2012/10/25

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A Negative Relation Between A Negative Relation Between

Shyness and SelfShyness and Self--Esteem at an Esteem at an

Implicit Level Investigated With an Implicit Level Investigated With an

Implicit Association TestImplicit Association Test

Presenter: Presenter: TakafumiTakafumi SawaumiSawaumi (The University of Tokyo / (The University of Tokyo /

Center for Research and Educational Testing: CRET)Center for Research and Educational Testing: CRET)

Collaborators: Collaborators:

Tsutomu Tsutomu FujiiFujii ((GakushuinGakushuin University / CRET)University / CRET)

Atsushi Atsushi AikawaAikawa (Tokyo (Tokyo GakugeiGakugei University / CRET)University / CRET)

This presentation was prepared for the ICP 2012.This presentation was prepared for the ICP 2012.

AbstractAbstract

Investigation on the association between Investigation on the association between

shyness and selfshyness and self--esteem at an esteem at an

implicit/unconscious level with Implicit implicit/unconscious level with Implicit

Association Tests (IAT)Association Tests (IAT)

CriterionCriterion--related validity of Japanese related validity of Japanese

shynessshyness--IAT by seeing its negative IAT by seeing its negative

relation to selfrelation to self--esteemesteem

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Shyness (Shyness (ShSh))

Definition: “affectiveDefinition: “affective--behavioral syndrome behavioral syndrome

characterized by social anxiety and characterized by social anxiety and

interpersonal inhibition that results from interpersonal inhibition that results from

the prospect or presence of interpersonal the prospect or presence of interpersonal

evaluation”evaluation” (Leary, 1986, p. 30)(Leary, 1986, p. 30)

Awkward communicatorAwkward communicator

Universal to all mankindUniversal to all mankind ((ZimbardoZimbardo, 1977), 1977)

Feel Inhibited

SelfSelf--Esteem (SE)Esteem (SE)

Definition: “a positive or negative attitude Definition: “a positive or negative attitude

toward a particular object, namely, the toward a particular object, namely, the

self”self” (Rosenberg, 1965, p. 30)(Rosenberg, 1965, p. 30)

A key determinant of psychological wellA key determinant of psychological well--

being, good performance, high being, good performance, high

achievement, and so forthachievement, and so forth

Positive? Negative?

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Relation between Relation between ShSh and SEand SE

Consistently negative correlation between Consistently negative correlation between

ShSh and SEand SE ((AikawaAikawa, 1991; Cheek & Buss, 1981), 1991; Cheek & Buss, 1981)

Typically selfTypically self--report methodreport method

��Explicit (conscious) levelExplicit (conscious) level

How about implicit (unconscious) level?How about implicit (unconscious) level?

��Implicit measurementImplicit measurement

•• PrimingPriming

•• Go/NoGo/No--Go Association Task (GNAT)Go Association Task (GNAT)

•• Implicit Association Test (IAT)Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Implicit Association Test (IAT)Implicit Association Test (IAT)

IAT is/was...IAT is/was...

OriginallyOriginally developed to tap implicit developed to tap implicit

prejudiceprejudice (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998)(Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998)

Recently used to tap implicit selfRecently used to tap implicit self--conceptsconcepts

e.g., e.g., implicit shyness implicit shyness ((AsendorpfAsendorpf, , BanseBanse, & , & MückeMücke, 2002) , 2002)

implicit selfimplicit self--esteemesteem (e.g., Yamaguchi, et al., 2007)(e.g., Yamaguchi, et al., 2007)

Typically administered on a computerTypically administered on a computer(also paper(also paper--andand--pencil version by Lane, Mitchell, & pencil version by Lane, Mitchell, & BanajiBanaji, 2005, 2005))

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Procedure of IATProcedure of IAT

Two pairs of contrasting categoriesTwo pairs of contrasting categories

Seven blocksSeven blocks

Blocks 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 for practiceBlocks 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 for practice

Blocks 4 and 7 for testBlocks 4 and 7 for test

Classifying a stimulus (target word) to left Classifying a stimulus (target word) to left

or right as correct & fast as possibleor right as correct & fast as possible

Responding by pressing assigned keysResponding by pressing assigned keys

Compare response time in Blocks 4 vs. 7 Compare response time in Blocks 4 vs. 7

(Blocks 4 and 7 are reversed tasks)(Blocks 4 and 7 are reversed tasks)

Procedure of SEProcedure of SE--IATIAT

Self orSelf or

ComfortableComfortable

Others orOthers or

UncomfortableUncomfortable

Self orSelf or

UncomfortableUncomfortable

Others orOthers or

ComfortableComfortable

Block 4Block 4

Block 7Block 7

My

Beautiful

Faster response =

stronger implicit association

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ShSh--IATIAT

(Self vs. Others) & (Shy vs. Sociable)(Self vs. Others) & (Shy vs. Sociable)

Double dissociation model of shynessDouble dissociation model of shyness((AsendorpfAsendorpf, , BanseBanse, & , & MückeMücke, 2002), 2002)

Each predicted separate targetsEach predicted separate targets

Controllable Behavior (e.g., short speech duration)

Explicit Sh

Spontaneous Behavior (e.g., tense posture)

Implicit Sh

ShSh--IAT Among JapaneseIAT Among Japanese

Japanese version of Japanese version of ShSh--IATIAT ((AikawaAikawa & & FujiiFujii, 2011), 2011)

Replication of double dissociation modelReplication of double dissociation model

��Predictive validityPredictive validity

Stability of test scores over a oneStability of test scores over a one--week week

lapse of timelapse of time ((FujiiFujii, , SawaumiSawaumi, & , & AikawaAikawa, 2011), 2011)

��TestTest--retest reliabilityretest reliability

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PurposePurpose

CriterionCriterion--related validity of Japanese related validity of Japanese ShSh--IATIAT

CriterionCriterion--related validity is related validity is “used to demonstrate the accuracy of a measure or “used to demonstrate the accuracy of a measure or

procedure by comparing it with another measure or procedure by comparing it with another measure or

procedure which has been demonstrated to be valid.”procedure which has been demonstrated to be valid.”

Criterion: its negative relation to implicit SECriterion: its negative relation to implicit SE

Because of a consistently negative association Because of a consistently negative association

between between ShSh and SE at an explicit level with and SE at an explicit level with

selfself--report scalesreport scales (e.g., (e.g., AikawaAikawa, 1991; Cheek & Buss, 1981), 1991; Cheek & Buss, 1981)

��SE would serve as a criterion.SE would serve as a criterion.

MethodMethod

ParticipantsParticipants

–– FiftyFifty--nine Japanese adults (37 males,nine Japanese adults (37 males,

22 females; mean age = 21.83, 22 females; mean age = 21.83, SDSD = 2.52)= 2.52)

Procedure: computerized data collectionProcedure: computerized data collection

–– ShSh--IAT IAT ((AikawaAikawa & & FujiiFujii, 2011), 2011)

–– SESE--IATIAT ((SawaumiSawaumi, Sugiyama, Yamaguchi, , Sugiyama, Yamaguchi, XuXu, & , & CaiCai, 2008), 2008)

With some modifications on stimuliWith some modifications on stimuli

–– Trait Shyness ScaleTrait Shyness Scale ((AikawaAikawa, 1991), 1991)

–– SelfSelf--Esteem ScaleEsteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965)(Rosenberg, 1965)

55--point point LikertLikert--type scalestype scales

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Self orSelf or

ShyShy

Others orOthers or

SociableSociable

Self orSelf or

SociableSociable

Others orOthers or

ShyShy

Block 4Block 4

Block 7Block 7

Quiet

Their

ShSh--IATIAT

SESE--IATIAT

Self orSelf or

ComfortableComfortable

Others orOthers or

UncomfortableUncomfortable

Self orSelf or

UncomfortableUncomfortable

Others orOthers or

ComfortableComfortable

Block 4Block 4

Block 7Block 7

My

Beautiful

Order of AdministrationOrder of Administration

For eluding possible order effectsFor eluding possible order effects

��Randomization of the order betweenRandomization of the order between

(Block 4 earlier, Block 7 later) &(Block 4 earlier, Block 7 later) &

(Block 7 earlier, Block 4 later)(Block 7 earlier, Block 4 later)

Fixed order: IATs first, selfFixed order: IATs first, self--report scales report scales

second, but rsecond, but randomization within each andomization within each

dimension (implicit/explicit) between dimension (implicit/explicit) between ShSh

and SEand SE

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Testing TwiceTesting Twice

For reducing the effect of attenuationFor reducing the effect of attenuation

��Repeating tRepeating the same experiment (2 IATs + he same experiment (2 IATs +

2 self2 self--report scales) over a onereport scales) over a one--week week

interval, then structural equation modelinterval, then structural equation model

※※Attenuation: weakened correlations by Attenuation: weakened correlations by

measurement errorsmeasurement errors (Fan, 2003)(Fan, 2003)

Results: Correlation MatrixResults: Correlation Matrix

Calculation of Calculation of DD scores to represent implicit scores to represent implicit

selfself--concepts concepts (Greenwald, (Greenwald, NosekNosek, & , & BanajiBanaji, 2003), 2003)

Sh-IAT

(Time 1)

SE-IAT

(Time 1)

Sh-IAT

(Time 2)

SE-IAT

(Time 2)

Sh-IAT

(Time 1)― -.53＊＊ .67＊＊ -.31＊

SE-IAT

(Time 1)― -.47＊＊ .43＊＊

Sh-IAT

(Time 2)― -.30＊

SE-IAT

(Time 2)―

＊＊ p < .01, ＊ p < .05Still, the issue of attenuation……

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Structural Equation ModelStructural Equation Model

χχ22 = .064 (= .064 (pp = .801), GFI = .999, AGFI = .995,= .801), GFI = .999, AGFI = .995,

CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = .000CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = .000

Sh-IAT

(Time 1)

Implicit

Self-Esteem

Implicit

Shyness

-.72

.86 .78 .85 .51

Sh-IAT

(Time 2)

SE-IAT

(Time 1)

SE-IAT

(Time 2)

DiscussionDiscussion

Strong negative correlation between Strong negative correlation between

implicit shyness and implicit selfimplicit shyness and implicit self--esteemesteem

–– With the help of structural equation modeling With the help of structural equation modeling

for steering clear of the issue of attenuationfor steering clear of the issue of attenuation

We showed criterionWe showed criterion--related validity of related validity of

Japanese version of Japanese version of ShSh--IAT!!!IAT!!!

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ConclusionConclusion

Concerning Japanese Concerning Japanese ShSh--IAT…IAT…

Previous research:Previous research:

predictive validity, testpredictive validity, test--retest reliabilityretest reliability

The current study:The current study:

criterioncriterion--related validityrelated validity

��””ShSh--IAT would be an appropriate indicator IAT would be an appropriate indicator

of implicit shyness for Japanese samples.”of implicit shyness for Japanese samples.”

Future DirectionFuture Direction

One upside to adopting IATsOne upside to adopting IATs

= Imperviousness to s= Imperviousness to social desirabilityocial desirability

Conventional method of selfConventional method of self--report report

questionnaires is subject to the effect.questionnaires is subject to the effect.

��To avoid it, validated IATs are preferable.To avoid it, validated IATs are preferable.

Implicit/Unconscious processes play an Implicit/Unconscious processes play an

important role in determining human important role in determining human

behaviorbehavior ((BarghBargh, 1990), 1990)

��IATs could cast a new light on it.IATs could cast a new light on it.

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Thank you for your Thank you for your

kind attention!kind attention!

Now, the first announcement available!

We are ready to host

AppendixAppendixCorrelation Matrix

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 SE-IAT (Time 1) -.53** .43** -.47** .03 .12 .02 .10

2 Sh-IAT (Time 1) ― -.31* .67** -.03 -.03 .05 .00

3 SE-IAT (Time 2) ― -.30* .10 .02 .06 .01

4 Sh-IAT (Time 2) ― -.13 -.01 -.08 .00

5 SE Scale (Time 1) ― -.36** .87** -.40**

6 Sh Scale (Time 1) ― -.37** .92**

7 SE Scale (Time 2) ― -.40**

8 Sh Scale (Time 2) ―

**p<.01, *p<.05