,.,ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

measured (or a number of vegetable oils (enunbe, rapeseed. com, soy-bean. milkweed, coconut, lesquerella), as well as eight fany acids in therunge CJ 10en al temperatures from above their melting points 10 IlO'C(230'F). The specifIC gravity and density measul\':ments were performedaccording to American Society for Testinll and Materials (ASTM) stan-dard lest methods D 368, 0 891 and D 1298 for hydrometers and. modi-fied ASTM D 369 and D 891 for pycnemeters. Com:lation constants,based on the c:,;perirnental dalll, ~ presented for calcularlng the densityof fauy acids and vegetable oils in the range of temperature from 24'C(1S'F) or the melting plim of the substance. \0 IIO'C (230'F). The con-Slams are valuable for designing or evaluating such chemical processequipment as heal exchangcn. rellCl~. process piping and storage tan!.;!.Estimated density of fany acids by a modified Raclten equDtion is alsopresented.(JAOCS69. 1184-1188 (1992)J

Enzyme-Modified Proteins from Corn Gluten Meal: Preparation andFunctional Proptrti5. Adie MillUlbeim and Munir Oleryan, UnivcrsityoflllinoiJ, Department of Food Science, Urbana.lIlinoi$ 61801.

Funclional properties of proIcins in com gluten meal (CGM) can beimproved by enzyme hydroly$is combined with membrane technology.CGM WII$ treal.ed with a protease (Ale.lase), rcsulting in 30-5(1'1, of theproteins being convened to soluble peptides. Conversions welt higherwhen CGM was pretreated with cysteine or sulfite. Solubility end clarityof the enzyme-modified prole ins were beuer al higher degrees of hydroly-sis (mI). Higher DH increased initial room volume: but decreased foomstability. Membrane filtration of the hydrolYled COM reaction mbtureresulted in two peptide fractions, as determined by sio!.e..c;)(clusionhigh-performance liquid chromatography. Protein solubility of the membrane-permeable fraclion was 90-99'11 comjXIred with S% for unmodified pro-teins. Larger·J)Ofe mc:mbrane!i improved foaming bUI decreased solubilityand clarity. Moisture sorption at. water activity 0(0.97 was 3.75 g waterper grnm ofenzyme-modifledJullra-flllered COM. compared with 0.2 gigfor the ullmodified CGM.IJAOCS69, ] 16)-1]69 (1992)1

vrseessues of Vegetllble Oils und ,,'ully Acids, H. Noureddini. B.C. Teohand L Davis Clements. Department of Chemical Engineering. Universityof Nebraska. Lincoln, Neb11lska 68588-0126.

Data for viscosity II!i a function of temperature from 24 10 1l0'C (75to 230'F) have been measured for D number of vegetable oils (crambe.rapeseed. com. soybean. milkweed. coconut. lesquerelta) and eight fauyecids in the range from ~ to C22' "The vlscoshy measurements were per-fonntd according to ASTM test methods 0445 and 0 446. Several corre-lations were fined to tbe experimental data. Correlation constants for thebe'st fit are presented. lbe range of temperature in which the correlJl1ionsare valid is from 24'C (7S·F). or the melting point of the substance. toIIO'C (230·F). "The cOlTdation conuant5 are valuable for designing orevaluating sucb chemical process equipment as heal exchangers, reactors.dislillJl1ion columns, mixing vessels and process piping.IJAOCS69.1189-1191 (1992»

Eft'ed5 of Stcaming on 50yMan Proteins and Trypsin Inbibitors.. R.LAnderson. Biopolymer Researt:h. NatioMl Center for Agricullu11ll Utiliza-tion gesearch. Agricultural Reselm:h Servjce. U.S. Department of Agri·culture. Peoria.lllioois 61604.

Sleaming of defatted soybean Oakes ~ases both protein solubilityand trypsin inhibitor (11) activity as measured by nitrogen solubility indell(NSI) and 11 assay. respectively. NSI can be lowered from 80-90. in rawOakes. to 10-20 with sufficient steaming. Concurrently, about 9O'I:t of TIactivilY is destmyed. Differential scanning calorimetric (OSC) analysis ofrow soy flour demonstrated transition temperatures (T max) of 58.2. 72.Sand 96.4·C for 11. 7S and liS proteins. respectively, Lowering the NSlto42.4 by steaming caused the Tl transition to disappear, even thoogh h.aJfof the TI aClivity remained. OSC analysis of steamed soybean Oakesrevealed tit.at Undcn:lLured 7S and II S storage proleins remain. even whenthe NSI is decreased 1010.IJAOCS69,1170-1176(1992)J

Errect of Solvent Polarity and Fractionation Temperature on thePh)"sicoc:hemical Properties or Squid Viscera Stearin. M_H_Yang. S.C.Chang and R.H. Olen. Depanment of Marine Food Science, National Tai-wan Ocean University. Keelung 20224. Taiwun. Republic of Olin a.

Complete utilization of squid viscera oil was found to be' feasible bysolvcnt fractionation. lbe effects of solvent polarity and lemperature OIlyield. !!Oft melting point. fany acid compos.ition and solid rat content ofthe stearin were studied. Although yield increased with increasin8 solventpolarity and with decreasing fractionation temperature. the stearinobtained has a lower soft melting point. This makes It unsuitable es atable margarine. Operation at lower temperature also increased the openll-ing cost. Solid rat content of the stearim; fractionated at -I'C wps 10%higher rhun of those at -5 or -9'C for all solvers polarities studied. Solidfat content of stearin increased with the decrease of solvent polarity atevery tested temperature. The. combined effects of polarity and ff1lCliona.tion rcmperanrre affect the sort melting point and solid fal content. whichdetermine the commercial application of the stearin. The percentage ofsaturated Iany acid$ of stearin decreased with increasing solvcnt polarity.and tl'lc percentage of eicosapcntaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahnaenoicadd (OHA) increased whh solvenl polarity and fractionatiOfl temperature.The percentage of EPA + DIIA in stcarin decreased wjth temperature,excepe for those from S.I p" solvent. 1bc pnctical fr.clionation conditionis at ., or -SOC with a solvent poIarily of 5.1 p'. The Uearln fnoetion canbe made inlo a series of products. such IS high EPA- and DHA-containingtable margarine.IhlOCS 69. 1192-1197 (l992)J

Charuclerizalion of Monomers Peedueed from Thermal High-Pres-sure Conversion of Melidowfoam lind Oleic Acids Into Estolldes. TerryA. Isbell. Robert Kleiman and senm M. Erhart. USDA. Agricultura]Research Ser.oice. National Center for Agricultural Ulilillltion Resean:h.New Crops Research. Peoria. Illinois 61604.

The monomers produced from thermal high·pressure conversion ofmeadowfoam or oleic aciW into estolides were chanlClcrized as a com-pin mixture of fally acids. Mild reaction conditions produced littlechange in the staI1ing acids. Uowever. vigorous reaction conditions. r.g.~ h at 2SO'C whh stirring. significantly altered the starting fany acids.CisJlrDns isomerization occurred rudily. with the proportion of IrollS iso-mers reacbing S7'l>. In addition. the double bonds migrated IIuooghoul allpositions of the hydTOCllrbon chain with concentrations diminishing OUI-ward from the starting double bond position. Branching was also ob!ier.oedto • small elltent under these conditions and was even more pronounced inthe absence of water. Lactones were a]so identified in the reaction mix-ture. with contents near 16'1. in tl'lc meadowfoom serie$. All products canbe explained ";0 carbcceucn rearrangement mechanisms that result fromproIonation of the ~aning olefln$.IJAOCS69.IITI-1183(199211

Chemicld and Physical Properues of the Solid FalS in Commercial50n Marprines.. V. D'Souza. J.M. deMan and L deMan. Dep:trtment ofFood Science. University ofOuelph. Guelph. Ontario NIG 2Wl. Canada..

lbe fats of ten Canadian soft margarines were crystallized from ece-tone al lS'C to obtain the high-melting glycerides (HMO). The solid fatsin the l1llII'8arines were extracted whh isobutanol at SOC.x-ray diffraclionshowed thllt tl'lc canola mall!arines were in the ~ crystal form. the lO)'beanand sunnower·palm·palm kernel mnrgarinel in the W form. while those ofeanola-patm and another sunflcwer-patm-palm kernel margarines con-

Densities or Vegetable Oil5 lind Fatly Adds. U. Noureddini. B.C. Teolland L Davi$ Clements. Depanment of OIemicaJ Engineering. Univcnityof Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln. Nebraska 68588-0126.

Complete data for density as a function of temperature hove been

INFORM. Vol. 4. no. I (January 1993)

,.2ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

rained a mtxtcre of~' and ~ fom'll. X-ray diffrnctioo of the: isolated solidsshowed additional $lIon spacings compared whh those of the originalmargarines. Diffclt'nlial scanning calorimetry healing curves of the solidswere compared Wilh tOOse of the HMG. 'The melting temperatulU of theHMG were 10·C hlgber than the solids. II is suggested lhallhc polymor-phic behavior of sen margarines is related to the chemical composition ofthe HMO and the sctlds. SoIid5 in margaril1l!S can also be provided byinteresterirlCaJion of palm oil products.I1AOCS69,1198-1205(1992)1

R~na 10Cr,stlilizalion or Blendsor Palm Olrin wilh SoybunOil Stored al VarloU.'l Ttmpenuutes. I. NorAi"i, H. H:tnirah. AingohC.H. Oh and N. Sudin. Chemistry and Technology Division. Palm OilResearch Institute of Malaysia (PORIM). Minisuy of Primary Industries.50720 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia.

'The aim of the study was to delennine the resistaece 10 crystallizationof palm olein (POol with soybean oil (SBO) at different temperatures.POo of iodine value (IV) 65 give better resistance to crystallization thanPOo of IV 60 or IV 63. For applicltions StIChas salad oil. the usc of POoof IV 65 is limited to :m when blended with SBO. If POo of either IV60 or IV 63 is chosen. its uSC:in salad oil is limited to 10% only. However.for applications other than salad oil. such as for mating or frying. 100%POo of any IV could be used. For cold climeaes, the amounl of POo <IV60 or 63) recommended to ~t I clear oil is 10--30%. Alternatively. up 1040% POo of IV 6S can be blended with SBO. For temperate climates. theamount of POo (IV 60 or 63) ~ommended can be up 10 6O'l.. Wilh POoof IV 65, the amounl ~nded is as high as I!O---9O'l> for applicationas I cooking Of frying oil.UAOCS69.1206-1209(1992)1

Concentration or ~hexlenok Acid In Glyttf'ide by Hyd~)'si5 orF1sh Oil wilh Candida cy/indracttl Lipase. Vukihisa Tanaka. Jiro Hiranoand Tadashi Funada, Tsukuba Research Laboratory. NOF Ccrporatlon. 5-10 ToIi:od~i Tsukuba. lbaraki 300-26. Japan.

In an auempt 10 concentrate the content of DHA (docosahex.aenoieacid) in a glyceride mixture containing triglyceride. dlglyceride andmoneglyceride. fish oil was hydrolyzed with six kinds of microbial lipase.After the hydrolysis. free fauy acid was removed >md fauy acid compo-rems of the glyceride mlxtures were analp.ed. When the hydrolysis withCalldida qlindru(t'Q lipase was 70% complete. tile DHA content in theglyceride mixture was three times more th811that in the original fish oil.The EPA (elccsapemaencic acid) content became almost 70% of the origi-nal fish oil. Hydrolysis with other Hpeses did not result ill an Increase inthe OHA content in the glyceride mixtures. Hydrolysis of DHA-rich tUliaoil (DHA content is ubo\Jl 25%) with Candida cylindruct!u lipase resultedin 53% DUA in the glyceride mixture. The EPA content. however.remained close to lhat of the original tuna oil. In uns report. the acyl chainspecificity of lipases is evalu8ted in terms of hydrolysis resistant value(URV). IIRV is tbe rmic between the OliA contents in the glyceride mix-ture of hydrolyzed oil and original oil. HRV clearly indicates differencesin hydrolysis between OHA and other fauy acids (e.& .. saturated andmonoenoic acids).(JAOCS69. 1210-1214 (1992)[

Quality of Oils from Oli~cs Stand Unoo Controlled AlmospMR'. F.Gutierrez, S. Perdigucro. J.M. GarcIa and 1.M. Castellano. In5tiluI0 de laGrasa y sus Oerivados (CSIC). 41012 Seville, Spain.

Olive (Olea europuta cv, ~Picual") fmill were stored under five dif-ferent 510rqe conditions (,CJ"l,~: ambient: 5:0:21: 5:3:20; 5:3:!l:and 5:<1:5) to determine their innuence on the chemical and sensorialquality of oil extncted from the olives at the end of the siorage period.Rcsulll showed that 5tora~ of fmits at 5'C prevented the fIlS! a1lerationtluot is produced in alb CIIInlCICdfrom fruill $lorn! at ambient tempera-tures. 'The use of controlled alJl1O!l~ at 5'C wilh 3% CO:2 ~ 5~Oz did not presern clear advantagC!l 00 acidity. perox.ide value. K270 andK232 coefficients, stability and sensorial quality. Cooling of fruit keepsphysical. chemical and sensorial chanlCteristks of oil below maximumestablished valUC$f(N'the period of time assayed (60d).[JAOCS 69. 1215---1218 (1992)]

INFORM. Vol. 4. no. 1 (January 1993)

Oligopolymer, Diglyctrlde and Oxidized Triglyceride Contents liSMusun'S of Olh'e 011 Quality. Tomm.aso Gomes. lstiuno di lndustrieAgrvic.. University of Bari. 1-70126 Bari, Italy.

'The objective of lJiis 'lUdy was to test the qualilles of olive oils of dif-ferent commercial grade¥ by quantifying etigcpelymer compounds byhigh-performance size-excluKion chromatography (HPSEC). The methodrequired no sample manipulation and was accurate and rapid. The meanlevel of oIigopolymcB in refined olive oils was 0.70% and was mort: thantwice as high ill refined olive pomace oils. Conversely. edible virgin oliveoils had no oligopolymer compounds. HPSEC analyses of polar com-pounds by silica gel column chromatography also allowed determinationof oxidized lriglycerides and panial glyceride$. which help define levelsof oxidative degr1ldalion and hydrolysis.[JAOCS 69. 1219-1223 (1992)]

Fatly Adds and Trlacylglycerols of Cherry Steel Oil. F. eornesa. M.Farines", A. Aumelasb' and J. Soulier". uLaboratoire de Chimie9rganiquc des Substance$ Natun:lIcs Universiu!, F-66860 Pcrpignan and~tn: INSERt.t. F-34094 MonlpellieT. France.

CherT}' seed oil. from the Rosaceae family. prunoid subfamily. ischaracterized by the existence of about 10% a-eleostearic acid. Thesiructure of the acid was proven by H and 13C nuclear magnetic reso--nance. The triacylglyccrols of lJiis oil were identified and quantitated byhigh-performaoce liquid chromatography by means of several types ofdetectors. a-Eleostearic acid was not found in the seeds of previously§tudied pnmoids (almond. peach. apricot >md plum). The main fatly acidsfound in the seeds of cberry and other prunolds were linoleic (L). oleic(0) and palmilic acids. and the major triecylglycerols were LLO. LOOand ()(X). Tbese chemical data support the botanical relationship withinthe prunoid subfamily and show the proximity of cherry to theChrysobalanaccac family.[JAOCS69. 1224-1227 (1992)]

Sepanllion or Ptlrost1inic (cis-6 18:1) and 01eK- (cis-9 18: I) Acid! byGas-Liquid Chromalography or Their Isopropyl F..sltrs. Roben L.Wolf(O and Frederic F. Vandammeb. tlISTAB. untversue Bordeaux I.33405 'relence Cedes. Prerce and bISIH. 7800 Ath. Belgium.

Petrosellnic (ci$-6 18: I) and oleic (ds-9 18: I) acids lhal occur rogeth-er in Umbellifemc: seeds can be re50lved by gas-liquid chromatography(OLC) of their methyl or i~ropyl esters on II SO m ~ 0.25 mm Iused-sili-ell capillary column coared with II 100% cyanopropyl polysiloxane stu-tionary phase (CI' Sil 88). The use of isopropyl esters irlStead of methyleslCrs increases the difference between equivalent cbalnlengths from 0.06carbon unit up to 0.08. This is sufficient to obtain IU1almost basc:-lil'lt res-olution between tile two components. cls·Vaccenlc acid is completely !iCp-erated from olcic acid ill both derivative forms. OLe of fally acid iso-propyl estCB OIl an approprialc capillory column thus appears to be thesimplest means to simultaneously and accuratcly quamilate petroselinic.oleic and ds·vaccc:nic acidJ.[JAOCS69. 1228-1231 (1992)]

Sterols and .-ally Acids on a Whisk Fern P¥i/oluIrI ,,-uduIrI. ToshihiroAkihisao• Takeshi KawBShimaj Shushichi Takahashib. Norio Sahashic,Takahisa OkamotcP. ISIIONiiya and Toshit.al:c Tamura"'. UCollege of Sci-ence and Technology. Nihon UniveBity. Tokyo 101. Japan. bCoIlege ofPhllJTnacy. Nihon University. Narashinodai. FUlUlbashi. Chiba 274.1apan.cSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Toho Uni~ersity. Miyama. Fun-abashi. Chiba 274. Japan and dJapan Institute of Oils & Fall. Other FoodsInspection. Foundation. Nihonbashi. Chuo-ku. Tokyo 103. Japan.

The sterols and fauy acids of Psi/mum nuOum wen: invClitigated. The4.<klimcthyl- and 4a-methylstcrol fnclions contained 24~melJiyl-.o. 25_unsa\urated IIcrols. "j:..q'c:tolaudcnol and 24~methyl-25-debydrolophe.noI. n::spcctivcly. IU; dominanl :uerols among the other components com-mon in vDaCular plants. 2<l-Methylcholeslerol (mil\tun: or C-24 epimcB)and sitosterol c()f1stituted the dominant sterolS in the 4--dcmethylsterolfrw;:tion. This is the fiBt identification of 24-methylenc-5u-latI(I$t-8-¢n_31l-01. 24!l-mcthyl-25-dehydrolophcnol. ccdisteml. isofucosrerol. 24-melJiylenc-25·mclJiylcholcsteroi snd avmastcrol in a rem. The major fauyacids were 16:0, 18:1. 18:2. 18:3 and 2O:3.lllliddilion. several ~O fally

143

acids with various unsaturaticn were fouoo 10 be present in low concen-[rations.[JAOCS69. 1232-1235 (1992)]

nydrogen-bonding_ ParI ll. Char.deriulion of Soybean Oil andPrtdldlon of AClh-ity CoC'f'kientli in Soybean Oil from Inverse GasChromlltographic Dala. Michael H. Abraham and Gary S. Whiling,Ikpanmenl of Chernisn),. University College London. Lomkm. wei HOAl. United Kingdom.

Previously reponed resuhs on twenty-two gaseous compounds withsoybean oil as the stalionary gas chromatographic phase have been used10 charne.trite soybean oil in lenns of dipolarily/polariubilily. hydrogen-bond basicity and lipophilic;I),. The solubility of these gases in soybeanoil has been factc:nd inlo componenlS thai show CJ\actly !be compound-wybean oil inleBCliorIs IIuII favor solubility. The same equaUon used toobtain Ihis information .Iso can be used 10 pm:Iict the gas chromalOgfllplt-ic specifIC retention volume and then the weight-fraction llelivity coEffi-cient for numerous OIher compounds 011soybean oil. thus leading 10 pre-dictions of the solubility behavior of these compounds as bulk liquidswith soybean oil.[JA.OCS69,1236-1238(1992)1

The Kinetics of HydrolysI5 of Ni,tfls S41ira (Stadt Cumin) Seed OilCatalynd by NatlYf L\paJe in Ground Seed. L. Dandik and H.A.Aksoy. Istanbul T~hnic::.1 University. Faculty of Chemistry-Mctallurgy.Chemica.! Engineering Department. 80626 Maslak.-Islanbul. Turkcy.

Kinetics of the lipolys!! of Nig~l1(J SlJti,YJ oil cetalyzed by native lipasein crushed seed were studied between 20 and 9O·C. Data fined the pseudofirst-order rare equation BI 20, 30 and 4O'C~ and the pseudo second-ordl'requation at 50. 60 and 70·C. but nehner equation fit at 80 and 9O·C.Lipolysis approllimatcd nrst-order with respect to water.IJA.OCS69.1239-1241 (1992»)

Rfstriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of SoybeanFally Add Content. B.W. DiI'rF' and R.C. Shoemalcerb. (JDepanment ofAgronomy. and "Departments of Agronomy and Genetics andUSDNARSIFCR, Iowa StPle University, Ames, Iowa 'soo1!.

The quality of soybean IGlycin~ max (L.) Merr.J oil depends greatlyupon its fatty acid composition, 'The obj«live of this study was to mapquantitative trait loci affecting the relative content of the fal1y acids com-posing soybean seed oil. 'The mapping was done in a population formedfrom a cross between D G. max experimemal line and a G. soja plantintroduction. SilI.ty F2-derivcd lines from this population were genotypedwith 243 restriction fragment length polymorphism. five isozyme. onestorage protcin and three morphological markers. The genoryped lineswere grown in a replicated trial. and the seed harvested was analy~d forpalmitic. stearic. oleic, Hnolelc and lioolenic fauy acids. Markers signifi-cantly (P> 0.005) associnted with each fnlly lICid were found. Individualmarkers were associated with up to 38% of the total varhlI1cc in specificfally acids among the F2 lines. Tbe greatest associations between man.:enand flllty acid cootent were observed with marters on two major link.age

""""'-IJA.OCS69, 1242-1244 (1992»)

Mass Speclral Studies of Deuterlum-Labelled Picolinyl Fatty Estersin the Delermination or Doublt·Bond Positions. Marcel S.F. Lie Kenlie and Y.C. Chol, Depanmem of Chemistry. The Universlty of HongKoog, Hong Kong.

Dcuteration (with Wilkinson's catalyst) of methyl 12: I{k). 14:1(5c).18:1(9("),18:2(9(".12("). 18:3(9(",12c,15c). 20:4(5(",lk.14c,17c).2O:5(.5c.k.llc,I4c,17c) and 22:6{4dc.IOc.l3c.l6c.I9c) fauy acids gavethe cOrT1:sponding deuterium-labelled saluratl'd rally eSlers. Tbe massspcc:ttal anaIyus of their picolinyl esters gave dear diagnostic ion frag-menll. which penniucd the facilc and accvnr.tc detennination of the posi-tions of the double bond5 (up to silt) in the alkyl chain of the fany ester,IJAOCS 69. 1245-1247 (1992»)

Ion Chromatographic Dettrmlnullon of Phosphorus and Thngsten inEpOJtidlzed Soybean Oil. Marino Quuglino, Nicola Bonazzini. CeciliaQucrci. Mlrco Ricci and Silvlno Clvalli. IstiHllo G. Donegani S.p.A ..28100 Novara. haly.

Soybean oil has been epollidized with hydrogen pcroltide in the pre:s-eeee of catalytic amounts of trioctylmethylammonium tetra(diperollo~tungncjphcsphare. A fasl ion-tllChange chromatographic method withsuppressed conductivity detection has been developed for detenniningresidual cementa of tungsten and phosphorus in the oil. Tungsten andphosphorus could be determined at concentrations of 66 and II ppm,respectively. At tungsten and phospllorus concentrations of 1000 and 50ppm, measured rcpeatabilitic5 were 1.3 and 1.5%, respectively,[JAOCS69,1248-1250(l992»)

Anhydrous Esterification of Myristic Acid witb Propyltnl': IonEllchange Resin and Acid·Trealed Clay.as Catalysts. AnimeshOWcrabani and Man Mohan Sharma. Universily Department or ChemicalTechnology, Univenity of Bombay. Matung a, Bombay 400 019, India.

Anhydrous esterification of myristic acid with propylene was camednul in the temperature range of IlO-I45'C and pressure from 190-195pslg in the presence of Amberlyst-15 (cation exchange resin) and Filtrol-24 (.cid-treatcd clay) as catalysts. The product ester. isopnlpyl myrisratefinds use in cosmetic and topical medicinal prepaClltions where goodab5orption Ihrough the skin is desired. Filtrol-24 is the catalyst of choice.and the re<:0Dl1l'lenc\ed operating lemperature is llO'C with a pressure of190psig.[JA.OCS69. 1251-1253 (1992»)

."ormation of Todc Aldehydes in Cod Liver- Oil After UltravioletIrradiation. Fatemch Niyati-Shlrkhcdaee and Takayukl Shibamctc,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California,Davis, California 95616.

FonnDldehyde, acrolein, malonaldehyde (MA). acetaldehyde andpropanal produced ffOOlcod liver oil upon ullJ'avioiet irradiation <lma..t =300 nm) were derivalized into nitrogen- or sulfur-containing compoundsand then analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phos-phoruM dete(:lor or a name pholometric detector. Acrolein and MA wereformed at levels of 10.9 ± 3.06 and 190.2 ± 38.4 nmol/mg of fish oil.respectively. Maximum Ievets of formaldehyde. acctaldehyde andpropanal formed were 7.0 ± 0.90, 49.1 ± 4.5 and 35.8 ± 4.0 nmoJ}mg ofoil. respectively. FonnDtion of propanal in large quantities ccrrespcooedto the high content of 11)-3fatty acids in cod liver oil.[JAOCS69,I254-I256(1992)]

A Method for Bleaching Rice Bran 011 with Silica Gel. A.G. GopalaKrishna. Central Food T~hnological Research Institute. Mysore-570 013.India.

The color of bleached rice bran oil can be improved by silica gerteeer-menl of the oil miscetla before or after dewaxing. A silica geJ}oiVsol~entratio of 1:5:5 (w!/wt/vol) is suitable. Silica gel treetrnent can be carriednut either by column percolation or by merely shaking the miscelJa withthe gel followed by decantation. However, column percolation is moreeffICient, with 30-72% color reduction "~So19-36'1. reduction for shakingand decanting.[JAOCS69,1257-1260(1992))

Errect of Thloanisolt and Trimethylent Sulfide on the 01lldallon and'Vl'lIowlnK of Methyl Llnolenale. Rajkumar Kumarathasan. Satya N.Chaudhuri. Nonnan R. Hunter and Hyman D. Gesser. Depanment ofChemistry, The University of Manitoba. Winnipeg. Manitoba, CanadaR3T2N2.

Tbe effect of thioanisole and trimethylene sulfide on the aUloltidationand yellowing of methyl linoknale has been invc:Qigated by nuclear mag-netic re50Ilancc (NMR) and ultraYiolet visiblc spectroscopy. respectively.1be pro&rCII of aUlollidation was followed by measuring the NMR inte-gralion of vinylic proIOflS with respect to metholty protons. which Hrved85 the internal standard, 85 .. function of time. 1lIe degree of ycllowingwas delennined by measuring the diffen:nce in absorbance 81400 nm and

INFORM. Vol. 4. no, 1 (January 1993)

144

ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

4.50 nm as a function of time. Both thioanisole and trimethylene sulfideenhanced the eutoxidaelon of methyl linctenate. Inhibition of yellowingwas observed only with trimethylene sulfide.]JAOCS 69, 1260-1262 (1992)]

Quanlitalhe SlruC1U!"f·Property RelationshIps for NMm.a1 Saturatedand Unsaturated Fally Acids. N. V.K.. Dun. Y.V.L Ray; Kumar and H.Sumathi Vedanaylgam. Indian Institute of OIemieal Technology. Hyder-abaci - SOOOO7.lndia.

Quantitative 5lructure_propeny relationships. a technique of deri";ngprcpernee of compceeds from knowledge of their 5!r1.ICIUmi,has beenapplied to aliphatic carboxy.it lleids. an industrially important group ofcompounds. Equations have been developed from the molecular connec-tivity of the first order and the molar refraction as inpulS which. OIl testingwith dau of seven propenies. yielded avcl1Ige _!)$ollll!: devilllions rangingbetween 0.9 and 6.7'l.. TIle compounds Slu(lieci ranged between C1 andC30 (Of" saturated and C3 to C22 for unsaiurared fally tItid:!i. Tbe proper-ties Jtudied are normal melting and boiling poin15. critical temperatureand pre55ure. and healS of fusion. combustion and fonnalion.IJAQCS69.126J....1265(1992)]

The Effect or Fruit Storage on Palm Oil Bleathahllity. W.L Slew andN. Mollamad, Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia. 43650 BandarBaru Bangi. Sdangor Darol Ehsan. Malaysia.

Storage of oil palm f!\lits resulted in C!\lde oil that was difficull tobleach. especially from bnliscd r!\lilS. Fruits stored in the $hade ~ less.ffected tnan those expesed to sun and rain. Surprisingly. ail from Iruitsstored at SOCwas highly hydrolyzed and diffICult to bleach.[JAQCS69.1266-1268(1992)]

Antioxidant Activity in Leaves or Some Medlterrllnean Plants. S.a.evollcaull, J.F. MulietU, E. Uo;<:iania.l. Gamisansb and M. Gruber".uLaboratoire de Chimie Organique Appliquee. URA CNRS 1409 andbLaboratoire de BoIanique et Ecologie, URA CNRS 1152, Fecuhe desSciences et Techniques. 13397 Mal3CilIe Cetkx 13. FI'1IOCe.

Hexane and methanol lClf extractS of sixteen Mediterranean plantspecies were obtained by perrolation. Higher yield5 were observed formethanol (16.4-41.8'\) than for hexane extracts (1.3-13%). Antioxidantactivity of these extracts was determined by a rapid spectrophotometricmethod involving the combined oxidation of beta-carotene and linoleicacid. Leaf extracts were thu~ characterized by an Antioxidant ActivityCoefficient (AAC) ranging from 0 to 1000. Hexane extracts gave muchhigher AAC values than the:corresponding methanol extrscts. In both cases,myrtle (M)'rtus commun;s) showed the best antioxidant effectiveness.IJAOCS69.1269-1211 (1992)1

Rapid Synthrsi, lind Purlfication or Vitamin A Esters. V. Azais-Breesco. A Forget. M, Mercier and P. Grolier. Nutrition and Food SafetyLaborlltOl)'.I.N.R.A.-C.RJ .• 78352 Jouy-en JI)SII!;, France.

Various esters of retinol (vitamin A) have been synthesized in highyields from Iauy acids In om:: step. at room temperature in the presence of4-dimethylaminopyridine lind dicydohexylcarbodiimide. Under anhy-drous conditions, this technique avoids the occurrence of ulldesirable sub-Stances. The esters are scpa~tcd quickly and efficiently from Unreac1edstarling material, by nash chromatography on a silica gel column with ahexaneJcthcr mixture II!; elution solvent[JAOCS69. 1212-1273 (1992)1

Charllcteristics or 8eec:hnut Oil (l?Qgus orienlQiis Lipsky) or TurkishOrigin. L. Dandik. E. Silhin, F. Karaosmanotlu, A. hiligOr and H.A.Aksoy. Istanbul Technical Univenity. Facuity of Chemislry_Metalturgy,Chemical Engineering Ikpanment. 80626 Maslak-l$1anbul. Ttlrlt:ey.

The: chanK1eristics of bctthnut oil (Fagus Melltalis Lipsky) of Turk-ish origin were investigated. The: r.uy acid composition was determinedby capillary gas chromatopaphy. llJc: oil showed the chatacteri5tics of Isemidrying oil.[JAOCS69, 1214-1215 (1992)1

The Existence or I Soluble P1l1Jimalogenase in Guinea Pig Tissues-Christopher R. McMaster. Can-Qun Lu and Patrick C. Cloy. Departmentof Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. FilCulty of Medicine. Universityof Manitoba. Winnipeg. Manitoba. CIUIada. R3E OW3.

Tbe distribution of plasmelogenase for the hydrolysis of l-alkenyl-2·acyl·sn-glycero-3·phosphocthanolamine (plasmcnylethanolaminc) in tbesubcellular fractions of guine. pigtiS'iucs was examined. Plasmalogenaseactivily was found in high abund~ in tbe cytosolic fractions of thebrain and the heart. Asses5ment of microsomal marker enzyme activitiesin the cytO$Olic fraction revealed that plasmalogenase activity in thecytosol was not due to microsomal conuuninations. llJc: characteristics ofthe cyt050lic plasmalogenase were vcry similar to the microsomal enzymewith respect to the pH profile of the reactioo, the presence of divalentcartons lind Km values for plasmenytethanolamine. However, thecytO$Olic enzyme was slightly leu stable at 55'C than the microsomalenzyme. Cytosolic enzyme activity was eluted as a broad peak inSephlrOK 68 chromatography with an average molecular weight of250.000. Our resullS demonstl"llte that most of bnlin plasmalogenase activ-ity is soluble: which makes the brain cytosol an excellent SOUItt to initiatethe purincltion of this enzyme.!Upids 17, 945-949 (1992)1

Adipose Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Preferentially ReleUSC5Polyunsat-urated Fatly Acids rrom Trtglycerldes. Viclor C. Gavino and Grace R.Gavino, Department of Nutrition, Universite de MontTtal, MomTtal.~becCanada H3C 3J7.

Rat adipose honnone-sensitive lipase-medialcd release of fany acidsfrom triglyceridcs was studied in three model systems: i) culturedpreadipocytes containing polyunsaturated Iauy acid-enriched triglyceride;ll) perfused epididymal fat puds; and iii) ill vitro incubations of crude.preparations of hormone-sensitive lip;l.~ with synthetic triglyceride·an~-lcgucs us substrates. We found that cultured preacipecytes chillengedwith 10).tM norepinephrine tended 10 release more w6 and 003 polyunsat-umted falty acids than saturated fally acids. Fat pads perfused with 10).tMnorepinephrine preferentially released arachidonate and u-linolenllte buttended to retain oleate and ltnoleare. Finally, crude preparations of 1w;Jr-mooe-sensluve lipase released rrom the: triglyceride-analogue substratesa-linolenllte twice as fllSt 115oleate. We conclude that rat adipose hor-mone-sensitive lipase preferentially releases polyunsaturated fany acidsfrom triglycerides. We suggest that this may be a mechanism by whichihese fally ocid5 ate kepi from being tnapped in fat depots and maintainedin the circulation.[Lipids 27, 950-954 (1992)[

Production 01 the Crieg~ Omnldc During the O~onalion or I-Palmi·toyl-l-oleoyl-Jn-glycero-J-phosphocholine Liposomes. Giuseppe L.SquadrilO, Rao M. Uppu, Rafkl Cueto and William A. Pryor, Biodynam-scs Imtilule. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. Louisiana 10803-1800.

It is likely that Criegcc o~onidcs are formed in small amounts in the:lungs of animals breathing o:ronc-contlining air. ThiJ makes these com-pounds potential candidates to oct as secondary to)(ins which relay thetoxic effects of ozone deeper into lung tissue than ozone itself could pene_trate, TIlc:refore, we have determined 1he yields of Crtegee ozonides fromunsatunatcd lipids in liposonal systems as II model of che types of yicldsof Criegec ozonides that might be expected both in the lung lining Iluidlayer and in biological mcmtnnes.. Ozonation of l-paimitoyl-2-o1coyI·sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine liposomcs produced both cis- .nd trans-Criegcc ozonides, These ozonides have been iSOlated by $Olid phaseextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography of the ozonized

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145

lipid, and the products have been identified by Iwo-dimcll'iional IH nucle-lIT magnetic resonance. 'The combined yield of the cis- and trollS.criegeeozonides is 10.7-2,8'1> (evg, ± SD. n = 7) with small urulamellar lipo-somes and 10.6 t 2.7% (n ., 3) with large multihunellar Hposomes. Wehad previously reponed (Chem. Rn. Toxic:ol. 5, 50~51J, 1992) thaIozonalion of methyl oltale in sodium dodecyLsuJralc micelles atso pro-dU(es an II % yield of the Criegee ozonides. Thus. ozonation in a varietyof models gives about 11% of the Criegee ozonide, suggesting thlll theseproducts also wOIlld be formed in small bUI significant amounts in thelungs of animals breathing polluted air. Funher research on the pharma-cokinetics lind possible toxicity of the Criegce ol-<>nides of fatly acids issuggested.[Upids 27. 955-958 (1992)1

Kinetics or Photopero:ddation of Arachidonic Acid: MoIttnLar Mech-.nisms Ind Errett! or Antiosidants. Jean-Pierre lliou. DavidJaurd·lIeuil. Frid&ic Robin. Beman! Serkiz, Pascak GuiviU(:·h. Jean-PaulVolland and lean-Paul Vilaine. In$titut de Re<:herches Servler, 92150suresees. FI'lII1Ct.

The kinetics of photopero~idalion of [1-14C]arachidonic acid (20:4n·6) al 1.32 mM was sludied either with the unsatufUted fany acid alone orin the presence of 10 IJ.M of antioxidants and/or inhibitors of eicos.anoidmetabolism. The photosensitizer used was muo-tetrnphenylporphine. 'Ibeume-cccrse of the reaction was followed by ultraviQ!et spectral analysis.thiobarbituric acid reactivity and high-performance liquid chromatogruph-it analysis of aliquot! sampled every 15 min during the 4 h of irradiation.The kinetics of photopercxidation of 20:4n·6 can be divided into threemain successive steps: (i) monchydropercxldatlcn. characterized by theappearance of conjugated diene patterns and mcnohycropercxtdteed2O:4n-6: (ii) secondary O~idalion characterized by polyoxygeeated prod-ucts such as dihydropcroxidized 2O:4n-6 possessing conjugated triene pat-terns: and (iii) the di5llppc&rvICC of conjugated patterns and the oxidativee\cavage of the products of the two first: steps into aJ.dchydic moIeculc5reacting with thiobarbituric acid. During the fil$! 90 min of irradiation. themechanism of monohydropcroxidalion (step one) is purely or predomi-nantly type n photopcroxidation involving only singlet oxygen. This stepwas inhibited by ~-carotene and by BW755C (3-amino-l-[3-trinuo-romcthylpheny1]2-pyTllZoline). In contrast, the reactions involved in thesecond and third steps were predominantly type I photoperoxidanoninvolving radical mechanisms. These latter steps were inhibited by Ii-carotene, BW755C, vitamin E and probucol. Indomethacin and 5.8.11.14-eicosatetraynotc acid did not aller 20:4n-6 photoperoxidation. This in\';fro model of lipid pholoperoxidation allows the screening of antioxi-dants in accordance with their singlet oxygen quenching and/or free radiocal scavenging properties.[£.ipids 27. 959-967 (l992)]

Elcosapt'ntaenoic Acid lit Hypotrigl}"«.ridemit Dose Enhantes theHepatic AntioxMtant pereese in Mice. Abnhsm Demoz. Nina Willum-sen and Rolf Kristian Berge. Laboratory ofOinical Biochemistry. UnivCl"-sity of Bergen. Hllukcland Sykchus, 5021 Bergen. Norway.

The effect of onl lIdministratiOll of purified (95%) eicosapentacooiclICid on serum lipids. hepatic peroxisomal enzymes. antioxidant enzymesand lipid pcroxidation was compared with that of palmitic acid fed miceand corresponding controls. After 10 d. a d05C of 1000 mg eicesepen-lIICnOic acid per daylkg body weight lowered serum triglyceride!! by 45'1>.while no signiflCanl change in serum cbole$ICroi level was noted in (:(101-

parison to palmitic acid fed mice and controls. Hepatlc acyl-CoA oxidaseand catalase activities increased by 50'1> and JO'l.. respectively. in theetcosapenraenotc acid fed group. In addition. the hepatic reduced glu-tathione content and the activities of glutathione transferase, glutathionepero~idase and glutathione reductase. increased stgnificamly duringeicosapentaenolc acid treatment. The levels of hepatic lipid pcro~ide.were lower after eicosapentaenoic acid feeding, while no significantchange was noted in the palmitic acid fed mice when compared to theconuols. Taken togelher. the present daa demonstrate for the first: timetM al hypolipidcmic doses eicosapentacnoic acid fceding j) enhanca thehepatic antioxidant defense. and ii) does not cause a signiflCBfll differen-tial induction of the two peroxisomal enzymes. acyl-CoA cxjdase and

catalase, as wu noted after administmion of hypolipidemic peroxisomeproliferating compounds. such as clofibrate in rodents.[Upids 27. 968--911 (1992)]

Zinc Dt'ficiency In Ihe Rat Alters the Lipid Composition or the Ery·throcyte Membrane Triton Shell. Eric R. Driscoll and William J.Beuger. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph.Guelph. Ontario, C~ada NIG 2WI.

1bc effcct of dielary zinc deficiency on the lipid composurons of theerythrocyte membrane Triton shell was determined. Weanling male Wistarrats were fed an egg white-based diet containing <1.0 mg Znlkg diet adlibifum. Control rats were either pair-fed or ud libitum-fed the basal dietsupplemented with 100 mg Zru\g diet. A Zn rered group was fed the-Zndiet unlil day 18 and then pair-fed the +Zn diet until day 21. Dietary ZndefICiency caused U\ increased cilolc$teroVphospholipid ratio in Tritonshells comp:m:d to those from pair-fed controls. Zn deficiency cauJed adecreased double bond indu of fatty acids in phosphalidylinosilol (PI)and phosphatidykholinc (PC); there was I decreased proportion of 18:20-6 and 22:4n-6 in PC and 2():4n-6 in PI as compared to that foond in pair-fed controls. All glycerophospholipids thaI were retained in the shell hada lower double bond inde~ and increased cootent of 16:0 and/or 18:0 rela-tive to the phospholipid in the intact membrnne.IUpids 27. 912-911 (1992)]

Increased Globotrlaosylceramide in Fllmililll Dysautonomia. PaulaStrasbergO.h, Herman Ye8e~ and Irene Wnrrenu. uDeparlment of Neuro-sciences. The Research Institute. The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto,bDepanment of Clinical Biochemistry. Faculty of Medicine. University ofToronto. Toronto and tDepanment of Pathology. The Hospital for SickChildren. Toronto. OI1tario M5G IX8. Canada.

Familial Dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive disease ofunkoown etiology. occurring primarily in A&hkenazi Jews. Patients an:neurologically impaired. with deficits primarily in autonomic and sensoryfunctions. The biochemical and genetic defe<:ts have remained elusive.precluding carrier detcction and prenalal diagnosis. High-perfonnance liq-uid chromatography data indicated up 10 a threefold increase in the neutralglycosphingolipid globotrieosylceramide in Dysautonomic fibroblasts andIymphoblasts. Total ganglioside values, meftliured by colorimetric. nuceo-metric or specific sodium borohydride incorporation. were decrellsed.Affected fibroblasts exhibited a range of plecmorphlc phenotypes. suchthaI the usual swirl-like confluent growth pattern of nannal fibroblastswas distorted to varying degrees. suggesting abnormalities in the FD pia,.rna membl1lne, possibly affecting cell-cell contacts. The glycosphln-golipid increase could nOI be accounted for on the basis of markedlydecreased rr-galactesldase activity. as in Fabry's disease. where patientsalso display decreased autonomic function.[Upids 27. 978-983 (1992)]

Lipid Composition of Subcdlular Memb,..nes (rom Lan... and Pee-pupae of Drowphllll mellllfDgamr. Helen E. JonesD. John L HIII'W(l(ldIl.Ivor D. Boweni' and Cim:th Griffiths", °Depat1n1Cnt of Biochemistry andbSchool of Pure and ....pplied Biology. University of Wales College ofCantiff. Cardiff CFI IXI.. United Kingdom.

Subcellular membranes were analyzed for their lipid composition andproIein content at two developmental points representing the third instarwandering larvee and prepupal Siages of Drosophilo. At both stases,phosphatidyletlu1nolamine {PEl and phosphltidy1cilolinc (PC) were themajor constituents with phosphatidylinositol (PI). phospharidylserine(PS). diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidic Kid {PAl being ret-atlvely minor components. In total homegeneres and in the nuclear-enriched frectlon there was no significant difference in the phospholipidcomposition of the wandering larvae and prepupue. In mitochondria onlya significant difference in the minor component PS was observed in theprepupae. In lysosomal membranes on the other hand. the relative abun-dance of the major components PE and PC increased in the prepupeealthough the molar ratios of the two lipids remained almosl c:on5tartt. 1lIefilly acid composition or the phospholipids remained virtually unchanpin all of the frw:tiolu: e.umined, including the 1)'_s. and there was00 evidence of lipid peroxidation. With regard to cellular degeneration

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lion and blnstill.lte for Disuse Prevention. Oepanmc:nl or Medicine. llIc:Gec.xge Wuhinglon University Medical Center. Washington. D.C. 20037.

The errect .nd possible interactive influence of different dietaryamounts of wheal bran. Iat and calcium on the feeal excretion, concentra·lion and comjlO$ilion of bile: acids 111'15studied in Fischer-J44 rats. Thefecal bile acids were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. Diecarywheat bran increa~d both 10101bile ocid excretion and fecal weight wilh·out changes in fecal bile acid concentmtion. The pmponion of fecal Iiyo-deollycholic acid decreased with illCreasing dietary fiber. whereas that oflithocholic and deoxycholic acids increased signirlCantly with fiber intake.The percent con lent of fec.l chenodeo ...ycho1ic add did nOI change.Increasing dietary faL led 10 an increase in bile acid nCK.ion withoutchanges in either fecal weight or bile acid concentnllion. In contrast. thelevel of dietary calcium did 1101affecl the total escreucn of bile acids.However. since calcium increased the fecal weight. it consequently dilut-ed bile acids and cecreesed their fecal concentration. Dietary fat and cal-cium had no influence on fecal bile acid composilion. There wen: nointelllCtive effects of wheat bnn. fal and calcium on fecal bile acids. "Thefinding in Ihis Stooy that dieuu)' fiber. fat and calcium induce $igniflCanlchanges in fecal bile aci(1$ may be of rclevance 10 the potential of bileadds to pror!KMt can:inogenesis.llipids 27. 999-1004 (1992)1

ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

and the involvement of Iysosomes. we conclude that rnc:ehanisffiS ocherthan gross modiflCtlion of the lipid and/or lipid/pTOlein ralio of theirmembranes are involved in the liberation of tile acid phosphala5C con-tents.llipids 27, 984-987 (199211

Free FaUy Acids Including Mouse Lethal TOlllcity in Lipid ElItraciSor EngroulisjoponicfI, the Japanese Anchovy. lunko Sajiki and Kalsuhi-m Takahashi. The Public Health l...abornlOl)' of Chiba Prefecture, 666·2NiIOlla-<:ho, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260. Japan.

Mouse lethal 10llicity was detected in tile ether Utl"llCt of EnR,a,,/isjaponic:a (anchovy). The mouse tOllithy of utracts was more potent fromviscera than from other organs. Okadaic acid (C44H68013) and dinoph-ysistoxin (C4S1170013)' lipophilic toxins derived from phytoplankton.which are usually considered 10 be the dianhctic shellfish toxins. were not

detected in the ether UtrlCt of anchovy. "There occurred. bowever. twoprominent peaks in high·perfoonance liquid chromatography. which wen:identified as free eico5apcntaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). The mouse tOKicity observed corrclated with the intensity of thesetwo peaks. TOllicity was reduced considerably by pretreatment withNa2C03' By quantitating EPA toxicity. h WII$coocluded that the toxicitywas not due to EPA only but also \0 DHA. The results indicate that sub-stances in Japanese anchovy associated with mouse letha! tOKicity includefree polyunsaturated fauy acids, mainly EPA and DBA.llipids 17. 988-992 (1992)1

Palmitic: Acid Enhances Cholesterol Gallstone Incidence in SascoHalhSlers FC1i Cholesterol Enriched O"'u. Nariman Ayyad. Bertram I.Cohen. Erwin H. M(Hbach and Shigeo Miki. Depanmenr.s of Surgery.Beth Israel Medical Cemer and the MOlIn! Sinai School of Medicine ofthe City University of New York. New York. New Yort 10003.

In an established hamster model of cholesterol cholelithiuis. asemipurified lithogenic diet COfltaining 4'1> butterfat and 0.3'>\ cholesterollead!; 10 the production of cholesterol pJlstones in only 5()....6()% of ani-mals after a 6-wk feeding period. The purpose of this stooy was 10 investi·gate whether gallstone incidence could be increased while feeding II nutrt-tion.ally adequate diet of rnodcraIe cholesterol content. lhe 5CIT1ipurifiedlithogenic diet WII$modified as follows: (i) substitution of 1.2'1>palmiticacid fOf"4'1> bullerfat, and (ii) varying the amount of dietary cholesterolfrom 0.0 10 0.3% with either butterfat or palmitic acid as the lipid compo-nent of the diet. SubstilUlion of palmitic acid for buuerfat produced • sig·nilicantly higher incidence of chotesrerct gallstones (94'1> "5. S3%).Palmitic acid also raised the illCidence of gallstOl1C$ when added to the0.1'1> and 0.2'1> cholesterol diets II!i compared 10 buuerfae 0-.. 1'5.44'1> andSO'I> vs. 81%. respectlvely. GallstOliC incidence increased from 0% tonearly 10()'l, when the cholesterol content of the palmitic acid diets Witsraised from 0.0-.. to 0.3%, indicating a dose response effect with respectto dietary cholesterol. Hamsters fed cholesterol-tree diets did no! Iormgallstones. Increased dietary cholesterol led 10 increased liver weightII$sociated with. signirlCant increase in liver cholesterol concentration.However. the palmitic acid groups had signincantly lower liver choles-terol values than lhe rorTC$ponding butterfat groups. Strom and biliarycholesterol concentratiorts increased with incn:asing dietary coolesterolintake, but there were no diffctenCC$ between the bullerfat and palmitic:acid groups. lhe cholesterol saturation indeK increased from 0.56 to 1.32in the butterfat groups and from 0.56 to 1.30 in the palmitic acid groupsupon raising Ihe dietary coolesterol from 0.0 to 0.3'1>. Biliary 100ai bileacid coocentration did not vary significantly within all groups; however.the addition of cholnlerol produced an increase in the ratio of chen-odeoxycholic acid to cholic acid. It is concluded that in sescc ham"ersthe saturated fally acid. palmitic acid. when substituted for bullerfat in anutritionally adequate lithogenic diet. is capable of increasing gallsloneincidence to almost 100'1>during a 6-wk feeding pc:riod.(Upids 17. 993-998 (1992)1

Fecal Bile Acid ElICtellon and Composition In Response 10 Change:!! InDietary Wheat Bran, Fat and Caldum In lhe Rat. Marie L Bceum",Kathleen L Sheiwl", Hans Fromnfl. Saleem Jahangee,b. Marianne K.FJoorb and OliVeT Alabaste,b. aDivisiOOl of GII$UOCnICmlogy and Nutri·

Prolonged Retention or Doubly Labeled Phosphatidylchotine inHuman Plasma and Erythrocytes Aner Oral Administration. ClaudioGallia• Cesare R. Sinoria.b. Cristina Mosconia. Lucia Medin/a. GemmaGianfranceschia.b. Viola Vaccarinob and Carlo ScolasticoC· alnstitute ofPhannacological Sciences. beemer E. Grossi Paolelli for the Study ofHyperlipidemill5 and C:Depanment of Organic and Industrial Chemistry.Scllool of Sciences. University of Milan. 20133 Milan. Italy.

The plasma kinetics of a preparation of dilinoleoyl phcsphatidyf-choline (DLPC) specifically labeled with 3H in the choline moiety andwith 14C in the 2·fally acid (FA) were evaluated in SiKhealthy volunteersafter oral administration. Retention of both isotopes in plasma exceededCJtpcctations. with. half-life in the elimination phuc of 172.2 h for 3Hand 69.7 b for 14C. Up 10 60 d atler .cIministTllion. there wen: stillsignif-kant levels of radioactivity prcscnt in plasma.. The relative stability of the114cIFA label was demonstnue1i by the retention for more than 12 h of anisotope ratio close 10 that of the compound administered. The 14C label ofOLPC remained in position-2. 1$ assessed by cleavage of plasma phcs-pholipids ....hh phospholipase A2' The 13Hlcholine label Showed an earlyincorporation into high density lipoprotcins and subsequently into lowdensity lipoproteins (LOL); conversely. the 14C radioaclivity was rapidlyincorpClr1lted into triacylglycerols tha, were mainly as5C)Ciated with vel)'low density lipoproteins. RadioactivllY measurements revealed tnat bothisotopes remained the longest time in LDL. In red blood cell (RBe)lipids. 13Hlcholine radioactivity accumulated over lime. wilh a plateauafter 48 h..... bereas FA radioactivity accumulated more rapidly and WII5followed by a progressive decay. Analysis of the isotope mtio in thesecells suggested an early incorporation of Iyso products followed by rapidtranSfer of FA from plasma. The RBC maintained considerable radioactiv-ity for a prolonged time. thus acting as a possible reservoir for ce DLPClIdministered. Our Mudy showed that dilinoleoyl PC remained in plasmalonger than predicted based on earlier 5tooies. and that after absorptionthe FA label_ found in posilion 2.llipids 17, 1005-1012 (1992)1

Reduction In Triacylglycerol Levels by Fish Oil Correlates with FreeFally Add Le,'els in Ad Libitum "'«I Rats. David A. Otto. Janet K.Baltzell and Joseph T. Wooten. Dcpanment of Research. The BaptistMedical Centers, Binningham. Alabama 3j211.

Rats were fed (for 2 or 6 ....k) purified diets containing lard (LD) ormenhaden oil (MO) at two levels of dietary fal. i.r .• at t !.S and 20.8'1> ofenergy in the low fat (LF) and the medium fal (MF) diet~. respectively.Following the diel pc:riod. rats were !.IICrificed after either on ovemtgjufast or aftcr uninterrupted ad IibilUm feeding. The sludies were designedto investigate the dependence of our previously reponed effects of MO.i.e, the redllClion of plasma tree fatty acid (FFA) levels and accumulationof hepatic uiacylglyeerol$. on the dietary fat concentration and the nutri-tional state of the animal at the time 0( $llCrirltt. Reductklm in p!asma tri-

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Kylglyceml and cholesll:rollcvcls in MO-fed relative to LD-fed rars wereobserved under all conditions. FFA levels were consistently reduced byMo.reedin8 III boIh dietary fal corocenlr&tions. bul only when blood WIISsampled from ad libilum fed nil'. Under these conditions there was II sig-nific.nt positive relationship between plasma FFA and IriacylglyceroJconcenlnllions. Reduction in plasma FFA levels may be an additionalmechanism associated wilt. the lfiacylglycerol-Iowering effect of fish oil(FO), The LF and MF MO diets caused II rise in plasma glucose levelswith no signirlCant change in insulin concentration, indicating Iha! lhemiue.ion of FFA by MO WIl$ !lOt related to changes in insulin concentra-cion or insulin sensntvity, The MO diets had no effect on skeletal muscleor epididymal adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase ac,ivi!y. dernoo.stmling lholcatabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins contributes linle. if any. tolhe MO-depcndcnl reductions of plasma triacylglycemlllnd FFA. 111e pre-viously reported accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerols after high. fat(~IF: JOII, of enetEy) MO-fceding WIIS no! observed with the LF or MFMO diets. suggesling that the apparent direct inhibition of lriacylglycerolsecretlon by FO imposes a rate-limilnlion only when feeding HF diets.ILipids 27. 1013-\017 (1992)1

Borage or Primrose Oil Added 10 Standardized Diets Are Equivalentseurees for y-Linolenic Acid In Rats. D. Raederstorff lind U. Moser. F.Hoffman-La Roche Ltd.. Depanment of Vitamin and Nutrition Research.CH-4002 Basel. SwilZerland.

"The aim of this study wu to evaluate the effect of different doses and5OI.Irces of dietary y-linolenic acKi (GLA) on the tissue phospholipid fauyacid composition. Rail; fed four dirrerent Levels of GLA (2.3. 4.6. 6.4 and16.2 g of GLAlkg diet) in the form of either borage oil or evening prim-rose oil during 6 wk were compared with animals fed com oil. The levelsof dihomo-y-lino~nic add (DIILA) and GLA showed a signincanl dose-relaed increase: in liver. erythrocyte and aona phospholipids. M~er.the ar1lChidonic add/DHLA ralios in tissues decreased with incITuinginlue of dietary GLA. TIlere was 00 signiflC1U1ldifference in tissue GLAand DHLA Levels Within groups given equal amounts of dielary GLAeither 15 bonIge oil Ot" eveninil primrose oi1. TIle amoIInt of dietary GLAadministered did 1101 siilnifocantly innuence prostaillandin E2 productionin stimulated aonic rings and thn)mboxant B2 levels in serum: however.an Ircreese in prostaglandin EI derived from DlILA was observed in thesupernatants of stimulated aorta.ILipidJ 27.1018-1023 (1992»)

Non_ntlal Falty Acids In Formula Fat Blends Innuen~ EssentialFally Acid Metabolism and Composition in Plasma and Organ UpidClasses in Piglets. Katharine M. Walla. Deborah Diersen-SchaW andSheila M. Innisa. "Department of Paediatrics. University of BritishCohunbia, Vancouver. British Columbia V5Z 4H4. Canada and hMeadJohnsoo Research Cemer. Evansville. Indiana 47721-0001.

"The n-e and n-3 fatty acid Slatus of developing organs is the cumula-tive rt$ult of the diet lipid composition and many complex events of lipidmetabolism. Linle information is Ivailable. however. on the potentialerreeu of the saturated fallY acid chain Lenilth (8:0-16:0) or oleic acid(18:1) content of the diet 00 the subsequent melDboIism of the essentialfallyacids 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 .nd their eloogated/de:satutated products."The: errects of feeding piglets formulas with fat blends containing eithercoconut oil (12:0 + 14:0) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT. 8:0 +10:0) but similar levels of 18:1. 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. or MCT with highor low 18:1 but constant 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 on the fatty acid composi-tion of plasma. liver and kidney triglyceridu. phospholipids andcbo~steryl esters. and of bnin tOlal lipid. were studied. Diet-inducedchanges in the filly acid composition of lipid cluses were generally simi-lar for plasma. liver and kidney. Dietary 18:1 content was reflected in tis-sue lipids and was inversely lWOCiated with levels of 18:2n-6. Lower per-centage of 18:2n-6. however, was 1101 associated with lower levels of itselongllted/desatunlled product 20:4n-6 but was assoctated with higher lev-el! of 22:611-3. Fttding COCOflUtoil I'J. MCT resulted in lower 18:1 levelsin all lipids. lind higher pen:entllgC5 of 2O:4n-6 in tissue phospholipid.Increasins the dietary n-61n-3 mtio from 5 to S sisnificantly inc",llKd lis_SUe percemage of 18:2n_6 and deeR!a5ed phospholipid 22:611-]. In con_tfll.'it to plasma. liver and kidney. brain lipid fany acid compositioo wasnot innuenced by the formula saHil1lled fauy acid chain length. content of

18: I or n-6/n-3 ratio. In summary. the studies show that the dietaryrequirement for n-6 and n-3 fally acids may be innuenced by thenontsscmial saturated and meecunsaturased fany acids fed concurrently.IUpids 27. 1024-103 I (1992))

Effec:t5 of 17li-Estradiol and Starvalion on Treut Plasma Lipopro-teins. Charlotte Wallaert and Patrick J. Babin. Laboratoire de l'tIysioiogieCellulai", er MClaboliQue des Poissons. Uniti de Recberche Associh1134 de Centre NatiooaJ de la Recbercbe Scientifique. Universiti Paris-Sud. 91405 Clnay Cedu. France.

Administering I7li-estllldiol (E2) to juvenile troUt results in plasmahyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia associated with significantincreases in the concentrations of triglycerides (TO). free cholesterol.phospholipids. free fllty acids and proteins. both postprandial and during$tarvDtion. TG undergo the grearest Ircreese (9 times cOfItml level 96 hafter feeding). The concentration dirrere1"l«s between Erlrt81ed and con-trot trout increase during starvation. primarily by progressive decrease! inthe concentrations of various lipids in controls. E2-induced bypertriglyc-eridemla is mainly caused by an Increase in Ihe concentration of very lowdensity lipoproteins (VLOL.) during both the postprandial period (6 timescontrol level al 24 h) and during starvation (15 times control level at 96h); hyperlipoproteinemia lasts up to al least 7 d after the last feeding. ~treatment doc:$ not change the concentration of high density lipoproteins.but does increase plasma concentrations of a very high. density lipopro-tein. but does increase plasma concentrations of a very high densitylipoprotein. vitellogenin (VTG). In E2-trea1ed VL.DL. cholesteryl estersare depleled whiLe proteins are enriched. During the postprandial phase.the apolipoprotein (apo) profile of VLDL (d < 1.015 g/mL) is comparablein ~-treated and controltTOUt. Starvation of ~-treated trout is accompa-nied by an enrichment in apo B240- A·I and A·IL. The secrelion levels ofTO and VLDL·TG. as detennined in \'il'O by injecting Tritoo WR-1339tostarving animals. are signifICantly higher in ~-treated trout th.an in con-trois. In troul. as in chicks. Ez administration signifamly incR!&SeStheconcentratioo and hepatic secn:tion of plasma VL.DL independent of thenutritional status and the appeanltlCe of VTG in the plasma. This SUggestl

the existence of similar mechanism for the regulation of lipoproteinmetabolism by estrogens in ovlperocs vertebrates.[Upid.r 27.1032-1041 (1992»)

A Method for Determination of the Absolute Stereochemistry of a..~Epoxy Alrohols Derh'ed from Fally Acid Hydmpemxid5. Mall; Ham·beli. Department of Physiological Olemistry. Karolinska Instinnet. S-I0401 Stockholm. Sweden.

A method for the dctenninRtion of the absolute configuration of thealcohol group of fally acid a.~.epoxy alcohols WIS developed. Themethod consists of (il deoxygenation of the saturated epoxy alcohol to anallylic alcohol by treatment with triphenylphosphillC selenlde and trinuo-rceceuc acid: <ii) oxidative ozonolysis of the (-)-menthoxycarbonylderivatives of the allylic alcohol: and (iii) sreric analysis of the resulting2-hydroxy acid (methyl ester. (-)-mentho~ycatbonyl derivative) by gas-liquid chromatogl1lphy usinglppmpriate R!ference compounds. "The: resultobtained. cccprec with knowledge of the relative configuratioo of theepoxy alcohol (er,.,hrolthrto) and of the gcomttrical configuratioo of theepoxide group (cisfrrallJ). permined assignment of the absolute coofigul1l-tion of all three asymmetric carbons of the o..~.epoxy alcohol. Themethod was applied to the detennination of the ab50iute su:reochemistryof two hepoxilins recently isolated from the red alga MurrU)·t!lla peric/t.·dM.[Upids 27.1042-1046 (1992»)

Headspace Gas Chromatography to Determine Human Low DensityLipoprotein Oxidation. E.N. Frankelo. J. Bruce Germana and Paul A.Davish• uDepanment of Food Science and Technology and boepartmentof Internal Medicine. Division of Clinical Nutritioo and Metabolism. ljnl-vel'llity of California. Davis. California 95616.

We previously de5(:ribed a rapid head5plce gu chromatoilraphicnICthod ror the detenninalion of hennal. -.nd important decompo$itionproduct of n-6 polyunsaturated fally acid (PUFA) pero~idatioo in I1It liversamplCll and human red blood cell membnlnes. This method was applied

INFORM. Vol. 4. no. 1 (January 1993)

148

ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

to the measurement of C1,l2+ catalyzed-oxidation of freshly preparedhuman low density lipoproteins (LDLl from 10 healthy adult volunteers.A twofold var;Qtion in oxidative susceptibility was found by this asu)' for~anaJ and 0IheT volatiles. Hennal "alljC5 correlated significantly (P <0.(5) with tOl.1 polyunsaturated fauy Itid (PUFA), 18:2 and 0-6 PUFAcootcn15 of LDL: but poorly with 20:4 and wilh vitamin E. 1lien:fore. inaddition to a-tooophc:rol. 0IheT endoJenow antioxidants and flCton maycootributc \0 lJ)L's resistance 10 oxidation. This simple. l'BJIidand sensi-tive method for oxidative susceptibility provides a useful component inthe analysis of the plOOllidanl/anlio.'tldBnI Slams of biological samples.11le method is used routinely in our laboratories co determine specific per-oxidation products of 0-6 and 0-3 PUFA.[Upids 27,1047-1051 (1992)]

Fluorescence Assl' or GluC05ylccnmldt Gluro§idase Using NBO-Cucbroslde. Akira Abeu•h, James A. ShaymanD and Norman S.Radinu.b• uDepartmclll of Internal Medicine, University of MichiganMedical Center and hMental Health Research lnsritute. University ofMichigan. Ann Arbor. Michigan 48109-0676.

A sensitive Iluorcmetric assay for gtucocerebrcslde ~.glucosidase[Dlnur, T.. Grabowski. G.A .. Desnick. RJ" lind Gall. S. (1984) "'''D/.Biochtm. /16. 223-2341 has been ree.umined.1t was fouoo thatt/le lipidscon ...;ning the NBO moiety (l2·IN·methyl·N-(7·nillob::nz-2-oxa·1.3-dia-zol-4-yl)/ used for Mandardization of the _y are light·sensitive and thatthe yield of nllO(eSCCnt light is very senstuve to the composition of thesolvent used in the nuoromctric melSu~ment. Some protection againslfading could be obtained by adding a free-radical trapping IIgenl. Slow-Fade. The fading of the nee NBD·acid. when used for standardization.could be ~vented by adding ethanol 10 the solvcnt. but Ihis reduced thenuoresttnce yield. It is =:ommeoded thai some of the nUOIeSCC:nlsub-strate be enzymatkally hydrolyzed completely to NBD-cenunide. whichcan be utilized IS the standard without the need to add ethanol. A warningabout enzyme ~action rate stability with time is givcn. with a suggestionfor ensuring comtancy of activity.]Upith 27. IOS2-10S4 (1992)1

Heterogeneity of Molecular Weight and Apolipoproleins in Low Den-sity Lipoproteins of Heallhy Human Malts. Talwinder S. Kahlorfl. Vir·gil' G. S~ and Frank T. Lindgn:nc. aWutern Rcgional Resean:h Cen-ter. USOA-ARS, Albany. C.lifornia 94710. bL.wrence LivermoreNlltional Laboratory, Livermore. California 94SSO and "Donner Laborato-ry, Univcnity of California. Berkeley, California 94720.

The molecular weights of five low density lipoprotein (LOL) subtree-lions from foor normal healthy maleK were determined by analytic ultra-centrifuge sedjmcruauon equilibria. Protein content of each subrracnon

WlS determillCd by elemen ta1 CHN analysis. and weights of apoproteinpepndes were calculated. Molecular weights in subfractions of increasingdensity were 2.92 ± 0.26. 2.94 ± 0.12, 2.68 ± 0.28 and 2.23 ± 0.22 million03. and proiein weight pereentages were 21.0S. 21.04, 22.0S. 23,10 and29.10. in 5ubfractions 1.2.3.4 and 5. respectively. Total mean apoproteinweights ror respective subfractiOR$ we~ 614 ± S3. 621 ± 4S. S88 ± 9. 637± 83 and 64S ± 62 KDa. In addition to. Jingle apopmtein B-IOO (apo B-100) peptide with a mean carbohydrate content of 7.1'1> and. molecularweight of S50 K03 per LOL panicle. usere may be one or more apopro-rein E peptides of 34 KOa IUldIor apoprotcin C·III of 9 KOa. In addition.subfructions 4 and 5 may oontain 3-7% apolipoprottin (a). 'There is con-siderable heterogeneity among LDL subfractlons a well as within thesame fraction from different individuals. This heterogeneity may relate todiffe~nces in origin, metabolism and/« atherogenicity as a result of theircontest of lipoproteins other than ape B-lOO.]Upids 27, IOS.5-I057 (1992)1

Effects or 11 Platelet_Activating J.'!lclUr Antagonist, CV-6209, on GIIS-tric Mllcosal Lesions Induced by Ischemta-Reperrusjcn. ToshikplUYoshikawa, Shuji Takahashi. Yuji Naito, Shigenobu Ueda, Toru Tani-gawa, Norimasa Yoshida and MOIohuru Kondo, First Department ofMedicine. Kyoto Prefectural Univenity of Medicine. KamigyQ-ku. Kyoto602. Japan.

Recent research was shown thQt oxygen-derived free radicals areinvolved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. including ischemia-reperfusion injury. We have also reponed that oltygcn-derived free radioeels and lipid peroxidation may ploy an important role in gasmc mucosalinjury induced by iscbemia-reperfusicn. The hypoxanthinel.llllthine oxi·dase system and neutrophils ~ considered important sources of oxygen·derived free radicals in this process. In recent yean. it also has been§hown that 5Crum pl.aieJet·activatina factor (PAF) Jevels inr:rused duringischemil·reperfusion. and that indllClion olsupemxide generation by neu-trophils b one of the important biolosical .ffects of PAE In the presentstudy. we examined the effect of CV.o209 •• specific PAF receptor amag·onisi. on gastric mucosal injury induced by ischemia·reperfusion to shedsome: light on the possible involvement of PAF in such lesions. CV.o209signiflCanlly anenuated the gastric mucOlIIII injury induced by ischemia-reperfusiee. and inhibited both an inc~ase of thiobarbituric add reectivesubstances and a decrease of a·tocopherol in gastric mucosa afterischemia·reperfusion. However. CV-6209 had no effect on gastric mucos-al blood flow during iscbemia-reperfusion. These results suggest thatendogenous PAF may play an important role in gastric mucosal injuryinduced by iscbemta-reperrusion. and that CV-6209 exerts its beneficialeffect mainly by inhibiting neutrophil superoxide production induced byPAE]Lipids 27. 1058-1060 (1992)J

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INFORM, VOl. 4, no. 1 (January 1993)