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Academic PowerPoint Computer System – Architecture.
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Transcript of Academic PowerPoint Computer System – Architecture.
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AcademicPowerPoint
Computer System – Architecture
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Computer System
A computer system consists of HARDWARE (physical
machinery) SOFTWARE
(applications, programs)
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Computer
A computer consists of: Input/Output devices CPU (Central Processing
Unit)/System Unit Memory Secondary storage
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A Computer
MemoryMemory
Secondary StorageSecondary Storage
Input/OutputInput/Output System Unit
System Unit
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Computer Types
Computer types range from small personal computers to large supercomputers.
In between are the categories of servers, minicomputers and mainframe computers.
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Personal Computers (PCs)
Relatively small Inexpensive Designed for single users Desktops, laptops, notebooks,
palmtop Becoming increasingly powerful Very popular
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Personal Computers (PCs)
Embedded computers or processors that are placed
inside other objects cars stereos household appliances (video, ovens etc) video systems
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Servers
Computers that are designed to support a network.
Powerful CPU Capable of using more than one
CPU Large memory Large storage capacity High speed communications
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Minicomputers
Computer systems that can accommodate several users at the same time.
Large storage capacity. Excellent processing
capabilities. Used in small business
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Mainframes
Large, powerful and fast. Can accommodate a
large number of users at one time.
Requires separate room. Used by larger
companies and organisations.
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Supercomputers
The most powerful and fastest.
Very expensive. Used for complex
calculations, military applications, simulations and high tech businesses.
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The System Unit
This is where program instructions are executed and data is manipulated
Components motherboard memory co-processors microprocessor and CPU
buses expansion slots ports
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Motherboard
The main board that contains the electronic components of the system unit.
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Microprocessor & CPU
On a PC the CPU is contained on a single circuit called a microprocessor.
An integrated circuit is also called a chip, that is etched on a small slice of silicon.
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CPU Components
Control Unit (the brain) co-ordinates the control of data and
repeats the machine cycle
FETCH
DECODE
EXECUTE
STORE
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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs arithmetic & logic operations
Registers temporary storage locations for data
immediately before, during and after execution by the CPU
CPU Components
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CPU Characteristics
Speed• Clock speed (an electronic impulse)
affects the machine cycle• Measured in megahertz (MHz)
Machine Cycle• The time taken is a fraction of a second• MIPS (millions of instructions per
second) are used to measure machine cycle time
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Memory
Read Only Memory (ROM) Random Access Memory
(RAM) Located close to the CPU Working storage area for
system and program instructions and data.
Fast access
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Co-processors
A form of multiprocessing more than one processing unit
This speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU processes others.
Examples of co-processors include maths and graphic processors.
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Buses
Buses are the physical wiring that connects other system components.
Data is transferred along these buses
The number of bits a bus line can transfer at any one time is called the bus width 32 and 64 are common bus widths
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Expansion Slots
A socket that is used to connect a circuit board to a device sound card, network card
The socket that holds the card is connected to a bus that is connected to the CPU.
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Ports
A socket that is used to connect a peripheral device (printer, scanner etc) to the system unit.
Parallel Port• Used when large
amounts of data are sent or received.
• Printers, disk drives
Serial Port•Transmits one bit at a time•Much slower than parallel•Mouse, keyboard