A CORPUS STUDY OF LOVE METAPHORS IN BALINESE

Rajeg, I Made

made_rajeg@unud.ac.id

Udayana University

Rajeg, Gede Primahadi Wijaya

primahadi_wijaya@unud.ac.id

Udayana University

Abstract

In cognitive linguistics, metaphors are understood as part of the fundamental and systematic conceptual system of the

human being that is reflected in the everyday-language and life behavior, including the emotion of LOVE. This paper

aims at examining the metaphors of LOVE in the Balinese language. The data source is a collection of self-built Balinese

corpus. The relevant linguistic expressions of LOVE are collected by inspecting the usage citations of tresna ‘love’ in the

corpus.

The results show that tresna ‘love’ is talked about using expressions evoking a range of embodied concepts, such as

POSESSION, JOURNEY, PHYSICAL ENTITY, CONSTRUCTION/BUILDING, TWO COMPLIMENTARY PARTS, BOND, FOOD or DRINK.

Among these, POSSESSION is the most frequent.

Keyword: cognitive, emotion, metaphor, love, Balinese

A Corpus Study of LOVE Metaphors in Balinese

I Made Rajeg

Gede Primahadi Wijaya Rajeg

Udayana University

Outline of the talk

• Introduction

• Aims of research

• Methodology

• Theory

• Result

• Conclusion

Introduction• Lakoff and Johnson (1980) point out that metaphors

are understood as part of the fundamental and systematic conceptual system of the human being that is reflected in the everyday-language and life behavior.

Introduction•Conceptual Metaphor is one of the central topics

within Cognitive Linguistics. It has been widely studied since 1980’s when Lakoff and Johnson introduced the contemporary view on metaphors.

Traditional view of Metaphor

1. a property of words; it is a linguistic phenomenon.

2. used for some artistic and rhetorical purposes, such as when Shakespeare writes “all the world is a stage”

3. based on a resemblance between the two entities. E.g. He is a lion.

4. a conscious and deliberate use of words, and you must have a special talent to be able to do it and do it well. (Aristotle time -1980)

5. a figure of speech that we can do without; we use it for special effects, and it is not an inevitable part of everyday human communication, let alone everyday human thought and reasoning.

Contemporary View of Metaphors• Introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980)

(1) a property of concepts, and not of words;

(2) the function of metaphor is to better understand certain concepts,

and not just some artistic or esthetic purpose;

(3) metaphor is often not based on similarity;

(4) metaphor is used effortlessly in everyday life by ordinary people,

not just by special talented people;

(5) metaphor, far from being a superfluous though pleasing linguistic

ornament, is an inevitable process of human thought and reasoning.

Aims of Study

• To identify metaphorical expressions of LOVE used by Balinese speakers in their everyday life

• To postulate the underlying cognitive metaphors of LOVE evoked by the metaphorical expressions

Methodology

Data source

•A collection of self-built Balinese corpus- Manual, copy-and-paste download from the web

•Materials are collected from a weekly Bali Ortinewspaper published from 2006 to 2013.

• It includes texts of news, literature, religion, myths, legends, etc.

• It counts 640,462-words corpus.

Method of Collecting Data• The data were collected using a free corpus linguistic tool,

AntConc (Anthony 2014)

• We used the word tresna ‘love’ as the key word to generate sentence citations about love in the form of Key Word in Context (KWIC)/concordance.

• 262-citations with tresna ‘love’ were retrieved.

• We inspected the relevant linguistic expressions of LOVE in the concordance to see the concepts that motivate the use of the linguistic expressions.

Sample of the concordance citations in the form of KWIC

The theoryConceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson. 1980)

• A conceptual metaphor is a metaphor (or figurative comparison) in which one concept that is more abstract (e.g. emotion) is understood in terms of another, more concrete concept (e.g., fire).

• In cognitive linguistics, the conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is known as the source domain.

• The conceptual domain that is understood in this way is the targetdomain.

• For instance, the source domain of the journey is commonly used to explain the target domain of love or life.

.

12

Mapping: LOVE IS JOURNEY

20 km0 km

Results

Metaphorical Expressions & Conceptual Metaphors

1. LOVE IS A POSSESSIONPatterns (N = 13 tokens):

ngelah rasa tresna ‘have the feeling of love’(4),

kélangan tresna ‘lost of love’(3),

ngajiang tresna ‘value love’(2),

sugih baan tresna ‘rich of love’,

nindihin tresna ‘look after love’, ngedum tresna ‘share love’,

molihin tresna ‘get the love’

E.g.

a) Sujatiné tiang sing ja ngelah rasa tresna.

(lit. Actually, I do not have love.)

b) ... tamiu di café ngenjuhin keneh ngedum tresna asliaban ...

(lit. ... guests in the cafe sympathize and share a glimpse of love…)

2. LOVE IS A MOVEABLE OBJECT

Patterns (6 tokens):

nyalanang tresna ’run the love’ (6)

Examples:

Minab ja ipun jejeh yéning reraman ipuné uning ipun nyalanang tresna.

(lit. Maybe, she's afraid that her parents know she's running the love.)

3. LOVE IS PHYSICAL ENTITIES

Patterns (6 tokens): nglabuhang tresna (drop the love) (2),

nganggon tresna (use the love),

nganyudin tresna (washed away the love),

nyikiang tresna ‘unite the love’, mamadu tresna ‘unite the love’

Example:

a) Tiang nglabuhang tresna sig ukudan Dewine …

(lit. I drop my love on you, Dewi…)

b) … tunangan ipuné lakar ngajak dewekné nyikiang tresna antuk ngarorod.

(lit. … her boyfriend invite her to unite the love by getting married.)

4. LOVE IS A FOUNDATION

Patters (5 tokens): kadasarin antuk tresna ‘to be based on love’ (2) , kadasarin baan rasa tresna ‘to be based on love’, madasar tresna, inadasar baan tresna ‘based on love’

Examples:a) Yéning sami kadasarin antuk tresna,…

(lit. If all are based on the love,…) b) … indik truna-truni murid SMA kelas satu sané kadasarin antuk tresna (cinta monyet), …(lit. … about the first-year high school students that are based on the love (school romance), ….

5. LOVE IS A BOND/ROPE

Patterns (4 tokens):

paiketan tresna ’the love bond’, kapegatang tresna ’breakup the love’, kapegatin tresna ’breakup the love’, kabanda baan tresna ’ to be bound by the love’

Examples:

a) Raksa Banda wantah rahina anggén ngukuhang paiketan tresna …

(lit. Raksa Banda is a day used to strengthen the bond of the love …)

b) Tusing buin kabanda baan tresna.

(lit. Not anymore be bound by the love)

6. LOVE IS FOOD OR DRINK

Patterns (4):

rasa tresna ‘the taste of love’(4)

Example:

Iriki Putri Ayu sareng Raja Buduh wenten rasa tresna.

(lit. Here, Putri Ayu and the crazy king experienced the

taste/feeling of love.)

7. LOVE IS A PERSON

Patterns (2 tokens):

matemu tresna ‘meet the love’(2)

Examples:

a) Pranda sampun matemu tresna sareng I Sarah.

(lit. Pranda has met love with Sarah.)

8. LOVE IS A PLANT

Patterns (2 tokens):

ngalap tresna ‘plucking (of a fruit) the love’(2)

Example:

Irage dadi manusa apang bisa ngalap tresna

(lit. We are human being should be able to pluck the love)

Conclusions

• LOVE can be conceptualized via a variety of embodied concepts• They differ in their frequency of occurrence in our sample

•Amongst the frequent conceptual metaphors found are possession (13), movable objects (6), physical entities (6), foundation (5), a bond (4), food and drink (4),a person (2), and a plant (2).

Thank you