financial StatementsThe Articulation of the Financial Statements
Revenues
Expenses
Net income
Income StatementIncome Statement
Investment and disinvestment
by owners
Net income and other earnings
Net change in owners’ equity
Statement of Shareholders’ EquityStatement of Shareholders’ Equity
Cash from operations
Cash from investing
Cash from financing
Net change in cash
Cash Flow StatementCash Flow Statement
Cash
+ Other Assets
Total Assets
- Liabilities
Owners’ equity
Beginning Balance SheetBeginning Balance Sheet
Cash
+ Other Assets
Total Assets
- Liabilities
Owners’ equity
Ending Balance SheetEnding Balance Sheet
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Principles of MeasurementPrinciples of Measurement
Two types of measurement are used in financial statements• Mark-to-market accounting
Assets and liabilities are reported at their “fair value” and gains and losses from revaluing them are reported in the income statement or as part of other comprehensive income in the equity statement. Fair value is either market value or an estimate of value.
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• Historical cost accountingAssets and liabilities are reported at their historical cost (the dollar amount paid when they were acquired or incurred). In subsequent periods, those costs are amortized to the income statement as the assets are deemed to have been used up in operations or as liabilities accrue costs.GAAP accounting uses both types of measurement.
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Mark-to Market AccountingMark-to Market Accounting
• Under U.S. GAAP, the following assets and liabilities are approximately at market value:
Cash and Cash Equivalents Short-term Payables Short-term and Long-term Borrowings Long-term Debt Securities Equity Investments
• The following assets and liabilities are measured at an estimate of their fair value rather than their market value:
Net Accounts Receivables (net of estimate of likely bad debt.) Accrued and Estimated Liabilities
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Historical Cost AccountingHistorical Cost Accounting
• The following assets and liabilities are at (amortized) historical cost on the balance sheet:
Long-term Tangible AssetsRecorded Intangible AssetsGoodwill
• These assets can be written down if their value is deemed to have been impaired, but are never written up (in the U.S.).
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Mixed Accounting MeasurementMixed Accounting Measurement
• The following assets are sometimes measured at historical cost and sometimes at fair values:
Inventories: Lower of cost or market rule applies Debt investments
•Trading
•Available-for-sale
•Held to maturity
Equity investments•Trading
•Available-for-sale
• See Accounting Clinic III
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Historical Cost Accounting in The Income StatementHistorical Cost Accounting in The Income Statement
• Revenue recognition principle - value added is recognized when: The earnings process is substantially accomplished Receipt of cash is reasonably certain
• Matching principle - Expenses are recognized in the income statement by their association with
revenues for which they are incurred. The earnings number reflects net value added from revenues, that is, net of
matched expenses.• Go to Accounting Clinic II for more on matching
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Cost of Goods Sold: An Application of MatchingCost of Goods Sold: An Application of Matching
• Cost of goods sold is an accrual concept, calculated in the following way:Inventory, beginning XXX+ Purchases XXXGoods available for sale XXX- Inventory, ending (XXX)Cost of Goods Sold XXX
• The beginning balance of inventory and purchases of goods during the year sum up to the total goods that the firm could have sold during the year.
• The ending balance of inventory (usually available from physical count) is subtracted to get the cost of the goods actually sold.
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• In the income statement preparation example total purchases
were 2,598,000 (after adding shipment and subtracting
discounts). The beginning of inventory was 409,000 and the
ending of inventory was 547,000. Therefore total cost of goods
sold was:
409,000+2,598,000-547,000=2,460,000
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• The cash outflow equivalent to the cost of goods sold is payment to suppliers.
• Accrual accounting performs two main adjustments to this amount to arrive at the
cost of goods sold:
Accounts Payable adjustment – payment might not reflect the entire expenditure
on inventories. Some inventories were purchased on account.
Inventory adjustment – inventory is a pure accrual concept and is recognized in
order to match the expense (COGS) with revenue (the amount we received for the
goods sold).
• More about the matching concept in Accounting Clinic II.
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R&D accounts: An Example of Poor MatchingR&D accounts: An Example of Poor Matching
• Peabody Co. produces operating income of $30,000 from operations each year. The company invested $20,000 in an R&D project in December 31, 2004. The investment will produce an incremental income of $7,000 in each of the following 5 years.
• Calculate operating income for the years 2004-20091.if the firm expenses R&D immediately (as GAAP requires)2.if the firm capitalizes R&D and amortize it using straight line method.
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(1) R&D is expensed immediately 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Operating income before R&D
$30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000
Incremental income from R&D
__0
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
30,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 R&D expense (20,000) __0 __0 __0 __0 __0 Operating income 10,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 (2) R&D is capitalized using straight line The total R&D expenditure is 20,000. It is amortized 20,000/5=4,000 per year for 5 years. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Operating income before R&D
$30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000
Incremental income from R&D
______
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
30,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 R&D expense __0 (4,000) (4,000) (4,000) (4,000) (4,000) Operating income 30,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000
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• Fully expensing R&D in the year in which it was incurred results in poor matching in operating income.