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Kyle Academy

Higher Physical Education

4 Factors Impacting Performance

Physical Mental

Emotional Social

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Contents Page

Page 2 Contents

Page 3 Table of Factors

Page 4 Mental and Physical Factors intro page

Page 5 Higher Order thinking skills

Page 6 The game of badminton

Page 8 Physical Factor – Skill Repertoire

Page 9-11 Physical Factor – Agility

Page 12-13 Physical Factor – Speed Endurance

Page 14-15 Physical Factor – Power

Page 17-19 Mental Factor – Level of Arousal

Page 20 Mental Factor – Concentration

Page 21-22 Mental Factor – Decision Making

Page 23 Social and emotional Factors intro page

Page 24 Blooms Taxonomy – higher order thinking

Page 25-27 The game of Volleyball

Page 29-32 Social Factor – Team Dynamics

Page 33-34 Social Factor – Communication

Page 35 Social Factor – Roles and Responsibilities

Page 36 Social Factor – Co-operating

Page 38 Command Words

Page 39- 41 Emotional Factor – Fear

Page 42 -44 Emotional Factor – Self Control

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Factors (Sub Factors) Impacting Performance

PHYSICAL SOCIALFITNESS SKILLS TACTICS

Physical Fitness

CRE

Muscular Endurance

Speed (Speed

endurance)

Flexibility

Strength

Power

Skill Related Fitness

Coordination

Agility

Reaction time

Balance

Core Stability

Skill Repertoire

Technical Qualities

Timing

Rhythm

Consistency

Special Qualities

Imagination

Creativity

Flair

Adjustment

Quality of Performance

Control

Fluency

Effort

Accuracy

Touch

Performance

Consideration

Personal S + W

Role Demands

Team S+ W

Opposition

Previous History

Environment

Conditions

Principles of Play

Width

Depth

Delay

Penetration

Support

Communication

Tempo

Cooperating/Competing

Contributing to a team/group

Working in isolation

Relationships

Role/responsibility for

performance

Team Dynamic

Etiquette

Respect for self and others

Inclusion

Fair play

Ethics

Codes of conduct

Conduct of self, players, crowd and

officials

Social Responsibility

Citizenship

Extrinsic/intrinsic motivation

Environmental issues.

MENTAL EMOTIONAL

Level of Arousal Anxiety

Concentration/ FocusMotivation

Decision makingProblem solving

Attention span

Mental toughness

Processing information

Anticipation

Happiness/sadness

(affecting confidence, self-belief, own ability, resilience)

Anger

(affecting decision making, self-control, controlling or channelling

aggression, hostility, frustration)

Fear

(Affecting decision making, confidence, realising potential, panic,

confusion, stress, anxiety, nervousness)

Trust

(Affecting self-respect, mutual respect, personal responsibility, team

responsibility, adaptability)

Surprise

(Affecting decision making, confidence, resilience, determination)

Factors impacting Performance

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Mental and Physical Factors Overview

Sub Factors Covered

Mental and Physical

Sub Factors

Skill Repertoire

Agility

Speed Endurance

PowerConcentration

DecisionMaking

Level of Arousal

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Higher Order thinking Skills

Techniques

Serving Building Attacking Defending

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The Game of Badminton

What does it involve?

Key Elements/phases REMEMBER

• The more skillful you are, the better your performance is likely to be. Being aware of the type of

skill you are working on, will determine the way you practice and develop the skill.

• A skilled performance is about your ability to be in the correct place at the correct time and be able

to select the correct technique, making it look as effortless as possible to meet the performance

demands.

• Skills are learned as a result of effective practice and can be performed consistently, it is not a fluke

or beginners luck.

• Select Skills that are successful in outcome• Select skills which create scoring options• Select skills that allow recovery• Select skills which force errors

Selecting the correct options!

High Low Flick

Clears Drop Shots Net Shots Lifts Smash Push

Smash Drop Shot Drive Kill

Clears Drop shots Net Shots Drives Blocks Lifts

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Physical Sub Factor

Physical Factors impacting

performance

Skill Repertoire

Agility Speed Endurance

KNOWLEDGEPower

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Skill Repertoire “All strokes have a purpose. As a performer you must understand what you can do with strokes you have in your repertoire”.

Skill is the body’s ability to master movement and co-ordinate the senses, brain and muscles efficiently and swiftly.

Skill Repertoire is the range of skills that you have at your disposal during a badminton match which can be best utilised in a variety of performance situations. Your ability to perform skills and techniques within an activity will impact on your performance significantly. Your ability to both develop your skill level progressively and perform a range of skills within the activity will impact on your whole performance.

How does the ability to perform a range of skills and techniques Impact Positively?

In badminton the wider your shot repertoire the more able you will be to apply the right shot at the right time in the match. From any one point on the court you will have the potential to select a number of shots to send your opponent a problem. This will enable you to vary the height, angle and speed of your shots to expose space in the corners of the court and dictate and control the game. Also, the more varied your repertoire the faster your decision-making abilities as you have retained a bank of knowledge on the sport and have this experience of techniques and success to allow for a faster response and confident performance. Shots can be used to place the shuttle in the corners and build strong attacks. The quality of preparation for each shot allows for economic and graceful movements.

For example, in badminton, if you are able to perform an overhead clear to the back tramlines and accurately to the corners, this will impact on your performance positively as you can force the opponent back to create space at the front. You can prevent the main attacking shot the smash and can give yourself time to recover and build a strong attack when under pressure from a strong opponent.

How does a lack of skill repertoire impact negatively on performance?

If you are limited in your shot selection your play becomes very predictable and your creativity, tactical and decision making potential is massively reduced. Limited options prevent you from creating space on the court and lack of timing, accuracy and technique reduces the movement required by the opposition. Ultimately many points will be lost as you spend your time constantly defending and chasing the shuttle down. You will be limited in the way you can change the tempo of the game and limitation in the skills will impact your concentration, motivation and ability to cope under pressure.

For example, a badminton player who is unable to block the shuttle low over the net to the sides of the court will be forced to lift setting their opponent up for a possible smash.

Physical Sub Factor

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Agility “Agility is the ability to turn or adjust position quickly whilst maintain control and is a combination of speed, flexibility and balance”

Agility is not just about the speed with which an individual can

change direction. But it's also defined by the grace and fluidity of movement.

Agility is required for almost every performer in every activity. The ability to explosively start, decelerate, change direction and accelerate again quickly is particularly important in racket sports. The shuttle moves much faster than a ball in invasion games and demands that a performer can move fluently and with control across all planes of movement to conserve energy and combine maximum effort with efficiency.

How does agility Impact Positively on performance?

There is no doubt that improved agility impacts timing, rhythm and movement efficiency. A badminton player with good agility can turn and adjust position to cope with tempo changes sent over the net by the opposition and can get into position early to play a controlled return with equal “bite” which can wrong foot the opponent. Opposition will frequently change their racket head angle to alter the direction of the shuttle at the last minute but agility will allow you to recover and adjust. Agility allows a badminton player to respond and anticipate early which gives more time for decision making on the court. The more agile the more economic and efficient movement is which means that front and back court movement is seamless and that all 4 corners of the court can be covered effectively.

For example an opponent will often suddenly flick serve, drop or smash into the body. Agility allows for adjustments and footwork to be altered quickly to respond to these challenges and counter attack. This makes it extremely difficult for the opponent to outmaneuver you and forces then to take more risks in terms of placement

How does lack of agility impact negatively on performance?

Lack of agility makes you an easy target on a badminton court with so much space to exploit. An inability to change direction quickly gives lack of preparation time for shots. Players cannot get behind the shuttle in both touch and power shots to gain balance, accuracy and placement. Technique is therefore rushed reducing the success of shots Players are often over stretching resulting in injury as they cannot keep up with the pace of the game. Lack of agility allows the opposition to control the game and results in a player constantly playing defensively.

Physical Sub Factor

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Agility ”This is the ability to move with speed, co-ordination and balance, and being able to adjust position or change direction quickly whilst maintaining control”

Agility is a very important aspect of skill related fitness that is needed for successful performance in basketball. Agility combines speed, co-ordination and balance which is essential to turn quickly or adjust position to outmanoeuvre opposition to cut to the basket. Quick changes of direction are often fundamental, to create space or receive a pass. In a 1v1 situation I will often fake a shot but then drive past the opposition using agility and pace to move in for a high percentage shot. As a forward, I frequently need my agility to collect a rebound or chase a loose ball, to then counter attack. Having agility I can mix set, jump and layup shots in the game to add an element of surprise. Being able to adjust position quickly means it is very difficult for opposition to man mark me to restrict my time and space on the ball. On the occasion that opposition intercept and break up the court, I am able to turn back quickly to pressurise opponent to defend the key.

Why is agility important in basketball?

Positive impact of agility on basketball performance

To fake and drive to the basket for a high % shot.

To adjust position to collect a rebound off the ring

To adjust position and intercept a pass and tightly mark in a 1v1

situation.Being agile allows a forward to

mix their shots and add an element of surprise.

To reach for a loose ball and turn and counter attack

To turn quickly and track back and defend a fast break to

prevent an overload

To get away from a marker to create space and gain time on

the ball

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Agility is vital in basketball as it allows a player to stay on their toes and produce sharp, fast movements when driving to the basket or attempting to lose their opponent. Basketball demands the ability to move quickly and efficiently up and down the court. Agility requires both speed and flexibility to enable a player to cover the court efficiently. For example, “if my opponent is closing in on me near the basket, my agility would help me to fake a pass one way and quickly drive past my opponent in the opposite direction. If I anticipate the movements of my opponent wrongly, then this could result in my opponent stealing the ball off me and points being lost.” A player with good agility will be light on their feet and constantly be close to their opponent in defence, putting them under pressure. While attacking they will be zig-zagging past their opponent, looking for passes and creating vital space on the court. They will be tiring their opponents out so they will have more time to make decisions and passes under pressure, if their opponent fails to keep up with the pace. Good agility is essential in basketball as it adds variety and maintains an element of surprise if you can catch your opponent off guard. With effective agile movements a higher standard of performance is sustained far longer.

Negative impact of Agility on Basketball Performance

A basketball player who has poor agility will struggle in a game. Even with a high level of accuracy in shooting, passing etc they will not be able to use them to an advantage with a lack of agility. Poor agility and the inability to change direction quickly will result in an untidy performance. A player who lacks agility in offence will not be able to move quickly into a space away from their opponent to receive a pass, nor will they be able to change direction quickly after a change of possession. For example, “when my team lost the ball, I was unable to change direction quickly to run back in to defence and support my team, this resulted in the other team having numerical superiority in attack and scoring an easy basket”. Agility is also useful when rebounding in basketball, if a player lacks agility, they will be unable to react to an unpredictable bounce off the backboard or the rim of the basket to collect the rebound, this will result in the other team gaining possession or even having another chance to attack. In defence, agility is vital for any player on the court. Without agility, a player will not be able to stay with their player for any time in the game. Being unable to match a quick fast dodge, would result in the opposing player’s having time and space to create an opportunity for a high percentage shot, close to the basket.

Physical Sub Factor

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Speed Endurance ”This is the ability to repeat short sharp bursts of speed over a long period of time”

Anaerobic (speed) endurance means working without a steady supply of oxygen.

This is where you work in short, sharp bursts, e.g. to sprint to get a pass in basketball. You will have experienced a situation where you have been required to perform a few of these movements in quick succession and you found you could not maintain the effort. This is lactic acid building up in your muscles. As you perform these quick movements your muscles cannot take in the required oxygen to maintain effort resulting in oxygen dept. You need a rest before being ready to carry on with this type of activity, e.g. you cannot keep making fast breaks to support forwards without taking a breath to let your muscles recover.

In basketball you need to move your whole body up the court in a fast break situation, to keep up with team mates in support. Short bursts are necessary to get into space to receive a pass or drive at the basket. Off the ball, speed is essential to get to the ball before opposition and also to lose a marking player. This is also the case when an opponent tries to lose you. Speed is an asset; a quick change of pace when dribbling can get you past opposition and set up a numerical superiority in offence (overload) giving you more scoring opportunities.

Many dynamic actions in basketball also require a high level of anaerobic endurance. A good level of fitness here is essential so that you can jump to catch a ball, shoot the ball, rebound, perform jump balls or shuffle at speed in defence.

Examples of Speed Endurance in Basketball:

Offence DefenceOn the ball Off the ball

Prevent opponent from cutting / driving into spaceDeny space in a zone defenceIntercept passesTight man mark Chase a loose ballMaintain “basketside” positionSprint back and defendPrevent opponent fast breakPrevent unopposed fast breaksDefend counter attacks

Maintain a range of shooting optionsMaintain sharp passesDribble or drive into spaceGive and go (cut into a space)

Sprint up the court to receive a pass. Cut and drive to the basket.Chase a loose ballLose opponent & create spaceExplode into the key to receive a pass

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Positive Impact of Speed Endurance in Basketball

As a basketball game lasts 40 minutes you will have to use bursts of speed throughout therefore speed endurance is important. Good speed endurance essentially gives you the same benefits as speed with the exception of it is usually well into or towards the end of the game. If you are up against someone of a similar speed you may struggle to get away from them in the early stages of the game, however, if you have superior speed endurance, you will be able to get away from them more easily as the game progresses. Some examples of actions you will be able to carry out in a game are shown in the table below. Having a high level of speed endurance would help you to carry out these actions efficiently, particularly towards the end of the game.

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Guard Forward CentreOffence Defence Offence Defence Offence DefenceDribble the ball up the middle of the court (ahead of the defence)Create fast break scoring opportunities

Pressurise the opponents guardForce opponent to make errorsDeny space at the top of the key

Fill the lanes in a fast breakDrive to the basket for layupsBeat opponent up the court for an easier shot

Deny opponent space and timePrevent opponent driving into the keySprint in for rebounds

Get position close to the basket to post upSprint for reboundsGain space in the key

Deny space in the keyGain position for rebounds (box out)

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Negative Impact of Speed Endurance in Basketball

Example answer:

In the first two quarters of the game I was reasonably satisfied with my performance. In the 3 rd and 4th quarters, particularly the 4th, my lack of fitness showed in several ways.

As a forward, I was unable to sprint up the court to receive a pass for a fast break in offence or support the breaking player by filling the lanes. This meant that the fast break was a man short and often faced a 5v5 set offence situation instead of a 3v2 or 3v1 overload, thus decreasing our scoring rate significantly. As a forward I am responsible for driving towards the basket, rebounding and receiving cuts into the key to create scoring opportunities. However, in the later stages of the game, I had lost my sharpness so was unable to lose my opponent with a change of pace, hindering my ability to cut and drive to the basket when the opportunity arose. In defence I was unable to move quickly back to my own half to defend a fast break or attack giving my opposition numerical superiority. I was gasping for a breath and jogging when a faster pace was essential, limiting my contribution to the game. This recovery time was necessary to provide the working muscles, which had been starved of oxygen with a much needed supply and my decision making and concentration was negatively affected.

Physical Sub Factor

“This is strength applied at speed and is sometimes referred to as explosive strength.”

Power is vital when rebounding, making jump shots and lay ups to gain height to overcome opposition.

Power is useful in basketball, in order to:

Power

Jump high to grab a rebound

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Positive impact of Power on basketball performance

Power is required in basketball throughout performance, no matter what position you play. When rebounding, good leg power allows you to jump higher and catch the ball at it’s highest point giving you a better chance of securing the rebound. In a defensive situation this gives you an excellent platform to fast break from and when attacking this gives you another chance to score. Good rebounding = more possession! Good leg power is also vital to contest shots being made, e.g. blocking. If you are able to jump high enough in front of your opponent, you will have the chance to block their shot and prevent it from going towards the basket. Good leg power is also useful when shooting as it can help you to jump higher than a potential blocker, allowing you to get more power into your release. Arm power is also important when shooting or passing in basketball. Good arm power will allow you to shoot from greater distances (e.g. a 3 pointer), whilst allowing you to focus more on your technique. Arm power also helps you to pass over greater distances and also helps to make passes faster and sharper which will prevent them from being intercepted.

Positive impact of Power on basketball performance

The following is an example of a writing framework for an evaluation of the positive impact of power in basketball.

Knowledge point 1:

As a centre in basketball, power is needed in my legs to jump high to catch a rebound.

Understanding point 1:

In offence, this allows me to jump higher than my opponent and gain possession of the ball.

Justify point 1:

This gives my team the chance to attack again which could result in winning more points for my team.

Explode into the key

Shoot in a variety of ways

Jump to block in defence

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Knowledge point 2:

In basketball, having good arm power allows me to shoot accurately from a greater distance

Understanding point 2:

This allows me to score more frequently from the 3 point line.

Justify point 2:

This means that I can mix up my attacking options by being able to shoot from inside and outside the 3 point line, keeping my defender on their toes at all times.

Mental Factors impacting

performance

Level of Arousal Concentration Decision Making KNOWLEDGE

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“It is the person with the mental and emotional toughness who succeeds most often in long run. You’re more than just a body. Your mind and emotions also play an important part in your performances. If

you’re just training your body, you’re training ½ of yourself”

Mental Sub Factor

Level of Arousal “Arousal is defined as being an energised mental state of alertness and preparedness for an activity”.

Arousal is the key factor in determining success in sport. Getting to, and then keeping, the right level of arousal is hard to achieve and is often the downfall of sports people. This is because both too little (Under arousal) and too much (Over arousal) can have catastrophic effects on performance.

Level of Arousal is impacted by

Criticism Recovery from injury MistakesCrowd Pressure Anxiety Excitement Dips in form Intimidation by opponents

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The key is to get “in the zone” and create a “performance Bubble” as a positive mind = 100% success

Optimum level of arousal

The level of arousal required for different sports significantly varies along with how athletes get themselves to this mental state. Think of Usain Bolt as he embraces the crowd and jokes about on the start line and the New Zealand rugby team as they perform the Hakka. If you took this high level of arousal to another sport such as the gymnastics beam or rifle shooting you can see the problems that this will cause to the performer where calm a calm mind, relaxed muscles and steady breathing are required.

Think of the catastrophic effect of over arousal.

German diver ,London Olympics England football team and penalties Dropping the baton (Game over)

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RED ALERTWatch the Cracks appear!!!!!

Errors due to nerves getting the better of you. Lack of drive to succeed

Blame culture rather than reflect on self Dwell on the past and errors rather than the future

Anger (Focus on mistakes) Impossible to goal set

Anxiety dominates play (observed in mannerisms and body language) Concentration deteriorates Fatigue (Negative thoughts)

Psychological barriers (Roger Bannister Example)

Optimum ArousalWhere the performer operates at his/her best. Emotional, Physical and Mental arousal are at

their peak. Sufficient adrenalin to create excitement but maintain composure. Cognitive processes at their most productive.

Under ArousedMay be over relaxed and not hyped up enough for an event. Often caused by over

confidence. Causes lapses in concentration resulting in errors. Training can suffer when a person is in this mental state as motivation is poor and they are not hypes up enough.

Over ArousedNervousness and a surge of adrenalin can negatively impact performance resulting in

unpredictable behaviour. Fear and anxiety can consume an individual resulting in a lose of timing, balance , fluency and skill success. Over stimulated results in a performer missing

important cues/stimuli in a game which impacts information processing system and impairs judgements and decisons. A perfomer may get angry or distarcted.

When a catastrophe does occur and optimum level of arousal is lost a variety of mental fitness techniques can be applied which we will discuss later in the book. However the objective is to;

1. Re Group (Relax)2. Rebuild arousal level

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How does being able to control your level of arousal impact positively on your performance?

In badminton being able to control your level of arousal and get it to the right level gets you prepared to do your best. The performer can shut out distractions and make the right decisions throughout the match on shot selection and movement. They have confidence in their performance and are less likely to choke under pressure. They can control the match and react to the cues of the opposition to prepare early and counter attack. They use their experience to shake off any issues in their performance to regroup very quickly. For example if a player serves twice out of the court they quickly focus on past performances and maintain concentration and correct the issue immediately and never dwell on the fault.

Mental Sub Factor

Concentration “The ability to exert deliberate mental effort in a given situation staying on track and focussing for a period of time”.

Uses the body’s senses to pick up information.

Concentration is a vital requirement in badminton which is an activity which requires sustained focus. However, players must be able to switch focus on and off to avoid fatigue. The level of concentration a player possesses is dependent on their skill level and experience of the activity.The priority is to focus on performance goals rather than the end outcome to settle nerves and keep on task.For example a rugby kicker focuses on picking a spot either a few feet in front of them or behind the post to aim for in a conversion kick.

Concentration has a broad and narrow dimension. A broad dimension is where the player is ware of everything around them but not focussing on any one part of the performance e.g taking in playing environment and crowd. However narrow concentration to vital to direct focus on only one or two cues in the game or during training to prevent brain overload and miss directing attention.

How does maintaining concentration impact positively on performance?

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A badminton player who can maintain concentration throughout a match will develop more consistency in their play and will respond faster to cues in the game resulting in faster decision making and motor responses. They are able to disregard “noise” and focus on what is important such as; Where is the opponent on the court? What is the speed and angle of the shuttle coming over the net? What is the best response to this shot which will cause my opponent more of an issue? Where is the space to attack?

Being selective with their attention and staying in the zone enables them to cope with pressure and make fewer careless mistakes.

Impact does a lack of concentration impact negatively on performance?

Mental Sub Factor

Decision Making “Decision making is an action or process of choosing a preferred option or course of action from a set of alternatives. It forms the basis of all deliberate and voluntary behaviour”.

Quality decision making is a critical skill in sports. The quality of your decisions has a massive impact on you results. Experience plays a significant part in the decision making process such as your skill repertoire as do many other sub factors.

For example Concentration Level of Arousal Decision making capabilities

The more developed a performer’s information processing system the better adept they are at responding to cues, sorting information, and drawing on past experiences which results in instant decisions. Anticipation is linked to the decision making process and players must learn to “read” a situation early to establish what things are unimportant, less important and very important. This helps an athlete to predict what might happen next and think one step ahead of their opponent and the game. This means they can plan ahead.

For Effective decisions we make use of

SENSES PAST EXPERIENCE OUR ABILITY TO “READ” WHAT NEXT

A badminton player with a lack of concentration will allow the pressure to get to them and will forget their game plan. They will make frequent errors through not being selective with what they focus on resulting in brain overload.

Might not be watching where the opponent is or the space to hit the shuttle (Reducing effectiveness of shots)

Not watching the flight of the shuttle (Preparation time delayed and technique effected) Incorrect execution of specific techniques. Wrong, rash decisions (adaptiveness reduced.

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Triple Decision making process

1. Decisions on FOCUS (Attention selective)2. Decisions about what the information means3. Decisions about to do now

How does good decision making impact positively on performance?

Good strategic play (Decisions) is rooted in a solid skill and fitness base. Effective badminton players have good perception, good decision making skills and the ability to produce the required shot at the precise moment it is need. Fast decision making allows a varied stroke repertoire to be applied to manoeuvre and outmanoeuvre opponents. It allows a player to mix power and touch shots to get the opponent on the run giving them less time to react and think. Badminton is a problem solving game and the objective is to send difficulties over the net. Swift decisions results in a higher success rate, good timing, and fluidity in movements. (Right place, right time) It reduces errors in play as players respond effectively to cues in the game to make the correct judgements and they can ignore possible distractions. Decisions are more spontaneous without conscious thought as a player has strong belief in their ability.

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How does poor decision making impact negatively on performance?

BE ABLE TO EVAULATE THE IMPACT OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS ON PERFORMANCE. (Mental and Physical)

ImpactNegative

Recall of past experiences limited impacting decisons and judgments in a "live performance"

Poor attention selection (Focusing

on what is not important)

Inability to read the game and solve

problems

Miss vital cues in the game which

would direct attention impacting

antiicpation.

Frequent, repetitive mistakes

Confusion from brain overload.

Decsion not instinctive, delayed as it take longer to

process info.

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Factors impacting Performance

Emotional and Social Factors Overview

Sub Factors Covered

Social and Emotional

Sub Factors

Communication

Roles and Responsibilities

Team Dynamics

Co-operating and competing

Fear

Self Control (Anger)

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Higher Order thinking Skills

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The Game of Volleyball

What does it involve?

Key Elements/phases REMEMBER

Volleyball is a team game and is usually played 6v6 although you may play 4v4 at school level. It is a complex game of simple skills. The ball is spiked from up to 60 cm above the height of a basketball hoop (about 3.65 metres) and takes fractions of a second to travel from the spiker to the receiver. That means the receiver must assess incoming angle, decide where to pass the ball and then control their pass in the blink of an eye. A purely rebound sport (you can't hold the ball), volleyball is a game of constant motion and anticipation.

The game involves a lot of the core skills such as running, sprinting, jumping turning and sidestepping. The main technical skills required are serving, volleying, digging, spiking, tipping, and blocking- all of which must be carried out within the rules.

Volleyball basic rules

The Serve

Server must serve from behind the end line until after contact

Ball may be served underhand or overhand Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve Served ball may graze the net and drop to theother

side for point First game serve is determined by a volley, each

subsequent game shall be served by the previous game loser

Serve must be returned by a bump only. no setting or attacking a serve

Scoring

Rally scoring will be used. There will be a point scored on every score of the

ball. Offense will score on a defense miss or out of bounds

hit. Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of

bounds hit, or serve into the net. Game will be played to 25 pts. Must win by 2 points.

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Rotation

Team will rotate each time they win the serve Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner There shall be 4-6 players on each side.

Playing The Game

Maximum of three hits per side Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A

block is not considered a hit) Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on

serve A ball touching a boundary line is good A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player body

above and including the waist which does not allow the ball to visibly come to a rest

If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play and the players involved may not participate in the next play

A player must not block or attack a serve Switching positions will be allowed only between

front line players. ( After the serve only )

Basic Rule Violations

Stepping on or over the line on a serve Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully Hitting the ball illegally (Carrying, Palming, Throwing, etc. ) Touches of the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. If the ball is driven into the net with such

force that it causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be called, and the ball shall continue to be in play

Reaching over the net, except under these conditions a) When executing a follow-through b) When blocking a ball which is in the opponents court but is being returned ( the blocker must not contact the ball until after the opponent who is attempting to return the ball makes contact). Except to block the third play

Reaches under the net ( if it interferes with the ball or opposing player ) Failure to serve in the correct order Blocks or spikes from a position which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line while in a back row position

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SKILL RELATED, TACTICAL & PHYSICAL DEMANDS RELATED TO PLAYING ROLES

SKILL RELATED TACTICAL PHYSICALSERVER Good timing, control and dynamic

balance when power serving.Know when to contact ball.Variety of techniques

Power Float Underarm

Vary angle and speed at touch

Be aware of opposition strengths and weaknesses based on structure. Where are the weak receivers?Which player is less agile andreacts slower?Where is the space on the court? (lines)How can I bend the structure?Once l serve what must I do next?

Tall powerful player to drive body weight behind and downwards over the ball. Strength and speed to create unstoppable serve.Speed to move onto court quickly to field defend.

SETTER Good timing, control and dynamic balance when volleying the ball.Be able to gauge the flightpath of the ball.High accurate volleyer of the ball both forwards and reverse. Can vary the height and pace of the set to change tempo of attack.

Setter dictates the pace of the game (Play makers)Control who, where and when attack takes place.Where is the strongest hitter?Where is the weakest blocker?Where is less agile or shortestblocker?Where is the space of the court?Is a 2nd touch attack anoption?

Speed for quick movements into set position and then to defend.

Mobility- agile to respond to many positions on court and tum quickly.

Endurance - repeat setting and defensive action time and time again.

SERVICE RECEPTIONUNIT

Must be competent volleyers and diggers of the ball playing the 1st touch high and accurate to the setter.Co-ordination and good timing to anticipate the flight of the ball and move under the ball.Good communication to link up.

Making quick effective decisions about passing option choice.

Agile and flexible to get underneath the ball and react quickly to the ball coming fast over the net.

ATTACKING UNIT Swing hitters must have good timing, control and dynamic balance to contact the ball at the correct point without a net fault.Must be competent in bothspiking and tipping the ball over the net into space on the court consistently to change tempo.Run up requires timing as unitmove into the net.

Where a r e the weak receivers and space on the court? Where is the blocker lining up?How many blockers are there?Should I tip or spike?What shot would cause the field defence most problem?If they set up an attack who is likely to attack?Who to block?

Tall powerful players in both arms and legs to generate height in jump and power behind the ball.Agile to recover good defensive play and set up and new attack.

Endurance to sustain play.

DEFENSIVE UNIT Defence at the net you need to be competent blockers of the ball with straight arms and close unit to reduce angle and cast a shadow over the court.Timing is essential to block a spike effectively.Confident individua ls .Field defence must be good atDigging the ball accurately and recovering play from opposition spike (Absorb pace of the ball and pick ups)

Read a b-ball situation and move off the net quickly.Where is the strongest hitters? If block is successful which players are less agile to reach the ball?What space do we need to cover?How many blockers do weneed?What is the angle of approach of the hitter?Who will cover straight andcross court hit and tip?

Height is essential to get above the ball and opposition hitter to reduce angle of attack.

Power to get height in jump.

Speed in field defence to reach fast attacking shots of opposition.

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Social Factors impacting

performance

Communication Roles and Responsibilities

Team Dynamics

KNOWLEDGECo-operation

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Social Sub Factor

Team Dynamics ”Is the interaction of performers within a team or group. It is mainly to do with making the team more effective than the sum of its parts”.

“Sporting environments are dynamic and their challenges constantly changing. Evolving with and adapting to this environment will ensure longevity in terms of team cohesion and prevent group fragmentation and lack of unity in the dressing room, during training and on the court”

DEFINE EFFECTIVE TEAM DYNAMICS

Consider this Example: “Guardiola’s first act as manager of Barcelona back in 2008 was to get rid of playboy Ronaldinho as he had a bad influence in his team. He united a group of good players into a unit who went on to win 14 major trophies in the next 4 seasons.”

The dynamics of a team are impacted by TEAM COHESION which is where players are drawn to a common goal. Coaches often talk about teams needing time to “gel” in order to perform at their maximum potential. It has been evidenced time and time again that skill and ability will only get you so far, groups of players must have an intangible bond. This develops naturally as a result of coaching and day to day interactions.

Trust and belief in each other

Shared goals (Creates greater unity and focus)

Co-operation and support

amongst players

Clear communication (Feeling valued and respected

develops cooperation)

Defined roles (clarity, greater

awareness)

Motivation and self belief in

players

Team Dynamics are created by; Personalities Relationships Roles

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To build TEAM DYNAMICS, understanding the 4 stages in the group development process is essential. All groups must pass through these stages in order to emerge as a cohesive unit.

PERFORMINGResults of a new cohesive team should be evident.

NORMINGTeam unity is forming where players understand each other’s roles and responsibilities, cooperating and showing solidarity and not an individual agenda.

STORMINGGetting to know each other’s responsibilities and develop communication. Conflict, hostility and instability start to develop as players fight for position.

Others working harder than others

Ability

Others covering you

Lack of confidence and fear of failure and

anxious

Lack of reinforcement

Loss of motivation. Contribution not

identified.

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Team Productivity depends on

Individual skills and ability

Resources available

Motivation

Group Size (Remember the bigger the group the harder it is to co-ordinate as players can hide etc. Also sub groups can emerge which can damage cohesion. Consider in rugby the forward and back divide where cliques can form.

In all groups SOCIAL LOAFING can occur where players are not putting 100% in to a group.

SOCIAL LOAFING

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How does good team dynamics Impact positively on performance?

In volleyball, unity within the team has a positive impact on performance. Players have a clear understanding of each other’s roles and responsibilities and have a mutual respect for each other which allows them to work collaboratively i.e in a three touch attack or when defending a spike. This increased clarity and awareness enables them to execute strategies such as the specialised setter and make decisions faster during the game. There is camaraderie between the players as they are all on the “same page” and have a shared goal, resulting in high motivation levels. They will therefore not have to deal with the impact of social loafing on performance. Because all units work cohesively they can rely on each other to break down their opponents attack and successfully mount their own with fluidity in a constantly changing environment. For example, cohesion in the blocking unit will ensure that space is denied and that a shadow is cast over the court. Field defenders will support the blockers to defend the remainder of the court and prevent easy points being lost.

How do poor team dynamics negatively impact performance?

In volleyball, poor team dynamics can have a significant effect on the team’s performance. If all players cannot sustain their unit for the duration of a match even the most carefully rehearsed strategies will fail due to potential errors or ill-timed moves. A break down in cohesion therefore results in a lack of co-ordination in both attacking and defensive play. If several players in the team are less motivated it will impact how units function cohesively and impact the dynamics of the team. Frustration will occur and players will blame each other for a poor performance. Social Loafing will occur and 100% effort will not be applied to matches and training. Lack of cohesion will also reduce the communication of the units and result in slower decisions. Space will be exposed to attack and creativity and fluidity will be lost in the play.

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“NOTHING POSITIVE HAPPENS IN VOLLEYBALL WITHOUT AN ASSIST FROM A TEAMMATE.”

Social Sub Factor

Communication “Communication is the ability to convey information to team mates/coach through the exchange of verbal speech, signals or action during practice and performance”

It is the art of sharing meaningful information to finalise roles, discuss tactics, call set plays or refine technique. For example, a setter will communicate throughout a match through a combination of hand signals and verbal cues to call plays with the attacking unit and direct the passage of play to bend and break the opposition structure.

Communication can be used to give

Tactical Advice Encouragement Feedback Information on shots played Information on the direction of play Opposition positions

Communication Blocks

The player’s perception of something is different to yours. The player may jump to a conclusion instead of working through the process of hearing, understanding and

accepting. The performer may lack the knowledge needed to understand what you are trying to communicate as a

coach, captain etc The player may also lack the motivation to listen to you or to convert the information into action. (Social

loafing etc) The communicator may have difficulty in expressing what she/he wishes to say. Emotions and mental factors may interfere in the communication process. There might be a clash of personality between team mates (Team cohesion issues)

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How does communication Impact positively on performance?

Communication is vital for successful performance in volleyball both in practice and competition. In practice, quality feedback enables our team to highlight issues in our performance and address these quickly. Through constant reflection and interaction it has a positive impact on the ethos and dynamics of the team and is a more positive working environment. Players are so familiar with each other they can anticipate their team mates next moving gaining an advantage. For less able performers it is a main source of feedback which informs the information system to increase skill repertoire and tactical awareness. Communication is used to decide our starting shape based on the opposition strengths and weaknesses and structure to ensure maximum performance gains. When applying the 3 touch attack strategy a setter will regularly communicate with the hitting unit verbally and through hand signals to indicate the direction and pace of sets to confuse opposition and give them less time to set up. Furthermore, players will frequently shout to team mates in service reception when they play the 1st touch to free up other players and prevent a collision or double hit. Through communicating players are all “on help” to cover space on the court and pick up stray balls when necessary. Through communication made during the match quicker decisions can be made to allow for movement adaptations under pressure. They are made aware of any external factors outwith their own performance which could impact the quality of the attack which allows for more fluent play and more seamless execute of fundamental skills. In defence by being alerted early of a change to the attacking play you can position yourself early as you are more aware of situations around you i.e a b-ball situation. The mutual respect between players gives them a competitive edge as they implement their strategies.

How does lack of communication impact negatively on performance?

A lack of communication in volleyball can be very costly as players take cues from each other to initiate plays and any delays will limit the attacking options available and allow the opposition more time to set up a stronger front line of defence. Lack of communication between the hitters results in timing issues as they move towards the net independently instead of as part of a unit which will make the direction of play more predictable or result in players being unprepared for fast sets etc resulting in net faults and poor preparation time and selection of attacking shot. As soon as there is little or no communication player’s start scrabbling for passes and there is confusion of roles and responsibilities on the court. Decisions are rash and players can begin to feel isolated and frustrated resulting in friction within the team.

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Social Sub Factor

Roles “When playing as part of a group or team, it is essential to understand

and what your roles are and how your role relates to the roles of your

Responsibilities your team mates.

The individual role you adopt in a group or team activity will be dependent on many factors. These may include your physical attributes and your ability as a skilled performer, including your decision making qualities etc. When each individual’s attributes and qualities are considered, then a relevant structure or strategy can be planned.

How do roles and responsibilities impact positively on performance?

All players who understand their roles can carry them out more successfully. The rest of the team are relying on them and there is a sense of expectation that all players must contribute and pull their weight.

We know that players take timing from each other and respond to their cues in the game. This allows more autonomy in their movement and quicker anticipation and reactions. This results in faster decisions, more variety and clearer patterns in attacking play.

Volleyball players who understand the role of others in the team will have a greater appreciation of the demands and better communication will allow for smoother application of strategies. Therefore there will be no confusion of who should play each touch. Understanding roles builds confidence and trust within the team.

In volleyball players may be asked to switch positions on the court during implementation of strategies and they will need to carry this out instinctively. An example of this being when the setter penetrates from the back of the court in a 4v4 game in a b-ball situation. This will involve positional changes for several players and will increase attacking potential and the opposition will have less influence on the game.

If players know their roles they will have better lines of communication and always be “on help” to support other team mates.

Occasionally we have to adapt roles i.e inaccurate 1st touch forces another player to take on the role of setter. Understanding the roles on court allows a team to regroup and keep the attack going. Remember that team success depends on success of units and individuals to fulfil roles.

How does a lack of application and understanding of roles and responsibilities impact performance negatively?

When players fall short when carrying out their role it has a massive impact on team dynamics and relationships as players get frustrated and angry which can impact the quality of training and result in a lack of motivation in the team. In volleyball, players have more than one responsibility on court. For example a setter’s primary responsibility is to set the ball up but they must immediately switch to the defensive and form the first line of defense at the net. Often as players rotated through this position they set the ball and forget their secondary responsibility and fail to cover the counter attack. This meant that on set rotations we could not create a unit block and this gave opposition more space to hit into and put more pressure on the field defence. At set points in play not all players should be involved. However, if one player is erratic and does not carry out their role effectively all other players are on edge and constantly worried as they have to constantly try and pick up the pieces. There are fewer strong attacks and more careless errors impacting the success of the team.

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Social Sub Factor

Co-operating “Co-operation is where you work together with others to achieve a common goal” Co-operation is at the heart of volleyball as the sport relies so heavily on units to

achieve a common goal. Whether you are in the attacking, defensive or service reception unit you must work together to cover space and build stronger attacks.

How does co-operation impact positively on performance?

How does lack of co-operation impact negatively on performance?

REMEMBER THAT UNDER PRESSURE PERFORMERS CAN ACT IRRATIONALLY RESULTING IN AGGRESSION TOWARDS EACH OTHER. Players may become selfish in team games if there is a lack of co-operation. This can lead to ineffective decisions as players choose to ignore team mates. Their play can become reckless and dangerous resulting in potential injury

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Co-operation

Co-operation during practice enables players

to learn new skills and strategies

Limits space for oppsition to attack

Players can support each

other and be on help at all times

Build 3 touch attack for a spike

and effective passage of play

Apply more pressure and

give opposition less time to

prepare

D u rin g sk ill d e v e lo p m e n t if

p la y e rs d o n o t c o -o p e r a te p ra c ti c e s b re a k d o w n a n d

s k ill d e v e lo p m e n t w ill p la te a u .

In c o m p e ti ti o n la c k o f c o o p e ra ti o n m e a n s th a t u n its

d o n o t fu n c ti o n e ff e c ti v ly in b o th a tt a c k a n d d e fe n s e a n d

p a tt e rn s o f p la y a re u n c o o rd in a te d a n d l im ite d

d u e to la c k o f c o m m u n ic a ti o n .

R e la ti o n s h ip s a n d te a m

d y n a m ic s a re c o m p rim ise d

a n d fr ic ti o n a n d fru s tra ti o n s

o c c u r.

K e y s tra te g ie s a n d c r e a ti v e p la y s s u c h a s y o u r th re e to u c h a tt a c k a n d te m p o

c h a n g e s b r e a k d o w n a n d a re in e ff e c ti v e th ro u g h p o o r

lin e s o f c o m m u n ic a ti o n a n d l in k u p .

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Emotional Factors impacting

performance

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Fear

(Affecting decision making,

confidence, realising potential, panic,

confusion, stress, anxiety,

nervousness)

KNOWLEDGEAnger

(affecting decision making, self-

control, controlling or channelling

aggression, hostility, frustration)

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Command Words – Read and consider before you put pen to paper

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EMOTIONAL FACTOR

Emotions seem to rule our daily lives. Our decision making ability is dependent on our mental state. This is how you are currently experiencing the world emotionally; anger, sadness, boredom, jealousy, happiness, determination and excitement. As an athlete it is vital you are able to identify your emotional state before/during/after performance as well as developing approaches to deal with these emotions. By doing this you will become an emotionally fit performer.

Emotional Requirements

Resilience (Manage Set backs) Strength (Fighting Spirit)

Responsiveness ( Engaged)

“A positive mind will provide a more balanced approach to competition and therefore provides an improved chance of success”

Emotional Sub Factor

Fear (Anxiety) “Anxiety is a state consisting of psychological and physical symptoms brought about by a sense of apprehension of perceived threat. It is an unpleasant state of inner turmoil accompanied by nervous behaviour, restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems and muscular tension. It causes a performer to run away/avoid a situation (CHOKE) or they feel that they cannot move (FREEZE)”

ANXIETY LEVELS DIFFER ACCORDING TO

Anxiety can impact upon your performance psychologically (cognitive) and physiologically (Somatic).

Psychologically means our thinking or cognitive processes are affected

Physiologically means our body or somatic processes are affected.

Behavioural – By patterns of behaviour.

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INDIVIDUALTrait anxiety

SITUATION/ENVIRONMENT

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Symptoms of Anxiety

Cognitive Somatic BehaviouralIndecisionSense of confusionFeeling heavyNegative thoughtsPoor concentrationIrritabilityFearForgetfulness Loss of confidenceImages of failureDefeatist self-talkFeeling rushedFeeling weakConstant dissatisfactionUnable to take instructionsThoughts of avoidance

Increased blood pressurePounding heartIncreased respiration rateSweatingClammy hands and feetButterflies in the stomachAdrenaline surgeDry mouthNeed to urinateMuscular tensionTightness in neck and shouldersTremblingIncessant talkingBlushingPacing up and downDistorted visionTwitchingYawningVoice distortionNauseaVomitingDiarrhoeaLoss of appetiteSleeplessnessLoss of libido

Biting fingernailsLethargic movementsInhibited posturePlaying safeGoing through the motionsIntroversionUncharacteristic displays of extroversionFidgeting 

Avoidance of eye contact Covering face with hand

Performers suffering from anxiety tend to respond reactively instead of proactively and the fear of failure prevents performers stepping out of their comfort zone which is often required in challenging contexts to tackle a threat head on. Instead of taking positive risks, which empower the athlete to influence the contest, they allow the opposition to take control and dictate the direction of play. Players in this mental state are crippled and consumed by emotions and self doubt and have no sense of adventure at match winning moments and will do the bare minimum as the fear of failure is so great.

SUMMARY OF STRESS

Stressors Stress Response Stress ExperienceConflictCompetitionClimateFrustrationCrowdFatigue

AlarmResistanceExhaustIncreased Heart Rate/SweatAdrenalin

Positive or NegativeDepends on PerceptionCan you meet the threat?

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Negative impact of

Fear (Anxiety)

Avoidance Behaviour – Pass rather than shoot due to panic and

anxiety.Irrational

thinking. Making a stupid foul at a crucial moment.

Poor listening skills –

instructions and plays missed so

not fulfilling role.

Results in ball watching as you

freeze.

Running about like a headless chicken as your mind goes blank

and tactics forgotten.

Poor execution of core skills and caught out of

position. Level of arousal

impacted.

Dip in concentration

and reactions to respond to cues.

Low confidence levels as self

doubt and talk block decision

making and performance.

Anger and frustration

(Unreasonable response) due to disappointment in self and team.

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Emotional Sub Factor

Self Control “An emotion whereby the individual has normally been offended,

(Anger) denied, wronged and a tendency to react through retaliation. It is a strongly uncomfortable emotion after been provoked.

It could be said that self control is a necessary requirement in all activities. If you are in control of your emotions then you will not get angry at yourself or others around you. This makes self-control a positive influence on your performance. If you are in control of your emotions, you can deal well with the demands of a performance.

Self control can be stretched and can hinder performance. This is often the case when you;

Deal with the emotions experienced when you suffer what you feel is a bad decision from an official. Deal with emotions linked to competing against an aggressive opponent. Deal with being on the receiving end of a foul. Deal with disappointment associated with losing. Deal with happiness/excitement associated with winning. Dealing with emotions linked to criticism on your performance. Dealing with emotions linked to being substituted or start on the bench.

Anger and aggression in sport can be very useful in the right situation. This gives a performer a certain degree of determination and ensures they commit fully. However, it is all about controlled aggression and this needs to be channelled effectively. For example in rugby, a player will move aggressively to cover a play, tackle a player and bring them down to the ground. More often than not it is about how a player controls their aggression that makes the difference to their performance. Opponents look to ways of irritating each other in the hope it puts them off a game plan or affects their performance. Consider the next time you watch an NBA basketball match. Look closely as a player takes their free throws. “Trash talk” is a verbal attack quietly into an opponent’s ears to distract them and put them off and hopefully affect their state of mind (EMOTIONS) causing uncharacteristic actions.

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Remember that Thoughts affect emotions which then

affect actions.

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Aggression/Anger

Causes of Aggression

Type of sport Importance of Event Social Learning

Losing Expectations Blow to self Esteem

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Intent to harm

Outside the rules

Reactive

Un Controlle

d No Intent to Harm

Within the rules

Motivated and Considered.

Controlled

Contact Environment

Over Arousal

Unfair StressDecisions

PersonalityTraits

Frustrations Intimidation

AGGRESSION IN SPORT

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Negative impact of Anger on Performance.

Too much aggression in basketball has a significant effect on performance. This can lead to injury if thought is not applied to your actions on court. Also, increased tension in the muscles impacts negatively on the fluency of play. Over arousal impacts a player’s ability to respond to situations and make appropriate decisions on court resulting in a decline in form. It can be as simple as a player shouting at themselves after a bad shot, physically lashing out or even exerting themselves in a skill, such as too much power off the back board. Uncontrolled aggression leads to frustrations and results in a player acting irrationally and this increases a players self -doubt. A player can be drawn into making silly fouls against him and eventually anger and lack of self control built up too many fouls until a player is benched or fouled out in the game. Players with a lack of self control will lash out verbally at their team mates and blame others for their own failings. This seriously impacts the cohesion of the team when players have to deal with an unpredictable, volatile personality. A bad attitude will impact concentration and can lead to a team losing by a bigger margin as this player can become less involved in the game due to lack of motivation. They cannot “Park “a situation and move on. This could take the form of arguing with the referee and being sent off for bad sportsmanlike conduct.

Positive Impact of Controlled Aggression/self control on Performance

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No hesitation when passing driving to the

basket.

More assertive so will carry out duties with

confidence and commitment

Faster decsion making under extreme

pressure.

Can assess own errors and move on without

frustrations.

Clean discipline record with few fouls allowing a positive contribution

to the game.

More aggressive offensive mentality.