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Lipids lind 8iopllchging, Francese. Callcgarino.b. Jesus-AtbertcQuezada Gal1o'l. Frfdbic DcbcaufonD-c.*, aoo A~ Voilley". °Labo-nnoire de G.PAS .. ENSBANA. Unlversitt de Bourgogne. Dijon 21000.France. bDipal1imento di Sctenze degli Aliment i, Universitili di Udine.33100 Udine. Italia. and q.U.T .. Univer.;i~ de Bourgogne. Dijon 21000.F~.

Pacbging is important \0 presc ....-e food quality. It is a barrier to watervapor. gas, aroma. and solute migration between the food and the environ-menlo With the recent increase in ecological consciousness. research hasturned toward finding biodegradable materials. The different kinds ofbiopackaging are discussed with special focus on edible films. Tbe aim ofthis review is to focus on the lonuene!: of lipids used in edible films.mainly for Ihcirefficiency as water·vapor barriers. Tbe structure. degree ofsalllnnion, chainlength. physical Slate. shape and dimension of crystals.and distribution of lipids into the film influence the functional properuesof the film. In general, the performaoce of edible films is lower than thatof synthetic films. but their main advantage is 10 be easily, fully, andrapidly biodcgrndable.JAOCS 74, 1183-1192 (1997).

Analogous Salicylic Acid Affinity Regions in Serum Albumin andSoybean ~Conglycinin. John A. RothfusL and Walter 1Wolf*. Bioma-rertals Processing Research and PLant Polymer Research, NCAUR.USDA, ARS, Peoria. Illinois 6160-1.

The known structures of human serum albumin and its binding sitesfor salicylic acid (SA) were used as a model for e~amining!he: amino acidsequence of soybean ~+conglycinin to determine whether a plant proteinmight share structural similarities with albumin relative to the binding ofSA. Molecular mechanics energy calculations for computed non ionizedand ionized interactions ill ,'II,"I'Q identified the two major SA affinity re-gions in human serum albumin and a single analogous region in the a-sub-unit of soybean ~+conglycinin. SA interactions with zt-restdue segmentsfrom both proteins suggest redundant binding sites with multiple degreesof affinity. High-affinity segments incorporate hydrophobic amino addswith combinations or multiple residues of histidine. tryptophan. lysine. orarginine in keeping with a preference of SA for homopclymers of theseacids over other homopolypeptides. Residue spacing also seems important.High affinity is associated with but not imparted by genetic similarity. Pr0-files from ~-sheet conformations simplify identification of analogous seg-ments.JAOCS 74, 1193-]201 (1997).

Influence of Concenlration and Temperature on the Flow Behavior ofOll·ln.Waler Emulsions Stabilized by Sucrose Palmitate. P. Panaill. A.Ouerreroh··, M. BeTjanoh. and C. Gallegosb. aDepanamento de lnge-nierla Qulmica. Ilniversldad de Huelva. Escuela Polttecnica Superior.21819. Huetve. Spain, and bot:panamcnto de Ingenierfa Quimica, Univer-sidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.

To study the influence that concentration and temperature exert on theviscous behavior of emulsions stabilized by a sucrose ester (SE) of highhydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), now curves and droplet size distri-butions were determined. Row curves of presheered emulsions always ex-hibited a shear-thinning behavior III intermediate shear rates. a tendency toa limiting viscosity at high shear rates. and a metastable region at low rates,This behavior can be fitted to a Carreau model. Both SE and oil concentra-tions increase emulsion viscosity as a result of a more structured systemwith a lower droplet size and pclydisperstty. An increase in temperatureusually Leads to a decrease in emulsion viscosity. However, at high oil con-centration, coalescence and phase sepantion take place at low temperature,On the other hand, at high temperature. droplet bursting due 10 shearforces. leading 10 an increase in viscosity, may resu]L Despite the slTOngsuuctural breakdown caused by steady shear, master flow curves may beobtained by using superposition methods.JAOCS 74.1203-1212(1997).

Thermal and Slruclunal Properties or sn-I,3-Oipalmito}'1-2-oleoJl-

glycernl and ",·I,J·Dloleoyl·2,plllmitoylglycerol Binary MixturesEXllmln«l wllh S)'nchrotron Rildlation X·Ray DilTnu:tion. A, Mina-liP··, S. Ueno'!. J. Yano'!. K. Smilhb, H. Sctot, Y. Amcmiyld, and K_Sato", "'Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University.Higashi-Hiroshima. 739, Japan. bColworth Laboratory. UnileverResearch, Bedford. MK44 I LQ, United Kingdom. !"faculty of lmegraiedArts and Science. Hiroshima University,Higashi-Hirmhima, 739. Japan. and dFacuhy of Engineering, Universityof Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, Japan.

1llermodynamic and polymorphic behavior of POP (slI-I.3-dipalmi-toyl-2-oleoylglycerol) and OPO (sn-L,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylgLycerol)binary mixtures was examined using diffeTential scanning calorimetry andconventional and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction. A molecularcompound, lie, was fonncd at !he 1:1 (w/w) concentration ralio of popand OPO, giving rise to t.....o monotectic phases of POP/compound andcompoundlOPO in juxlap05ition. I!c has a long-spacing value of 4.2 nmwith a double chainlength structure and the melting point of 31.9"C. Astructural model of !he: POP"()PO compound is proposed, involving tncseparation of palmhoyl and oleoyl chain leanets in !he:double chain lengthstructure, In tnc polymorphic occurrence of !he POP..()PO mixtures, !he:POP fraction transformed from Q to ~' with no passage through y. !he:ntransfonncd \O~. The presence ofOPO in POP promoted the W-~trans-formation of POP during tnc melt-mediated crystallization,JA.OCS 74. 1213-1220 (1997).

Viscosities or Fally Acids, Trlgl)·cerldcs. lind Thclr Binary MiIlul'H.Daniella Valeri and Antonio lA. Mcirellcs·, Department of Food Engi-neering, Campinas State University. Campinas, Slo Paulo, Brazil, 13083·970.

Viscosity data have been obtained as II function of temperature forse"~n fatty acids (pelargonic, capric. lauric, myristic, palmitic. stearic, andoleic) and four triglycerides (tncapritin. tripalmitin. tristearin. and triolein)and their binary mixtures at temperatures from above their melting pointsto 90·C. The vlscoshy measurements were performed by using CannonFenske glass capillary kinematic vtscomerers. Modified versions of theAndrade equation were used to correlate the kinematic viscosities of purefatty acids and pure triglycerides. The MacAllister method was used fortheir binary mixtures. The correlation constants ere valuable for designingor evaluuting chemical process equipment, such as heat exchangers, reec-tors, distillation columns. and process piping.JAOCS74.1221-1226(1997).

Offset I'rlnllng InM Based on Rapeseed 011 lind Sunnower 011. PartII: Varnish anti Ink Formulation, Pascale Sabin. Bouchra Benjelloun-Mlayah·. and Mlehe! Delmas, Institut National Poly technique deToulouse, Ecole Natlonale Superieure de Chimie. Unite de RecherchePlbres-Bnergie-Biomonomeres. 31 077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.

1'wo sets of variable oil length. alkyd resins modified by sunflower oil(SOA) Dnd by rapeseed oil (ROA). were evaluated in offset formulationswith mineral oils as diluent. The more suitable alkyds for this kind of ap-plication were determined. In a second experiment, hydrocarbon solventswere substituted by the fatty acid methyl esters derived from rapeseed oilOr sunl1ow~r oil to produce ecologically friendly offset priming inks. Fi.nally, the ROA and the SOA were associated with the methyl esters derivedfrom the same vegetable oil. New properties of the varnishes composed ofa vegetable diluent were evaluated. The quickser formulations with themethyl esters do not need important modifications. as opposed to !he: heat-set formulations.JAOCS 74. 1227-1233 (1997).

Sun~y of the "'lilly Acid Composition of Peanut (!arachis hypogflefl)Germplasm and Chllracteriutlon or Their Epoxy and £lcOSC'DoicAcids. Earl G. Hammondil··. Daniel Duvicl;:"', Tong Wang"', HortenseDodob, and R.N. Pitlmanc, "'Department of Food Science and HumanNutrition and Center for Crops Utiliution Research. Iowa Stale Uni"ersi-ty, Ames, lowi. bDcpanmcnt of Food Sctence and Anima] Industries,Alabama A&M University. Nonnal, A]abama, and CUnilCd States Dcpan-ment of AgricullUrc-Agricultunl Rexarch Service, Griffin, Georgia.

Peanut (Arachis h,.pogllea) planl introductions (732) were analyzedfor fatty acid comp05ition. Palmitate ,'&lied from 8.2 to 15.1'1>, srearate I, Ito 7.2'1>, oleate 3].5 to 60,2'1>. linoleate 19,9 to 45.4'1>, arachidate O,g to3,2'1>. eicosenoate 0.6 10 2,6'1>, behenate 1.8105.4'1>, and lignocerate 0.5

INFORM, Vol. 8, no, 11 (November 199n

to 2.5%. The eccseecee was shown to be cis- I l-eicosencate. In addition,epoxy fauy acids were found in many plant introductions in percentagesranging as high as 2.5%. These were tentatively identified as chiefly 9,10-epoxy stearate and coronarate with smaller amounts of vemotae. The per-centage of palmitate was shown to be correlated positively with linoleateand negatively with oleate. eicosenoere. and lignccerate. Stearate washighly correlated with amchidate and negatively with eicosenoate and Hg-nocerate. Oleate and Hnoleme. the two major fatty acids, were negativelycorrelated. Arachldate was negatively correlated with etccsenoare. andeiccsencare was poshively correlated with lignocerate. Behenate and lig-nocerate were positively correlated. Epoxy esters were positively corre-lated with palmitate and negatively with oleate. Segregation of the plantintroductions by axis flower, growth habit. and pod types showed signlfl-cant differences that reflected the same fatty acid groupings revealed bythe correlations.JAOeS74.1235-1239(1997).

The Removal of Pesticide Residues from Wool Wax by Soh'entExtraction. F. William Jones-, CSIRO, Division of Wool Technology,Belmont, 3216, Austmlia.

A range of suitable solvents for the removal of dieldrin and diazinonresidues from wool wax by soh·ent·sol\"ent extraction was evaluated. Ex-traction of. 10% solulion of wool wax in hexane with N.N-dimethylfor·mamide was shown to be the most effective. lbese solvents were then usedto measure the partition coefficients of 36 organochlorine. organophos-phorus, and pyrethroid pesticides that have the potential to be found inwool wax. Repeated batch wise: extraction of a raw wool wax. which hadbeen spited to produce typical pesticide residue levels. yielded a high-quality WIIJL:in which all pesticide residues had been reduced to below de-tecl&ble levels. The treated wool wax was lighter in color with IIlower acidnumber and a lower free alcohol content and had excellent water absorp-tion characteristics. All detergents associated with the recovery of woolwax from an aqueous scour were also removed.JAOCS 74. 1241-1245 (1997).

Removal or Pesticides from Wool Wax by ContinuDUs CountercurrentI)ual-Solnnt Extraction. F. William Jones". CSIRO. Division of WoolTechnology. Belmont. 3216. Australia.

Pesticide residues in raw wool wax were removed to below detectabletevets by continuous countercurrent extraction with hexane and N,N·dimerhylformamide (DMF) in a pilot-scale mixer-settler coruuctor. Thedisengagement of the phases in the settling ccmpartmems was promotedby the addition of a small amount of formic acid (3% vol/vol) to the DMF·rich feed. Empirical equ:Uions were developed to predict the effect on thepesticide partition coefficients of the wool wax concentration. the presenceof small amounts of water, ethanol. and/or isopropanol in the solvents. andthe temperature used in the contactor, These empirical equations were in-cluded in equations that describe the concentration of the pesticides in thedifferent stages of the contactor and we~ used to develop a spreadsheetmodel that accurately predicted the mixer-senler's performance. Tbe ram-nate wool wax produced by this process after conventional neutralizationmet all BP and USP specifications for pharmaceuticallanolin.JAOeS 74. 1247-1253 (1997).

Microfiltratkm and Stabilization or Egg Yolk Phospholipid Emulsionsby II Mlcroporous Glass Membrane. Yoshinori Mine-. MasaotiShimizu I, and Tadao Noltashima I. Department of Food Science. Univer-sity of Guelph. Guelph. Ontario NIG 2WI. Canada.

A microporous glass membranc with a narrow-range pore size was ap-plied for the microfiltration of egg yolt phospholipid emulsions. The nil-in·water and water-ln-cil emulsions were successfully filtered using themembrane without any coalescence of oil droplelS or the breakdown of theemulsions. The filtrated oil-in-water emulsion was sl&ble for at least 6 wkwhen stored at S·C. The results obtained suggest that the technique wouldbe valuable for the precise filtration of emulsions for food uses as well asintravenous fal and/or drug carrier emulsions. and offer the sl&bilization ofthe emulsions.JAOCS 74. 1255-1258 (1997).

Emlution or I'henolic Compounds in Virgin Oli,'e Oill)uring Storage.Luciano Cinquanta-. Marco Esli. and Ennio La Notte. Depanrnem ofAgricultural. Food. Environmental and Microbiological Science and Tech-

nology. University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso. italy.Phenolic compounds are of fundamental unportance to the shelf life of

virgin olive oils because: of their amioxldative properties. In this paper. theevolution of simple and complex olive oil phenols during 18 rnon of sroe-age is studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analy-sis. The olive oils under examination were from various olive cultivars.harvested in two sectors in the same region at different stages of ripeness.The findings indicate that it is not the variety but rather the ripeness of theolives and the soil and climate that influence the phenol composition ofvirgin olive oil. In addition. a positive correlation was found between theage of the oils and the tyrosolto total phenols ratio. Lastly. gas chmmarog-raphy-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that the unidentified peaksdetected by HPLC were of a phenolic nature.JAOeS 74. 1259-1264 (1997).

An Infrared Spectroscopy Study of Lipid Adsorption from Hexaneonto In Add-Activated Bleaching Clay. C. Adhiltaria.l. A. Proctor'l··.and G.D. Blyholderb. aDepanment of Food Science. University ofArt.nus. Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704. andbDepanment of Chemistry and Biochemistry. University of Artansas.Fayetteville, Artansas 72703.

The mode of adsorption of oleic acid (OA) (0.05 M). triglyceride (TG)(0.05 M) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (0.5 mM) from hexane solutiononto 0.5 g of an acid·activated bleaching clay was im'estigated using dif-fuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. OA was mosIlyweatly adsori>ed by bound water, with some OA adsorbed to silanol sitathrough carbo ..yl carbonyl groups. TG was hydrogen- bonded to surfacesilanol groups through ester carbonyl groups. The CH2 stretcbes indicatedthat TG was orienled perpendicular or at an angle to the surface. PC phos-phate groups were bound by the surface moisture with little interactionwith silanol groups. The adsorption mechanism ofthcse lipids contrastswith the adsorption of carotenoid and chlorophyll under the same condi-tions. These pigments are bound by chemisorption. with catalytic rncdifi-cation often occulTing before adsorption.JAOCS 74. 1265-1268 (1997).

Stpllnttlon and Identlncallon of Trhcimenynin from Sallta/urn spica-tum R. Hr. Yandi D. Liu", Raben B. LongmoreD··. Michael Boddy", andJohn E.D. Foxh. GSchool of Pharmacy. and bSchool of EnvironmentalBiology. Curtin University of Techno logy, Perth 6001. Western Australia.

Seed lipids of Western Australian sandalwood (SOIl/alum spicat"m)were separated using preparative thin-layer chromatography, The oil con-tains about 49% oleic acid and about 40% ximenynic acid. The individualtriglycerol bands were characterized by high-performance liquid chro-matography und gas chromatography. The oil consisted of three majortriglycerides: trixlmenynoyl-glycerol (triximenyninj. an cleoyl-dixi-menyncyl-glycerol, and a dioleoyl-ximenynoyl-glycerol. as demonstratedby gas chromatography with mass selective detection.JAOCS 74. 1269-1272 (1997).

The Anal}'SIs or Sterol Degradation Products to Detect Vegetable Fatsin Chocolate. C. Crews'", R. Calver-Sarreu. and P. Brereton. MAFF CSLFood Science Laboratory, Norwich Research Park. Cotney, Norwich.United Kingdom NR4 7UQ.

A method for the detection of hydrocarbon sterol degradation products(ste~nes) has been adapted for the analysis of noncocoa buller vegetablefats in chocolate. The method involves solvent extrnction of the fat separa-tion or the sterene fmction. and analysis of individual seereees with massspectrometric detection. The sterene composition of refined noncocoa veg-etable fats was determined in samples of cocoa butter. and retail choco-lates. The presence of known srerenes was confirmed for all of the refinedvegetable fats and for D single sample of cocoa buller. the processing his-tory of which was not known. Detection of vegetable fat added to chocolateat the 5% level was demonstrated. Sterenes were detected only in choco-lates lobeled as containing vegel&ble fots. This t~hnique has potential useas a screening method for the detection. hut not quantification. of refinedvegetable fat in chocolate.JAOCS74.1273-1280(1997).

Characlerbation of Edible Oils and Lard by Fourier TraesfurmInrran..'d Sp«troscopy. Relationships Between Composition and Fre-quency of Concrete Hands In the Fingerprint Region. M.D. Guill~n-

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ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

and N. Cabo. Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Feculted de Fannacia, Univer-sidad del Pais Vasco. Consejc Superior de Investigaciones Cienuficas,01006. vitoria. Spain.

Fourteen samples of edible oils and lard have been studied by meansof Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The spectra were recordedfrom a film of pure oil or lard betw~n two discs of KBr. The bands of thespectra were assigned to different functional group vibrations. The fre-quencies of some bands have constant values. independent of the nature ofthe sample. However. frequencies of other bands, some of them in the fin-gerprint region, depend greatly on the sample composition. Equations 0b-tained from frequency of these bands arK!composition data are valuable topredict the proportions of saturated. monoonsaturated and polyunsaturatedacyl groups in oils and lard.JADCS 74.1281-1286 (1991).

Estcrlncation Patterns of Ltpases for Synthesizing Tricaproylglyccrolsin Organic Solvent, Dae Young Kwon*. Hyo Nam Song, and SuI.: HooYoon. Food Chemistry and Physics Division. Korea Food Research Insti-tute. Songnam, Kyongl.:i. 463-050. Korea.

To investigate the synthetic patterns of triglyceride (triacylglycerol) bylipases in organic solvent. esterification patterns of triglyceride. diglyc-eride. and monoglyceride were monitored at various reaction times with10 Hpases. As a model study, tricaprin was synthesized from glycerol andcapric acids (CIO:O) in isooctane. Lipases thai were known to give non-specific hydrolysis in aqueous solvent. such as lipase from Candida eylin·dracea. Lipase OF-360 (from C. rugO$(J.), and Lipase MY (c. rugos(J.)showed nonspecific synthesis of tricaprin in organic solvent (Group I).There are two groups for esterifying tnglycerides in organic solvent withI,3-specific Iipases: one consists of the lipases from Rnhomucar mtenet,Pseudomonos ot':fuginos(J. (Lipase PS). and ehromobo.c/uiljm viscosum(Lipase CV) (Group U). and another (Group JU) is represented by LipaseAP (Aspergillus niger), Lipase FAP-15 (Rhh.opus javanicus). and LipaseD (R. d~l~mar). Aliliough both groups showed 1,3-specific hydrolysis inaqueous solvent. Group 1II has stricter 1,3-specificity for the synthesis oftricaprin from dicaprin.JAOeS 74.1281-1290(1991).

Chaf"1td.erizalion of a- and y-Linolenlc Acid Oils by Reversed-PhaseHigh-Performance Liquid Chromalograph)'-Atmospheric PressureChemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Pii.ivi Laakso. Department ofBiochemistry and Food Chemistry. University of Turku, FIN-20014Turku. Finland.

Triacylgtycercls of oils rich in a- and/or y-lino1enic acids were ana-lyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry[(APCI)MS]. The (APCI)MS spectra of most triacylglycerols exhibited1M + HI+ and 1M - RCOO]+ ions. which defined the molecular weightand the molecular association of fauy acyl residues, respectively. Re-versed-phase HPLC resulted in. at least. partial separation of triacylglyc-erots containing 0:- and/or y-linolenic acid moieties. Molecules containinga-linolenic acid residues exhibited a relatively weaker retention by the sta-tionary phase than the corresponding molecules containing y-linolenic acidresidues. Good separation of triacylglycerols of cloudberry seed oil,evening primrose oil, borage oil. and blackcurrant seed oil was achieved.The molecular species identification of separated components was basedon the (APCI)MS data as well as on the elution properties of triacylglyc-erors on reversed-phase HPLC. This study demonstrated the efficiency ofHPLC-{APCI)MS in determining the molecular species compositions oftriacylglycerols in complex natural mixtures. Good quality mass spectracould be extracted even from minor chromatographic peaks representing0.2% or less of the tOOlItriacylgiycerols.JAOeS74.1291-1300(1991).

AntiOJidant Activity of Grape Extracts in a Lecithin Liposome Sys-tem. Ock-Sook Yil. Anne S. Meyer2. aoo Edwin N. Frankel". Depart-ment of Food Science and Technology. University of California. Davis.California 95616.

Extracts of 14 different grapes were teSted for their antioxidant activi_ties in a copper-catalyzed lecithin liposome oxidation assa)' and anal),zedfor their phenolic components by high-perfonnance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The total phenolic contents of the grape extracts varied from 176to 1236 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)IL. Extracts of red wine grape

varieties contained higher concentrations of phenolics than other varieties.When compared at the same 20 ~ GAE basis, the grape extracts inhibitedformation of conjugated dtene bydroperoxides by 25.1 10 61.9%, and hex-anal formation by 49.3 to 91.8%. Extracts of red table grape varieties RedGlobe and Emperor and white wine grape varieties Chardonnay and SlIuvi-goon Blanc gave the highest antioxidant activities. The relative percentageinhibition of conjugated dienes and hexanal correlated with total phenols(r '" 0.86 and 0.89). HPLC analyses showed that anthocyanins were themost abundant phenolic compounds in extracts of red grapes. and flavonolswere mOSIabundant in extracts of white grapes.JAOCS 74, 1301-1307 (1991).

Antioxidant Activity of Green Teas in Different Lipid Systems. EdwinN. Frankelu,*, Shu-Wen Huangll. and Robert Aeschbacho. (J.Departmentof Food Science and Technology. University of California. Davis, Califor-nia 95-616_ and br<esli~ Research Center. Nestec Ltd .. CH-lOOO Lausanne26, Swiuerland.

Different commercial green teas from Japan. China. and india werecompared in different lipid systems. Green teas were active antioxidants inbulk corn oil oxidized at 50"C but were procxidant in the correspondingoil-in-water emulsions. Green teas also were active antioxidants in soybeanlecithin liposomes oxidized at 31"C in the presence of cupric acetate ascatalyst. At 50"C, however, three of the samples of green tea were activeantioxidants in the absence of copper catalyst. and two samples showedprooxidant activity in the presence of copper catalyst. The marked varia-tion in activity among green tea samples may be due partly to differencesin their relative partition between phases in different lipid systems. Theimproved antioxidant activity observed for green teas in lecithin liposomescompared to com oil emulsions can be explained by the greater affinity ofthe polar tea catechin gallates for the polar surface of the lecithin bilayers,thus affording better protection against oxidation. Liposomes may thus beappropriate lipid models to evaluate antioxidants for foods containingphospholipids.JADCS 74, 1309-1315 (1991).

Frying Quality and Oxtdattve Stability of High-Oleic Corn Oils. K.Warner",· and S. Knowltonb, aFood Quality and Safety Research.NCAUR. ARS. USDA. Peoria, Illinois 61604. and bOuPont Co:, Agrkul-tural Products, Stine-Haskell Research Center. Newark. Delaware 19114.

To determine the frying seebiluy of corn oils that are geneticall), modi-fied 10 contain 65% oleic acid. high-oleic corn oil was evaluated in roomodor tests and by total polar compound analysis. flavor characteristics offrench-fried potatoes. prepared in the oil. were also evaluated b)' trainedanalytical sensory panelists. In comparison to normal com oil. hydro-genated com oil and high-oieic (80 and 90%) sunflower oils, high-oleiccom oil had significantly (P < 0.05) lower total polar compound levelsafter 20 h of oil heating and frying at 190"C than the other oils: Fried-foodflavor intensity was significantly higher in the normal com oil during theearly portion of the frying schedule than in any of the high-oleic or hydro-genated oils; however. after 11.5 h of frying, the potatoes fried in normalcom oil had the lowest intensity of fried-food flavor. Com oil also had thehighest intensities of off-odors, including acrid and burnt, in room odortests. High-oleic com oil also was evaluated as a salad oil for flavor char-acteristics and oxidative stability, Results showed that dry-milled high-oleic com oil had good initial flavor quality and was significantly (P c0.05) more stable than dry-milled normal corn oil after oven storage testsat 60°C, as evaluated by flavor scores and peroxide values. Although thehigh-oleic corn oil had significantly (P < 0.05) better flavor and oxidativestability than com oil after aging at 60°C, even more pronounced effectswere found in high-temperature frying tests, suggesting the advantages ofhigh-oleic com oil compared to normal or hydrogenated com oils.JAOeS 74. 1311-1322 (1991).

A Kinetic Study on the Autoxidation of Sunflcwerseed Oil. HOseyinTbpaller'" _ Yliksel Bayrak. and Mehmer lscan, Depanment of Chemistry.FacullY of Sciences and Leiters. Trakya University, Anel.:adyn. 22030Edime. Turkey.

Unhydrogenated and h)'drogenated sunncwerseec oils were c.xposed tothe autoxidation process by sunlight under aunospheric conditions. Experi-ments were carried out in equal-sized glass. PET (polyethylene terephiha-late) polymer. and metal (covered by tin) containers. TIle reaction time was30 d. and the reaction course was observed by determining weight changes

INFORM,Vol. 8, no. 11 (November 1997)

1193

and pero~ide values (PV) of the oil samples at the same time within 2-d in-tervals. The logarithm of the PV was plotted against time. and straight lineswere obtained from the 4th or 6th d. The autoxidation reaction constantswere obtained for each oil in each conUliroer. When comparing the reactionconstants, the unhydrogenated oils autcxidize easily. and the autoxidationreaction occurs faster in s.unlight in glass than in the PET polymer containerand much fllSter than in the darknes.s of the metal container;JAOCS 74, 132l-1l27 (1997).

Oxidath'e Stability and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Anal)"SfS orLinoleic Acid EncaP5Ullied in CyclodutriDsl. Wendy A.Reichenbach2 and David B. Min-, Department of Food Science, 'TheOhio St.ate Univcn.ilY, Columbus. Ohio 43210.

The elfect5 of (l.. and IkYclodcxtrin (CD) 00 the oxidative Wbility oflinoleic acid (LA) al 3SoC were studied by measuring beedspace oxygendepletion in airtight 3S-mL serum boules. LA was encapsulated in «-CDor ~D in an IIqUC0tJ5 solution during homogenization at 8000 rpm fOl"Imin and then dried under vacuum fOl"60 h at room temperature. Headspaceoxygen was measured by tbermal conductivity gas chromatography. TI!erate of OII:ygen depletion for the control. which contained LA only, was93.g JlmoleIL·h. The rates of oxygen depletion for LA. encapsulated al a1:1 moie ratio (mole CD/moles LA) in a-CDand ~D. were 13.8 and IIIJlmolesIL·h, respecti\'Cly. When LA was encapsulated in a-CD and a-coat • 2: I mole ratio (moles CD/moles LA). the rates of oxygen depletionwere 0.573 and 53.9 JlmolesIL·h. respectively. Although a-CD protectedLA from relCtiQn with oxygen.t bulh ratios. the I1IICof oxygen depletionby LA encapsulated in fl-CD at a I: I mole mtio was not statistically differ-ent from the control. ~D protected LA from reaction with oxygen at a2: I mole ratio. IH nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the complexesformed from I: I mole rauos of LA and CD indicated lbat LA was encap-sulated in a-CD or ~-CD.JAOCS 74. 1l29-1333 (1997).

13C Nuclear Magnetle Resonance Spectral Continnation or d6- andA7-1rom·18: I FaUy Acid Methyl Ester Positional Isomers. E.P. Mazzo-lau·-.l.B. McMnhonll.l. R.E. McDonaldb• M.P. YUl1lwecz", N. Sehatc,and M.M. Mossobau. uOffice of Scientific Analysis and Support. Centerfor Food Sufety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). Food and Drug Admin-istration (FDA). washington, DC 20204. eomce of Plant and DairyFoods end Beverages. National Center for Food Safety and Technology.FDA, Summit-Argo, Illinois 60501. and cOffice of Food Labeling,CFSAN. FDA. Washington, DC 20204.

Trims octadeceno!c acid methyl ester isomers were obtained from apartially hydrognuted soybean oil and isolated by silver-ion higb-perfor-mance liquid chromatography. Recently, the double-bond positions fornine individual trans octadecenoic acid positional isomers (0.8 through0.16) were confirmed by gas chromutcgraphy-electrcn ionization massspectrometry after derivatlzntlon 10 2-alkenyl-4.4-dimethyloxa:wline. Inthis communication. the presence of two additional /TIIlIs-18: I fatty acidmethyl ester positional isomers (e.6 and 07) in the same mixture is con-finned by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The identity ofme ~-lralls-18: I fatty acid methyl ester positional isomer is inferred.JAOCS74.1335-1337(1997).

PracUC1I1 Limltlltlons in Determining Vegetable Oil Acid Values by aNonl pH·Mdric Method. O. Yu Berezin. Ya I. Tur'yan, L. Kogan. I.Kuselrnan'", and A. Shenhar. The National Physical Laboratory of Israel.Givat Ram. Jerusalem 91904. Israel.

A novel pH-metric method is described for the dt:tennination of acidvalues (AV) in vegetable oils without titration. The method is based on areagent containing triethanolamine. isopropanol. and water to which an oilsample is added before measuring pH. Oil samples with AV in the range0.006-0.107 mg KOHIg oil were prepared from commercial soybean oilby treatment with a wong-base anion exchanger in O~ form and addi-lion of oleic acid. Compared to the WUIdard titrimetric method. signifi-cantly greater AV were obtained atlcss then 0.02 mg KOHlg oil. This wasdue 10 the influence of triethanolamine hydrolysis on the acid--base equi-librium in the mixture "ell-reagent," Thus. the AV 0.02 mg KOHlg oil isaccepted as the limit of quantit.ation. Because refined oils usually hI,'c AVof O.<B mg KOHlg oil or more. this method should be suitable for pnItti_cal oil anaJy!ieS.JAOCS74, 1339-1341 (1997).

High-Resolution Nuclear MagMtle Resonal'lCe Spectroscopy-Appli-cations to Falty Acids and TriacylgJ}'arols. Marcel S.F. Lie Ken Jie-and J. Mustafa. Department of Chemistry. The UnivfiSity of Hong Kong.Hong Kong_

During the pasr two decades. nuclear magnetic resonance spec-troscopy (NMR) has played an e\'Cr·increasing role in the structural deter-mination of fally acids. fauy add derivati\'es and analogues. and in theanalysis of the structures of triacylglycerols including the quantitati\'eanalysis of lipid mixtures. This article discusses some of the resultsobtained through the application of the NMR technique to lipid molecule5and reviews the liter'lllUre. To maintain brevity. this article doe5 not coverthe underlying theory of NMR spectroscopy as numerous books devotedto modem NMR spectroscOpy have been published,Lipids 32. 1019-1034 (1997).

Ph}'slcochemical Characterization of Ps)'Chosioe by IH Nudear Mag-Dl'tic Resonance and Electroo Microscopy. Laszlo Orfia.I, Cynthia K.LariveD>2. and Steven M. LeVioeh·-. QOepartment of Chemiwy. Univer-siTYor Kansas. Lawreece, Kansas 66045. and boepartment of Molecularand Integrative Physiology and the Smith Mental Retardation and HumanDevelopment Center. University of Kansas Medical Center. Kansas City.Kansas 66160.

Krabbe's disease is an autosomal recessive disease that affects thelysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase. The storage of one of its sub-strates, psychosine (fi-galactosylsphingosine). is thought to be responsiblefor the induction of pathological changes. Psycbosine has a free aminegroup which is necessary for the mediation of its toxic effects. In the pre-sent study. the physicochemical properties of psychosine were investigat-ed, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detected pH titration was used todetermine that the amine group had a pKa of 7.18:t 0.05. Pulsed-fieldgradient NMR spectroscopy was used to determine that the diffusion coef-ficient of 2.8 mM psychosine in D10 at pO 4.46 or 7.04 is 1.16:t 0.02 )(10-10 m2/S or 0,77 :t 0.02 )( lO-to m2/s. respectively. Negative stainingelectron microscopy (EM) studies of acidic and neutral solutions of psy-cbcsine also were performed. At pH 4.5. spherical structures wereformed. which were relatively stable between 3, 120. und 216 h followingpreparation; the diameter ranged front -14 nm at the earliest time point to-18 nm atthe last time point. The critical micelle concentration (CMC)was 1.26 mM at pH 4.0. AI pl! 7.1. the structures changed from sphericalstructures with a diameter of 15-23 nm. at the earliest time point. to u her-erogeneous population of structures mnging from spherical structures,with a diameter of only a few nm. to irregularly shaped oblong structuresthat had one or more dimensions exceeding 100 nm. The NMR and EMdata indicate that the deprotenation of the amine group causes psychosine10 fonn aggregates thai are unstable. which prevents a determination ofthe CMC at a neutral pH. These data indicate that molecular interactionsof psychosine at the acidic pH of the lysosome. where it is normallydigested. are more orderly than those at the pH of the cytoplasm or extra-cellular space where psychosiroe goes during diw:ISC:.Lipids 31. 1035-1040(1997).

Synthesis lind Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Propertil'$ of All Geomet.rica1 IsomU5 of Conjugated Linoleic Acids. Marcel S.F. Lie Ken Jie-.Mohammed Khysar Pasha. and Mohammad Shahin Alam. Department ofChemistry, The University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong.

Pure geometric isomers of conjugated linoleic add were preparedfrom castor oil as the primary Marting material. Methyl octadeca-9ZI I E-diencare (2) and melbyl oct.adeca-9ZIIZ-dienoate (4) were obtained byzinc reduclion of melbyl santalb.ate (I. methyl octadcc-IIE-cn-9-ynoate)and methyl octadcc-I IZ-en·9·ynoale (3). respectively. as the Iter interme-diates. Methyl ocladeca-9£.11 E-dienoate (8) and methyl octadeca-9E.11Z-dienoote (9) were prepared by demesylation of the me5yloxyderivative of methyl rieinellidate (6. methyl 12-hydroxy-octldec-9E-

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Canadian and other Western COUntries, the Chinese milk from both HongKong and Cbongqing contained higher levels of longer-chain polyunsau,l-rated fauy adds. particularly docosahcxacnoic acid (21:6n-3) and arachi-donic acid (20:4n-6). In contrast, the content of IrallS fauy acids in theChinese milk was lower compared with those for Canadian and otherWestern countries. Longitudinally. the concentrations of 22:6n-3 and20:4n-6 gradually decreased when lactation progressed from colostrum(week I) to mature (week 6). Over the same interval. linoleic acid (18:2n-6) remained unchanged in Cbongqing Chinese but signifICantly increasedin Hong Kong Chinese. Unlike 18:2n-6.linolenic acid (18:)n-3) increasedin Otongqing Chinese but remained unchanged in Hong Kong Chinesethroughout the study. The tOOlImilk fat also increased with the duration oflactation. ln addition. the milk of Cbongqing Chinese had higher totalmilk fat than that of Hong Kong Chinese and Canadians. The content oferucic acid (22:ln-9) increased with the progression of lactation inChongqing Chinese. indicating that there WI5 a switch in dietary con-sumption from fat.$ of animal origin to rapeseed oil when lactationreached week 6. The present study showed that Hong Kong andCbongqing Chinese had a different fatty acid prolile in many w11)'5,whichlargely rerlecred a diffCTmt dietary habit and life-style in these two places.Upids n. 1061-1067(1997).

ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

eOOlte). A study of tile nuclear magnetic resonance spectral propertieswas carried out, and the shifts of the olefinic carbon atoms of18:2(9Z.ll£) (2) and 18:2(9E.IIZ) (9) were readily identilied by a combi-nation of incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer expert-ment, lleteronuclear multiple bond correlation. and 1H_IlC correlationspectroscopy COITClationtechniques. Doubts remain in the absolute identi-lication of tile indi ...idual olefinic carbon atoms of the 18:2(9Z.11Z) (4)and 18:2(9E,II£) (8). cxcept the fact that the shifts of the -inne(' (C-IOand C_II) and "outer" (C-9 and C-12) positioned olefinic carbon I10ms ofthe conjugated diene system are distinguishable.UpidsJ2.I04t-I044(1997).

Gro .....th Inhibitory Effects or Liposome-Assodated l-O-Ocbdec)'l-l-O-mdhyl-f,,-gl}·ccro-l-phosphocholine. Andrew C. Peters. ImranAhmad. Andrew S. Janoff, Marini V. Pushkare ...a. and Eric Mayhew-.The Uposome Company. Inc .. Princeton. New Jersey 08540.

The growth inhibitory effects of 1-O-«tadecy1-2-0-methyl-sn-glyc-ero-3-pbosphocholine (E'T-18-OCH3) and various liposomc compositionsof ET-18-OCHJ were compared in a standardized growth inhibition assayutilizing I di,'C\'SC tumor cell line panel including cell lines upressingmultidrog resistance. ET-18-OCHJ and ELL-12 (4:3:1:2, diolcoylpbos-phatidylcholine/cholcsterolldiolcoylphosphatidylethanolamine-glutaricacidlET-18-OCH), In optimal lip050mal ET-18-OCHl formulation.inhibited growth in the micromolat range in drug-sensluve and -resistantcells. In general, ET-18-OCH)-liposomes were about twofold less growthinhibitory than ET-18-OCHJ. Howe ...er, the known nc:molytic effects ofET-18-OCH) were greatly reduced, up to 20 or more times. by liposomeassociation. The efftc15 of ET-18-OCHJ and ELL-12 ....-ere compared inintracellular (C12+1 modulation and DNA fragmentation assays, ET-18-OCH) elicited both concentration- and serum-dependent transient andptl'lTUlnent increases in intracellulat [Ca2+). In CQIItnlSI. ELL-12 did notmodulate intracellular [Ca2+). E'T-18-OCH3 and ELL-12 similarly affect-ed DNA fragmentation, which may be indicative of apoptcsis. The resultssuggest that .• lthough the specific growth inhibitory effects of ET-18-OCH3 and ELL-12 are similar. associating ET-18-OCHJ with SlIIble well-characterized liposomes efimlnates nonspecific cell membnmc-associatedlytic effects.Upids J2. l~s--1054 (1997).

In Vitro Effect or Garlic Powder Extract on Lipid Content in Normaland Atherosclerotic: HUnlan AOortlc Cells, Alexander N. Orethov- andVladimir V. Terto .... Institute of Experimental Cardiology, CardiologyResearch Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 121552Moscow, Russia,

In tile present study. the mechanism of the in ..uro effect of garlic pow-der e~tract (GPE) on lipid content of cuLtured human aortic cells was Ieves-dgated, The addition Qf GPE abolished atherogenic blood strom-inducedaccumulation of free cholesterol. triglycerides. and cbolesreryl esters insmooth muscle cells derived from uninvolved (nonnal) intima. In cells iso-lated from atherosclerotic plaque, GPE lowered these lipids. GPE inhibitedlipid symhesis both in normal and atllerosclerotic cells. It inhibited acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltntnsfel'lL'iC acti ...ity that participates in tile cbclesterylester fonnation and ftimulated cholcslc:ryl ester hydrolase that degradescholesteryl esters. This may uplain the lipid reduction caused by GPE inatherosclerotic cells. GPE inhibited the uptake of modified low densitylipoprotein and degradation of lipoprotcin-dc:rived cholesteryl esters, thusconsiderably reducing the intracellular accumulation of cholesteryl esters.This 5UggeslS tile mechanism responsible for the prevenuon of lipid accu-mulation in aortic cells caused by atherogenic blood serum.UpidsJ2.1055-106O(1997).

Breast Milk .-any Acid Composition: A Comparath'e Study Bet .....eenHOong Kong lind Chongqing Chinese. Z. V. ChenD,-. K.V. KwanD. K.K.TongO. W.M.N. RatnaJ.al:eb, H.Q. ue. and S.S.F. leungd'. aDepartmcntof Biochemistry. and Department of Paediatrics. Tbe Chinese Uni ...ersityof Hong Konl. Shatin. New Territories. Honl Kong; br<utrition ResearchDi...Ision. Health Protection Branch, Health Clnada. Tunney's Pasture.OtUlwa, Canada K IAOL2: Ind tUn;\'ersity of Chongqinll Medical Sci-Ct'ICCIi. Chongqing. Si Chuan. ChiOL

The fauy acids of milk samples obtained from 51 Hong Kong Chineseand 3J Cbongqing Chinese (5i Chuan Province. China) were anaIyud bygas--liquid chromatography. Compared whh those of publisbed data for

Comparlllh'e tlypocholesterolcmlc: EffeclS or Six Dietary Oils inCho!eslen)l-.-ed Rats After Long-Term .-ct'ding.. Michihiro Fukushima..Tal.:ac Matsuda. Kiichiro Vamalishi, and Masuo Nakano·. Department ofBioresource Chemistry, Obihiro University of Agriculture and VeterinaryMedicine, Obihiro. HoUaido 080. Japan.

RalS (8 wk of Ige) fed I coevenuonal diet ...ere shined 10 diets con-taining 10"," Oerrolhua bie"ni! Linn oil (OBLO. linoleic acid + y-linolenic acid) from • wild plant. evening primrose oil (EPO. linoleic acid+ "t-1inolenic acid) from a cultivated plant, bio-y-linolenic acid oil frommold (BIO. p.tlmitic acid + oleic acid + linoleic acid + y-linolenic acid),uffio..-a- oil (linoleic acid), palm oil (PLO. palmitic acid + oleic acid +linoleic acid), or soybean oil (linoleic acid + ((-linolenic acid) with 0.5","cholesterol for 13 wk. Though tllere were no signifICant differences in thefood intake among the groups. tile body weight gain of the OBLO groupwas significantly IQ...er than t!utt of other groups except for the B[O andPLO groups, and that of the EPO and SBO groups were the highestamong the groups. The li...er weight of tile OBLO group was signilicantly10\l,.erthan that of otller groups, and that of the PLO group was tile highestamong the groups. The strum total cholesterol and ...ery low densitylipoprotein (VLDL) + intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) + low densi-ty lipoprotcin (LDL) chclestercl concentrations of the OBLO and EPOgroups were consistently lower than those in tile OIlier groups. However.those of the BIO group were higller than tOOse in the OBLO and EPOgroups. The liver cholesterol concentration of the PLO group was tilehighest among all groups except for the EPO group. The fecal neutralsterol and bile acid extraction of the BIO group tended to increase com-pared to the other groups. The results of this study demonstrate thatOBLO and EPO inhibit the increasing of serum total cholesterol andVLDL + IDL + LDL-cholesterol coecemrauons in tile presence of excesscholesterol in tile diet compared with the other dietary oils.UpitbJ2. 1069--1074 (1997).

Lo\O'-Oose Elmsapentaenoic or Docosahl'XHnoic Acid Admini-oitratiOonModlIles Fltty Acid Composition lind Ooes Not Affect Susceptibllily toOxklath'e Stl'tS51n Ral E.,'throc:}·les and Tissees, Gabriella Cal v iellol',Paola Palozzaa. Piergiorgio F1-ancescllelli". and Gianna Mwia Banolib.-.IIlnstitute of General Pathology, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, amtb-Department of Biology. Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome. Italy.

In ...iew of the promising future for use of n-3 polyunsaturated fouyacids (PUFA) in the ~ntioo of cancer and cardiQvascular diseases. it isnecessary to ensure that their consumption does not result in detrimentaloxidati ve effects. Tbe lim of the pn$Cnt ...ork was 10 ICSIa bypothesis thatLow doses of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahuaenoic acid(DHA) do not induce hannful modilications of oxidative cell metabolism,as modifICations of mc:mbrane fany acid composition occur. WisW' ntISrecel ...ed by 1 ..... le oleic .cid, EPA. or DHA ()60 ml/kg bodyweight/day) for I period of I or 4 ...k. Fany acid composition and u-eoeo-pherol content ....-ere detamined for plasm&. red blood cell (RBC) mem-branes, and liver. kidncy, lung. and beart microsomal membranes. Suscep-tibility to oxidative Stress induced by lut-butylhydroperoxide was mea-

INFORM, Vol. 8, no. II (N0\fEHTIber 199n

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sured in RBC. EPA treatmmt illCfCl5Cd EPA and docosapentaenoic acid(DPA) content in plasma and in all the membranes studied. DHA treat·ment mainly increased DHA content. Both treatments decreased arachi·donic acid content and n·61n-3 PUFA ratio in the membranes. withoutmodifying the Unseturaucn Index. No changes in tissue a-tocopherolcontent and in RBe susceptibility to exldatlve $II'eSS were induced byeither EPA or DHA trearmera. The data suggest that EPA and DHA treat-ments can substamially modify membrane fatty ackts, without iocreasingsusceptibility to o:tidatil'e stress. when administered 8t low doses. Thisopens the possibility for use of low doses of n-3 PUFA for chemopreven-tion without risk of detrimental secondary effects.lipids 31.1075-1083 (1997).

Molecular Specilition or Fish Sperm Phospholipid!l: Large Amountsor Dipolyunsaturaled Phosphatidylserine. M.Y. Bellll.-. J.R. Dickll.and Cs. Budab. lINERC Unit of Aquatic Biochemistry, Depanment ofBiological and Molecular sciences. University of Stirling. Stirling FK94LA, Scotland. and bHungarian Academy of Sciences. BiologicalResearch Centre. tnsuune of Biochemistry. H-6701 Szeged. Hungary.

The molecular species compositions of the main diacyl phosphoglyc-eride classes and ether-linked subclasses from sperm of three species offish. SC3 bass Diccntmrr:hus labrax. Atlamic salmon Stllmo SlIllIr and Chi·nook salmon Onchorhynchus ISlIM'y,schll. were detennined. The phospho-lipids from sperm were highly unsall,lrated. dipolyunsaturated Iauy acid(diPUfA) molecular species comprised 64.6 to 7 I.8% of pbosphatidylser-inc (PS). 10.1 to 17.4% of phosphatidylethanolnmlne (PE). and 3.3 to10.1% of pbosphetldylcholine (PC). In sea bass sperm. di22:6n-3 phos-pholipid was the predominant diPUFA molecular species. but in bothsalmon species 22:5n-3122:6n-3 was also a major constituent of PS. Phos-pholipids containing 22:6n-3 dominated in sea bass sperm with16:0I22:6n-3 as a major component of PC and PE. and 18:0I22:6n-3 of PEand PS in addition to di22:6n-3 in the latter two classes. In contrast. bothsalmon species contained much more 20:5n-3 and less 22:6n-3 so that sat-uratedl20:5n-3 and monounsaturatedl20:5n-3 molecular species weremore abundant than the corresponding molecules containing 22:6n-3.Ether-linked lipids comprised 11.3-36.3% of choline and ethanolaminephosphogtycertoes in each fish species. Molecular species containing22:6n-3 were the major components of 1-0·alkyl-2-acyl-glycerophospOO-choline. especially 16:0af22:6n-3 in sea bass and 18: 1af22:6n-3 in the twosalmon species. while in l-O-alk-l' -enyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphocthanol-amine. 16:0aJ22:6n-3 was the major component in both salmon and18:0aJ22:6n-3 in sea bass with 18:laJ22:6n-3 abundant in all threespecies. In Atlantic salmon 1-0-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerophospho-cthanolamine comprised 24.6% of ethanolamine glycerophospholipidswhich were predominantly 16:0aJ22:6n·3 and 18:laJ22:6n-3. Phos-phutidylinositol from sperm was dominated by stearoyUC20 PUFA melee-ular species. in sea bass overwhelmingly 18:0120:4n-6. while in bothsalmon species 18:0I20:4n·6 and 18:0I20:5n·3 were equally abundant.lipids 32. 1085-1091 (1997).

Lipids and Buoyancy In Southern O(un Pteropods. Charles F.PhlegerD·-. Peter O. Nicholsb• and Patti Vinueh. uDepanmem of Biology.San Diego State Uni,·ersity. San Diego. California, 92182. and bcSIRODivision of Marine Research and Antarctic Co-opcrative Research Centre.Hoban. Tasmania. 7001. Austr.llia.

The lipids of Clione Umodna, a Southern Ocean pteropod (order Gym-OO5Omata). contain 28' diacylglyceryl ether (DAGE) (as percentage oftOlal lipid) ....hcnas the pu:ropod UnwciltO helleina (order 1becosomata)lacks DAGE. The alkyl glyceryl ether diols (I-O·alkyl glycerols. GEl ofClione DAGE an: dominated by 16:0 «(jIN,) and 15:0 (21'), in contrastwith deep-sea shark Ji\'er DAGE. which is dominated by 18:1 GE. Thefauy acid profiles of CUone and Umocitw an: similar (28-32% polyunsatu-rated. 26-34% monounsalUrated) as are the sterols. which include 24-mcthyjenecholesterol. transdebydrccholesrerol. cholesterol. and eeseos-rerot, This finding probably reflects the fact that limaci"a is the majorfood source for Ct'ant. Sf1Q"giobranchllca IUUlmUs. another SouthernOcean pteropod (order Gymnosomata). has 0.9-1.7% DAGE. bet has lesslipid (3.3-4.8 mg/g lipid. wet weight) than CUone (SO.8 mg/g lipid. wetweight). Wc propose a buoyancy role for DAGE in C/iont sioce Um(l(;inahas bubbles for nOlat1on which CUOfU! lack: DAGE provides 23% moreuplift than triacylglycerol at a concentration of 1.025 g/mL SC311o'llter.lipid;r11.109}-ll00(l997).

SulfoquiDO"OS,'1 Diac),lglfttmls from the Alga HtttrosigRia eanttTlt.Michael Keusgen I. Jonathan M. Cunis·. Pierre Thibault John A. Walter.Anthony Windust, and Stephen W. Ayer. Institute for Marine Bioscierces.National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NoVll Scotia B3H 3ZI,Canada.

An extract of the chloromonad Helerosigmll carterae (Raphido-pbyceae). cultivated in natural seawater, contained a complex mixture ofsulfcquinovosyl diacylglycerols. Palmitoyl (16:0). three isomers of hex-adecenoyl (16: I cis ti9. till. tiI3). and ejcosapentenoyl (20:5) were foundto be the main fatty acyl subsntuenu. Exact double-bond sites were deter-mined by mass spectrometry analysis of the corresponding nicotinylderivatives. Four major sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol components werepartially purified and identified as 1-4 by interpretation of their nuclearmagnetic resonance and mass spectral data. In addition. complete analysisof the H. caneme sulfoquinovesyl diacylglycerols was performed usinghigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray tan-dem mass spectrometry.Upid;r 12, 1101-1112 (1997)

Measurement or Apollpoproteln B in Various Cell Llnl'S: CorreilitionBet w een Imracettute r Levels and Rales or Secretion. AhmedBpkillah I. Zhangyin Zl1ou. Jayraz Luchoomun. and M. Mahmood Hus-sain·. Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry. Allegheny Universityof the Health Sciences. MCP.Hahnemann School of Medicine. Philadel-phia. Pennsylvania 19129.

We have standardized simple but sensitive enzyme-linked immunoas-silys to understand 11 rehuicnship between intracellular levels and secretionrates of apoB. The assays were based on commercially available antibcd-les nnd were specific to human apoB. A monoclonal antibody. 1D I. wasimmobilized on rnicromer wells and incubated with different amounts oflow density lipoproteins to obtain a standllnl curve. Conditioned mediawere added to other wells in parallel. and the amount of opoB was quanti-tDled from a linear regression curve. To standardize conditions for themeasurement of intracellular apoB. cells were homogenized and solubi-lized with different concentrations of taurochOlate. We found tbat 0.5%taurocholate was sufficient to solubilize all the apoB in HepG2. Ceco-z.and McA-RH7777 cells. Ne:tt. a standard curve was prepared in the pres-ence of taurocholate and used to determine intracellular levels of apoB indifferent cell Hoes. The intracellular levels (pmoUmg cell protein) and therates of secretion (pmollmgfll) of apoB 100 were positively correlated (,2:0.81. p: 0.00(9) in HepG2 cells. Furthermore. a positive correlation (r2",0.88. P < 0.0001) was found between intracellular and secreted apoB42 instably transfected McA·RH7777 cells. In contrast. no correlation wasobserved for human opoB28 and apoBI8 in stably transfected cells thatwere secreted either partially associated or completely unasscciated withlipoproteins. These studies indicated that the rate of secretion of lipid-associated apoB. but not the lipid-free apoB. was tightly controlled.Upids 32.1113-1118 (1997).

Oxidation Rt'adlol\!l or Acetylenk Fatty E.st~n with Selenium [)j0l1-

ideJttr1·8ut}·1 Hydro(>froxldt'. Marcel S.F. Lie Ken Jie'", MohammedKhysar Pasha. and Mohammad Shahin Alam. Depanment of Chemistry.11M: University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong.

Reaction of methyl undec-IO-y~ (I) with selenium die»:idel,etY·ootyl hydroperoaide (TBHP) in aqueous dioxane gave metbyl 9-0:t0-undec-IO-yno.ate (2. 9'1» and 9-hydroxy-undec-IO-ynoate (3. (jIN,). whilemethyl octadec-9-ynoate (II) yielded mixtures of positional isomers ofmono-keto h·i:. methyl a-ceo- and tt-cxo-ocredec-a-yncare. S. 5').hydroxy-keto (viz. methyl 8-hydro:ty-ll-oxo- and II-hydroxy-8-oxo-octadec-e-ynoate. 6. 10%1. and dihydroxy (I';:' methyl 8.II-dihydroxy-ocieoec-c-ynoere, 7. 24%) derivatives. Similar treatment of a conjugateddiecetyleeic fally ester (methyl octadecll-6.8-diynolllt. 8) furnished a mix-ture of methyl s-cxo- and IO-oxo-octadcca·6.8-diynoate (9. 12%) and acomplex mi:tture of very polar products. Reaction of methyl octadec-Ll E-en-s-yncare (methyl sentalbere) (10) with selenium dioxideffBHP inequeoes diounc: gave exclusively a mixture of regicspeclfic products. viz.methyl 8-oxo-octadec·II(E)Z·en-9-ynoate (II. 6%) and methyl 8-hydroxy-octadec-IIE-en-9-ynoate (12. 70%). The structures of the vari-ous products were detennined by a combination of spectroscopic andmass spectral analy!ieS.lipids 12. 1119-1123 (1997).

INfORM. Vol. 8, no. II (November 1997)