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Accessibility To Technological And Educational Resources Of The Most Developed Countries

Population In Comparison With The Population Of The Least Developed Countries

Adriana Coba*

*Master of Science in International Business Development‘s candidate, University of Neuchâtel, Semester autumn of 

2010.

 Abstract: This report seeks to determine whether the population of the less developed countries have similar access to

certain basic resources like information and education than the most developed countries, such as: Primary School

 Enrollment, Personal Computers and Internet Users . 

This report seeks to determine whether the population

of the less developed countries1

have similar access tocertain basic resources like information and education

than the most developed countries2, such as:

-  Primary School Enrollment3

(% net) - data takenfrom year 2001 to 2010

-  Personal Computers4

(per 100 person) - data taken

from year 2003 to 2010

-  Internet Users5

(per 100 person) - data taken fromyear 2007 to 2010

Because it could be assumed that everyone has access

to them, given the decreases in technology prices. Then,to develop the issue above, this report will be

developed sequentially. On the other hand, it is of note,

that the above described, could be done by graphing thedata, and verifying at a glance if the averages of each

group (less developed vs. more developed) differ ineach variable, which could be done by histograms, or

Box Plot. But, to show whether the difference is

significant, it is important to use statistical tools.

1.  Hypothesis formulation

The hypothesis that we want to prove is that the

average of Personal Computers users, Internet users, aswell as people with access to basic education, is similar

in most developed countries, and least developed, asfollows:

Table 1: Hypotheses formulation

Variable H0 

(Null Hypotheses)

H1  

(Alternative

hypothesis)

Primary School

Enrollment

PSEMDC = PSELDC  PSEMDC  PSELDC 

Personal Computers

users

PCUMDC = PCULDC  PCUMDC  PCULDC 

Internet Users IUMDC = IULDC  IUMDC  IULDC 

Where:

PSEMDC: Average primary School Enrollment for most developed countries

IUMDC: Average percentage of Internet users for most developed countries

PSELDC: Average primary School Enrollment for Least developed countries

IULDC: Average percentage of Internet users for Least developed countries

PCUMDC: Average percentage of Computers users for most developed countriesPCULDC: Average percentage of Computers users for Least developed countries

2.  Method for verify the hypothesesThe statistical tool that can be used to verify thehypothesis is "Comparison of two averages,

independent samples". Not will be used paired samples,because the data that we want to compare not belong to

1 http://www.unohrlls.org/en/ldc/related/62/  (Accessed 15.11.2010)2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country (Accessed 12.11.2010)3 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.NENR (Accessed 10.11.2010)4 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CMP.PCMP.P2 (Accessed 10.11.2010)5 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2 (Accessed 10.11.2010) 

the same group, but belong to two groups: The less

developed countries and more developed countries.Then, we will compare the averages of the two groups,

for each variable, using SPSS as a tool, for a confidenceinterval of 95%.

Table 2: Characteristics of samples

Level of development N Moyenne Ecart-type

Erreur

standard

moyenne

School

enrollment,

primary (%

net)

More

developed

26 97.168 2.364997 .463814

Least

developed

35 73.057 16.780829 2.836478

Personal

computers

(per 100

people)

More

developed

26 46.622 20.570056 4.034120

Least

developed

35 1.544 2.459655 .415757

Internet

users (per

100 people)

More

developed

26 64.755 15.849847 3.108411

Leastdeveloped

35 3.555 4.168819 .704659

3.  Results:

By observing the resulting averages in Table 2, it was

found that:PSEMDC: 97.168 % PCUMDC:46.622 %IUMDC: 64.755 % PSELDC: 73.053 %

PCULDC: 1.544 % IULDC: 3.555 %

Which, at first glance appears to refute our hypothesisH0 and give strength to the H1 hypothesis, but, the

statistics comparisons will be shown in the followingtable:

Table 3 : Results for comparison of the averages for each variable

Test de

Levene sur

l'égalité desvariances

Test-t pour égalité des

moyennes

F Sig.

t

ddl

Sig.

(bilatérale)

School

enroll-

ment,primary

(% net)

Hypothèse de

variances

égales

39.677 .000 7.259 59 .000

Hypothèse de

variances

inégales

8.391 35.808 .000

Personal

compu-

ters (per100

people)

Hypothèse de

variances

égales

61.625 .000 12.878 59 .000

Hypothèse de

variances

inégales

11.115 25.532 .000

Internet

users (per100

Hypothèse de

varianceségales

58.541 .000 21.903 59 .000

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people) Hypothèse de

variancesinégales

19.201 27.582 .000

 

According to Table 3, the Levene test indicates that thevariances are significantly different (sig <0.05)

therefore we will take the data that the hypothesis of 

unequal variances. Then, taking into account that thebilateral test of comparison of averages gave a bilateral

significance of 0.000 (ie <0.05) it can be said, that thehypothesis H1 for all variables is true: the accessibility

to technological and educational resources of the more

developed countries population in comparison with thepopulation of the least developed countries are

significantly different. That, as already mentioned, canalso be shown graphically, with the comparison of the

each medians (to check, lets revise two of the three

variables):

Figure 1: Comparison of the Median for access conditions to

education and internet between least and the most developed

countries.

Data Source: WorldBank (http://data.worldbank.org/)

Elaborated: Coba

Then, to have wider panoramas of the real differencesand understand better the big difference between the

least and the most developed countries in terms of 

connectivity, we typify the variable, by dividing it inranges, as is:

0%-25%: Minimum percentage of Internet users

26%-50%: Lower-middle percentage of Internet users51%-75%: middle-higher percentage of Internet users

76%-100%: Major percentage of Internet users

And for the mentioned purpose, we will use a

“contingency table” in the SPSS tool: despite the“contingency table” is usually used to compare

qualitative data, in this case it could be useful to give usa better understanding of the phenomenon and to

analyze the relation between the not-developed and the

lack of access to internet.

Table 4: Contingency table for the percentage of internet users

Level of development

TotalLeast

developed

More

developed

Usuarios

de

internet -

rangos

Internet Users

between 0-

25% of the

population

Effecti f 35 0 35

% dutotal

57.4% .0% 57.4%

Internet Users

between 26-

50% of the

population

Effectif 0 7 7

% du

total.0% 11.5% 11.5%

Internet Users

between 51-

75% of the

population

Effecti f 0 13 13

% du

total.0% 21.3% 21.3%

Internet Users

between 76-

100% of the

population

Effectif 0 6 6

% du

total.0% 9.8% 9.8%

Total

Effecti f 35 26 61

% du

total57.4% 42.6% 100.0%

Tests du Khi-deux

Valeur ddl

Significationasymptotique

(bilatérale)

Khi-deux de

Pearson

61.000 3 .000

It is noted that the value of  χ 2

provides a bilateralsignificance (ie, on both sides of the variance curve) of 

0,000 and (again, for a confidence interval of 95%)

because 0.000 < 0.05, then it can be conclude that if weformule a hypothesis H0 which states that the level of 

internet connectivity is proportional (or is associatedwith) with the development of a country, we can say

that this H0 is true. That affirmation can be supported

by some theories: "There is no digital divide - it is aneconomic divide pure and simple: to improve access

and connectivity we have to improve the economy"6.

But it is also a "vicious circle" since, without access to

sources of information and the tools provided by theInternet, is difficult form well-trained individuals whocan move forward and improve the conditions of the

country: "You cannot improve the well-being of citizens with just telephony,"

7 

Finally, it is a good idea to conclude this report, noting

the globe, in terms of Internet connectivity.

6 According to Cliff Missen Director of Iowa-based eGranary Library

http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0805/S00271.htm (Accesed 18.11.2010)7 According to Tunisia Telecom President, Ahmed Mahjoub at UN Global

Forum: http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0805/S00271.htm (Accesed

18.11.2010)

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Figure 2: Internet Users by Country, per 100 people8.

Source: www.chartsbin.com

References

-  Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H., Principles and 

Procedures of Statistics, New York: McGraw-Hill,1960, pp. 187, 287.

-  Sachs, Jeffrey (2005). The End of Poverty:  Economic Possibilities for Our Time. USA: New

York: Penguin Press. OCLC 57243168.

-  Torres López, Juan (1995).   Economía Política.Madrid: Editorial Civitas.

-  “Analisis de datos cualitativos”:http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/economicas/eva/pdf/tab_conting.pdf  (Accessed 18.11.2010)

-  “Analisis SPSS: Procedimiento Tablas deContingencia”: http://e-stadistica.bio.ucm.es/web_spss/proc_contingencia.

html (Accessed 18.11.2010)

-  “Comparar medias”:http://www.ucm.es/info/dosis/Preventiva/doctorado

 /TEMA10.pdf (Accessed 15.11.2010)-  “Developed Country”:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country (Accessed 12.11.2010)

-  Internet world map_ http://chartsbin.com/view/sop 

(Accesed 15.11.2010)

-  “School enrollment, primary (% net)” :http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.NEN

R (Accessed 10.11.2010)-  “Indicadores internacionales sobre desarrollo

humano”: http://hdr.undp.org/es/datos/mapa/  (Accessed 16.11.2010)

-  “Least Developed Countries Need Low-Cost PCs”:

http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0805/S00271.h

tm (Accessed 18.11.2010)-  “Personal computers (per 100 people)”

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CMP.PCMP.P2 (Accessed 10.11.2010)

-  “Personal computers (per 100 people)”:http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.

P2 (Accessed 10.11.2010)

-  “UN-OHRLLS-Least Developed countries”:

http://www.unohrlls.org/en/ldc/related/62/  (Accessed 15.11.2010)

8 http://chartsbin.com/view/sop (Accesed 15.11.2010)