Accomplishments of the Progressives 1890 to 1917 Progressives were reformers who attempted to solve problems caused by industry, growth of cities and laissez faire. Progressives were White Protestants Middle class and native born. College Educated Professionals Social workers Scholars Politicians Preachers Teachers Writers Populists vs Progressives Populists---rural Progressives---cities Populists were poor and uneducated Progressives were middle-class and educated. Populists were too radical Progressives stayed political mainstream. Populists failed Progressives succeeded Areas to Reform Social Justice Political Democracy Economic Equality Conservation Social Justice Social Justice Improve working conditions in industry, regulate unfair business practices, eliminate child labor, help immigrants and the poor Jane Addams SOCIAL GOSPEL Pioneer in the field of social work who founded the settlement house movement through the establishment of Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. Margaret Sanger Educated urban poor about the benefits of family planning through birth control. She founded the organization that became Planned Parenthood. Social Reformers New York City's Bowery, 1896 America's Cities American cities at the end of the 19th century (A) were becoming less congested (B) resisted any attempt to improve transportation issues (C) were free of the corruption of political machines and boss politics (D) witnessed the emergence of social reformers and movements intending to improve urban life for residents (E) trailed their European counterparts in electricity usage Answer: (D) witnessed the emergence of social reformers and movements intending to improve urban life for residents Explanation: The many problems of late 19th century urban life (traffic congestion, sanitation, overcrowding, political corruption of city bosses) inspired a variety of secular and religious individuals and organizations to provide aid and comfort to urban residents. Jane Addams founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house supporting the poor and immigrant population. Churches and religious organizations, including the YMCA, offered programs, meals, and housing to city residents. Educational Reform Which American educational reformer associated with the progressive education movement wrote the following? "The actual interests of the child must be discovered if the significance and worth of his life is to be taken into account and full development achieved. Each subject must fulfill present needs of growing children... The business of education is not, for the presumable usefulness of his future, to rob the child of the intrinsic joy of childhood involved in living each single day." A) Horace MannB) Henry Adams C) Charles Eliot D) John Dewey E) Jane Addams Answer: D) John Dewey Explanation: John Dewey influenced American education by insisting that school was not only as a place to gain content knowledge, but also a place to learn how to live. The purpose of education should not revolve around the acquisition of a pre-determined set of skills, but the ability to use those skills for the greater good. He insisted that every lesson should be focused directly on the child. Political Democracy Political Democracy Give the government back to the people, get more people voting and end corruption with political machines. Economic Justice Fairness and opportunity in the work world, regulate unfair trusts and bring about changes in labor. Demonstrate to the common people that U.S. Government is in charge and not the industrialists. CONSERVATION Preserve natural resources and the environment Muckrakers were journalists and photographers who exposed the abuses of wealth and power. They felt it was their job to write and expose corruption in industry, cities and government. Progressives exposed corruption but offered no solutions. MUCKRAKERS Muckrakers Which of the following is not an example of the muckraking journalism that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? (A)Theodore Dreiser wrote Sister Carrie, a depiction of the evils of urban life (B) Nellie Bly went undercover in a mental hospital, depicting a cruel and unjust system (C) Lincoln Steffens exposed city machines in The Shame of the Cities (D) Jacob Riis described the life of the urban poor in How the Other Half Lives (E) Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Trust abuses Answer: (A) Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie, a depiction of the evils of urban life Explanation: Muckrakers were investigative journalists who sought to promote reform by exposing wrongs in a number of areas of American life. Theodore Roosevelt wrote of the importance of muckrakers in 1906: "There are, in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, in business, or in social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful." Sister Carrie was a fictional account of a rural Wisconsin girl who becomes exposed to the harsh realities of the city. Urban Issues Which of the following was not a problem of American cities in the last decades of the 19th century? (A) corrupt city governments (B) declining tax base as residents moved to rural areas (C) lack of health support systems for the urban poor (D) sewage system breakdowns (E) overcrowded housing Answer: (B) declining tax base as residents moved to rural areas Explanation: The urban centers of the U.S. grew at a rapid pace at the end of the 19th century as America moved from being a rural to an urban nation. Problems, including corruption, overcrowding, the lack of adequate sewage systems, and the lack of adequate medical care for the urban poor, plagued the cities. Muck raker WorkSubjectResults Thomas Nast Political Cartoons Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed. Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison. Jacob Riis John Spargo How the Other Half Lives (1890) The Bitter Cry of the Children Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements. Child labor in the factories and education for children. NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health. Ending child labor and increased enrollment in schooling. Muck raker WorkSubjectResults Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry. The Jungle (1906) Upton Sinclair In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were passed Muck raker WorkSubjectResults Frank Norris The Octopus (1901) This fictional book exposed monopolistic railroad practices in California. In Northern Securities v. U.S. (1904), the holding company controlling railroads in the Northwest was broken up. Ida Tarbell "History of Standard Oil Company" in McClure's Magazine (1904) Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine. In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was declared a monopoly and broken up. Progressive Changes at the Local Level City Commissioner Plan Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal. *This could be an elected position City Manager Plan A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council. City Reforms II. Progressive Changes at the State Level Recall Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Initiative Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. Referendum Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed. Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses. State Reforms Secret Ballot Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Direct Primary Given out only at the polls Vote in secret Printed at public expense Lists names of all candidates and their parties Progressive Governor Robert M. La Follette Wisconsin Idea Direct Primary Curbed Excess Lobbying Commissions in Public Interest Backed Labor reform Robert M. La Follette III. Progressive Changes at the Federal Level National Reclamation Act (1902) Roosevelt Encouraged conservation by allowing the building of dams and irrigations systems using money from the sale of public lands. Elkins Act (1903) Roosevelt Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906/1911) Roosevelt Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items. Meat Inspection Act (1906) Roosevelt In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures. Progressive Era Federal Legislation Hepburn Act (1906) Roosevelt Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates. Federal Reserve Act (1913) Wilson Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Wilson Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation. Federal Trade Act (1914) Wilson Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling. Underwood Tariff 1913 Wilson Substantially reduced import fees and enacted a graduated income tax (under the approval of the recent 16 th Amendment Keating- Owen Act 1916 Wilson Wilsons New Freedom Enacted by U.S. Congress which sought to address the perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children. Signed into law by President Wilson. Act declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court Amendments 16 Federal Income Tax Graduated 17 Direct Election of Senators 18- Prohibition 19- Women the right to vote Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Theodore Teddy Roosevelt Business Trust Busting Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 1902, line against the misconduct not against the wealth Dont with to destroy corp. Wish to serve the public good Square Deal TR believed in the capitalistic system but believed that the system must be regulated by US Govt. TR was for the betterment of the common man as opposed to benefit the elite. Square Deal TR believed in the capitalistic system but believed that the system must be regulated by US Govt. TR was for the betterment of the common man as opposed to benefit the elite. TR believed the U.S. Government was running the country and not the rich and corrupt industrialists. U.S. Government involvement with regulatory agencies.Similar to checks and balances Roosevelt Corollary President Theodore Roosevelt in a 1906 political cartoon The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (A) was used to settle the Russo-Japanese War and earned Theodore Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize (B) was passed by both houses of Congress (C) in effect reversed the Monroe Doctrine (D) asserted that the U.S. had the right to intervene militarily in Latin America to preserve order (E) warned Europe that the U.S. desired a sphere of influence in China Answer: (D) asserted that the U.S. had the right to intervene militarily in Latin America to preserve order Explanation: The Roosevelt Corollary, presented in a speech to Congress in 1904, extended the Monroe Doctrine by asserting that if economic order was needed to be maintained in a Latin American nation, the U.S. would intervene. TRs Conservation Policy 125,000 acres in reserve National Reclamation Act water projects Founding of the National Park System National Reclamation Act gave birth to the Newlands Irrigation Project. Free land to Homesteaders who wanted to farm Lahontan Valley. Dairy farming, hay, beef and sugar beets Lake Lahontan and dam built in operation by 1914 Federal Childrens Bureau Creation of a Dept. of Labor 8 hr. workday Mann-Elkins Act Aligns with Conservative Republicans and splits with Roosevelts Progressives. Goodness gracious, I must have been dozing TR forms his own party called the Progressive Bull Moose Party.. The Progressive Party & Theodore Roosevelt New Freedom Goal: Favored an active role in economic and social affairs. Favored small businesses and the free functioning and unregulated and unmonopolized markets. triple wall of privilege Tackle the triple wall of privilege : the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. 1.Similar to Roosevelts New Nationalism. Goal: Continuation of his Square Deal which were reforms to help the common man. Favored a more active govt role in economic and social affairs. 1.Good trusts vs. bad trusts 2.Direct election of senators 3.Tariff reduction 4.Presidential primaries 5.Regulation of monopolies 6.End child labor 7.Initiative and referendum 8.Womens suffrage New Nationalism The Working Class Candidates Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President The Socialist Party & Eugene V. Debs The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I am for humanity. Growth of the Socialist Vote Year Socialist Party Socialist Labor PartyTotal , , , , ,27536, , ,93133,405130, ,49453,763277, ,23033,546441, ,04320,265351, ,48814,021438, ,67434,115641, ,873 Socialist Party Platform Government ownership of railroads and utilities. Guaranteed income tax. No tariffs. 8-hour work day. Better housing. Government inspection of factories. Womens suffrage. GOP Divided by Bull Moose Equals Democratic Victory! The Election of 1912 The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nations sense of justice. We... here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid. We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure. The above statements came from which party platform during the presidential race in 1912? (A) Republican Party/William H. Taft (B) Democratic Party/Woodrow Wilson (C) Prohibition Party/Eugene W. Chafin (D) Socialist Party/Eugene Debs (E) Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party/Theodore Roosevelt Answer: (E) Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party/Theodore Roosevelt Explanation: Disappointed in the policies of his handpicked successor, William H. Taft, Theodore Roosevelt launched a new Progressive Party. Finishing second in popular votes, Roosevelt's presence in the race helped Democrat Woodrow Wilson win the election. Wilsons Slogan New FreedomNew Freedom: restore the free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government. triple wall of privilegeTackle the triple wall of privilege: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Wilsons Slogan New FreedomNew Freedom: restore the free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government. triple wall of privilegeTackle the triple wall of privilege: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelts New Nationalism. Federal Trade Commission 16th Amendment Underwood Tariff Bill Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Keating-Owen Act Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelts New Nationalism. Federal Trade Commission 16th Amendment Underwood Tariff Bill Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Keating-Owen Act WWI Progressive Movement ends in 1917 with US entrance into WWI WWI Wilsons time is devoted to the WWI instead of the Progressive Reforms.