Access to Trade and Growth of Women’s SMEs in APEC Developing Economies Carol Yost The Asia...
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Transcript of Access to Trade and Growth of Women’s SMEs in APEC Developing Economies Carol Yost The Asia...
Access to Trade and Growth of Women’s SMEs
in APEC Developing Economies
Carol YostThe Asia Foundation
Women’s Empowerment Program
2 September 2013
Indonesia ∙ Malaysia ∙ Philippines ∙ Thailand
Research Methodology Quantitative research
Survey questionnaire
Malaysia• 92 SMEs• 55 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50% male• Area-based quota sampling
Thailand• 80 SMEs• 56 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50% male• Stratified random sampling
Philippines• 100 SMEs• 50 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50%
male• Area-based quota
sampling & simple random sampling
Qualitative researchAll Study Economies
• Semi-structured interviews• Focus group discussions • Case studies of female entrepreneurs
Indonesia• 108 SMEs• 42 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50%
male• Area-based quota
sampling & simple random sampling
Areas of Research Focus
Economic and Financial Barriers
Government and Policy Barriers
Social Support Barriers
Most Challenging Part of the Loan Application Process in Indonesia
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentage
Female Owner
Male Owner
Learning about types and sources of loans High interest rate
Finding a moneylender Completing application paperwork
Developing a business plan Getting collateral
Proving ownership of collateral
Waiting time for loan approval
Agreeing with business partners
Other
Finance & Loans Findings
• Complexity of the loan application process is a key problem for womenowned SMEs across all countries surveyed.
12%
41%
3.5%
13%
8.1%
2.3%
7%
14% 8.1%
38%
3.5%
21%
5.8%
1.2%3.5%
19%
Male Owner Female Owner
Learning about types of loans High interest rates
Finding a lender Completing application paperwork
Developing a business plan Getting Collateral
Waiting time for approval Other
Most Challenging Part of The Loan Process: Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand
Employee Hiring and TrainingFindings
• Among women and men business owners employee hiring and training was cited as their primary business challenge.
26%
37%
7%
10%
3%
9%
8%
21%
40%
7%
11%
2%
13%
7%
Male Owner Female Owner
Physical space Hiring and training
Business licensing Access to capitalAccess to technology/assets Relationships with clientsOther
Primary Business Challenge: All SMEs
TechnologyFindings
• Women firm owners lag behind men in their knowledge and use of technology
Awareness of Technologies that Would Make Business More Profitable
0.2
.4.6
.81
Me
an o
f Aw
are
nes
s
Philippines Malaysia Thailand Indonesia
Male
Owne
r
Female
Owne
r
Male
Owne
r
Female
Owne
r
Male
Owne
r
Female
Owne
r
Male
Owne
r
Female
Owne
r
Are you aware of Technologies that would make your Business more Profitable?
Employee Hiring and Training Findings
• Women owners hire more women than men owners.
Average Firm Size by Frequency of Interactions with Formal Networks 0
20
40
60
Pe
rcen
tage
of F
em
ale
Em
ploy
ees
Philippines Malaysia Thailand Indonesia
CorruptionFindings
• Informal payments are a problem for all business owners, especially in the Philippines.
0 20 40 60 80 100percent
Thailand
Malaysia
Philippines
Severe Problem Moderate ProblemMinor Problem No Problem
Perceptions of Severity of Informal Payments Problem: By APEC Economy
Government Support Findings
• Women business owners in Malaysia and Thailand perceived low levels of government support.
0 20 40 60 80 100percent
Female Owner
Male Owner
Very Supportive Somewhat SupportiveIndifferent Unsupportive/Hostile
How Supportive is Government of Businesses Like Yours?: All SMEs Malaysia
Recommendations• Government:
– Improve access to business information and government officials
– Support business associations– Reduce corruption by government officials– Simplify licensing processes– Address crime and safety issues
• Private Sector– Public-private dialogues
– Partner with business associations (e.g. training)– Sponsor networking and mentorship programs