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The regionalaccents of English speakers show great variation across the areas where Englishis spoken as a first language. This article provides an overview of the many identifiable variationsinpronunciation, usually deriving from the phoneme inventory of the local dialect, of the localvariety ofStandard Englishbetween various populations of native English speakers

Local accents are part of local dialects. Any dialect of English has unique features

inpronunciation,vocabulary, andgrammar. The term "accent" describes only the first of these,

namely, pronunciation. See also: List of dialects of the English language.

Non-native speakers of English tend to carry over the intonation and phonemicinventory from

theirmother tongue into their English speech. For more details see Non-native pronunciations of

English.

mong native English speakers, many different accents exist. Some regional accents are easilyidentified by certain characteristics. Further variations are to be found within the regions identifiedbelow; for example, towns located less than 10 miles (16 km) from the city ofManchestersuchas Bolton, OldhamandSalford, each have distinct accents, all of which form the Lancashireaccent, yet in extreme cases are different enough to be noticed even by a non-local listener.There is also much room for misunderstanding between people from different regions, as the wayone word is pronounced in one accent (for example,petalin American English) will sound like adifferent word in another accent (for example,pearlin Scottish English).

Great Britain

Accents and dialects vary widely across the United Kingdom; as such, a single "British

accent" does not exist, but someone could be said to have an English, Welsh, or Scottish accent

although these all have several different sub-types.

[edit]England

There is considerable variation within the accents of English across England. Two sets of accents

are spoken in theWest Country,Cornish (primarily in South Cornwall) and West Country(thecounties ofDevon,Somerset,Gloucestershire,Bristol,Dorset(Not so much in east

Dorset), Wiltshire (again, less so in eastern Wiltshire), and also in East Cornwall). The accents

ofNorthern Englandare also distinctive including a range of variations:Northumberland,County

Durham,Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland,Cumbria,Lancashire with regional variants

inBolton,Burnley,Blackburn,Manchester,Preston,Blackpool,Merseyside andWigan,Yorkshire

is also distinctive, having variations between theNorth Riding of Yorkshire,West Riding of

Yorkshire andEast Riding of Yorkshire. Other accents include a range of accents spoken in

theWest Midlands (In the major towns and conurbations (The Black

Country,Birmingham,Coventry,Stoke-on-Trent and Wolverhampton) and in rural accents (such

as in Herefordshire and south Worcestershire)); the accents of the counties comprising the East

Midlands (Derby, Leicester,Lincoln,Northampton, andNottingham) andEast

Anglia (Norfolk,Suffolk, north EssexandCambridgeshire). Even within these broad categories

there are considerable differences in inflection and pronunciation.[citation needed]

[edit]Scotland

The regional accents ofScottish English generally follow the a similar pattern to that of the

dialects ofModern Scots:[1][2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Salfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Salfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cornishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cornishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_dialect_and_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Salfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cornishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_dialect_and_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-1


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Insular Scots Orkney andShetland.

Northern Scots north of the Firth of Tay.

North Northern Caithness, Easter Ross and theBlack Isle.

Mid Northern (also called North East[3]and popularly known as the Doric)

Moray,Buchan andAberdeenshire.

South Northern eastAngus and the Mearns.

Central Scots the Central Lowlands and South west Scotland.

North East Central north of theForth, in south east Perthshireand west Angus.

South East Central in the Lothians,PeeblesshireandBerwickshire

West Central Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire,Renfrewshire,Inverclyde,Ayrshire,

on the Isle of Bute and to the southern extremity ofKintyre.

South West Central west Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshireand Wigtownshire.

Southern Scots mid and eastDumfriesshire and the Scottish

Borders counties Selkirkshire and Roxburghshire, in particular the valleys of theAnnan,the Esk, the Liddel Water, the Teviotand theYarrow Water. It is also known as the "border

tongue" or "border Scots".

A number of pronunciation features set Scots apart from neighbouring English dialects. The Scots

pronunciation ofcome[km] contrasts with [km] in Northern English. The Scots

realisation [km]reaches as far south as the mouth of the north Eskin northCumbria, crossing

Cumbria and skirting the foot of the Cheviotsbefore reaching the east coast atBamburghsome

12 miles north ofAlnwick. The Scots [x]English []/[f] cognate group (micht-might, eneuch-

enough, etc.) can be found in a small portion of north Cumbria with the southern limit stretching

from Bewcastleto LongtownandGretna. The Scots pronunciation ofwh as [] becomes

English [w] south ofCarlisle but remains inNorthumberland, but Northumberland realises r

as [], often called the burr, which is not a Scots realisation. Thus the greater part of the valley of

the Esk and the whole ofLiddesdalecan be considered to be northern English dialects rather

than Scots ones. From the nineteenth century onwards influence from the South through

education and increased mobility have caused Scots features to retreat northwards so that for all

practical purposes the political and linguistic boundaries may be considered to coincide.[4]

[edit]Wales

Main article:Welsh English

The accent of English inWalesis strongly influenced by the phonology of the Welsh language,

which more than 20% of the population of Wales speak as their first orsecond language.The North Wales accent is distinct fromSouth Walesand north east Wales is influenced

by Scouse and Cheshire accents. South Wales border accents are influenced by West

Country accents. The Wenglish of theSouth Wales Valleysshows a deep cross-fertilisation

between the two.

The Cardiff dialect and accent is also quite distinctive from that of the South Wales Valleys,

primarily:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Tayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Islehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Islehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Islehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardineshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Lowlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Butehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtownshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Annanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Dumfries_and_Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Dumfries_and_Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddel_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teviothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teviothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set#Use_in_linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewcastlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewcastlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtown,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtown,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna,_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttural_Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddesdalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddesdalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Tayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Islehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardineshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Lowlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Butehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtownshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Annanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Dumfries_and_Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddel_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teviothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set#Use_in_linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewcastlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtown,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna,_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttural_Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddesdalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys


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The substitution of// by [][5][6]

here/h/ pronounced [hj] or[j] in broader accents

A more open pronunciation of//as in love and other[6]

// is widely realised as [], giving a pronunciation ofCardiff/

kadf/ as Kahdiff[kdf]

Ireland

Main article:Hiberno-English

Irelandhas several main groups of accents, including (1) those of Dublin and surrounding areas

on the east coast where English has been spoken since the earliest period of colonisation from

Britain, (2) the accents of Ulster, with a strong influence from Scotland as well as the underlying

Gaelic linguistic stratum which in that province approaches the Gaelic of Scotland, and (3) the

various accents of west, midlands and south.

[edit]Ulster

The Ulsteraccent has two main sub accents, namely Mid Ulster EnglishandUlster Scots. The

language is spoken throughout the nine counties of Ulster, and in some northern areas of

bordering counties such as LouthandLeitrim. It bears many similarities to Scottish English

through influence from Ulster Scots, which has many distinct characteristics and is often seen as

a variety ofScots.

Some characteristics of the Ulster accent include:

As in Scotland, the vowels // and /u/ are merged, so that lookand Luke are

homophonous. The vowel is a high central rounded vowel,[].

The diphthong /a/ is pronounced approximately [], but wide variation exists,

especially betweensocial classes inBelfast

In Belfast, /e/ is a monophthong in open syllables (e.g. day[d]) but a rising diphthong

in closed syllables (e.g. daze[dez]). But the monophthong remains when inflectional

endings are added, thus daze contrasts with days[dz].

The alveolar stops/t, d/ become dental before /r, r/, e.g. tree and spider

/t/ often undergoesflappingto [] before an unstressedsyllable, e.g. eighty[ei]

[edit]Connacht, Leinster, and Munster

The accent of these three provinces fluctuates greatly from the flat tone of the midlands counties

of Laois, Kildare, and Offaly, the perceived sing-songof Cork and Kerry, to the soft accents of

Mayo and Galway.

Historically the Dublin county area, parts of Wicklow and Louth, became under heavy exclusive

influence from the first English settlements (known as The Pale). It remained until Independence

from Britain as the biggest concentration of English influence in the whole island.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Phonetics-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Cardiff_accent-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Cardiff_accent-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing-song&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing-song&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Phonetics-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Cardiff_accent-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Cardiff_accent-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing-song&action=edit&redlink=1


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The Corkonian accent has a unique lyrical intonation. Every sentence typically ends in the

trademark elongated tail-off on the last word. In Cork heavier emphasis yet is put on the brrr

sound to the letter R.

Similar to the Cork accent but without the same unmistakable intonation, Kerry puts even heavier

emphasis on the brrr sound to the letter R. For example: the word Forty. Throughout the south

this word is pronounced whereby the r exhibits the typified Irish brrr. In Kerry however (especially

in rural areas) the roll on the r is enforced with vibrations from the tongue (not unlike Scottish

here). "Are you?" becomes a co-joined "A-rrou?" single tongue flutter (esp. in rural areas). This

extra emphasis on R is also seen in varying measures through parts of West Limerick and West

Cork in closer proximity to Kerry.

Another feature in the Kerry accent is the S before the consonant. True to its Gaelic origins in a

manner similar to parts of Connacht "s" maintains the shh sound as in shop or sheep. The word

Start becomes "Shtart." Stop becomes Shtop.

Irish Travellers

Irish Travellershave a very distinct accent closely related to a rural Hiberno-English, particularlythe English spoken in Connaught from where they originate. Many Irish Travellers who were bornin parts of Dublin or Britain have the accent in spite of it being strikingly different to the localaccents in those regions . They also have their own language which strongly links in with theirdialect/accent of English, see Shelta.

North America

Main article:North American English regional phonology

Main article:North American English

North American English is a collective term for the dialects of the United States and Canada; it

does not include the varieties ofCaribbean English spoken in the West Indies.

Rhoticity and mergers before /r/. Most North American English accents differ from

Received Pronunciation and some other British dialects by beingrhotic; the phoneme /r/ is

pronounced before consonants and at the end of syllables, and the "r-colored vowel" [] is

used as a syllable nucleus. For example, while the words hardand singerwould be

pronounced [hd] and [s] in Received Pronunciation, they would be

pronounced [hd] and [s] inGeneral American. (Exceptions are certain traditional

accents found in eastern New England, New York City, and the Southern United States.) R-

coloring has ultimately led to some phonemic mergers before historic /r/ that are unknown in

most other native dialects: in many North American accents, Mary, merryand marrysound

the same, despite having different vowels in RP ([], [], [] respectively);

likewise, hairyrhymes with ferry, and nearerrhymes with mirror.[dubiousdiscuss]

Mergers of the low back vowels. Other North American mergers that are absent in

Received Pronunciation are the merger of the vowels ofcaught and cot ([kt] and [kt] in

RP) in many accents, and the merger offather(RP [f]) and bother(RP [b]) in

almost all.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Regional_accents_of_English#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Regional_accents_of_English#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Regional_accents_of_English#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Regional_accents_of_English#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger


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Flat A. Most North American accents lack the so-calledtrapbath splitfound in Southern

England: Words like ask, answer, grass, bath, staff, dance are pronounced with the short-

a // oftrap, not with the broad A // offatherheard in Southern England as well as in most

of the Southern hemisphere. (In North America, the vowel offatherhas merged with that

oflotand bother, see above.)

Flapping of /t/ and /d/. Another feature distinguishing North American English dialects in

general from British Received Pronunciation is the voicing orflappingof /t/ before an

unstressed vowel, causing the word betterto sound like "bedder" [bd] or[b].

The United States does not have a concrete 'standard' accent in the same way that Britain

has Received Pronunciation. Nonetheless, a form of speech known to linguists as General

American is perceived by most Americans to be "accent-less", meaning a person who speaks in

such a manner does not appear to be from anywhere. The region of the United States that most

resembles this is the central Midwest, specifically eastern Nebraska (including Omaha and

Lincoln), southern and central Iowa (including Des Moines), and western Illinois (including Peoria

and the Quad Cities, but not the Chicago area).

[edit]Canada

Main article:Canadian English

Three major dialect areas can be found in Canada: Western/Central Canada, the Maritimes, and

Newfoundland.

The phonology ofWest/Central Canadian English, also called General Canadian, is broadly

identical to that of the Western US, except for the following features:

The diphthongs /a/ and /a/ are raised to approximately [] and [][7] before

voiceless consonants; thus, for example, the vowel sound ofout[t] is different from that

ofloud[lad]. This feature is known as Canadian raising.

There is no contrast between the vowels ofcaughtand cot(cotcaught merger, as

above); in addition, the short a ofbatis more open than almost everywhere else in North

America [ ~ a]. The other front lax vowels // and //, too, can be lowered and/or

retracted. This phenomenon has been labelled the Canadian Shift.

With respect to phonemic incidence, the pronunciation of certain words has American and/or

British influence. For instance, shone is /n/; been is often /bin/;process can be /pross/; etc.

Words like drama,pyjamas,pasta tend to have // rather than //~//. Words

like sorrow, Florida, orange have /or/ rather than /r/; therefore, sorryrhymes with storyratherthan with starry.

United States

Main article:American English

[edit]West Indies and Bermuda

For discussion, see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West/Central_Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-AutoZC-1-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West/Central_Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-AutoZC-1-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=12


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Bahamian English

Bajan Creole

Bermudian English

Caribbean English

Jamaican English

Trinidadian English

[edit]Southern hemisphere

[edit]Australia

Main article:Australian English

Australian English is relatively homogenous when compared toBritishandAmerican English.

There is however some regional variation between the states, particularly in regards toSouth

Australia,Victoria and Western Australia.

Three main varieties of Australian English are spoken according to linguists: Broad

Australian,General Australian and Cultivated Australian.[8] They are part of a continuum,

reflecting variations in accent. They can, but do not always reflect the social class, education and

urban or rural background of the speaker.[9]

Australian Aboriginal English refers to the various varieties of the English language used

by Indigenous Australians. These varieties, which developed differently in different parts of

Australia, vary along a continuum, from forms close to General Australian to more

nonstandard forms. There are distinctive features of accent, grammar, words and meanings,

as well as language use.

The furthest extent of the Aboriginal dialect isAustralian Kriol language, which is

not mutually intelligible with General Australian English. On the Torres Strait Islands, a distinctive dialect known asTorres Strait English is

spoken.

In Australian English, pronunciations vary regionally according to the type of vowel that

occurs before the sounds nd, ns, nt, nce, nch, and mple, and the pronunciation of the suffix "-

mand". In words like "chance", "plant", "branch", "sample" and "demand", the vast majority of

Australians use the short // vowel from the word "cat". InSouth Australian Englishhowever

there is a high proportion of people who use the broad /a / vowel from the word "cart" in

these words.

Centringdiphthongs, which are the vowels that occur in words

like ear, beardand air, sheer. In Western Australian Englishthere is a tendency for centring

diphthongs to be pronounced as full diphthongs. Those in the eastern states will tend to

pronounce "fear" and "sheer" without any jaw movement, while the westerners would

pronounce them like "fia" and "shia", respectively.[10]

In Victoria, many speakers pronounce the "a" and "e" vowels in a way that is distinct from

speakers in other states. The first vowel in "celery" and "salary" are the same, so that both

words sound like "salary". These speakers will also tend to say "halicopter" instead of

"helicopter". For many older Victorian speakers, the words "celery" and "salary" also sound
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajan_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English#Sociocultural_variationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-mannell-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-mannell-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-macquarie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Kriol_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-ozvoices-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajan_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English#Sociocultural_variationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-mannell-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-macquarie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Kriol_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-ozvoices-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary


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the same but instead both sound like "celery". These speakers will also pronounce words

such as "alps" as "elps". [citation needed]

New Zealand

The New Zealand accent is distinguished from the Australian one by the presence of "clipped"

vowels, slightly resembling South African English. Phonetically, these are raised or centralised

versions of the short "i" and "e" vowels, which in New Zealand are close to [] and [] respectively

rather than [] and []. New Zealand pronunciations are often popularly represented outside New

Zealand by writing "fish and chips" as "fush and chups", "yes" as "yiss", "sixty-six" as "suxty-sux."

Scottish English influence is most evident in the southern regions of New Zealand,

notably Dunedin.

Geographical variations appear slight, and mainly confined to individual special local words. One

group of speakers, however, hold a recognised place as "talking differently": the South of the

South Island (Murihiku) harbours a "Celtic fringe" of people speaking with a "Southland burr" in

which a back-trilled 'r' appears prominently. The area formed a traditional repository of

immigration from Scotland.

The trilled 'r' is also used by some Mori, who may also pronounce 't' and 'k' sounds without

aspiration, striking other English speakers as similar to 'd' and 'g'. This is also encountered in

South African English, especially amongAfrikaans speakers.

Falkland Islands

Main article: Falkland Islands English

The Falkland Islands have a large non-native born population, mainly from Britain, but also

from Saint Helena. In rural areas, the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The accent has

resemblances to both Australia-NZ English, and that ofNorfolk in England, and contains a

number of Spanish loanwords.

[edit]Saint Helena

"Saints", as Saint Helenan islanders are called, have a variety of different influences on their

accent. To outsiders, the accent has resemblances to the accents of South Africa, Australia, and

New Zealand.

Television is a reasonably recent arrival there, and is only just beginning to have an effect.

[edit]Southern Africa

[edit]South Africa

Main article: South African English

South Africahas 11 official languages, one of which is English. Accents vary significantly

between ethnic and language groups.[11]Native English speakers (white, Indian

andColoured orCape Coloured) in South Africa have an accent that generally resembles

BritishReceived Pronunciation (modified with varying degrees of Germanic inflection due to

Afrikaans).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-esa-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-esa-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-esa-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-esa-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation


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The Coloured community are generally bilingual, however English accents are strongly influenced

by primary mother-tongue (Afrikaans or English). A range of accents can be seen, with the

majority of Coloureds showing a strong Afrikaans inflection. Similarly,Afrikaners(and Cape

Coloureds), both descendant of mainly Dutch settlers, tend to pronounce English phonemes with

a strong Afrikaans inflection. The English accents of both related groups are significantly different

and easily distinguishable (primarily because of prevalent code-switchingamongst the majority of

Coloured English speakers, particularly in the Western Capeof South Africa). The range of

accents found amongst English-speaking Coloureds (from the distinctive "Cape Flats or Coloured

English"[12] to the standard "colloquial" South African English accent) are of special interest.

Geography and education levels play major roles therein.

BlackAfricansgenerally speak English as a second language, and accent is strongly influenced

by mother-tongue (particularly Bantu languages). However, urban middle-classblack Africans

have developed an English accent, with similar inflection as native English speakers. Black,

Indian and Coloured students educated in former Model C schools or at formerly white tertiary

institutions will generally adopt a similar accent to their white classmates. [13]Code-switching and

the "Cape Flats" accent are becoming popular amongst white learners in public schools withinCape Town.[citation needed]

South African accents also vary between major cities (particularly Cape Town, Durban and

Johannesburg) and provinces (regions).[14]Accent variation are also observed within respective

cities, for instance, Johannesburg, where the northern suburbs (Parkview, Parkwood, Parktown

North, Saxonwold, etc.) tend to be less strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are more

affluent and populated by individuals with tertiary education and higher incomes. The accents of

native English speakers from the southern suburbs (Rosettenville, Turffontein, etc.) tend to be

more strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are populated by tradesmen and factory

workers, with lower incomes. The extent of Afrikaans influence is explained by the fact that

Afrikaans urbanisation would historically have been from failed marginal farms or failingeconomies in rural towns, into the southern and western suburbs of Johannesburg. The western

suburbs of Johannesburg (Newlands, Triomf, which has now reverted to its old

name Sophiatown, Westdene, etc.) are predominantly Afrikaans speaking. In a similar fashion,

people from predominantly or traditionally Jewish areas in the Johannesburg area (such as

Sandton, Linksfield or Victory Park) may have accents influenced by Yiddish or Hebrew ancestry.

Examples of South African accents (obtained from http://accent.gmu.edu)

Native English: Male (Cape Town, South Africa)

Native English: Female (Cape Town, South Africa)

Native English: Male (Port Elizabeth, South Africa)

Native English: Male (Nigel, South Africa)

Afrikaans (Primary): Female (Pretoria, South Africa)

Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria, South Africa)

Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria, South Africa)

Northern Sotho (Primary): Female (Polokwane, South Africa)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-saculture-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-varsity186-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Schneider-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Schneider-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Schneider-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatownhttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=903http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=904http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=496http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=102http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=2http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=418http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1213http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-saculture-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-varsity186-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Schneider-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatownhttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=903http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=904http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=496http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=102http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=2http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=418http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1213


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Additional samples of South African accents and dialects can be found

at http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htm

Regardless of regional and ethnic differences (in accents), the "colloquial" South African English

accent is often confused with Australian (or New Zealand) English by British and American

English speakers.[15][16]

Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe, native English speakers (mainly the white and Coloured minority) have a similar

speech pattern to that of South Africa. Hence those with high degrees of Germanic inflection

would pronounce 'Zimbabwe' as zim-bah-bwi, as opposed to the African pronunciation zeem-

bah-bweh. Zimbwabwean accents also vastly vary, with some Black Africans sounding British

while others will have a much stronger accent influenced by their mother tongues, usually this

distinction is brought about by where speakers grew up and the school attended. For example

most people that grew up in and around Harare have a British sounding accent while those in the

rural areas have a more "pigeon-english" sort of accent

Example of a Zimbabwean English accent (obtained from http://accent.gmu.edu)

Namibia

Namibian English tends to be strongly influenced by South African English.

[edit]Asia

[edit]Philippines

Main article:Philippine English

Philippine English employs a rhotic accent that originated from the time when it was first

introduced by the Americans during the colonization period to replace Spanish as the dominant

language used in politics.

In reality, there is no single Philippine English Accent, many indigenous languages affect the

English that is spoken throughout the Islands. For example, those from the Visayas may generally

interchange the /e/ and /i/ also the /o/ and /u/ as their distinction is not very pronounced in the

Visayan languages.

Those coming from the North may pronounce the /r/ with a strong trill instead of the flap as it is

one of the features of the Ilocano language. Some Ilocanos also pronounce the // better as there

is a sound in their language that is close to this.

[edit]Hong Kong

Main article:Hong Kong English

The accent of English spoken inHong Kongfollows mainly British, with rather strong influence

from Cantonese on thepronunciationsof a few consonants and vowels, and sentence grammar

and structure.

[edit]South Asia

See also:Sri Lankan English, Pakistani English, andIndian English
http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Hopwood-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-webspace-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Hopwood-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-webspace-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English


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A number of distinct dialects of English are spoken in South Asia. There are many languages

spoken in South Asia

like Urdu,Hindi,Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi,Pashto,Marathi,Assamese,Bengali,Maithili,Gujarati,

Kannada,Telugu,Malayalam,Tamil,Rajasthani and many more, creating a variety of accents of

English. Accents originating in this part of the world tend to display several distinctive features,

including:

syllable-timing, in which a roughly equal time is allocated to each syllable. Akin to the

English of Singapore and Malaysia. (Elsewhere, English speech timing is based

predominantly on stress);

"sing-song" pitch (somewhat reminiscent of those ofWelsh English).

[edit]Malaysia

Main article:Malaysian English

Malay is the lingua francaofMalaysia, a former British colony. English is a foreign language with

no official status, but it is commonly learnt as a second or third language.

The Malaysian accent appears to be a melding of British, Chinese, and Malay influences.

Many Malaysians adopt different accents and usages depending on the situation; for example, an

office worker may speak with less colloquialism and with a more British accent on the job than

with friends or while out shopping.

syllable-timing, where speech is timed according to syllable, akin to the English of the

Indian Subcontinent. (Elsewhere, speech is usually timed to stress.)

A quick, staccato style, with "puncturing" syllables and well-defined, drawn out tones.

Non-rhoticity, like most varieties ofEnglish language in England.

Hence caughtand courtare homophonous as /kt/ (in actuality, /k/ or/ko/, see

"Simplification" below); can'trhymes witharen't, etc.

The "ay" and "ow" sounds in raidand road(/e/ and /o/ respectively) are pronounced

asmonophthongs, i.e. with no "glide": [red] and [rod].

// is pronounced as [t] and // as [d]; hence, thin is [tn] and then is [dn].

Depending on how colloquial the situation is: many discourse particles, or words inserted

at the end of sentences that indicate the role of the sentence in discourse and the mood it

conveys, like "lah", "leh", "mah", "hor", etc.

See also:Manglish

[edit]SingaporeMain article:Singapore English

Singapore is effectively a multi-lingual nation. The Singapore government recognises fourofficial

languages: English, Malay, Chinese (Mandarin), and Tamil.

Students in Primary and Secondary schools learning English as the language of instruction also

learn a second language called their "Mother Tongue" by the Ministry of Education, where they

are either taughtMandarin Chinese, Malay orTamil. A main point to note is while "Mother
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language


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Tongue" generally refers to the first language (L1) overseas, in Singapore, it is used by the

Ministry of Education to denote the second language (L2).

There are two main types of English spoken in Singapore - Standard Singapore

English and Singlish.

A 2005 census showed that around 30% of Singaporeans speak English as their main languageat home.[17]

There is a large number of foreigners working in Singapore. 36% of the population in Singapore

are foreigners and foreigners make up 50% of the service sector.[18] Therefore, it is very common

to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English. Most of these staff speak Mandarin

Chinese. Those who do not speak Mandarin Chinese tend to speak either broken English or

Singlish, which they have learnt from the locals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-singstatch2-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-singstat2009-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-singstatch2-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-singstat2009-17

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