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Accidents and Deaths among Young Adults Due to the Illegal Use of the Drug Knownas Barbiturates
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty and Students of
The College of Arts and Sciences
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Course
Grammar and Composition II
Submitted by:
Mishel Ablao Raymart Los Banos
Ma. Noven Canales Lourelle Mae Ocon
Jea Cordova Coleen Joy Pitogo
Sherry Lynn Lim Lianting
March 2011
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Acknowledgement
Our group would like to acknowledge and thank first and foremost, our Heavenly
Almighty Father for giving us wisdom, knowledge and understanding to fulfil this task
with excellence. Without His guidance, this research will not be possible. We are forever
grateful to Him.
We would like to thank our mentor and English 12 teacher, Mrs. Liezl Jay
Gantuangco, for teaching us the correct ways of doing a research and instilling the
correct attitude towards research which we will need in the coming years. We thank her
for her efforts and patience in correcting and guiding our research from the beginning
until the end.
We also acknowledge the vast collection of materials and references of the CDU
Library which were very helpful in giving strong primary resources and data for our
research. Its services made our research easier to conduct.
Lastly, we acknowledge the efforts done by everyone who contributed to the
making of this research, fellow group mates and people who gave information that this
study benefited.
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Table of Contents
Title Page 1
Acknowledgement 2
Introduction 4
Problem Statement 6
Objectives 8
Rationale and Limitation of the Study 9
Discussion 10
Conclusion and Recommendation 15
Definition of Terms 17
Bibliography 19
Curriculum Vitae 20
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Introduction
The drug Barbiturate is derived from Barbituric acid. Barbiturates were first used
in medicine in the early 1900s and became popular in the 1960s and 1970s as
treatment for anxiety, insomnia, or seizure disorders. With the popularity of barbiturates
in the medical population, barbiturates as drugs of abuse evolved as well. Barbiturates
were abused to reduce anxiety, decrease inhibitions, and treat unwanted effects of illicit
drugs. Barbiturates can be extremely dangerous because the correct dose is difficult to
predict. Even a slight overdose can cause coma or death. Barbiturates are also
addictive and can cause a life-threatening withdrawal syndrome.
Barbiturate use and abuse has declined dramatically since the 1970s, mainly
because a safer group of sedative-hypnotics called benzodiazepines are being
prescribed. Benzodiazepine use has largely replaced barbiturates in the medical
profession, with the exception of a few specific indications. Doctors are prescribing
barbiturates less, and the illegal use of barbiturates has also substantially
declined,although barbiturate abuse among teenagers may be on the rise compared
with the early 1990s. Addiction to barbiturates, however, is uncommon today.
Barbiturates can, in most cases be used either as the free acid or as salts of
sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, lithium, etc. Codeine- and Dionine-based salts
of barbituric acid have been developed. In 1912, Bayer introduced another barbituric
acid derivative, phenobarbital, under the trade name Luminal, as a sedative-hypnotic.
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In the 1940s, military personnel were given "Goofballs" during WWII in the South
Pacific region to allow soldiers to tolerate the heat and humidity of daily working
conditions. Goofballs were distributed to lower the respiratory system and blood
pressure to combat the extreme conditions. Many soldiers returned with addictions that
caused several months of rehabilitation before being discharged. This led to addiction
problems through the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s, increasing reports began to be published about
barbiturate overdoses and dependence problems, which eventually led to the
scheduling of barbiturates as controlled drugs.
In 1970, several barbiturates were designated in the United States as controlled
substances with the passage of the American Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
Pentobarbital, secobarbital and amobarbital were designated schedule II drugs,
butabarbital schedule III, and barbital and phenobarbital schedule IV.
In 1971, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances was signed in Vienna.
Designed to regulate amphetamines, barbiturates, and other synthetics, the treaty today
regulates secobarbital, amobarbital, butalbital, cyclobarbital, and pentobarbital as
schedule III, and allobarbital, methylphenobarbital, phenobarbital, and vinylbital as
schedule IV scheduled substances.
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Problem Statement
Researches from the past have reported that barbiturate drugs can cause death
if used without proper supervision. Some may be because of accidental overdose while
others are caused by long-term use of drugs or during withdrawal process.
Barbiturates users and addicts may experience short-lived relief from emotional
tension accompanied by some of the following reactions: contraction or dilation of the
pupils, or no discernible reaction to light; difficulty and slowness in thinking and
remembering; drowsiness; difficulty or inability to walk straight; jerky, irregular
movements; slurred speech; twitching, trembling hands, shaking; stupefaction; the
feeling of living in a fantasy world; belligerency; depression; the possibility of suicidal
thoughts and actions; slow reaction time, mentally and physically; garrulity; and silliness.
As mentioned before, the degree of severity of intoxication depends upon the
psychological make-up of a person and the kind and quantity of the drug taken. It
should be noted that if barbiturates are used in combination with alcohol, the
intoxication, that results is more severe than if either is used alone.
In general, barbiturates may cause such side effects as impaired judgment, poor
motor coordination, and slurred speech. Some individuals develop a tolerance to
barbiturates, and they may also develop a physical dependence and a psychological
dependence on these drugs
When used frequently, barbiturates can suppress rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep, during which dreaming occurs. When the drug is stopped, REM periods are
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extended and the person may experience distressing nightmares. This condition is
called the REM-sleep rebound effect (also called "rebound dreaming"). In addition, the
day after REM-sleep rebound, the individual usually feels irritable and tired
Depending on the length of use and the amount of the drug used, withdrawal
symptoms can range from restlessness and anxiety to convulsions and death. The
danger of sudden death during barbiturate withdrawal is a major concern.
(http://www.wikipedia.com February 2011)
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Objectives
1) How will the people be informed of the consequences of Illegal Use of
Barbiturates?
2) What promotions had to be done to make the people be aware of the prevention
of the deaths caused by drug overdose?
3) How will medical practitioners and other members of the healthcare team further
enhance and update their knowledge on drug information?
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Rationale and Limitation of the Study
This study is propelled by the desire in particular to learn
and know why young people become involved in barbiturates abuse and what can
be done to help prevent it. The limitation of the study is the fact that not much of
the cases have been solved or prevented and researchers are still conducting
extensive animal research to uncover the underlying action of the stimulants and
depressants and try to find out how psychological or physical dependence
develops. Many are still searching for new drugs and techniques to treat overuse
and dependence on the barbiturates. The study may contribute to the literature that
can help resolve these problems to the society.
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A Closer Look on the Study
As mentioned before, Barbiturates were synthesized from the Barbituric acid.
They are classified as sedatives, or depressants of the central nervous system (CNS).
These drugs destroy or decrease sensation from mild to total anaesthesia. Its primary
dosage form is in pills, because it is commonly prescribed as sleeping pills. It could also
be in IV (intravenous) form.
Barbiturates are prescribed to patients who are suffering from epilepsy, high
blood pressure, insomnia, anxiety and seizure disorder because they decrease or slow
down the nerve activities, which results to emotion control and the feeling of calm.
However, these drugs cannot be taken excessively because it may cause dependence
and overdose.
Taken in normally, and supervised doses, the therapeutic effect of this drug can
be achieved. Nerve actions, work of the heart muscle and other muscles will be
depressed. But in higher doses, effects could be the same with alcohol drunkenness.
(Williams 1974)
Barbiturates are highly dangerous when taken without medical advice and
prescription. This is because the therapeutic dose of the drug is very close to its lethal
dose. These were used to commit suicide in the past; and can also cause death due to
overdose. A barbiturate overdose results when a person takes a larger-than-prescribed
dose of barbiturates. Some symptoms of an overdose typically include sluggishness,
difficulty in thinking, shallow breathing, unconsciousness, sometimes coma and worse—
it can lead to sudden death. (Williams 1974)
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Many accidents of barbiturate overdose have been reported to the authorities.
Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. First, the overdose is a result of a failed
suicide attempt. Second, the person illegally used the drug or has been taking it longer
than it was directed. Third, there were errors on the administration of the drug to the
patient.
However, the overdose depends on the type of Barbiturate used. Barbiturates
range from short –acting, fast- starting; long-acting, slow- starting. The short- acting
ones are usually the most abused. Below is a table of types of barbiturates and their
street names.
Varieties of Barbiturates
TRADE NAME PHARMACOLOGICAL
NAME
SLANG/STREET NAME
1. Seconal (Eli Lilly andCo.)
Secobarbital sodium Reds, Red Birds, Pinks,Red Devils, etc.
2. Nembutal (AbbottLaboratories)
Pentobarbital sodium Yellows, Yellow Jackets,Nembies, etc.
3. Tuinal (Eli Lilly andCo.)
A combination ofAmobarbital sodium andSecobarbital sodium
Rainbows, Reds and Blues,etc.
4. Amytal (Eli Lilly andCo.)
Amobarbital sodium Blues, Blue Birds, BlueHeavens, etc.
5. Phenobarbital Barbs, Slow-downs
(William, 1974)
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These drugs are highly addictive. It is because the body can easily build
tolerance to this substance. Thus, increase in dose is required to achieve the said effect
of the drug. Some experts even think that Barbiturate addiction is harder to cure
compared to narcotic dependency since the withdrawal stage of this drug is very critical
and dangerous and really needs full-time medical supervision. The withdrawal process
of this drug can occur with nausea, convulsions, delirium, and in some cases, sudden
death. That is why it is necessary to bring the patient to the hospital during his
withdrawal stage.
A lot of young adults in the United States are victims of Barbiturate addiction or
overdose. This is because Barbiturates are easy to acquire since it is generally
prescribed as sleeping pills. Common reasons for drug abuse are depression, stress,
peer pressure/ curiosity and suicide attempts. It is alarming that young adults turn to
drugs for the short-relief from anxiety or other stress-related factors.
A barbiturate user is hard to tell compared to other substance abusers because
unlike the alcohol, there is no odor of barbiturate that is present. There are no needle
marks like in opiate addiction. Only, the barbiturate user may appear to be intoxicated
and most manifestations are mental-related.
Once a person is suspected to be a user of barbiturate, it is necessary to take
action so that complications can be prevented. Medical attention is highly recommended
at this stage. Without a medical professional attending to a barbiturate user, his case
might worsen and his body might suffer other complications.
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Below are sample cases of Barbiturate addiction, overdose or death due to any
of these.
Case 1
A user, 15 years of age, has abusively and addictively taken a large amount of
barbiturates due to some personal issues. One issue that he has difficulty in dealing
with was the divorce of his parents. He said it helped him relax and feel nothing from
pain and it felt like normal and crazy. The drug caused him a low blood pressure and
decrease heart rate which almost lead him to cardiovascular collapse.
Case 2
Mary Anissa Jones (March 11, 1958 – August 28, 1976) was an American child
actress known for her role as Buffy on the CBS sitcom Family Affair. She died from
combined drug intoxication at the age of 18.
Five and a half months later, in the early morning hours of August 28, 1976 after
partying all night in the beach town of Oceanside, California with her new boyfriend
Allan (Butch) Koven and others, Jones was found dead in the bedroom of a house
belonging to a 14-year-old friend named Helen Hennessey.[3] The coroner's report
listed her death as an accidental drug overdose.[6] Cocaine, PCP, Quaaludes and
Seconal Barbiturates were found in her body during an autopsy. The coroner who
examined Jones reported she had died from one of the most severe drug overdoses he
had ever seen.
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Case 3
Dickie Pride (21 October 1941 — 26 March 1969[1] was a British rock and roll
singer. On 26 March 1969, Pride was found dead in his bed. He died at the age of 27
due to an overdose of sleeping pills
Case 4
Marilyn Monroe was found dead in the bedroom of her Brentwood home by her
psychoanalyst Ralph S. Greenson after he was called by Monroe's housekeeper Eunice
Murray on August 5, 1962. She was 36 years old at the time of her death. Her death
was ruled to be "acute barbiturate poisoning" by Dr. Thomas Noguchi of the Los
Angeles County Coroner’s office and listed as "probable suicide".
According to an article in The New York Times, use of sleeping pills in young
adults and college-aged students nearly tripled in the past decade. Among the users of
sleeping pills, those who age 18-24 years old had the most number of increases from
599 users per 100,000 in 1998 to 1,524 users per 100,000 in 2006.
(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/15/health/15sleep.html?_r=1 .March 2011)
This phenomenon is alarming. Sleeping pills prescription must be strictly
monitored by physicians and pharmacists should properly dispense these drugs. The
medical team should work hand in hand so that cases like these can be prevented. But
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the mass should not also abuse the privilege of the effects of these drugs because
abusing substances can cause problems to themselves and the society.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Ergo, we conclude that, individuals abusing barbiturates frequently underestimate the
potential danger. Tolerance can build easily due to regular and prolonged use of barbiturates
and the user cannot always assess how much the body can handle without overdosing. It is not
that barbiturates themselves lead to increased attempts of suicide, but rather, it is the lethal
dose of barbiturate which is close to the therapeutic dose. As a result, an overdose of
barbiturates in a suicide attempt is more likely to be successful than an overdose of many other
drugs.
Based on the findings, the following recommendations were formulated to avoid
accidental deaths and overdosing among users. The patient should consult the physician who
prescribed the drug or the pharmacist who filled the prescription for the correct dosage. For
physician/pharmacist, factors should be considered like recommending dosage which depends
on the type of barbiturate and other factors such as the patient's age and the condition for
which the medicine is being taken. Patients should always take barbiturates exactly as directed.
Larger or more frequent doses should never be taken and the drug should not be taken for
longer than directed. If the medicine does not seem to be working, even after taking it for
several weeks, the patient should not increase the dosage. Instead, the physician who
prescribed the medicine should be consulted.
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People taking barbiturates should not stop taking them suddenly without first checking
with the physician who prescribed the medication. It may be necessary to taper the dose
gradually to reduce the chance of withdrawal symptoms. Taking an overdose of barbiturates or
combining barbiturates with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants can cause
unconsciousness and even death. Anyone who shows signs of an overdose or a reaction to
combining barbiturates with alcohol or other drugs should get emergency medical help
immediately. If it is necessary to stop taking the drug, the patient should check with the
physician for instructions on how to stop. If a user is to remain drug-free, follow-up treatment,
usually with psychiatric help and resort to community resources, is vital.
Lifestyle changes such as avoiding people, places, and things related to sedative use
should be encouraged. Initial psychosocial treatment should focus on confronting denial,
teaching the disease concept of addictions, fostering identification as a recovering person,
recognition of the negative consequences of sedative abuse, avoiding situational and
intrapsychic cues that stimulate craving and formulation of support plans.
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Definition of Terms
Barbiturates-are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and, by
virtue of this, they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total
anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, as hypnotics, and as
anticonvulsants. They have addiction potential, both physical and psychological.
Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid.
Benzodiazepine- is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the
fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. Benzodiazepines enhance the
effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which results in
sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant,
muscle relaxant and amnesic action.
Depressants- are psychoactive drugs that temporarily reduce the function or
activity of a specific part of the body or brain. This is widely used throughout the
world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances. Anaesthetics,
sedatives, tranquillizers and alcohol are examples of depressants.
Dose- a quantity of a medicine or drug taken or recommended to be taken at a
particular time
Drug- a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when
ingested or otherwise introduced into the body
Sedative or tranquilizer- is a substance that induces sedation by reducing
irritability or excitement. At higher doses it may result in slurred speech,
staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes; a drug with a
soothing, calming effect.
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Withdrawal Symptoms- the unpleasant physical reaction that accompanies the
process of ceasing to take an addictive drug
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Bibliography
Books
Williams, John B. Narcotics and Drug Dependence. Glencoe Press,1974.
Websites
http://www.wikipedia.com
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkgrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dbarbiturates%2Bused%2Bas%2Bsuicide%2Bmedium%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DrBCCEVz0Tx%26sig%3DisvZ8-
T08CY0pYzWbrx0WD9rLwc%26hl%3Dtl%26ei%3Dqi1qTb71NoPZcY_Y7I0M%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D4%26ved%3D0CDQQ6AEwAw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dbarbiturates%2520used%2520as%2520suicide%2520medium%26f%3Dfalse&h=ccaf6cIDPwc1fSb10kh3N4tnsmA February 27, 2011.
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essayempire.com%2Fcustomessay%2Fdrugs_and_drug_abuse%2Fbarbiturates%2F1491.html&h=ccaf64tglQ8M_iV7BmUg0EtpHwQ February 27, 2011
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20
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Lourelle Mae D. Ocon
Nickname: Relle, Mae, Lai
City Address: Larrazabal Hall, North Reclamation Area, Mandaue City
Home Address: Poblacion, Talibon, Bohol
Contact number: 09234963607
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Birth date: March 05, 1994
Birth place: Cebu City
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Hobbies: Reading Novels, sleeping
Educational Background
Tertiary: Cebu Doctors’ University
Course & Year: B.S. Pharmacy 1A
Secondary: Blessed Trinity College
Primary: Talibon Central Elementary School
Research Experience: Accidents and Deaths among Young Adults Due to the Drug
Known as Barbiturate
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21
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Sherry Lynn M. Lim Lianting
Nickname: Sherry or Lynn
City Address: 60- 62 Osmena Blvd. Cebu City
Home Address: # 7 Wool Bright Drive, Beverly Hills, Lahug, Cebu City
Contact number: 236-1618
Age: 17
Sex: F
Birth date: February 14, 1994
Birth place: Cebu City
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Hobbies: Watch TV, Chat , Cooking , Playing , Hang out with friends and family
Talents: Leadership, Cooking , Smiling and Negotiating
Educational Background
Tertiary: Cebu Doctor’s University
Course and year: B.S. Pharmacy IA
Secondary: Cebu Eastern College
Primary: Cebu Eastern College
Research Experience: Accidents and Deaths among Young Adults Due to the Drug
Known as Barbiturates
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22
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Mishel Senining Ablao
Nickname: Meesh
City Address: Cebu Doctors' Dormitory, North Reclamation, Mandaue City
Home Address: St. Scholastica Subdivision, Menzi Brgy., Isabela City, Basilan
Contact number: 09266324903, 09283639643, 09333154561
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Birth date: February 15, 1994
Birth place: Calle Visaya Brgy, Isabela City, Basilan
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Hobbies: Surfing the net, eating, listening to music
Talents: Dancing
Educational Background
Tertiary: Cebu Doctors' University
Course and year: B.S. Pharmacy 1A
Secondary: Claret College of Isabela
Primary: Isabela Central Elementary Pilot School
Research Experience: Accidents and Deaths among Young Adults Due to the Drug
Known as Barbiturate
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23
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Ma. Noven E. Canales
Nickname: Nov, Nobiin, Nobinita
City Address: Larrazabal Hall, Cebu Doctors’ University, Mandaue City
Home Address: Cadiz City, Negros Occidental
Contact number: 09398175496
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Birth date: November 8, 1993
Birth place: Cadiz City
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Christian
Hobbies: Reading is my passion; play my guitar; listen to some music; goof around with
friends; Splurge myself on DVD’s; Surf the net; Sing; Sleep and Eat A lot
Talents: Singing, Dancing and Baking
Educational Background
Tertiary: Cebu Doctors' University
Course and year: BS Pharmacy
Secondary: Philippine Normal University
Primary: Philippine Normal University
Research Experience: Accidents and Deaths among Young Adults Due to the Drug
Known as Barbiturate
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24
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Raymart C. Los Baños
Nickname: Ray, Mart, R-mart
City Address: TPI Homes Phase II, Pajac, Lapu-lapu City
Home Address: Johnston Subdivision San Jose Rd. Zamboanga City
Contact num: 09238081529
Age: 17
Sex: Male
Birth date: September 2, 1993
Birth place: Zamboanga City
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Hobbies: Singing, listening to some music, and playing volleyball
Talents: Singing, and dancing
Educational Background
Tertiary: Cebu Doctors' University
Course and year: BS Pharmacy
Secondary : St. Joseph School, Zamboanga City
Elementary: St. Joseph School, Zamboanga City
Research Experience : Accidents and Deaths among Young Adults Due to the Drug
Known as Barbiturate
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25
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Jea A. Cordova
Nickname: Jey, Jyang, Yang, Ya
City Address: Cebu Doctors' Dormitory, North Reclamation, Mandaue City,Cebu City
Home Address: Purok 4, Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City
Contact num: 09334476810
Age: 16
Sex: Female
Birth date: April 14, 1994
Birth place: Surigao City
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Hobbies: Listening to music; Watching movies; Surfing the net
Talents: Dancing
Educational Background
Tertiary: Cebu Doctors' University
Course and year: B.S. Pharmacy 1A
Secondary: Surigao Education Center
Primary: Surigao City Pilot School
Research Experience: Accidents and Deaths among Young Adults Due to the Drug
Known as Barbiturate
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Curriculum Vitae
Name: Coleen Joy Chua Pitogo
Nickname: Colz, Coleen, Cookie/Kuki
City Address: Larrazabal Hall, Cebu Doctors’ University, Mandaue City
Home Address: Cypress rd., Villa Angela Subd., Bacolod City
Contact number: 09173636916; 09236042925
Age: 18
Sex: Female
Birth Date: February 24, 1993
Birth Place: Bacolod City
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Christian
Hobbies: Reading, Blogging, Listening to music, Watching TV
Talents: Writing, Baking
Educational Background
Tertiary: Cebu Doctors’ University
Course and year: B.S. Pharmacy 1A
Secondary: St. John’s Institute, Bacolod City
Elementary: Trinity Christian School, Bacolod City
Research Experience: Accidents and Deaths among Young Adults Due to the Drug
Known as Barbiturate