ABSTRACT - Institut Teknologi Bandung · energy (U eff) is included at d ... These results are...

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i ABSTRACT AB INITIO MODELLING OF ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF WIDE-BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS: TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND LAYERED OXYCHALCOGENIDES-BASED SYSTEMS By Shibghatullah Muhammady 30214301 (Doctoral Program in Physics) Recent idea in incorporating charge and spin is implemeted in spintronic devices. For realizing the idea, spin degree of freedom can be generated by doping a small concentration of transition metal element in a non-magnetic semiconductor, forming diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS). Room-temperature ferromagnetic DMS has been investigated to realize future application. Using ab inito modelling, electronic and magnetic properties of anatase TaxTi1xO2 (x = 3.125%) are investigated. The properties are modified by additional M co- doping, forming TaxMyTi1xyO2 (M = Fe, Ni, Co) (x = y = 3.125 %). The main goals of this research are to model the properties of the systems by revealing band structures, total density of states (DOS), and projected DOS (PDOS). Method used is generalized gradient approximation (GGA) method, which are validated by calculating properties of pure anatase TiO2. Effective on-site Coulomb repulsion energy (Ueff) is included at d orbital to correct electronic properties. The pure anatase TiO2 system possesses semiconductor properties with bandgap (Eg) of 2.07 eV and 3.14 eV (0.80 Σ to Γ), for Ueff = 0 eV and 5.82 eV, respectively, as well as calculated valence band (VB) width values of 4.57 eV and 4.56 eV. Calculated PDOS has strong hybridization between Ti 3d and O 2p states. By Ta doping, TaxTi1xO2 (x = 3.125%) system has half-metallic ferromagnetic properties with a total magnetic moment of 1.00 μB per Ta atom, mainly promoted from four Ti sites with a local magnetic moment of 0.31 μB per site. The spin-down band structure shows a value of Eg = 3.24 eV (0.25 Σ → Γ). By additional M co-doping treatments, TaxFeyTi1xyO2 (x = y = 3.125%) system possesses semiconductor ferromagnetic properties with a total magnetic of 5.00 μB per Fe atom, which mainly is from a delocalized local magnetic moment of 4.261 μB at Fe site. Spin-up and spin-down band structures show Eg of 2.94 eV (0.25 Σ → Γ). Besides, TaxNiyTi1xyO2 (x = y = 3.125%) system has half-metallic ferromagnetic properties with the total magnetic moment of 1.11 μB per Ni atom, which mainly is from a localized local magnetic moment of 1.577 μB at Ni site. Spin-down band structure shows Eg of 2.97 eV (Γ → Γ). TaxCoyTi1xyO2 (x = y =

Transcript of ABSTRACT - Institut Teknologi Bandung · energy (U eff) is included at d ... These results are...

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ABSTRACT

AB INITIO MODELLING OF ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC

PROPERTIES OF WIDE-BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS:

TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND LAYERED

OXYCHALCOGENIDES-BASED SYSTEMS

By

Shibghatullah Muhammady

30214301

(Doctoral Program in Physics)

Recent idea in incorporating charge and spin is implemeted in spintronic devices.

For realizing the idea, spin degree of freedom can be generated by doping a small

concentration of transition metal element in a non-magnetic semiconductor,

forming diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS). Room-temperature ferromagnetic

DMS has been investigated to realize future application.

Using ab inito modelling, electronic and magnetic properties of anatase TaxTi1–xO2

(x = 3.125%) are investigated. The properties are modified by additional M co-

doping, forming TaxMyTi1–x–yO2 (M = Fe, Ni, Co) (x = y = 3.125 %). The main goals

of this research are to model the properties of the systems by revealing band

structures, total density of states (DOS), and projected DOS (PDOS). Method used

is generalized gradient approximation (GGA) method, which are validated by

calculating properties of pure anatase TiO2. Effective on-site Coulomb repulsion

energy (Ueff) is included at d orbital to correct electronic properties.

The pure anatase TiO2 system possesses semiconductor properties with bandgap

(Eg) of 2.07 eV and 3.14 eV (0.80 Σ to Γ), for Ueff = 0 eV and 5.82 eV, respectively,

as well as calculated valence band (VB) width values of 4.57 eV and 4.56 eV.

Calculated PDOS has strong hybridization between Ti 3d and O 2p states. By Ta

doping, TaxTi1–xO2 (x = 3.125%) system has half-metallic ferromagnetic properties

with a total magnetic moment of 1.00 μB per Ta atom, mainly promoted from four

Ti sites with a local magnetic moment of 0.31 μB per site. The spin-down band

structure shows a value of Eg = 3.24 eV (0.25 Σ → Γ).

By additional M co-doping treatments, TaxFeyTi1–x–yO2 (x = y = 3.125%) system

possesses semiconductor ferromagnetic properties with a total magnetic of 5.00 μB

per Fe atom, which mainly is from a delocalized local magnetic moment of 4.261

μB at Fe site. Spin-up and spin-down band structures show Eg of 2.94 eV

(0.25 Σ → Γ). Besides, TaxNiyTi1–x–yO2 (x = y = 3.125%) system has half-metallic

ferromagnetic properties with the total magnetic moment of 1.11 μB per Ni atom,

which mainly is from a localized local magnetic moment of 1.577 μB at Ni site.

Spin-down band structure shows Eg of 2.97 eV (Γ → Γ). TaxCoyTi1–x–yO2 (x = y =

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3.125%) system posseses nonmagnetic semiconductor properties. Spin-up and spin-

down band structure show Eg of 2.30 eV (Γ → M).

For all the systems, the degeneracy level of Ti 3d, Fe 3d, Ni 3d, and Co 3d for each

systems are decreased by Jahn-Teller distortion upon dzx and dzy states, compared

with that of Ti 3d in TiO2. The calculated VB width of the systems are wider than

that of TiO2 due to hybridizations of Ta 5d-O 2p in TaxTi1–xO2 and TaxFeyTi1–xO2,

Ni 3d-O 2p in TaxNiyTi1–xO2, and Co 3d-O 2p in TaxCoyTi1–xO2. Beside showing

detailed electronic and magnetic properties, this research suggests that TaxTi1–xO2

and TaxNiyTi1–xO2 can be oriented for transparent conducting oxide application,

while TaxCoyTi1–xO2 and TaxFeyTi1–xO2 can be oriented for photocatalytic and DMS

applications, respectively.

Based on the succesful modelling of anatase TiO2-based systems, electronic and

magnetic properties of rutile VxNiyTi1–x–yO2 (x = 0, 6.25%; y = 0, 6.25%) are

investigated, The rutile VxTi1–xO2 (x = 6.25%) system possesses a n-type half-

metallic ferromagnetic properties with a localized total magnetic moment of 1.00

μB per V atom, which mainly comes from V 3d states. By including Ueff, the

properties are enhanced to be n-type semiconductor ferromagnetic. The rutile

VxNiyTi1–x–yO2 (x = y = 6.25%) system possesses a p-type half-metallic

ferromagnetic properties with a delocalized total magnetic moment of 1.36 μB per

Ni atom, which mainly comes Ni 3d states, by including Ueff. Here, Ueff is important

in predicting the newly-found properties of the rutile VxNiyTi1–x–yO2 systems.

Overall, substitutional Ni doping enhances conductivity and ferromagnetism of

rutile VxTi1–xO2.

The calculation is extended to model electronic and optical properties of layered

oxychalcogenides (LaO)CuCh (Ch = S, Se, Te), which show Eg (Γ → Γ) for Ch =

S, Se, and Te of 1.67 eV, 1.44 eV, and 1.20 eV, respectively. Furthermore,

calculated upper VB is divided into three states, i.e. antibonding and bonding states

coming from hybridization of Cu 3d-t2g and Ch p, and nonbonding states coming

from localized Cu 3d-eg states. Highest dielectric constants and optical dichroism

are found in (LaO)CuTe system, while p-type conductivity is stronger in

(LaO)CuSe system. Energy levels of plasmonic states can also be tuned by

changing Ch element. These results are essential for novel functional device

applications.

Keywords: generalized gradient approximation, TiO2, layered oxychalcogenides,

electronic properties, magnetic properties

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ABSTRAK

PEMODELAN AB INITIO SIFAT ELEKTRONIK DAN

MAGNETIK SEMIKONDUKTOR-SEMIKONDUKTOR

BERCELAH PITA LEBAR: SISTEM-SISTEM BERBASIS

TITANIUM DIOKSIDA DAN OKSIKALKOGENIDA BERLAPIS

Oleh

Shibghatullah Muhammady

NIM: 30214301

(Program Studi Doktor Fisika)

Ide terbaru di dalam menggabungkan muatan dan spin diimplementasikan pada

perangkat spintronik. Untuk mewujudkan ide tersebut, derajat kebebasan spin

dapat diperoleh dengan mendadahkan unsur logam transisi ke dalam

semikonduktor non-magnetik dengan konsentrasi sedikit, yang disebut dengan

diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS). DMS ferromagnetik suhu ruang dipelajari

untuk mewujudkan aplikasi masa depan.

Dengan menggunakan pemodelan ab initio, sifat-sifat elektronik dan magnetik

supercell 2 × 2 × 2 berupa TaxTi1–xO2 (x = 3.125%) anatase diinvestigasi. Sifat-

sifat tersebut dimodifikasi dengan pendadahan tambahan M, yang memunculkan

TaxMyTi1–x–yO2 (M = Fe, Ni, Co) (x = y = 3.125 %). Tujuan utama penelitian ini

adalah untuk memodelkan sifat-sifat sistem-sistem tersebut dengan menunjukkan

struktur pita, rapat keadaan total dan terproyeksi. Metode yang digunakan adalah

metode generalized gradient approximation (GGA) yang divalidasi dengan

mengitung sifat-sifat TiO2 anatase murni. Energy tolakan Coulomb on-site efektif

(Ueff) diikutkan pada orbital d untuk memperbaiki sifat elektronik.

Sistem TiO2 anatase murni memiliki sifat semikonduktor celah pita (Eg) sebesar

2.07 eV dan 3.14 eV (0.80 Σ to Γ), masing-masing untuk Ueff = 0 eV dan 5.82 eV,

juga nilai lebar pita valensi (VB) yang dihitung sebesar 4.57 eV dan 4.56 eV. PDOS

yang dihitung menunjukkan hibridisasi yang kuat antara Ti 3d dan O 2p. Dengan

pendadahan Ta, TaxTi1–xO2 (x = 3.125%) anatase memiliki sifat ferromagnetik

setengah logam dengan momen magnetik total sebesar 1.00 μB, yang dimunculkan

dari dengan momen magnetik lokal sebesar 0.31 μB, dan Ta5+. Struktur pita spin-

down menunjukkan nilai Eg = 3.24 eV (0.25 Σ → Γ).

Dengan perlakuan pendadahan M, sistem TaxFeyTi1–xO2 (x = y = 3.125%) anatase

memiliki sifat ferromagnetik semikonduktor dengan momen magnetik total sebesar

5.00 μB, yang utamanya berasal dari momen magnetik lokal yang terdelokalisasi

sebesar 4.261 μB pada posisi Fe. Struktur pita spin-up and spin-down menunjukkan

Eg selebar 2.94 eV (0.25 Σ → Γ). Di samping itu, sistem TaxNiyTi1–xO2 (x = y =

3.125%) anatase memiliki sifat ferromagnetik setengah logam dengan momen

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magnetik total sebesar 1.11 μB, yang utamanya berasal dari momen magnetik lokal

terlokalisasi sebesar 1.577 μB pada posisi Ni. Struktur pita spin-down menunjukkan

Eg sebesar 2.97 eV (Γ → Γ). Sistem TaxCoyTi1–xO2 (x = y = 3.125%) anatase

memiliki sifat semikonduktor nonmagnetik. Struktur pita spin-up and spin-down

band structure menunjukkan Eg sebesar 2.30 eV (Γ → M).

Untuk semua sistem, tingkat degenerasi Ti 3d, Fe 3d, Ni 3d, dan Co 3d untuk

masing-masing sistem menurun oleh disorsi Jahn-Teller pada keadaan dzx dan dzy,

dibandingkan dengan Ti 3d pada TiO2. Lebar pita valensi yang dihitung dari

sistem-sistem tersebut lebih lebar daripada lebar pita valensi TiO2 murni akibat

hibridisasi Ta 5d-O 2p untuk TaxTi1–xO2 dan TaxFeyTi1–xO2, Ni 3d-O 2p untuk

TaxNiyTi1–xO2, dan Co 3d-O 2p untuk TaxCoyTi1–xO2. Selain menunjukkan sifat-sifat

elektronik dan magnetik yang detail, penelitian ini mengusulkan bahwa TaxTi1–xO2

dan TaxNiyTi1–xO2 dapat diorientasikan untuk aplikasi transparent conducting

oxide, sedangkan TaxCoyTi1–xO2 dan TaxFeyTi1–xO2 masing-masingnya dapat

diorientasikan untuk aplikasi fotokatalitik dan DMS.

Berdasarkan pemodelan yang sukses sistem-sistem berbasis TiO2 anatase, sifat

elektronik dan magnetik VxNiyTi1–x–yO2 (x = 0, 6.25%; y = 0, 6.25%) rutile

diinvestigasi. Sistem VxTi1–xO2 (x = 6.25%) rutile memilki sifat ferromagnetik

setengah logam tipe n dengan momen magnetik total terlokalisasi sebesar 1.00 μB

per atom V, yang utamanya berasal dari keadaan V 3d. Dengan mengikutkan Ueff,

sifat tersebut ditingkatkan menjadi ferromagnetik semikonduktor tipe n. Sistem

VxNiyTi1–x–yO2 (x = y = 6.25%) rutile memiliki sifat ferromagnetik setengah logam

dengan momen magnetik total terdislokalisasi sebeesar 1.36 μB per atom Ni, yang

utamanya berasal dari keadaan Ni 3d, dengan mengikutkan Ueff. Secara meyeluruh,

pendadahan Ni substitusional meningkatkan konduktivitas and ferromagnetisme

VxTi1–xO2 rutile.

Perhitungan juga diperluas untuk sifat elektronik dan optik oksikalkogenida

berlapis (LaO)CuCh (Ch = S, Se, dan Te), yang Te masing-masingnya memiliki Eg

sebesar 1.67 eV, 1.44 eV, dan 1.20 eV. Selanjutnya, pita valensi teratas yang

dihitung dapat dibagi menjadi tiga keadaan, yaitu keadaan-keadaan anti-berikatan

dan berikatan yang berasal dari hibridisasi Cu 3d-t2g and Ch p, dan tak berikatan

yang berasal dari keadaan Cu 3d-eg yang terlokalisasi. Tetapan dielektrik dan

dikroisme optik tertinggi ditemukan pada sistem (LaO)CuTe, sedangkan

konduktivitas tipe p lebih kuat pada sistem (LaO)CuSe. Tingkat-tingkat energi

keadaan plasmonikd dapat juga diubah dengan mengubah Ch. Hasil ini sangat

penting untuk aplikasi perangkat fungsional baru.

Kata kunci: generalized gradient approximation, TiO2, oksikalkogenida berlapis,

sifat elektronik, sifat magnetik