\A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON NOUN REDUPLICATION

IN SASAK NGENO-NGENE DIALECT:

SPOKEN IN LEBAH SEMPAGA VILLAGE, NARMADA

A Journal

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of SarjanaPendidikan of the English Language

By

MUHAMMAD FAYSAL

EIDI 08050

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MATARAMUNIVERSITY

2014

ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled A Discriptive Study on Noun Reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene Dialect. The study was conducted to indentify the types of pattern and to describe the various meanings of reduplicated noun in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect.The data are taken from conversations of Sasak speaking people in Lebah Sempaga village which applied descriptive method.

As a result, there are only two types of reduplication in Sasak: full reduplicationa and partial reduplication. According to its reduplicated syllable structure, full reduplication can be further classified into twelve types 1)﹕ CV.CV, 2) CV.CV.CV, 3) CV.CV.CVC, 4) CV.CVC., 5) CV.VC, 6) CVC.CVCC, 7) V.CVC, 8) VC.CVC, 9) VCC.VC, 10) CVC.CV, 11) CVC.Ca. and 12) CV.CaC. Partial are classified into two types 1) CV- and 2) C﹕ a-. Under the MDT model, Ca.CaC reduplication can be classified as subtype of full reduplication whereas left reduplication is a type of full reduplication and Ca- reduplication is classified as a subtype of partial reduplication, whereas right reduplication is a type of full reduplication.

In addition, a stem is reduplicated to express six major functions: plurality, collectivity, intensitification, diversity, distributive, resemblance or imitation, and figurative meaning.

Keywords: Descriptive study, noun, reduplication, sasak, Ngeno-Ngene dialect and Lebah Sempaga Village, Narmada.

INTRODUCTION

Language becomes an important role in human life because it is a tool of communication and interaction. By using language people could make statements, explain or report something, and keep social relations among the language users. It refers to various means of communication involving recognizable symbols, non-verbal sounds, or actions.

Sasak language is an Austronesia (Western Malayo-Polynesian) language spoken by approximately by three million people in the Lombok Island, eastern Indonesian (Austin 2004:1). Sasak is one of the most important languages to Sasak community because it has significant role as a daily language and used as a kind of standard language for educational material. According to Toir (1981), Sasak is traditionally divided into five dialects; Ngeno-Ngene dialect, Ngeto-Ngete dialect, Meno-Mene dialect, Ngeno Mene dialect, and Mriak-Mriku dialect.

Rafferty (2002) states as austronesian language, Sasak has certainly rich variety forms of morphological process of reduplication in all major word clases: nouns, verbs and adjectives. In many of the world’s languages particularly those of Southeast Asia, reduplication of part or all of stem as a morphological process is quite common. (Sanchez and Stevens: 1992).

In linguistic studies, the term of reduplication is generally used to mean repetition of any linguistic units such as a phoneme, morpheme, word, or the utterance as a whole. The process of reduplication at all these levels is very significant both from the grammatical and semantic point of view.

In short, the process of reduplication is unique phenomenon that has to be discussed and studied by linguists. Its linguistic forms have long been studied in terms of various formalist theories but there is a general consensus that the role of reduplication in English has been widely ignored. On the other hand, it might perhaps be used to avoid some common misunderstandings of reduplication in Sasak language, to review a number of its characteristic examples and to look a little more closely into some aspects of the phenomenon which have received and not received. However, this research just focuses on noun reduplication in sasaq Ngeno-Ngene dialect.

The analysis of morphological function of reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect spoken Lebah Sempaga intends to indentify the types of pattern of noun reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect and to describe the various meanings of reduplicated noun in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKReduplication

According to Katamba (1993:130), reduplication a process whereby an affix is realized by phonological material borrowed from the base. Boij (2007:35), defined reduplication as a special kind of affixation is the attachment of a complete or partial copy of the base as a prefix or a suffix.

Inkelas and zoll (2005) define the term of reduplication as a morphological device in which there is a repetition of phonological content within a word, and this reduplication may be used for both semantic and grammatical purposes. The notion covers both full reduplication (also termed total reduplication) and partial reduplication. Morphological Doubling Theory (MDT)

Inkelas and Zoll (2005 and references cited therein) have developed Morphological Doubling Theory as an alternative to theories of reduplication which involve phonological copying. Under phonological copying approaches, a reduplicant is an affix onto which features or segments of the base are copied. In contrast, under Morphological Doubling Theory (MDT), reduplication involves semantic rather than phonological identity. The units involved are morphological constituents which are spelled out independently, resulting in the appearance of copying. The abstract structure of this kind of reduplication is shown in [6] by Inkelas and Zoll (2005:6):

[1]. The abstract structure of kind of reduplication

[output] [F + some added meaning]

/input/ [F] /input/ [F] where [F] = semantic feature bundle

The two daughters bearing the same morpho-semantic features are combined to yield some additional component of meaning, as an example, plural formation in walpiri which involves the total reduplication of a nominal base.

[2]. kurdu ‘child’ kurdu-kurdu ‘children’.

The MDT analysis of this phenomenon is shown in [11] where we can see that two nouns with the same semantic features are spelled out identically to yield a plural meaning.

[3]. Walpiri MDT phenomenon

[N output] [F + plural] [kurdu-kurdu] [children]

/N input/ [F] /N input/ [F] /kurdu/ [child] /kurdu/ [child]

The Types of ReduplicationIn Rau and Dong (2005) which investigate Yami reduplication based on the Morphological Doubling Theory (MDT), They divided reduplication into two types: full reduplication and partial reduplication. In addition, reduplication can be analyzed either as infixation or prefixation depending on the pattern.

1. Full ReduplicationFull reduplication copies the first two syllables of the base, without

the coda if there is one. In the MDT model, full reduplication is reinterpreted as the shape of a daughter node that undergoes truncation to retain only two syllables of the output without the coda. It can be further classified into four types according to its reduplicated syllable structure﹕1) CV.CV, 2) CV.CV-, 3) CV.V-, and 4) V.CV-, as illustrated below:Examples of partial reduplication of the base in Yami

Syllable type ExampleCV.CV rako-rako ‘bigger’, sozi-sozi ‘anger, fuming’,

vato-vato ‘stones, tapi-tapi ‘planks’, baka-baka ‘cows’, lima-lima ‘hands’, tao-tao ‘people, totem’

CV.CV- toko-tokon ‘mountains everywhere’, ciri-ciring ‘language’, zipo-zipos ‘relatives’

CV.V- koi-kois ‘pigs’, sao-saolin-in ‘back and forth’V.CV- ananak (ana-anak) ‘children’, avavang (ava-

avang) ‘toy boat’, angangayan (anga-angay-an)‘place one goes regularly’, onewned (one-oned)10 ‘deep in the heart’, obowbotan (obo-obot-an) ‘place where one defecates’, ineynapo (ina-inapo) ‘ancestors’, ovowvan (ova-ovan) ‘gray hair’, avwavong (avo-avong) ‘shadows’

In the MDT model, the stem anak ‘child’ is first doubled to provide inputs for the two daughters. Daughter 1 undergoes deletion of its coda and the reduplicated mother node also undergoes merger of the two identical vowels in an unstressed syllable to form ananak ‘children’, as illustration:

[4]. ana-anak

ana anak

anak anak

Full reduplication is by no means restricted to duplicating the reduplicant only once. There are examples (e.g., ma-kato-kato-toing ‘contagious’) that demonstrate the possibility of duplicating the reduplicant up to twice.

2. Partial ReduplicationPartial reduplication involves the reduplication of the first syllable

of the base with or without the coda. In the MDT model, partial reduplication is reinterpreted as the shape of a daughter node that undergoes truncation to retain only one syllable of the output with or without the coda. It can be further classified into four types according to its reduplicated syllable structure 1) CV-, 2) C﹕ a-, 3) CVC-, and 4) V- , as illustrated below:

Examples of partial reduplication of the base

Syllable Type ExampleCV- so-soli ‘taros’, to-tozok ‘fork’Ca- pa-pira ‘how many (human beings), ra-roa ‘two (human

beings)’ CVC- kag-kagling ‘a herd of goats’, lak-laktat ‘illness, nasal

mucous’, sey-seyked-an ‘place where a boat is beached’ V- o-oyod-an ‘plate for fish that women are allowed to eat’,

i-irasan ‘oar rack’

2.4.1. Infixation and Prefixation

The second syllable reduplication in Tagalog was convincingly analyzed as infixation instead of prefixation in the MDT model (Inkelas and Zoll 2005:183-185). The following example (8) mangingibig ‘suitor’ from Inkelas and Zoll (2005:185) serves as a good example. This structure is composed of three independent constructions: prefixation, truncation, and reduplication. This example shows that Tagalog reduplication truncates the word ma{ngibig} to the first CV of the Proot, i.e., {ngi}, a morphological root plus a preceding prefix-final consonant to serve as a syllable onset, where needed. Thus, doubling of onsets and of nasal fusion in Tagalog reduplication (e.g., pa-mu-mutul ‘a cutting in quantity’, na-ngi-ngisda ‘is/are going fishing’) supports the infixation plus normal application analysis over the prefixation plus backcopying analysis.

Tagalog example (adapted from Inkelas and Zoll 2005)

[5]. ma(ngi)(ngibig)

(ngi) ma(ngibig)

ma(ngibing) ma(ngibig)

/mang-ibingRt/ /man-gibig/

THE RESEARCH METHODS

In this research, the writer applied descriptive method. This method is usesed to describe the noun reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect spoken in Lebah Sempaga Village. The writer tries to clearly describe and explain the form and function of noun reduplication.

1) Population and Sample The population of this study is all spoken and utterances in Sasak Ngeno-

Ngene dialect language spoken in Lebah Sempaga Village. The writer will obtain information of native speakers of sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect. Furthermore, the writer ranges the age of the informants 16 to 45 years old. It is based on criteria of informants proposed by Samarin (1967) cited in Burhanudin (2011):

1. The respondents are native speakers of Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect.2. They are able to speak in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect as well.3. Their ages are between 16 up to 60 years old.4. They are educated at least elementary school.5. They are ready to be respondents in this research and have enough

time.

6. They are healthy or not defective in speech production.Then, the sample of this study is every selected reduplication nouns

utterances of Sasak ngeno-ngeno dialect language spoken in Lebah Sempaga Village.

Method of Data CollectionCollecting data is one of the crucial phases in conducting a research. The

writer takes data from spoken Sasak ngeno-ngeno dialect spoken in Lebah Sempaga Village that illustrates the form and function of noun reduplication in Sasak ngeno-ngeno dialect. The technique use depends on the purpose of the study and should be accurately collected.

In giving understandable description of form and function noun reduplication in Sasak ngeno-ngeno dialect. The writer needs to collect natural received data, utterance that are produced by native speaker of Sasak ngeno-ngeno dialect.

ObservationIn conducting the observation, the author applies to act in which the author

takes position as: Participant observation: In this technique, the researcher takes part in

conversation by talking with the subject. Non participant observation: in this technique, the researcher observes the

activities/conversation without being active in the conversation.

RecordingThe writer applies recorder to record the conversation or utterance. The note

taking technique is utilized as an alternative choice when particular situations are not covered by recording.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This study finds two types of noun reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene

dialect: full reduplication and partial reduplication.

1. Full Reduplication Full reduplication is the morphological process which involves

reduplication of the entire word root, or copies all syllables of the base. In general, nouns in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect, the entire word base can be fully reduplicated, for example: buku ‘book’ become buku-buku ‘many books’, kanak ‘child’ become kanak-kanak ‘many childrens’

[1]. Batur ‘friend’ Batur-batur RED- Friend

‘many friends’[2]. Inaq ‘mother Inaq-inaq

RED-Mother‘many mothers’

[3]. Amaq ‘father’ amaq-amaq

RED-Father‘many fathers’

[4]. Warne ‘color’ warne-warniColor – RED‘colorful’

In examples above where two nouns with the same semantic features are spelled out identically to yield a non-singular meaning with a sense of plurality, as in [7]:

[5]. Sasak MDT phenomenon

[N output] [F + plural] [buku-buku] [books]

/N input/ [F] /N input/ [F] /buku/ [book] /kanak/ [book]

According to its reduplicated syllable structure, full noun reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect can be further classified into twelve types:

1) CV.CV ReduplicationCV.CV reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies the two CV syllables of the base, example:

[6]. Buku ‘book’ b u k u b u k u – b u k uCV.CV. CV.CV. CV.CV.

‘many books’

2) CV.CV.CV ReduplicationCV.CV reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies all syllables of the base, example:

[7]. Dedare ‘young girl’ d e d a r e d e d a r e – d e d a r eCV.CV.CV CV.CV.CV- CV.CV.CV

‘young girls’

3) CV.CV.CVC ReduplicationCV.CV.CVC reduplication involves reduplication of the entire

word root, or all syllables of the base, example:

[8]. Kedekan ‘toy’ k e d e k a n k e d e k a n –k e d e k a n CV.CV.CVC CV.CV.CVC- CV.CV.CVC

‘toys’

4) CV.CVC ReduplicationCV.CVC reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies all syllables of the base, example:

[9]. Batur ‘friend’ b a t u r b a t u r – b a t u r CV.CVC CV.CVC CV.CVC

‘many friends’[10]. Kanak ‘child’ k a n a k K a n a k – k a n a k

CV.C V C CV.CVC CV.CVC‘children’

5) CV.VC ReduplicationCV.VC reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies all syllables of the base, example:

[11]. Daun ‘leaf’ d a u n d a u n –d a u nCV.VC CV.VC- CV.VC ‘leaves’

6) CVC.CVCC ReduplicationCVC.CVCC reduplication involves reduplication of the entire

word root, or copies all syllables of the base, example:

[12]. Kembang ‘flower’ k e m b a n g k e mb a n g- k e m ba n gCVC.CVCC CVC.CVCC-CVC.CVCC

‘many flowers’

7) V.CVC ReduplicationV.CVC reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies all syllables of the base, example:

[13]. Inaq’mother’ I n a q I n a q – I n a qV.CVC V.CVC V.C VC

‘many mothers’[14]. Amaq ‘father’ a m a q A m a q – a m a q

V.CV C V.CV.C V.CV C‘many fathers’

8) VC.CVC ReduplicationVC.CVC reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies all syllables of the base, example

[15]. Empaq ‘fish’ e m p a q e m p a q – e m p a q VC.CVC VC.CVC- VC.CVC

‘many fishes’

9) VCC.VC ReduplicationVCC.VC reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies all syllables of the base, example:

[16]. Angen ‘feeling’ a n g e n a n g e n –a n g e n VCC.VC VCC.VC-VCC.VC.

‘many feeling’

10) CVC.CV ReduplicationIn CVC.CV reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies all syllables of the base, example:

[17]. Warne ‘color’ w a r n e w a r n e – w a r n eCVC.CV CVC.CV CVC.CV

‘colors’

11) CVC.Ca ReduplicationIn CVC.Ca reduplication involves reduplication of the entire word

root, or copies the two syllables of the base with phonological change. As following example:

[18]. Warne ‘color’ w a r n e w a r n e – w a r n iCVC.CV CVC.CV CVC.Ca

‘colorful’

warne-warni

warne warni

warne warne

The MDT analysis, the stem warne ‘color’ is first doubled to provide inputs for the two daughters. The cophonology of the first daughter retains the second syllable -CV /-ne/, whereas the mother node undergoes a change of the vowel of the second syllable from /e/ to /i/.

Ca.CaC RedulicationCa.CaC reduplication can be considered a subtype of CV.CVC

reduplication, as in kanaq-kenoq ‘many children’ where the vowel of the second syllable /a/ of the reduplicated form is changed to /o/. It is usually to express non-singular noun with a sense of plurality in slang language.

[19]. Ka n a q ‘child’ K a n a q – k e n o qCV.CV.C CV.CV.C CV.CaC

‘many children’

4.2.1. Partial Reduplication

Partial reduplication involves the reduplication of the first syllable of the base. In the MDT model, partial reduplication is reinterpreted as the shape of a daughter node that undergoes truncation to retain only one syllable of the output with or without the coda. It can be further classified into two types according to its reduplicated syllable structure 1) CV- and 2) C﹕ a-.

4.2.2.1. CV- ReduplicationCV- reduplication involving reduplication of the first CV- syllables

of the base, as example:

[20]. Kembang ‘flower’ k e m b a n g k e - k e m b a n g ‘flowers’ CVC.CV C CV.-CVC.CV C

[21]. Kedekan ‘toy’ k e d e k a n k e - k e d e k a n ‘toys’ CV.CV.CVC CV. CV.CV.CVC

In the MDT analysis, the stem kembang ‘flower’ is first doubled to provide inputs for the two daughters. The cophonology of the first daughter retains the first syllable CV- /ke-/, as in the following skeleton:

[22]. Ke-kembang

ke kembang

kembang kembang

4.2.2.2. Ca- ReduplicationCa- reduplication can be considered a subtype of CV- reduplication,

as in de-daun ‘leaves’ where the vowel of the first syllable /a/ of the reduplicated form is changed to /e/. It is usually to indicate non-singular meaning with a sense of collectivity.

[23]. Daun ‘leaf’ d a u n D e -d a u n ‘all leaves’ CV.CV Ca CV.CV

In the MDT analysis, the stem daun ‘leaf’ is first doubled to provide inputs for the two daughters. The cophonology of the first daughter retains the first syllable CV- /da-/, whereas the mother node undergoes a change of the vowel of the first syllable from /a/ to /e/, as illustrated in the following skeleton:

[24]. dedaunde daun

da daun

daun daun

4.2.2. Reduplicated Noun with –an Suffix

In general Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect in expressing resemblance or imitative by reduplicate noun fully with adding –an prefix. As an example the word montor ‘motorcycle’ become montor-montor-an ‘toy/imitation motorcycle’.

[25]. Montor-montoran

Montor-montor -an

Montor montor

In example above, reduplicated noun with adding suffix –an in Sasak express resemblance or imitative meaning. It is also occur to the other countable nouns For more example:

[26]. Anak ’baby’ anak-anak -an RED baby Suf

‘doll/imitation baby’[27]. Bale-balean ‘house’ bale-bale-an

RED house Suf ‘toy/imitation house’

[28]. Amaq ’father’ Amaq-amaq-an RED fathter Suf ‘pretend to be father’

[29]. Inaq ‘mother’ Inaq-inaq RED fathter ‘pretend to be mother’

Suffix –an occurs in some partial reduplication nouns to express collectivity, distributive and figurative meaning. Example:

[30]. Kedit ‘bird’ ke – kedit - an RED bird SUF ‘all birds species’

[31]. Lumut ‘moss’ le –lumut - an RED moss SUF

‘there are mosses all over’

[32]. Angen ‘feeling’ a n g e n a n g e n –a n g e n -an VCC.VC VCC.VC-VCC.VC. SUF

‘miss’

4.2.3. The Meaning of Noun Reduplication

The core meanings of nouns reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect can be categorized into five major processes: plurality, collectivity, diversity, intensitification, distributive, resemblance or imitation and figurative meaning.

1) PluralityThe majority of countable nouns in Sasak can be fully reduplicated

to express non-singular meaning with a sense of plurality. As illustrated in the following form, where noun buku ‘book’ is reduplicated all the syllable of the root become buku-buku to yield plural meaning.

[N output] [F + plural] [buku-buku] [many books]

/N input/ [F] /N input/ [F] /buku/ [book] /buku/ [book]

The example of countable nouns reduplicated to express non-singular meaning with a sense of plurality:

[33]. Amaq ’father’ Amaq-amaq RED fathter ‘many fathers’

[34]. Inaq ‘mother’ Inaq-inaq RED fathter ‘many mothers’

[35]. Kanaq ‘child’ Kanaq-kanaq RED child ‘many children’

[36]. Buku ‘book’ Buku-buku RED book ‘many books’

2) CollectivityIn partial and Ca reduplication, nouns usually express non-singular

meaning with a sense of collectivity. As example:

[37]. Kembang ‘flower’ Ke-kembang RED flower ‘all kinds of flower’

[38]. Kedit ‘bird’ Ke-kedit-an RED bird Suf‘all birds species’

[39]. Daun ‘leaf’ De-daun RED leaf‘all leaves’

[40]. Lumut ‘mosses’ Le-lumut Red moss ‘all mosses’

In partial reduplicated noun above, where the stem is first doubled to provide inputs for the two daughters. The cophonology of the first daughter retains the first syllable to express collectivity meaning. As illustrated in the following form:

[N output] [F +collectivity] [ke-kembang] [all kinds of flower]

/N input/ [F] /N input/ [F] /ke/ /kembang/ [flower]

/kembang/[flower] /kembang/[flower]

[N output] [F +collectivity] [ke-keditan] [all birds species]

/N input/ [F] /N input/ [F] ke-kedit -an

/ke/ /kedit/ [bird]

/kedit/[bird] /kedit/ [bird]

Ca reduplication as in example where the stem is first doubled to provide inputs for the two daughters. The cophonology of the first daughter retains the first syllable CV-, whereas the mother node undergoes a change of the vowel of the first syllable. As illustrated bellow:

[N output] [F +collectivity] [de-daun] [all leaves]

/N input/ [F] /N input/ [F] /de/ /daun/ [leaf]

/da/ /daun/ [leaf]

/daun/ [leaf] /daun/ [leaf]

3) DistributiveIn le-lumut ‘all kinds of mosses’ when attached by suffix –an has distributive meaning, example:

[N output] [F +collectivity] [le-lumut-an] [there are mosses all over]

/N input/ [F] /N input/ [F] le-lumut -an

/le/ /lumut/ [moss]

/lu/ /lumut/ [moss]

/lumut/[moss] /lumut/ [moss]

4) Diversity In CVC.Ca reduplication, involving reduplication of the entire

word root of the base with phonological change to express non singular meaning with a sense of diversity. As an example:

[41]. Warne ‘color’ Warne-warni color RED ‘colorful’

[N output] [F +diversity] [warne-warni] [colorfull]

/N input/ [F] /N input/ [F] /warne/ [olor] /warni/

/warne/ [color] /warne/ [color]

5) Intensification

Inn Sasak language, there are also uncountable nouns can fully be reduplicated with adding suffix –an to express intensification. As example:

[42]. Angen ‘feeling’ Angen-angaen-an RED feeling SUF‘miss/thinking someone intensively’

[43]. Raos ‘talking’ Raos-raos -an RED talking SUF ‘love to talking’

6) Resemblance or ImitativeMost of countable nouns in Sasak, when it is fully reduplicated

with adding prefix –an expressing resemblance or imitative meaning. As example:

[44]. Amaq ‘father’ Amaq-amaq-an RED father SUF‘pretend to be father’

[45]. Inaq ‘mother’ Inaq-inaq- anRED mother Suf‘pretend to be mother’

[46]. Empaq ‘fish’ Empaq-empaq-an RED fish Suf‘toy/imitation fish’

[47]. Montor ‘motor cycle’ Montor- motor -an RED motorcycle Suf‘toy/imitation motorcycle’

[48]. Bale ‘house’ Bale-bale -an RED house Suf‘toy/imitation house’

In nouns amaq ‘father’, inaq ‘mother’ and papuq, in addition to express singularity with a sense of resemblance meaning when it fully reduplicated as in example:

[49]. Inaq’mother’ Inaq-inaq RED-mother ‘mothers like’

[50]. Amaq ‘father’ Amaq-ama RED-father ‘fathers like’

[51]. Papuq ‘grand father/mother’ Papuq-papuq RED - grand father/mother‘grand father/mother like’

7) FigurativeThere are also figurative meanings in reduplicated noun, language

that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. As example:

[52]. Mate ‘eye’ Mate-mate RED eye‘spy’

[53]. Elong ‘tail’ Elong-elong

RED tail‘follower’

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION5.1. CONCLUSION

This thesis began by examining the types of noun reduplication in Sasak which are naturally uttered by the people or community of Lebah Sempaga. Having collected and selected some representative data.

The term of reduplication is as a morphological device in which there is a repetition of phonological content within a word, and this reduplication may be used for both semantic and grammatical purposes whereby an affix is realized by phonological material borrowed from the base. The affixation is the attachment of a complete or partial copy of the base as a prefix or a suffix.

There are two types of pattern of reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect: full reduplicationa and partial reduplication.

Full reduplication is the morphological process which involves reduplication of the entire word root, or copies all the syllables of the base. In general, nouns in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect, the entire word base can be fully reduplicated. According to its reduplicated syllable structure, it can be further classified into twelve types 1) CV.CV, 2) CV.CV.CV, 3) CV.CV.CVC, 4)﹕ CV.CVC., 5) CV.VC, 6) CVC.CVCC, 7) V.CVC, 8) VC.CVC, 9) VCC.VC, 10) CVC.CV, 11) CVC.Ca. and 12) Ca.CaC reduplication.

Partial reduplication involves the reduplication of the first syllable of the base with or without the coda. According to its reduplicated syllable structure, it can be further classified into two types 1) CV- and 2) Ca- reduplication.

The core meaning of noun reduplication in Sasak Ngeno-Ngene dialect devided into six major functions: plurality, collectivity, diversity, intensitification, distributive, resemblance or imitation and figurative meaning.

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