Accelerating Expansion of Access to Secondary Education 1980 - 1990 Experience in Zimbabwe.
Transcript of Accelerating Expansion of Access to Secondary Education 1980 - 1990 Experience in Zimbabwe.
Accelerating Expansion of Access to Secondary
Education
1980 - 1990 Experience in Zimbabwe
1. Inherited Situation
2 education systems35% at primary, 4% at secondary, 0.1%
tertiaryTotal of 80 000 with secondary education
and 4 000 with university education out of population of 7.5 million
2 economic systems, formal for small percentage and traditional subsitence for the majority
2. Review of Macro Policy Framework Education as main tool for political, social and
economic development Local community and parental participation in
school provision Reduction of unit costs Free and compulsory primary education Affordable secondary education Secondary education to be terminal for majority Curriculum to be reviewed rather than for
preparation to live in Britain or to be ruling class
3.1 Innovative Policy Implementation
Planning and school registration process Government sec school in each district “Private” schools 93.8% of primary and 87.3% of
secondary schools Day schools rather than boarding schools Planning department expanded School mapping with IIEP Open access to “O” levels, selection for “A”
levels
3.2 School Construction
Parents’ responsibilities: Build actual school Ensure children attend school Pay fees as agreed by parents and kept by parents
Government responsibilities: Provide plan and technical support Provide subsidy Pay teachers and per capita grant Provide some free materials Train teachers and school heads
3.2 Construction 2
Labour only contracts for small scale builders
Tax rebates and subsidies for commercial farmers, commerce and industry for school construction
School location systematized
3.3 Innovative Curriculum Development5 subject groups at sec - Need to select at
least 1 or 2 subjects from each group: Languages - English and 1 main African
Language compulsory Sciences - Core Science is compulsory Mathematics Human and Social Sciences Practical, Technical, Business and Commercial
Subjects: 2 compulsoryGenerally students do 7 subjects
3.3.1 Innovative approaches
Use of distance education methodologies ZimSci kits Practical subject kits National Foundation Courses Changes in Social Studies HIV/AIDS education Free textbooks MOE collaboration with pvt sector publishers Tree planting and tree care
3.4 Quality and Availability of TeachersTeachers’ AssociationsAvailability of qualified teachersTeacher education
ZINTEC and Zintecisation of system Technical teacher training
Gender Gap amongst sec teachers
4.2 Involvement of Parents and CommunityDecentralization of funds through District
Councils or through School Development Committees?
Appointment and promotion of teachers - disastrous decentralization
Abuse of per capita grantsNeed for a clear time frame and gradual
approach to decentralization of functions
4.3 The White Minority
Sale of “white” state schools to parents rescinded
Allowed strong parental participation in school governance, including parental “levies” to overcome new teacher pupil ratios
Allowed establishment of new “private” schools by white farmers
4.4 Politicians and Parliament
New legislation passed enthusiasticallyPoliticians not allowed to site and establish
schools
4.5 Private Sector Participation
6 different types of private sector participation: Distict Council and Community owned schools “Elite” or Independent schools Farm and mine schools Mission and other church schools ZIMFEP schools Profit making schoolsAll except last group received grants and
subsidies.
4.6 Zimbabwe Foundation for Education with ProductionAchievements include:
Schools constructed by students and communities
Educated 15 000 war veterans and former refugees
Self-sufficiency Theatre and culture New syllabuses and textbooks Education and employment creation
5. Impact of Reforms on Expenditure in US$s - Table 1
1980/81 1985/86 1990/91
Ed Budget 339.715 396.480 581.265
Index of Increase 100 117 171
Ed Budget as % of Total
22.3 21.8 22.4
Sec Budget as % of Ed Budget
16.1 12.7 29.5
Table 2. Unit Cost of Sec Education in US$s
1980 1985 1990
Unit cost in US$s 735.83 104.35 257.82
Index of Increase 100 14 35
Table 3. Number of Sec Schools and Sec Enrolments
1980 1985 1990
Number of schools
197 1215 1512
Enrolment 74 321 482 000 665 791
Index of enrolment increase
100 649 896
Table 4. Increase in 6th Form Enrolment
1980 1985 1990
Number of students 1 930 5 423 8 273
Index of increase 100 281 429
6.3 Gender Gap at Secondary
Girls 40% up to “O” levelsGirls 33% at “A” levels
Table 5. “O” levels Number and % passing 5 or more subjects at Grade C and aboveYear No
Candidates
Index No Passed
Index Increase
% Pass
1980 7 818 100 1 460 100 18.7
1990 194 654 24 898 25 651 17 569 13.2
Table 6. “O” Level Passes 1985 and 1990
1985 No. 1985 % 1990 No. 1990 %
Passed 5 14 762 13.1 25 651 13.2
Passed 3 28 591 25.3 46 874 24.1
Passed 1 65 904 58.4 116 180 59.7
Failed all 46 979 41.6 78 474 40.3
Total 112 881 100.0 194 654 100.0
Table 7a. Academic “O” Results by Subject 1990Subject No
Candidates% Grade C & above
i. English Language 163 586 18.5
ii. English Lit 48 070 44.3
iii. History 58 092 32.3
iv. Geography 119 204 27.9
v. Shona & Ndebele 115 405 61.1
vi. Mathematics 87 946 23.4
vii. Core Science 127 566 24.8
Table 7b. Practical Subjects “O” Levels Results 1990
Subject No.
Candidates
% Grade C
viii. Agriculture 45 766 51.8
ix. Woodwork 6 215 63.7
x. Fashion & Fabrics 11 935 36.7
xi. Commerce 44 866 34.0
xii. Principles of Accounts 22 015 42.8
Table 8a. Urban cf. Rural “O” Levels Academic Subject Results 1990
Subject No Urban Passes
% Urban Passes
No. Rural Passes
% Rural Passes
i. Eng Lang 11 210 25.9 12 386 15.0
ii. Eng Lit 4 838 46.8 5 753 43.1
iii. History 5 045 25.4 12 699 37.9
iv. Geography 10 102 29.5 20 750 28.6
v. Shona/Nde. 19 140 58.6 48 330 63.0
vi. Maths 6 046 19.0 12 707 27.4
vii. Core Sci. 9 536 24.9 20 415 26.1
Table 8b. Urban cf. Rural “O” Levels Practical Subject Results 1990
Subject No. Candi-dates
% Urban Candi.
No. Rural Candi.
% Rural Candi.
viii. Agriculture 2 166 44.3 21 479 52.7
ix. Woodwork 2 701 63.5 1 238 64.0
x.Fashion/Fab
1 932 36.7 2 374 36.2
xi. Commerce 4 479 31.7 7 296 34.2
xii. Principles of Accounts
4 324 38.2 3 439 50.0
Table 9. “A” Levels - No. & % with 2 or more Subjects at E or betterYear No.
candi.Index in-crease
No. passed 2 subjects
Index Increase
% Pass
1980 1 146 100 577 100 46.0
1990 14 722 12 846 9 984 18 945 67.8
9. Lessons Learnt: Positive Impact
High quality sec education for majority possible in cost effective ways
Education map changed within 1 generation
Population growth similar to WestMore aware of human rightsTechnological jump from peasant based
technology to modern technology
Lessons Learnt: Negative Impacts
Higher aspirations and expectationsExodus of 2 million plus young peopleEconomic development not commensurate
with educational developmentZimbabwe clung to the Cambridge exam
system, rejecting closer links with economic productivity