Accident Contributory Factors (Sem1Yr2012-13)
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Transcript of Accident Contributory Factors (Sem1Yr2012-13)
Road Accident
Contributory
Factors
Svensson (1998):
Driving situation involving one or more
vehicle(s) where road users are unable to
react in a timely manner to avoid an impact.
Definition :
Road Accidents
L. R. Kadiyali (2005):
Accident (collision, overturning or
slipping) which occurred or originated on
a road open to public traffic resulting in
either injury or loss of life, or damage to
property, in which at least one moving
vehicle was involved.
Definition :
Road Accidents
A deadly road accident happened at about 5.45am.
2 male died while another 2 male & 1 female reported
in serious injury. (total of 5 victims)
According to the source, the car hit the tree &
then cannon into a opposite driving lane. When
the rescued personel arrived, 4 victims were still
inside the car & 1 male body found on the road.
The driver was confirmed dead when arrived in
the hospital while 3 others were in serious condition.
Fatal accident news !!
Subject is complex !
Accidents affected by various factors.
Characteristics
of Road Users
Vehicles performance
Roadway & environment
CASE STUDY:
“ A car driver knocking down a school child “
Car driver:
Speeding?
Driving recklessly?
Alcohol / drugs?
Vehicle :
Driver may brake but mechanical failure of brakes?
Slippery conditions due to tyre tread
conditions?
Roadway :
Geometry deficient?
Road surface slippery due to soft aggregates surfacing course?
Thick film of water by rain?
Interaction of diverse set of factors
causes accidents,
though ONE factor may be more
responsible than the rest
& can be easily identified.
Generally,
THREE Categories
of Contributory Factors.
Accident Contributory Factors
Human
Vehicle
Road Environment
60 %
3 %
3%
5%
2%
2%
25%
Carsten et al.(1989):
A road user or traffic system failure
without which the accident
would not have happened.
Definition :
Road Accidents Contributory Factor
Human Factors
Complicated. Sometimes characterised “unscientific”.
Mostly because of motorist & pedestrian
behaviour.
Human factors
Human elements in charge of vehicle:
• Drives,
• Steer,
• Accelerates,
• Decelerates,
• Brakes/Stop.
Human factors
Study of human behaviour offers very
deep insight into causes of accidents.
Provides valuable guidance for avoidance
of accidents.
Human factors
“Behaviour influences & controls
the vehicle
But
Behaviour is controlled by
personality & attitudes”
Human factors
Human Error?
1) Perceptual errors
Critical information might be
below the threshold for seeing
(the light was too dim, the driver was blinded by
glare, or the pedestrian's clothes had low contrast)
Or the driver might make a perceptual misjudgment
(a curve's radius or another car's speed or distance).
Human factors
2) Focus errors
Critical information might be detectable but that the
driver fail to attend/notice because his mental
resources are focused elsewhere.
Often times, a driver will claim that she/he did not
"see" a plainly visible pedestrian or car.
This is entirely possible because much of our
information processing occurs outside of
awareness.
Human factors
3) Response errors
The driver may correctly process the information but
fail to choose the correct response
("I'm skidding, so I'll turn away from the skid"),
or make the correct decision yet fail to carry it out
("I meant to hit the brake, but I hit the gas.”)
Human factors
Human Conditions ?
Human factors
1) Physical / Physiological
~ alcohol/drug impairment,
~ reduced vision,
Human factors
2) Mental / Emotional
~ emotionally upset,
~ pressure or strain,
~ in-hurry.
Human factors
3) Experience / Exposure
~ driver inexperience,
~ vehicle unfamiliarity,
~ road over-familiarity,
~ road / area unfamiliarity.
Human factors
Some list of human factors causing accidents:
• Following front vehicle too closely
• Dangerous cornering
• Dangerous overtaking
• Over speeding
Human factors
• Handphone while driving
• Red light running
• Non-compliance at stop signs
• ??
Human factors
Road Environmental
Factors
Can be developed into
different factors &
not necessarily mean directly
contributing to accident.
Roadway Environmental factors
Examples :
• Inadequate signs & signals,
• View obstructions,
• Design problems:
~ vertical / horizontal alignment,
~ superelevation,
~ carriageway width,
~ width & condition of shoulders.
Roadway Environmental factors
Examples (cont.) :
• Maintenance problems,
• Pavement surface,
• Rapid weather change,
• Ambient vision limitations,
• Access points,
• Roadside hazards,
• ??..
Roadway Environmental factors
Vehicle Factors
1) Vehicle types
2) Vehicle conditions
Vehicle factors
1) Vehicle Types “crashworthiness”
No vehicle is perfectly safe…
Researcher constantly hunt for
improving quality of crash compatibility for
motor vehicles
Vehicle factors
2) Vehicle Conditions “roadworthiness”
Maintenance-related failures:
~ inadequate tyre tread depth, ~ worn brakes, ~ unchecked or unchanged vehicle fluids, ~ under/over inflated tyres, ~ etc…
Vehicle factors
Haddon Matrix
These are
important components of
integrated road safety
strategies !!
Haddon Matrix PRE-CRASH CRASH POST-CRASH
HUMAN •Training,
•Education
•Enforcement
~Driver Training Program &
Grading of Driving Institutes
~RSE in schools
~Publicity Campaign
~CBP (Visibility Enhancement
Materials VEM, Helmets, RSE,
Belts)
~AES
Compliance and
Correct Use of Primary
Safety Features
~wear SIRIM MS1:2011
Protective Helmets &
Visor
~wear seatbelt
•Emergency medical
services
•Skills of Paramedics &
First Respondents
VEHICLE •Primary safety (vehicle stds &
roadworthiness)
~C&U eg . WP29
~NCAP Ratings
~Rear Seatbelts
~HV Under Run
~Vehicle Inspection
•Secondary safety
(vehicle & rider impact
protections)
~airbags, helmets,
panel pad, etc)
~crash compatibility
•Ease of evacuation
Better rescue tools
ROAD
ENVIRO
•Road eng. Programs
~Road Safety Audit
~Blackspot Treatment
~Motorcycle Lanes
~iRAP
•Roadside safety
~forgiving roadside
furniture (e.g. crash
cushions)
~clear zones
•Restoration of roads &
traffic devices
From traffic engineering viewpoint?
Since DRIVER is the KEY,
traffic engineers must be aware of human factors
& realise that traffic engineering
applications & countermeasures
work thru’ their influence on human behaviour.
(Ogden, 1990)
End