Academic Writing-Faculty of Eng. Nov. 2014
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Transcript of Academic Writing-Faculty of Eng. Nov. 2014
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ACADEMIC WRITING
Fereshteh Didegah Email: [email protected]
November 2014Soran University, Faculty of Engineering
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IS IT YOU?
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Do Not Panic!
Today we will learn about academic writing, step by step!
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“Academic writing is structured”
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What are the main parts of a research paper?
Introduction Body
ConclusionReferences
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Introduction Explains what you writeabout and how you plan to do it
Body A series of paragraphs, 80-90% of the paper. Gives details/ evidence to answer the questions
Conclusion Usually one paragraph, briefly summarises main ideas and shows you have answered the
questions
References List of sources you used (Harvard style is preferred)
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A Research Topic as an Example
Suppose that your teacher asks you to research about: “The Impact of Facebook on Undergraduate Students in Faculty of Engineering at Soran University”
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The Introduction
• The introduction guides the reader into your paper by grabbing attention and introducing the topic.
• Make sure to introduce your topic. Provide a brief synopsis of what your topic is and also remember to include your reference works in text.
• Remember to have a concluding sentence in your introduction.
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Body Structure
Body may be consisted of:
1. Literature Review2. Methodology3. Results and Discussion
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Literature Review
• Review relevant literature to the topic• Try to point out the gaps in the literature• Conclude with a short paragraph why you are doing the
current research? Is it in-line with any previous research work?
• Mention about research questions/hypotheses you are seeking to answer them.
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Methodology
Methodology section comprises of:
• Research sample and population• Research method to conduct the research• Statistical/Mathematical methods if applied
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Results and Discussion
• Answer the questions one by one• Discuss the results • Refer to the literature review when discussing
a result
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The Conclusion
• The conclusion brings together ALL of the main points of the research.
• It refers back to the results and discussion.• The conclusion leaves the reader with a final thought and
a sense of closure by resolving any ideas brought up in the research.
#1 RULE IN ANY CONCLUSION YOU CANNOT INTRODUCE ANYTHING NEW!
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Lecturer Expectation from You• It is important to give your lecturer exactly what he/she asks
for.An Example:
The impact of social media on undergraduate students
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Advantages Disadvantages
Facebook Twitter
Research Gate
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Proof reading
• Proof reading is different from revision. Revision focuses on the content but proof reading deals with recognizing and correcting errors, punctuation, capitalisation, spelling and grammar.
• If your writing is in English, ask an English native speaker to proof-read your work.
• Even if it is in your mother language (Kurdish), proof-read your work few times or ask a second person to do it for you.
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Referencing
Referencing is a standard method of acknowledging your sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment.
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Why do we reference?
• To acknowledge another person's intellectual work
• To make it possible for your reader to locate your sources independently
• To demonstrate your knowledge of your field and make your writing more trustworthy
• To avoid being accused of 'plagiarism' (using other people's words/ideas as if they were your own)
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Source of references
References can include a range of sources:
Journal articlesBooksConference proceedingsDissertationsGovernment reports and reports from other bodiesPatentsReliable websites/weblogs
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Where to find sources?
• Libraries• Scholarly search engines (See Google Scholar)• Electronic databases (Science Direct, EBSCO,
ProQuest, Springer, …)• Open access journals (See DOAJ)
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Google Scholar
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Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
doaj.org
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Most Common Referencing Styles
• Harvard referencing style
• Oxford referencing style
• APA stands for "American Psychological Association"
• MLA comes from the "Modern Language Association of America”
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Harvard Referencing StyleIn text reference: When you summarise, refer to, or quote from an author's work in your document, you need to acknowledge your source in the text. Example:(Levitt, 2013, p. 14)
In the reference list:If it is a book: Levitt, P. (2013) How are we to live? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
If it is a journal article:Levitt, P. (2013) Case study research: principles and practices. American journal of research, 25(6), 10-20.
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Plagiarism
• Definition: Using someone’s words or ideas and presenting them as your own (Marshall & Rowland, 1998).
• There are many plagiarism software. The best used by universities around the word is “TURNITIN”.
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How to Prevent Plagiarism?
• Quoting - use the exact words of the author(s). When quoting you usually place the words in quotation marks (“…”)
• Paraphrasing - putting the information in your own words
• Summarising - express the main points when it is someone else's opinion, theory or information.
When you incorporate the work of others in your writing you must always reference your sources.
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“It is by writing, even more than by speech, that you actually master your
material and extend your own understanding.”
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Good luck with your academic writing!