Abstract Book - uni-bayreuth.de · 14:00 Suda Parimala Ravindran (S) Taking advantage of a decade...

Abstract Book

Organized by

Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth

Supported by

This conference is supported by a WiN-UBT Conference Grant awarded by theUniversity of Bayreuth

Organisation CommitteeMax Rabus

Miriam Knie

Christian Laforsch

Martina Karsch

Mechthild Kredler

Special thanks for the logo design: Nele Rabus

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WELCOME

WELCOME

Dear colleagues,

we would like to welcome you to the 11th Symposium on Cladocera at the Plassenburg Castle inthe margravial city Kulmbach, which is located in one of the most diverse natural landscapes ofGermany.For one week, Kulmbach will host scientists from all around the world.We are particularly pleased that as many as 28 students will present their research at this sympo-sium.To carry on the tradition of previous meetings, there will only be plenary sessions, to give every-body the chance to attend all talks. During the breaks and poster sessions, we will have plenty oftime for discussions and social networking.We would like to thank the keynote speakers who will focus on "Understanding phenotypic andgenetic diversity of Daphnia magna" (Dieter Ebert, University of Basel), and "The ecology andevolution of inducible defences in Daphnia: review and new results" (Ralph Tollrian, Universityof Bochum).We are looking foward to seeing you in Kulmbach.Enjoy the symposium!

The organizing team

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GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Internet accessAt the Plassenburg, two WiFi networks will be available:

eduroam: If your institution uses eduroam this is provided as usual.

@BayernWLAN: BayernWLAN is a Bavarian initiative to provide free WiFi for tourists. No data is re-

quired for login.

Important Phone NumbersIn case of an emergency - the european emergency call is 112 (also available from mobile phones).

Conference VenueThe oral presentations and the poster presentations will be given in the "Festsaal" which is located on the

upper floor of the arsenal building of the Plassenburg Castle. Please note that the "Festsaal" will be locked

after the last oral/ poster presentations, so make shure you have all your belongings with you.

The posters will be presented in the Foyer.

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GENERAL INFORMATION

FoodCoffee breaks and Coffee after lunch will be served in the Foyer.

Lunch will be served at the restaurant Burgschänke, which is located at the premises of the Plassenburg Cas-

tle. The meals will be served as buffet and will offer a wide selection of food for every taste and preference.

One soft drink is included per lunch, beer and wine will be available at a modest price. In your conference

folder you will find vouchers for the drinks accompanying the lunches and dinners.

The dinner-buffets on Monday and Tuesday will be served in the foyer of the Plassenburg and include two

free drinks per person.

The Conference Dinner will be held at the Mönchshof Bräuhaus (Hofer Str. 20, 95326 Kulmbach), adjacent

to the Brewery Museum. Drinks are included up to 10 e per person.

Live music will be provided by Pluto Rising (http://plutorising.de/).

Excursion to Bamberg on WednesdayFor the excursion, you will receive lunch packages . The shuttle buses for the excursion will leave at 1 pm,

at the Plassenburg.

At arrival at Bamberg, there will be a guided tour first, followed by free time to explore the UNESCO World

Heritage Site at your leisure.

Dinner will take place at the Schlenkerla brewery (Dominikanerstraße 6, 96049 Bamberg), at 6:30 pm. Food,

as well as one drink (softdrink or beer) per person, is included. The bus back to Kulmbach will leave at 9 pm.

Bus Shuttle "Plassenburg Express"The conference venue can either be reached by foot (15 minute walk from the city center) or by bus shuttle

called "Plassenburg Express". This bus runs between the bus stop "Klostergasse" (amrked with a green H

on the map) and Plassenburg Castle. A one-way single ticket for the "Plassenburg Express" costs 1,60 e

and can be obtained from the bus driver.

The regular bus schedule is available via: http://www.stadtbus-kulmbach.de/plassenburg-express.html

We have arranged additional trips for the Cladocera participants, which can be found on the following page.

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GENERAL INFORMATION

Monday , September 25Departure towards the Plassenburg at 8:25 am and 8:40 am

Tuesday , September 26Departure towards the Plassenburg at 8:25 am and 8:40 amDeparture towards "Klostergasse" at 9 pm

Wednesday , September 27Departure towards the Plassenburg at 8:25 am and 8:40 am

Thursday, September 28Departure towards the Plassenburg at 8:25 am and 8:40 amDeparture towards "Klostergasse" at 6 pmDeparture towards "Schwedensteg" at 6:10 pm(We recommend to take this bus for those of who have booked the guided museum tour at thebrewery museum, as it is located close to the permises of the Mönchshof)

Friday, September 29Departure towards the Plassenburg at 9:25 am and 9:40 amDeparture towards "Klostergasse" at 3:40 pm

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GENERAL INFORMATION

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PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME

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PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME

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PROGRAMME

Monday, September 25

Opening09:00 Christian Laforsch

Daphnia Populations09:20 Markus Möst

Temporal succession of and gene flow between all three members of the Daphnia longispina-

galeata-cucullata complex in a formerly hypereutrophic lake

09:40 Tomasz Brzezinski

Gene flow within the population of the Daphnia longispina complex inhabiting Lake Ros (NE

Poland)

10:00 Piet Spaak

Are changes in cyanobacterial diversity driving Daphnia populations? Insights from long-term

sedimentary records

Anthropogenic Stress11:00 Piotr Maszczyk

Daphnia depth selection in gradients of different artificial light sources: an evolutionary trap?

11:20 Manja Saebelfeld (S)

Daphnia in the dark – Simulating loading of humic dissolved organic carbon

11:40 Jens Diller (S)

The invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera affects Daphnia magna populations: A

mesocosm study

12:00 Semona Issa (S)

Impact of biofilm growth on mercury accumulation in Daphnia magna

(S) = student speakers

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PROGRAMME

Predation I14:00 Sandra Klintworth (S)

The effect of food quality on inducible morphological defenses in Daphnia

14:20 Sven Ritschar (S)

Inducible morphological defenses of Daphnia similis against Triops cancriformis and No-

tonecta maculata

14:40 Martin Horstmann (S)

More than meets the eye - unravelling the morphology of Daphnia’s inducible defences in 3D

15:00 Linda Weiss

Freshwater acidification - Another CO2 problem? Rising pCO2 and sinking pH in freshwater

ecosystems affect predator-induced plasticity in Daphnia

Nutrition16:00 Anna Bednarska

Food limitation: the role of food quality and quantity in shaping reproductive strategies in

Daphnia magna

16:20 Maja Ilic (S)

Intrapopulation variability in susceptibility of Daphnia longispina to limitations by dietary

fatty acid availability

16:40 Patrick Fink

Algal polyunsaturated fatty acids as a functional trait that links phytoplankton diversity to

population dynamics of cladoceran zooplankton

17:00 Meike Hahn (S)

The impact of diel vertical migration on the fatty acid composition of Daphnia magna


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PROGRAMME

Tuesday, September 26

09:00 Dieter EbertUnderstanding phenotypic and genetic diversity of Daphnia magna

Daphnia Eco-Evo10:00 Luc De Meester

Ecosystem feedbacks of rapid evolution in Daphnia

10:20 Ellen Decaestecker

Life history and eco-evo dynamics in light of gut microbiota, Daphnia as case study

Physiology I11:10 Jeff Dudycha

Daggers of the Mind: Evolution and Visual Function in Daphnia

11:30 Magdalena Rusiłowicz (S)

The influence of neurotransmitters on Daphnia life history?

11:50 Matthias Schott

Pheromones in Daphnia magna?

12:10 Miroslaw Slusarczyk

Light quantity, not photoperiod controls diapause termination in Daphnia

Cladocera-omics

14:00 Suda Parimala Ravindran (S)

Taking advantage of a decade of Daphnia ‘–omics’ data for gene annotation

14:20 Jacqueline Lange (S)

Functional protein engineering in Daphnia

14:40 Stuart Dennis

Population genomics of Daphnia galeata

15:00 Kay Van Damme

The Bosmina genome (Cladocera: Bosminidae)


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PROGRAMME

Wednesday, September 27

Predation II09:00 Magdalena Markowska

In the search of chemical nature of fish kairomone

09:20 Benjamin Trotter (S)

Plastic waste influences predator-prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: interference of inter-

specific communication between Daphnia longicephala and Notonecta glauca

09:40 Andrzej Mikulski

Do Daphnia release alarm signals when they are not injured?

10:00 Ewa Narozniak (S)

Measurements of metabolism rate - new biotest for alarm signals in Daphnia?

Physiology II11:00 Sigurd Einum

The temperature-size rule: experimental insights from Daphnia

11:20 Erlend I. F. Fossen

Quantitative genetics and temperature effects on metabolic rate - body size scaling

11:40 Tim Burton

Machine-vision methodology for measuring upper thermal limits in zooplankton: development

and test with Daphnia magna


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PROGRAMME

Thursday September 28

09:00 Ralph TollrianThe ecology and evolution of inducible defences in Daphnia: review and new results

Thursday Varia10:00 Carmen Gabaldón

The influence of littoral vegetation on the spatial distribution of cladocera and rotifer’s resting

egg bank

10:20 Miriam Knie

Zooplankton for the production of biomass in bioregenerative life support systems in space

Predation III11:10 Sina M. Becker (S)

Daphnia’s swimming behaviour: Behavioural adaptations in a dangerous world

11:30 Piotr Dawidowicz

Trade-off in defensive life-history responses of Daphnia magna induced by fish

11:50 Barbara Pietrzak

Cladoceran response to perceived predation threat – when late fitness components come into

play

12:10 Jaromir Seda

Zooplankton-fish interactions driven by cladocerans, namely Daphnia: The difficulties in sep-

aration of fish predation from Daphnia growth effects


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PROGRAMME

Friday September 29

Friday Varia10:00

10:20 Martin Soesbergen

Cladocera of temporary waters in the Netherlands

Stress Varia11:10 Justynia Wolinska

Parasites promote host diversity at the population and ecosystem level

11:30 Øystein Nordeide Kielland

Thermal Transgenerational Plasticity in Daphnia pulex

11:50 Ramanibai Ravichandran

Studies on the physiological activities of fresh water cladocerans (Moina brachiata and Simo-

cephalus sp.) exposed to thermal stress


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PROGRAMME

POSTER PRESENTATIONS(S) = student posters

No. Day Presenting Author Poster Title1 Tue Anna Neretina (S) A revision of Disparalona hamata species complex (Clado-

cera: Chydoridae) in the New and Old World

2 Tue Mathilde Cordellier Characterizing species composition from pooled samples:

a combination of old and new

3 Tue La-orsri Sanoamuang Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Floodplain habi-

tats in the Songkram River Basin, Northeast Thailand

4 Tue Larisa Frolova Cladocera assemblages from the surface sediments of

North-Central Siberia (Russia) lakes

5 Tue Aisylu Ibragimova (S) Cladocera community of Kotovo and Kilometrovoe Lakes

(Kharbey Lakes system, Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Russia)

according to analysis of short sediment cores

6 Tue Jannik Beninde (S) Patterns of hybridization and introgression in the Daphnia

longispina-complex revealed by whole genome sequencing

7 Tue Lourdes Elmoor-Loureiro Cladoceran Biodiversity in Brazil: An overview

8 Tue Martha Angélica Gutiérrez-

Aguirre

Cladocerans inhabitants in a contaminated aquifer with Ar-

senic in Mexico

9 Tue Anna Neretina (S) Chydorids (Crustacea: Cladocera) of Ethiopia: diversity

and distribution

10 Tue Wojciech Wilczynski (S) Combined effects of hypoxia and fish kairomones on heat

shock protein Hsp70 and hemoglobin concentrations in

Daphnia

11 Tue Bernard Wolfschoon Ribeiro (S) Inducible Defenses with a "Twist": Daphnia barbata Aban-

dons Bilateral Symmetry in Response to an Ancient Preda-

tor

12 Tue Lei Gu Coupling life history and behavior responses of Moina

macrocopa to fish kairomones

13 Tue Eline Beert Daphnia magna as a novel model to study hypoxia-induced

cancer-related processes

14 Tue Linda Haltiner (S) Does Daphnia density determine demographic destiny?

15 Tue Kay Van Damme Extreme exoskeleton modifications in a new Chydorus

Leach, 1816 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda)

from Brazil.

16 Thu Supatra Tiang-nga (S) High diversity of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in

a Ramsar site Lake Kud-Thing, Northeast Thailand

17 Thu Vladimir Razloutski Horizontal zooplankton movements in a littoral zone of

mesotrophic lake

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PROGRAMME

18 Thu Lee-Gavin Williams (S) Impacts of eutrophication on zooplankton community

structure

19 Thu Anke Schwarzenberger Is there a connection of Daphnia’s clock with genes of the

immune system and low-quality food?

20 Thu Charo López-Blanco Making the puzzle pieces fit: challenges associated to

cladoceran subfossils in the tropical Lake La Tembladera

(Ecuador)

21 Thu Martin Soesbergen Meanwhile in the Netherlands

22 Thu Tomasz Brzezinski Ontogenetic changes in isotopic signatures of Daphnia

23 Thu Isabel Vanoverberghe Optimization of experimental methods for investigating

host-microbiota interactions in Daphnia magna

24 Thu Anna Neretina (S) Remains of the branchiopod crustaceans associated with

corps, sculls and hair of large mammals of Pleistocene

"Mammoth Fauna" in the Beringian zone: further progress

25 Thu Dominik Martin-Creuzburg Sex-specific differences in essential lipid requirements of

Daphnia magna

26 Thu Patricia Diel (S) Microdefences in Daphnia - Predator induced changes in

spinule morphology and distribution

27 Thu Shira Houwenhuyse The Daphnia microbiome: what is core, what is flexible?

28 Thu Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa The genus Disparalona (Cladocera, Chydorinae): two lin-

eages and a high diversity in the Neotropics

29 Thu Lore Bulteel The potential of Daphnia-parasite coevolution to affect fun-

damental ecosystem functions

30 Thu Ewa Babkiewicz (S) The reaction distance of planktivorous fish (Scardinius ery-

throphthalmus) and the evasiveness of its prey (Daphnia

pulex x pulicaria) under different artificial light spectra

31 Thu Yameng Lu Transcriptomic response (RNAseq) of Daphnia galeata un-

der infection of the parasite Caullerya mesnili

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Abstracts of Oral and Poster presentations

Abstracts are arranged according to the surname of the presentingauthor, which is underlined.

Presentation type is specified for each abstract.

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KEYNOTE

Understanding phenotypic and genetic diversity of Daphnia magna

keynote lecture

DIETER EBERT1, PETER FIELDS1

1Zoologisches Institut - Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Basel

Contact: [email protected]

Phenotypic and genetic diversity results from the interplay of natural selection, genetic drift (including bot-

tlenecks), gene flow and mutations. Widespread species offers the opportunity to disentangle these processes

and to answer questions about the processes that shape diversity, addressing the spread and extend of ge-

netic diversity, the phylogeography of the species, and genetic and phenotypic divergence. Some species of

Cladocera have very widespread geographic ranges. The combination of genomics and classical evolution-

ary ecological tools allowed us to address these questions in the Holarctic species Daphnia magna, using

clones collected from >170 population from Eurasia, Africa and North-America. For this “D. magna Diver-

sity panel” we have data on the geographic origin, habitat, genomes and many phenotypic traits (including

life-history, morphology, heat tolerance, parasite resistance, male and ephippia production). Our analysis

reveals strong genetic and phenotypic divergence on all spatial scales. On a large scale the species falls into

clades, with a clear pattern of isolation by distance within each clade. I will present examples demonstrating

genetic and phenotypic divergence of diverse traits, including local adaptation.

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KEYNOTE

The ecology and evolution of inducible defences in Daphnia: review and newresults

keynote lecture

RALPH TOLLRIAN1

1Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany


The fascinating ability of organisms to estimate their predation risk, based on chemical cues released by

predators, and to form adequate defences against these predators only when the defences are needed, has

been reported from unicellular organisms to vertebrates. While protecting the individual, inducible defences

bear the potential of influencing population dynamics and food webs. E.g., defences have been found to

dampen predator-prey oscillations and to facilitate successful invasions.

Especially Daphnia has been found to respond with inducible defences to a range of their predators, even

including plants. These defences may be specific to single predators or act as a multi-tool against different

predators.

Despite their relevance not much is known about the internal pathways of the defence formation. First

results show that in responses to different predators different neurophysiological pathways are involved.

Genetic analyses identify a range of genes which are involved in defence formation and even the well-

studied carapace of Daphnia still holds some surprises. But inducible defences are no safe harbour for prey

organisms. New results indicate that they will be affected by man-made environmental changes with the

potential for large-scale effects. I will review inducible defences in Daphnia and present new results.

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The reaction distance of planktivorous fish (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) andthe evasiveness of its prey (Daphnia pulex x pulicaria) under different artifi-cial light spectra

poster

EWA BABKIEWICZ1, JOANNA TAŁANDA 1, PIOTR MASZCZYK1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of

Warsaw


Artificial light at night may increase mortality risk from visually oriented predators not only due to its inten-

sity, but also its spectrum. This may be due to the artificial light spectrum differentially affecting predator

visual prey detection, and prey evasiveness.

To test this, we conducted two types of experiment: first, we assessed the reaction distance (as a behavioral

proxy for visual prey detection) and swimming speed (as an indirect measurement of foraging activity) of

juvenile rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) allowed to forage on juvenile Daphnia pulex x pulicaria in

three artificial light sources: halogen, high pressure sodium (HPS), and metal-halide bulbs, which produced

the same low light intensities (0,1 µmol x m-2 x s-1) but with different light spectra; and second, we assessed

the evasiveness (escape response) of D. pulex x pulicaria under the same artificial light sources and in dark-

ness (as a control), and in the presence or absence of kairomones – chemical information on predation risk

(juvenile rudd).

We found that variations in the evasiveness of Daphnia did not match the changes in the reaction distance

and swimming speed of rudd under the various light sources. While the reaction distance of fish was greater

in halogen light than HPS, and the fish’s swimming speed was faster under halogen than other light sources,

the evasiveness of Daphnia was greater in halogen and HPS-generated light than in metal-halide light.

Therefore, the results suggest that the evasiveness of Daphnia to the threat of fish predation is most effective

under halogen light and least effective under metal-halide light.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project No 2014/13/N/NZ8/02462 and Faculty of Biology,

University of Warsaw intramural grant DSM 501/86-1126038.

The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project

co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative

Economy, 2007 – 2013.

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Daphnia’s swimming behaviour: Behavioural adaptations in a dangerous world

oral presentation

SINA M. BECKER1, LINDA C. WEISS 1, MIKAEL T. EKVALL 2, GIUSEPPE BIANCO 2,LARS-ANDERS HANSSON2, RALPH TOLLRIAN 1

1Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum2Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Sweden


Ecological communities are networks of interacting species. Such interactions ultimately affect and thereby

shape ecosystems. Especially, the behaviour of organisms affects community structures. This has been

well demonstrated in larger aquatic animals such as crustaceans, fish and sharks. In the case of plankton

however studies on behavioural adaptations are scarce. Here, only the study on diel vertical migration

represents one well-studied example. Nevertheless, a lot of these organisms play a pivotal role in aquatic

ecosystems. For example, small crustaceans of the genus Daphnia belong to the most important species

in lakes, transferring energy from the primary producers to the higher trophic levels and have been one

focus of ecological research. Foremost, Daphnia is known for its remarkable ability to respond highly

plastic to changing environmental conditions including temperature changes or the occurrence of predators.

Unfortunately, up to now it was very difficult to observe the exact individual swimming behaviour of these

animals because of missing techniques for adequate movement analysis. Here, three-dimensional tracking

most often failed because of the small body size and the low contrast between the transparent animals and

their environment. Some studies only used two-dimensional monitoring approaches, but these animals move

variably within all three dimensions. Therefore, we used a three-dimensional observation method and tagged

the animals with fluorescent nanoparticles. We compared the general swimming behaviour of different

Daphnia species as well as their behavioural defence strategies in the presence of predator cues: We defined

the swimming type and motion patterns of the daphniids and analysed the swimming speed, the preferred

swimming depth as well as the swarm formation behaviour. In this study, we observed species-dependent

differences and showed that daphniids change their swimming behaviour in the presence of predator cues.

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Food limitation: the role of food quality and quantity in shaping reproductivestrategies in Daphnia magna

oral presentation

ANNA BEDNARSKA1


Warsaw


In natural environments, one of the challenges grazers face are periods of inadequate food quantity and

quality. In a life table experiment, the effect of food quantity (gradient of algae concentrations) and qual-

ity (a diet of cyanobacteria) on the life history and resource allocation strategy in Daphnia magna was

tested. Low food quantity resulted in similar changes in Daphnia phenotype as the low quality diet of

cyanobacteria. While growth-related traits (growth rate, age and size at maturation) were similarly affected,

reproductive strategies differed. The per-clutch allocation (clutch volume) did not differ but resources were

differently allocated; starved mothers increased their per-offspring investment by producing fewer but larger

eggs whereas cyanobacteria-fed mothers invested in a greater number of eggs of smaller size. I argue that

both strategies of resource allocation (number vs. size of eggs) are adaptive under the given food regime.

This study was supported by a grant from the National Science Centre, Poland, project no 2015/17/D/NZ8/00782. The study was

carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by

European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 –

2013

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Daphnia magna as a novel model to study hypoxia-induced cancer-relatedprocesses

poster

ELINE BEERT1, EMILE CLAPPAERT 1, ISABEL VANOVERBERGHE 1, JEROENDEKERVEL2, JOS VAN PELT 2, CHRIS VERSLYPE 2, ELLEN DECASTECKER 1

1Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Biology, KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium2Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Bel-

gium


Crustacean Daphnia magna is an established eco-toxicological model organism as it takes an essential place

in the feeding web of aquatic ecosystems. Water flea Daphnia is very sensitive for external stressors and

therefore often used to study stress responses. In natural populations Daphnia is frequently challenged by

alterations in the environmental oxygen level, e.g. through algal blooms. Reduced oxygen levels, even up

to only 2% of dissolved oxygen in the medium, are well-tolerated. To compensate for the oxygen shortage

Daphnia upregulate their hemoglobin levels via HIF dependent transcriptional activation.

In vertebrates, one of the mechanisms induced by hypoxia is epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

This is a conserved reversible process in which non-motile epithelial cells become mobile mesenchymal

cells under the influence of stress, e.g. growth factors, hypoxia and toxins. EMT plays a substantial role in

embryonic development and tumor progression.

As no reliable in vivo EMT model is available yet, we introduce Daphnia magna as a novel model to study

EMT upon exposure to hypoxia.

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Patterns of hybridization and introgression in the Daphnia longispina-complexrevealed by whole genome sequencing

poster

JANNIK BENINDE1, ADAM PETRUSEK 2, PIET SPAAK3, KLAUS SCHWENK4, MARKUSMÖST5, AXEL MEYER1

1Department of Biology, University of Konstanz2Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicná 7, Prague 2, CZ-128 44,

Czech Republic3Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology,

Dübendorf, Switzerland4Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz,

Germany5Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria


The systematics and species delineations of Daphnia continues to be in flux the last 20 years. This is due

to challenging and labile phenotypes, hybridization, as well as lack of molecular marker sets. For example,

the “Crown of thorns” phenotype, a morphological trait used for the delineation of some species, has been

identified as a plastic response that is caused by the presence of Triops dentifera. Species were first iden-

tified using allozymes, while the latest phylogenies are based on mitochondrial genes, especially 12S, 16S

and COI. This is problematic since mitochondrial DNA can strongly differ between individuals within one

population, while the nuclear genome seems to be undifferentiated, at least between some species.

Additionally, often particularly variable nuclear markers such as microsatellites are used to distinguish be-

tween species. If different molecular markers are used for species recognition on one hand and others for

phylogenetic studies progress on these issues will continue to be slow. This is especially true when one

needs to be dealing with hybrids, as these, of course, would be expected to show mismatches between nu-

clear and mitochondrial DNA.

The Daphnia longispina –complex currently includes at least six species, after its taxonomic revision based

on mitochondrial sequences. Several species, such as D. hyalina and D. zschokkei, were identified as eco-

types of other species, and should no longer be recognized as “good” species. Furthermore, although the

species exhibit differences in their preferred ecological habitat, they hybridise easily once in contact. Species

recognition and precise molecular and phenotypic delineation is therefore of fundamental importance for any

future ecological and evolutionary research that is performed on this species group.

We are planning to construct a new phylogeny of this species complex using whole-genome data (nu-

clear and mitochondrial) combined with morphological data from all nominal species in the D. longispina-

complex. We are planning to sample several populations for each species, to gain a more complete under-

standing of the distribution of the individual species and to describe variation within this species group.

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This study will aim to devise fast and certain species recognition. Additionally, we hope to gain insights

into the underlying selection pressures causing hybridisation, introgression and adaptation in Daphnia, and

thereby ecosystem functioning of temperate lakes in general.

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Gene flow within the population of the Daphnia longispina complex inhabit-ing Lake Ros (NE Poland)

oral presentation

TOMASZ BRZEZINSKI 1, JAN FRONK2, PIOTR DAWIDOWICZ1

11 Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Uniwersity

of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw2Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Uniwersity of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096

Warsaw


Interspecific hybridisation between sympatric species of Daphnia is common in European lowland lakes.

However the description of genetic structure of hybridising populations of Daphnia is usually limited to

the cases where only two sympatric species hybridize. Genetic structure of populations of three sympatric

species from the Daphnia longispina complex inhabiting Lake Ros (NE Poland) was studied throughout one

year using quasi-neutral allozymatic markers. We found that all three pure species coexisted in pelagial of

the lake and produced different classes of interspecific hybrids: F1, F2, BP. Individuals bearing diagnostic

markers of all three pure species were also identified. Exephippial populations of the pure species were

in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but the population of the D. longispina complex as a whole was not fully

panmictic. Severe deficiencies of heterozygotes were found, which points on inferiority of hybrids in am-

phigonic (sexual) reproduction. Nevertheless genetic distances between particular taxa were small, which

may reflect asymmetries in gene flow within the complex. Populations of daphnids inhabiting Lake Ros

offer an interesting example for studying reticulate evolution.

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Ontogenetic changes in isotopic signatures of Daphnia

poster

TOMASZ BRZEZINSKI1


Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw


Stable isotope analysis is frequently used in limnological studies, and isotopic signatures of Daphnia have

been frequently advertised as a good baseline for investigations of food web processes. However, inter-

specific and ontogenetic variability of isotopic signatures in Daphnia is poorly understood. This may lead

to biased determination of food web structure on the basis of trophic fractionation, particularly when rep-

resentatives of higher trophic levels feed on particular size classes of Daphnia. In growth experiments I

investigated effects of body size and development on δ 15N and δ 13C values in 3 species of Daphnia. I

have found body size-related effects on the consumer-diet discrimination factor for both C and N. The dif-

ferences in isotopic composition between differently sized daphnids should be taken into account when

choosing Daphnia as a baseline value for food chain investigations.

27

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The potential of Daphnia-parasite coevolution to affect fundamental ecosys-tem functions

poster

LORE BULTEEL1

1Biology, Campus Kulak Kortrijk


Parasites have an important role in regulating and shaping host populations by altering their density, genetic

structure and diversity. Such population level effects can mediate changes up to the community level, which

may be propagated throughout the whole ecosystem by changing food web interactions and dynamics,

thereby influencing energy flow and nutrient cycles. Despite the increasing consensus that parasites can

have pronounced ecosystem level effects, their role in ecosystem functioning is still largely understudied.

Additionally, evolutionary and ecological processes occur at the same time and pace and interact with each

other (eco-evolutionary dynamics). This research project aims at obtaining insights in the potential of host-

parasite coevolution as an important evolutionary process underlying eco-evolutionary dynamics. We aim

to study how this eco-evolutionary dynamics affect fundamental ecosystem functions, more in particular

primary productivity and nutrient recycling in freshwater ecosystems. We focus on Daphnia magna, a

keystone species in pelagic water systems, and its parasite White fat cell disease (WFCD). We will first

perform a selection experiment in mesocosms (180l containers) in which Daphnia magna populations and

its parasite WFCD are exposed to different selection pressures determined by the level of P-limitation (P-

saturation versus P-depletion). We expect that parasites in the P-limitation treatment will adapt to P-limited

hosts and acquire a better ability to perform well on P-limited hosts than parasite populations in the P-

saturation treatment, an adaptation that may thus lead to differentiation among parasite phenotypes of both

treatments. In a second step, we will perform a ‘common gardening’ experiment by inoculating mesocosms

with identical D. magna populations but with parasites from different P-selection histories, i.e. parasites

isolated from the different nutrient treatments from the selection experiment. This will allow us to quantify

how much ecosystem variation is attributable to ecological effects (degree of P-limitation) and to effects

resulting from past parasite coevolution via the Geber method.

28

B

Machine-vision methodology for measuring upper thermal limits in zooplank-ton: development and test with Daphnia magna

oral presentation

TIM BURTON1, BETTINA ZEIS 2, SIGURD EINUM 1

1Norwegian University of Science and Technology2University of Muenster


Recent developments in machine-vision methods: automated, quantitative analysis of video data have dra-

matically improved the ability of biologists to investigate the behavior of individuals and groups of animals.

The advantages of machine vision methods are clear: they are more efficient, meaning that greater volumes

of data can be collected and analysed, protocols can be better standardized among (and within) research

groups and observer bias and error should be eliminated. However, such automated analyses of video data

are not restricted to investigations of animal behaviour. Here, we present a machine-vision method that can

be employed by physiologists interested in measuring the upper thermal limits of small aquatic organisms.

To demonstrate our method, we present data from Daphnia magna, showing the time-course of the response

in upper thermal limits (measured as the time to immobility at a lethally high temperature) of individuals to

both an increase and decrease in ambient temperature.This method is broad in its applicability and could be

employed in investigations on the upper thermal limits of a wide range of small aquatic organisms.

29

C

Characterizing species composition from pooled samples: a combination ofold and new

poster

MATHILDE CORDELLIER1, PETER BRADTKE, EMRE CETIN, YANINA DENNINGER, LISAGOTTSCHLICH

1Zoologisches Institut, Universität Hamburg


Community composition in freshwater habitats is often used to assess the environmental health status of

these habitats. Using species producing resting eggs, one can even reconstruct the species composition

and its fluctuations in time. However, such assessments are often hampered by the complexity of species

determination, or in the case of resting stages, the impossibility to determine species by means of mor-

phology. DNA is then the method of choice, and we describe here how species specific markers can be

used to describe species composition from pooled samples (either adults or ephippial eggs). Individuals

of the Daphnia longispina species complex (DLSC) inhabit very varied freshwater habitats in Europe and

more than one species and hybrids might be found at one location. Using genetic markers developed by

Rusek et al (2015), we tested several hypotheses to establish a universal protocol. First, the sensitivity of

the PCR-RFLP approach was tested on known mixtures of individuals from different species. Second, DNA

extraction methods were tested to obtain good quality DNA from ephippia pools, without decapsulation.

Last, primers sets were obtained and optimized to amplify shorter fragments of three of the sequences used

in Rusek et al. We could thus use an amplicon sequencing approach with high throughput sequencing and

analyse the species composition of pooled samples collected in northern german lakes. In the future, this

method can be used for a quick screening on pooled ephippia samples.

30

D

Trade-off in defensive life-history responses of Daphnia magna induced byfish

oral presentation

PIOTR DAWIDOWICZ1, MIROSŁAW SLUSARCZYK1, JOANNA TAŁANDA1

1Department of Hydrobiology, University of Warsaw


Fish induced life-history shifts in Daphnia commonly include an increase in early reproduction effort at cost

of reduced somatic growth, both shifts being clearly adaptive when mortality risk increases with body size.

Yet, as egg number carried by Daphnia may be constrained by the volume of brood chamber, which in turn

depends directly on body size, we expect a trade-off between the two responses. We sought the evidence of

such trade-off by experimentally comparing the inducible life-history responses of Daphnia magna clones

isolated from two populations, one from a fish-inhabited lake and the other from a fishless pond. The lake

Daphnia were generally smaller at maturity than those from the pond, most likely a result of long lasting

size-selective predation exerted by fish on the former population. When exposed to fish kairomone both

groups of Daphnia similarly - in absolute terms - reduced size at maturity, but only the pond Daphnia

significantly increased their first clutch size. We suggest that lack of fecundity response to the kairomone

in small-sized lake Daphnia results from “brood space constraint”, while the larger kairomone-treated pond

Daphnia had sill enough room to fit more eggs into their brood chambers.

This study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-

financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Econ-

omy, 2007 – 2013. The research has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no. UMO-2014/13/B/NZ8/04670.

31

D

Life history and eco-evo dynamics in light of gut microbiota, Daphnia as casestudy

oral presentation

ELLEN DECAESTECKER1, EMILIE MACKE1, MARTIJN CALLENS1, AURELIETASIEMSKI2, FRANCOIS MASSOL

1Aquatic Biology, Kulak, KU Leuven2Evo-Eco-Paleo group, University Lille, CNRS


In addition to provide their host with metabolic functions that are not encoded in its own genome, evidence is

accumulating that gut symbionts affect host traits previously thought to be solely under host genetic control,

such as development and behavior. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics studies further revealed that

gut microbial communities can rapidly respond to changes in host diet or environmental conditions through

changes in their structural and functional profiles, thus representing an important source of metabolic flexi-

bility and phenotypic plasticity for the host. Hence, gut microbes appear to be an important factor affecting

host ecology and evolution which is, however, not accounted for in life-history theory, or in classic pop-

ulation genetics, ecological and eco-evolutionary models. Here, we shed new light on life history and

eco-evolutionary dynamics by viewing these processes through the lens of host-microbiota interactions. We

follow a three-level approach. First, current knowledge on the role of gut microbiota in host physiology and

behavior points out that gut symbionts can be a crucial medium of life history strategies. Second, the partic-

ularity of the microbiota is based on its multilayered structure, composed of both a core microbiota, under

host genetic and immune control, and a flexible pool of microbes modulated by the environment, which

differ in constraints on their maintenance and in their contribution to host adaptation. Finally, gut symbionts

can drive the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of their host through effects on individual, population,

community and ecosystem levels. In conclusion, we highlight some future perspectives for integrative stud-

ies to test hypotheses on life history and eco-evolutionary dynamics in light of the gut microbiota, more in

particular in Daphnia.

32

D

Ecosystem feedbacks of rapid evolution in Daphnia

oral presentation

LUC DE MEESTER 1, EYERUSALEM GOITOM 1, KRISTIEN BRANS 1, MATTHIASVANHAMEL1, LYNN GOVAERT1, JELENA PANTEL 2

1Lab Aquatic Ecology, Environment & Conservation, KU Leuven2Departement of Biology, College of William and Mary


Rapid evolutionary change is receiving increasing attention because it may feedback on ecological dynam-

ics. There is the expectation that the effect size of this eco-evolutionary feedback will decline with increas-

ing ecological complexity. Yet, given the strong top-down impact that Daphnia can have on phytoplankton,

rapid evolution in Daphnia may have strong implications for ecosystem characteristics, potentially code-

termining whether the lake or pond is in a clear-water or turbid state. Here we will present results of two

experiments testing this idea using two different approaches. In a first experiment, we carry out a mesocosm

experiment following a resurrection ecology analysis reporting fast evolution of life history and behavioural

traits in responses to changes in fish predation pressure. In a second experiment, we carried out a micro-

cosm experiment following an experimental evolution trial in mesocosms, in which we exposed genetically

variable populations of Daphnia to increasing nutrients and warming. The results of both experiments sug-

gest that rapid evolution in Daphnia can strongly impact ecosystem features. Our results also illustrate that

adaptive evolutionary change in a herbivore does not necessarily result in a stronger suppression of primary

producers.

33

D

Population genomics of Daphnia galeata

oral presentation

STUART DENNIS 1, CORINNE HÄNGGI 1, MARKUS MÖST 2, PIET SPAAK1

1Aquatic Ecology, Eawag2Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck


In the 20th century many European water bodies became eutrophic as a result of industrialisation and ur-

banisation. This rapid change in the aquatic environment resulted in changes in the species composition of

zooplankton in many lakes. Previous research from our group demonstrated that during the peak of pollu-

tion in Lake Greifensee the Daphnia community composition changed as D. galeata successfully invaded

and hybridised / displaced, the previously resident D. longispina. Moreover, we also showed that D.galeata

resurrected from ephippia collected during the peak of eutrophication, perform better under pollution stress

than those hatched from more recent sediments when water quality had been restored. Taken together, these

findings suggest that D. galeata not only successfully invaded lake Greifensee, but also adapted phenotyp-

ically to the environment. Might then, we see evidence of such adaptation in the genome as well? We

performed whole genome resequencing on 43 D. galeata genotypes hatched from dated sediments from

Lake Greifensee and conducted population genomic analyses. We show gradual introgression over time in

the D. galeata genome resulting in clear population structure consistent with introgression of alleles from

D. longispina through hybridisation, and with general changes in the environment within the lake. In this

talk, I will discuss aspects of the population genomics of Daphnia galeata.

34

D

Microdefences in Daphnia - Predator induced changes in spinule morphologyand distribution

poster

PATRICIA DIEL1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH 1, MAX RABUS 1

1Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth


Phenotypic plasticity in defensive traits is a common response of prey organisms in ecosystems with vari-

able predation regimes. Cladocerans of the genus Daphnia are known for their ability to express a large

variety of inducible morphological defences in response to invertebrate predators, thereafter rendering the

daphnids less susceptible to predation. So far, primarily large-scale morphological defences, like helmets,

crests and tail-spines have been documented. However, less visually prominent traits may contribute to the

effectiveness of the defence. Here, we studied the expression of predator-induced micro defences, namely

changes in the morphology of the spinules, tiny spines located on the ventral margins of the carapace and

the dorsal ridge, and the size of the spinule bearing areas (SBAs), in Daphnia magna and D. longicephala.

The results show that both D. magna and D. longicephala expressed micro defences, against the invertebrate

predators Triops cancriformis and Notonecta glauca, respectively. Thereby, the induced individuals showed

significantly longer spinules along the ventral carapace margins and the dorsal carapace ridge, in compar-

ison to non-induced individuals. In addition to the size of the spinules, also predator-induced changes in

their spatial distribution could be observed: In D. magna, Triops induced the expression of a significantly

larger dorsal SBA, while Notonecta-induced D. longicephala showed a significantly larger ventral and a

smaller dorsal SBA. Since these micro defences likely interfere with the fine cuticular appendages of the

feeding apparatus of predatory invertebrates, we anticipate that these minute defensive structures may act

synergistically with the macro defences and thus enhance the effectiveness of the defence.

35

D

The invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera affects Daphnia magnapopulations: A mesocosm study

oral presentation

JENS DILLER1 , SOPHIA DRESCHER1,MARIO HOFMANN1, MAX RABUS1,HEIKE FELDHAAR1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH1



In their habitats, Daphnia are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stressors. While the effects of many

of these stressors are well-studied, there is little knowledge on the effects of a yet neglected potential biotic

stressor: allelopathic substances released by terrestrial plants inhabiting the shores of lakes and ponds. In the

present study, we investigated the effects of the highly invasive Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera

on Daphnia magna . This annual weed plant has invaded large parts of the northern hemisphere and often

outcompetes native plants in the invaded regions, building large monocultures. Its competitiveness is pre-

sumably based on the production of the allelopathic substance 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ),

which is washed out by rainwater from leaves and roots and likely enters neighboring waters in higher

quantities through surface runoff. To investigate the effects of I. glandulifera on D. magna , we conducted

a mesocosm study, where D. magna populations were exposed to the natural rainwater-runoff from living

plants. This study revealed, that the exposure to rainwater-runoff from I. glandulifera leads to a delayed

population growth of D. magna , presumably due to both direct and indirect effects of the allelopathic sub-

stances. Furthermore, laboratory studies verified the toxicity of 2-MNQ. Therefore, our results indicate that

I. glandulifera does not only inhibit land-based competitors, but can also have a negative effect on aquatic

organisms. Given these effects and the high spreading capacity of I. glandulifera, it may pose a threat to

aquatic ecosystems in the invaded regions.

36

D

Daggers of the Mind: Evolution and Visual Function in Daphnia

oral presentation

JEFF DUDYCHA1

1University of South Carolina


Vision allows animals to extract information from light, but it is known to be an energetically costly physi-

ological function. Presumably, this function is beneficial to individuals’ fitness. Macroevolutionary studies

have shown evolutionary progression of visual sophistication over long time spans. Our understanding of

the evolution of vision needs studies at smaller scales to explain the mechanisms by which evolutionary

change in vision occurs. We are developing Daphnia as a model system for the evolution of visual function.

Daphnia are known to have the capacity for color vision, and exhibit a number of light-dependent behav-

iors. Using selection gradient analysis, we have shown that under some circumstances there is selection for

increasing eye size in Daphnia and that this selection can be stronger than the selection on body size. We

have documented genetic variation of eye size among clones, sexual dimorphism of eye size, and interspe-

cific variation in investment in vision. To investigate visual function, we demonstrated that Daphnia have

an optomotor response, and used that to measure visual acuity. Together, these results provide a basis for

determining how vision influences foraging, predator avoidance, and sexual reproduction.

37

E

The temperature-size rule: experimental insights from Daphnia

oral presentation

SIGURD EINUM 1, ØYSTEIN KIELLAND 1, CLAUS BECH 2

1Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology2Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology


Ectotherms commonly decline in adult body size with increasing temperature experienced during develop-

ment. This pattern has been termed the temperature-size rule (TSR). One hypothesis explaining this obser-

vation is that the challenge of obtaining sufficient oxygen to support metabolism increases with increasing

body size, and more so at higher temperatures. Empirical evidence for this includes the observation that

the TSR is weaker in terrestrial organisms, which live in an environment of high oxygen availability, than

in aquatic organisms. Yet, the oxygen-limitation hypothesis seems to be inconsistent with the observation

that variation in critical oxygen concentrations can be independent of, or even negatively related to body

size. These observations suggest that the challenge of obtaining sufficient oxygen to support metabolic rates

need not increase with body size. Thus, further efforts are clearly needed to evaluate the role of oxygen

limitation as an underlying factor for the TSR. Here we present a model that provides quantitative predic-

tions for the TSR slope in aquatic environments. When using classic assumptions about how temperature

influences oxygen availability through thermodynamics of solubility and diffusion rates we find that ob-

served relationships between body size and temperature are much weaker (i.e. order of magnitude) than

expected across a wide range of plausible parameter space. However, it is well known that temperature can

have additional effects on oxygen availability for organisms due to biological responses (e.g. cell membrane

characteristics, hemoglobin quantity and quality). We developed a novel combination of modelling and ex-

perimental data to estimate this effect on a whole-organism level in Daphnia magna, and hence to obtain

an integrated measure of the temperature-dependent oxygen challenge that include effects of acclimation

and phenotypic plasticity. When incorporating this effect into our quantitative model the predicted strength

of the temperature-size relationship becomes more consistent with empirical data. Thus, our results lend

support to the oxygen availability hypothesis as an explanation for the TSR. However, they also empha-

size the importance of acclimation and phenotypic plasticity as mechanisms through which organisms can

counteract the oxygen constraints that increased temperature imposes on body size in aquatic ectotherms.

Interspecific variation in such abilities, being shaped by differences in selective pressures, may explain the

pronounced interspecific variation in the strength of the TSR that is observed among aquatic organisms.

38

E

Cladoceran Biodiversity in Brazil: An overview

poster

LOURDES ELMOOR-LOUREIRO 1

1Catholic University of Brasília


Research on Cladocera has increased in the last 20 years in Brazil, resulting in a great number of data on

their occurrence and taxonomy. This study synthesizes these data and presents an overview on cladoceran

biodiversity in Brazilian freshwaters, based on literature data. There are records from all 12 hydrogeographic

regions (HR), and 142 taxa are considered to occur in Brazil. Using presence/absence data for the HRs,

a sample-based rarefaction curve, which did not reach stabilization, was obtained. Richness estimators

resulted in values between 153.4 and 179.9. Despite the recent advances in taxonomy, about 20% of the

species recorded in Brazil still need revision. About 22% of the species occur in nine or moreHRs, and

about 38% are restricted to one or two HRs. Some of these endemic species are found in special habitats,

such as wet leaf litter, ultraoligotrophic ponds, and rock pools. The highest number of species were reported

in the Paraná HR (101 spp), which is also one of the best HRs surveyed. In contrast, the effect of a poor

sampling effort was observed for the Uruguay HR, with only 15 species. Surprisingly, the Amazon HR,

which is proportionally the least surveyed, is the second in number of species (98); moreover, it presents the

highest endemism, with 10 species occurring only in this HR. So, these data suggest that Amazon cladoceran

biodiversity is underestimated and that the rainforest could act as a barrier for species dispersion. In the other

HRs, there are only up to three exclusive species, suggesting that dispersion among them is more frequent.

A large set of species is truly tropical, not occurring in latitudes above 23.5◦S; some of them are endemic to

a particular HR, but others are widespread taxa. A smaller number of species is subtropical. In addition, few

species are distributed in the intermediate zone (13◦-25◦ S). Bearing in mind the impossibility of checking

all species identification obtained from literature, the data presented here could not be considered conclusive.

Nevertheless, they could be useful in directing future research efforts.

39

F

Algal polyunsaturated fatty acids as a functional trait that links phytoplank-ton diversity to population dynamics of cladoceran zooplankton

oral presentation

PATRICK FINK1, MARIA STOCKENREITER 2, MAJA ILIC1, SARA HAMMERSTEIN 2, HER-WIG STIBOR 2

1Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne2Dept. of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich


Across ecosystems, biodiversity is related to ecosystem functioning and the current global loss of biodiver-

sity is seen as a major threat to the stability of ecosystems, their functions and services to mankind. However,

we know surprisingly little about the underlying mechanisms that link species diversity to ecosystem func-

tioning. A relatively novel perspective on this link comes via trait-based ecology, where the focus is shifted

away from mere species richness to functional trait diversity as the basis of biodiversity-ecosystem function

relationships. We here present data from experiments that specifically aimed to address the consequences

of the loss of important functional traits for the food web in a natural freshwater plankton community. In

field mesocosms, we manipulated phytoplankton diversity. Rather than on species loss, we focussed on the

loss of an important functional phytoplankton trait that potentially affects the aquatic plant-animal inter-

face: phytoplankton polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Many of these PUFA are synthesized by various

groups of phytoplankton in a predictable manner dependent on the taxonomic composition of the phyto-

plankton community. Zooplankton are unable to synthesize most of these PUFA de novo, but require them

for the maintenance of various physiological functions. Hence, the dietary availability of PUFA in the phy-

toplankton is a crucial parameter determining the fitness of zooplankton and ultimately the trophic transfer

efficiency from phyto- to zooplankton in lakes. We investigated this presumed link between the functional

trait phytoplankton PUFA and the plankton food web dynamics with a special focus on cladoceran zoo-

plankton. Our results show that functional phytoplankton traits affect zooplankton population dynamics

even under variable natural conditions in the field.

40

F

Quantitative genetics and temperature effects on metabolic rate - body sizescaling

oral presentation

ERLEND I. F. FOSSEN 1 ,CHRISTOPHE PÉLABON 1, SIGURD EINUM 1

1Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology


Metabolic rate is linked to many ecologically important rates, and understanding which factors affect

metabolism and how it can evolve can help us understand ecology and evolution of organisms. Two of

the most important factors affecting metabolism are body size and temperature. Metabolic rate scales lin-

early with body size on a log-log scale. Many studies have shown variation in the slope among species,

but very few have tested for genetic variation in the slope within populations, and hence the potential for

them to evolve remains unclear. Here we test for genetic variance in these slopes and test whether temper-

ature has an effect on them. By using a recently developed protocol of fluorescence-based respirometry we

obtain highly precise measures of metabolism for 10 clones of a population of Daphnia magna. Juveniles

of different sizes were reared and measured at three temperatures (17◦C, 22◦C and 28◦C). Metabolic rate

increased with both temperature and body mass, and the allometric relationship between body mass and

metabolic rate decreased with increasing temperature. The decreasing slope with temperature means that

the effect of temperature on metabolism becomes weaker as juvenile Daphnia become larger in size. We

found no statistically significant genetic variance in this allometric slope at either temperature. However,

for a given size, there were significant differences in metabolic rate among clones within temperatures (i.e.

different allometric intercepts). The change in the allometric intercept with temperature was clone-specific,

generating a genotype-by-environment (GxE) interaction. We discuss the implication of these results for the

evolutionary dynamics of metabolic rate reaction norms.

41

F

Cladocera assemblages from the surface sediments of North-Central Siberia(Russia) lakes

poster

LARISSA FROLOVA 1, LARISA NAZAROVA 2, ELVIRA ZINNATOVA 1, ANASTASIA FROL-OVA 1, ULRIKE HERZSCHUH 3

1Kazan Federal University, Russia2University of Potsdam, Germany3Alfred Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine research, Germany


Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) constitute a major component of the planktonic and benthic fauna

of the high-latitude lakes. They are tolerant to extreme environmental conditions and are one of very few

groups of aquatic animal that are not only able to persist in cold thermokarst lakes but to build up viable

populations. Subfossil Cladocera were sampled from surface sediments of 20 thermokarst lakes along a

transect crossing the tree line in the Khatanga-river basin, south of Taymyr Peninsula, north-central Siberia

(Russia). Surface samples (0–2 cm) were analysed to study the distribution of Cladocera in relation to en-

vironmental gradients. We counted 220-351 individuals per sample that gave us a very accurate picture of

the contemporary cladocera assemlages. In all investigated lakes, we identified 20 Cladocera taxa in total,

with 9 taxa per lake on average. Most abundant taxa were Eubosmina longispina, Chydorus cf. sphaeri-

cus, Daphnia longispina agg. Variations in cladoceran assemblages were related to measured physical and

chemical variables. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that pH, Na+, Si4+ had a significant influence in

determining the composition of cladoceran assemblages. Overall, the relative importance of physical and

chemical factors in structuring cladocerans is similar to other previously studied regions, and suggests the

Cladocera may be useful as ecological and paleoenvironmental indicators in this region.

42

G

The influence of littoral vegetation on the spatial distribution of cladoceraand rotifer’s resting egg bank

oral presentation

CARMEN GABALDÓN 1, JAROMIR SEDA 1

1Institute of Hydrobiology, Biological Center of Czech Academy of Science


Aquatic vegetation is an important component of aquatic ecosystems that influences the community struc-

ture. For zooplankton, it constitutes a suitable habitat for some species where feed and refuge against fish

predation. Recently, several studies have suggested the role of littoral vegetation as a protective structure,

not only individuals, but also to resting stages. Wind may passively transport resting eggs when they are

floating in the surface water and when the pond/lake is dry and resting eggs are exposed in the first sediment

layers. It has been suggested that vegetation in the littoral likely operates as a barrier against this wind

dispersal. However, little is known about this topic. Here, we investigated the rotifer and cladocera’s resting

egg bank in winter in two farm ponds that remain dry during this season and the main winds are from the

west. Resting stages were collected in two ponds at the beginning and the end of the dry period in points

with and without vegetation. Our results indicated that (1) rotifers’ egg density was one order of magnitude

higher than the density of Daphnia ephippia. (2) The spatial pattern of resting eggs differed between tax-

onomic groups: there were more ephippia in points with vegetation located in the eastern part of the pond

than in the central part lacking of vegetation or in the western part with vegetation, while the density of

rotifer’s eggs tended to be lower in vegetated points. When the western sampling site was surrounded by

trees, which may operate as a protective structure against dispersal from west winds, there was as ephippial

density as in the vegetative, eastern part; however, when there were no trees surrounded the pond, western

point with vegetation had the same low ephippial density as in the central part. (3) There was a slightly

higher proportion of viable eggs of both taxa and higher proportion of non-empty ephippia in vegetative

points. Finally, (4) in contrast that we expected, no relevant loss of resting stages occurred during the dry

season in points lacking of vegetation and/or situated in eastern parts, likely because the strong, frequent

snowfalls covered the ponds with ice, which avoided resting eggs being exposed to wind action.

Key words: Arsenic, Chydoridae, Daphniidae, Sididae, pollution, freshwater.

43

G

Coupling life history and behavior responses of Moina macrocopa to fish kairomones

poster

LEI GU 1, ZHOU YANG 1

1Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nan-

jing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China


Cladocera, an important model organism for studying aquatic ecology and evolution, is a textbook example

of inducible defense against predators. To test the defense traits of Moina macrocopa in response to different

fish species and kairomone concentrations, we selected three fish species, namely, Rhodeus ocellatus, golden

fish Carassius auratus, and Danio rerio to explore this question. We measured the size at maturity, time

to reproduction, size of brood, and the moving rate of M. macrocopa. Results revealed that this crustacean

species exhibited earlier reproduction time and increase in offspring number when exposed to R. ocellatus

kairomone. In addition, the moving rate of Moina exposed to R. ocellatus kairomone was significantly lower

than to other tested fish species after the third instar stage. We found coupling life history and behavior-

related responses evoked by R. ocellatus kairomone. These results provide evidence supporting energy

re-allocation between life history and behavior in inducible defenses of M. macrocopa.

44

G

Cladocerans inhabitants in a contaminated aquifer with Arsenic in Mexico

poster

MARTHA ANGÉLICA GUTIÉRREZ-AGUIRRE 1, YADIRA J. MENDOZA-CHÁVEZ 2, NA-DIA V. MARTÍNEZ-VILLEGAS 2, ADRIÁN CERVANTES-MARTÍNEZ 1, JOSÉ LUIS UC-CASTILLO 1

1Departamento de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad de Quintana Roo2Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica


Arsenic is a water pollutant that causes health damage on the aquatic organisms. According with Mexican

and international regulations no more than 0.2 mg L-1 of Arsenic are allowed for protecting aquatic life; in

addition, experimental laboratory tests have reported lethal concentration of 3.0 mg L-1 in Daphnia magna

Straus (Cladocera: Daphniidae). However, we found species of Cladocera living in systems with Arsenic

concentration up to 5.9 mg L-1 in one aquifer from the North region of Mexico. These systems are in

Matehuala, San Luis Potosí, Mexico where Latonopsis australis Sars, 1888 and Pleuroxus (Picripleuroxus)

quasidenticulatus (Smirnov, 1996) were recorded in aquatic systems with Arsenic concentration of 1.0 and

5.9 mg L-1, respectively. Alona cf. setulosa Megard, 1967; Simocephalus punctatus Orlova-Bienkowskaja,

1998; and Chydorus sp., were found in water with arsenic levels lower than 0.2 mg L-1. All species showed

very low abundances (0.9 to 2.5 organisms L-1) probably because the analyzed aquifer in Matehuala exceeds

the Arsenic levels required for the protection of aquatic live, as well as the experimental lethal concentrations

tested in cladocerans. This study contribute to the identification of cladocerans species inhabiting water

polluted with Arsenic as well as species that could be used as regional bio indicators of water quality,

instead of cladocerans like Daphnia magna which is an exotic species from México. Experimental studies

are necessary to test this information.

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The impact of diel vertical migration on the fatty acid composition of Daphniamagna

oral presentation

MEIKE HAHN 1, ERIC VON ELERT 1

1Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne


The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is known to limit growth and reproduc-

tion of Daphnia. Furthermore, Daphnia exhibit plasticity concerning the assimilation of certain PUFAs to

adapt to different temperature regimes. An increased PUFA content in the body tissue is thought to increase

membrane fluidity which might be necessary for the residence in cold environments.

Recently, it has been shown that EPA-limitation of Daphnia suppresses the induction of diel vertical mi-

gration (DVM) in response to a fish-borne kairomone. This has been explained by the putatively increased

PUFA demand of animals migrating into the cold hypolimnion due to the required increase in membrane

fluidity.

Here we investigated if DVM causes changes in the fatty acid composition of Daphnia magna. To do so we

simulated DVM (temperature and light conditions) in a small-scale system. We used a two-factorial design

with the factors absence/presence of DVM and absence/presence of fish kairomone and tested for effects on

life-history parameters and on the fatty acid composition of the daphnids. Fatty acids were quantified by gas

chromatography.

Preliminary results indicate that the accumulation of different fatty acids in D. magna is regulated by dif-

ferent DVM-specific factors. Whereas the content of a subset of fatty acids in D. magna is affected by the

presence of a predator only, other fatty acids are affected by the DVM-specific temperature and light regime.

These results will reveal in how far fish-borne kairomones and DVM affect the well-known EPA-limitation

in daphnids.

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Does Daphnia density determine demographic destiny?

poster

LINDA HALTINER 1, CORINNE HÄNGGI 1, PIET SPAAK 1, STUART DENNIS 1

1Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag


Understanding demographic transitions in populations can provide valuable information on how life history

might be affected by both ecological and evolutionary processes. Typically, and particularly in Daphnia

ecology, such life-tables are calculated from individual-based life-history assays; growth, maturation and

reproductive rates are measured in isolated individuals. However, such experiments are both time and re-

source intensive, and may not accurately reflect population level demographics, i.e. density-dependence. I

established experimental populations of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Daphnia galeata neonates and monitored population

growth and demographic transitions over 21 days. I will present life table data for ten genotypes and show

how density-dependence may affect population demographics.

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More than meets the eye - unravelling the morphology of Daphnia’s inducibledefences in 3D

oral presentation

MARTIN HORSTMANN 1, RALPH TOLLRIAN 1, LINDA C. WEISS 1

1Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum


Waterfleas of the genus Daphnia are abundant primary consumers and key species in freshwater ecosystems.

Many studies have shown their high degree of phenotypic plasticity against a range of predators. Daphnia

forms so called ‘inducible defences’ that are temporally coherent to the occurrence of carnivores, e.g. larvae

of the phantom midge Chaoborus. The most conspicuous inducible defences are morphological alterations

found in many species of this genus e.g. spines, thorns, neckteeth or crests. These render Daphnia less

susceptible to predators. As only full knowledge of shape alterations allows to identify the mechanisms of

the defense, we performed a three-dimensional shape analysis with a new developed workflow, comparing

defended and undefended morphotypes in a high resolution. Therefore, casts of the typical and induced

morph are analysed statistically and averaged to 3D models for comparison. This revealed novel defensive

features in a range of Daphnia species. We compared the morphology of the typical and predator induced

morph of five Daphnia species against fish, Triops, Notonecta and Chaoborus predation. From the broad

range of defensive strategies, we chose the morphological alterations of Daphnia lumholtzi, D. magna,

D. longicephala, D. barbata and D. pulex. Animals raised in the presence of these predators showed the

commonly known shifts in morphology, but additional remarkable changes that have not been described so

far. Furthermore, we found dispositions in the overall surface shape. These data are indispensable in future

analyses, studying the function of morphological alterations with respect to anti-predatory mechanisms.

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The Daphnia microbiome: what is core, what is flexible?

poster

SHIRA HOUWENHUYSE 1, EMILIE MACKE 1, MARTIJN CALLENS 1, ELLENDECAESTECKER 1

1Biology, KULAK


The gut microbiome represents an important source of metabolic flexibility that may allow the host to rapidly

acquire phenotypes that are adapted to changing environmental conditions. Recently, it is suggested that the

gut microbiome can be divided in two parts that are the extremes of a continuum to which most bacterial

strains belong. The first part is the “core” microbiome, which consists of host-adapted microbes. It is

hypothesized that the “core” microbiome is assembled from diverse environments and largely determined

by genetic factors. Given the importance of the services that the “core” microbiome provides for the host,

one possibility is that the “core” microbiome is vertically transmitted. The second part of the gut microbiome

is the “flexible” pool of microbes, which composition varies depending on environmental conditions. These

bacteria are mainly acquired through horizontal transmission and exchange with the environment. It is not

known in how far genetic factors play a role in this “flexible” microbiome. Knowledge on the microbiome of

Daphnia is rapidly accumulating. Several bacterial taxa are consistently found in affiliation with Daphnia,

even in geographically separated populations, indicating a highly specific association between Daphnia

and its microbiome. Nevertheless, the presence of a “core” microbiome in Daphnia is debated, given the

inconsistencies found over different experiments. In my PhD, I will first determine which bacteria belong to

the “core” microbiome of Daphnia magna. Therefore eight Daphnia magna populations will be collected

from eight different ponds. From each pond, the guts of 20 individuals will be dissected. The bacterial

composition (OTU = operational taxonomic units) of the gut will be determined by 16S rRNA sequencing.

Then, I will compare the results of this first sampling with the bacterial composition of the gut of Daphnia

magna who were fed with cyanobacteria (as determined by Macke et al., in revision). I expect that due to

the cyanobacteria, different bacteria will be present in the gut of Daphnia magna to be able to cope with the

cyanobacteria, representing the “flexible” microbiome.

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Cladocera community of Kotovo and Kilometrovoe Lakes (Kharbey Lakessystem,Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Russia) according to analysis of short sedimentcores

poster

AISYLU IBRAGIMOVA 1, LARISA FROLOVA 1

1Kazan Federal University


Nowadays, scientists have a particular interest in studying lakes that are remote from the direct influence

of the industrial facilities, due to their enhanced sensitivity for the environment changes. The method of

the climate reconstructions based on subfossil Cladocera studies has never been used for the territories of

Bolshezemelskaya tundra, which is a part of the virgin territories of the Russian North. The aim of the study

was the qualitative rating of the changes in the region based on the analysis of two shallow lakes of Kharbey

system -Kotovo (67◦32’742”N, 062◦51’630”E) and Kilometrovoe (67◦36’463”N, 062◦52’148”E)-which are

connected by ducts with bigger lakes (Golovka, Bolshoy Kharbey, Maliy Kharbey). According to the 210Pb-

dating of the Lake Bolshoy Kharbey bottom sediments, the average value of sedimentation rate, calculated

for the first 20 cm of the column, is 1,34±0,12 mm/year respectively, the age of 19-20 cm layer is 149±13

years. The sampling of the bottom sediments was carried out with a UWITEC firm sampler in the framework

of summer expedition 2011. Short columns of bottom deposits of Kotovo and Kilometrovoe Lakes with a

length of 27 and 16 cm, respectively, were analyzed for the qualitative content of Cladocera. Analysis of

samples was performed with the one centimeter step of cutting. In the subfossil composition of lakes 20 taxa

of Cladocera were registered: 17 taxa in Lake Kotovo and 15 taxa in Lake Kilometrovoe. During the history

of studied lakes radical changes in Cladocera community was not registered. Subdominants of Kotovo

Lake are represented by Chydorus cf. sphaericus, Alona affinis and Bosmina (Eubosmina) sp. Chydorus

cf. sphaericus (53,1%) has been the dominant in the Lake Kilometrovoe throughout the entire period of

the study, while in Kotovo Lake this taxon becomes the dominant only at the depth of 9 cm by replacing

Alona affinis. The increase of the planktonic species proportion in the upper 0-3 cm of the sediments with

decreasing of the relative abundance of the littoral zone inhabitants is noted. The identified transformation

can be the consequence of the climate changes, which appears in the depth raising of the seasonal soil

thawing, linked with an increase in the average temperatures of the region in a short growing season. The

Shannon-Weaver index values of the Lake Kotovo corresponds to the interval 2,34-3,16, and the one of Lake

Kilometrovoe corresponds to the interval 1,4-2,7. Thus, lakes can be attributed to the class of moderately

polluted waters.

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Intrapopulation variability in susceptibility of Daphnia longispina to limita-tions by dietary fatty acid availability

oral presentation

MAJA ILIC 1, PATRICK FINK 1

1Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne


One of the factors that determine food quality of phytoplankton for herbivorous zooplankton (e.g. Daphnia)

is the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It has been shown that particular ω3- and ω6-

PUFAs have a positive effect on the fitness of Daphnia. As Daphnia is not able to synthesize these PUFAs

de novo, they are essential dietary components for daphnids. Essential PUFAs are thus a functional phyto-

plankton trait that affects the trophic transfer efficiency and dynamics between the primary producers and

consumers. In turn, the susceptibility of consumers to become limited by the availability of essential PUFAs

is a fitness-determining trait of Daphnia genotypes. The variability of this herbivore trait will thus affect the

daphnids’ intrapopulation competition. To estimate the susceptibility of different Daphnia longispina clones

from a natural population to limitations by dietary PUFA availability, we conducted standardized laboratory

growth assays. D. longispina juveniles were fed with the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus, which lacks par-

ticular PUFAs like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 ω6). We used

a liposome supplementation technique to enrich S. obliquus with EPA, ARA and α-linoleic acid (ALA,

18:3 ω3). The somatic growth rate of D. longispina juveniles was used as a fitness proxy. As expected,

D. longispina clones isolated from a natural population differed in their specific patterns of susceptibility to

dietary PUFA availability. Phytoplankton PUFAs are thus a crucial trait that can probably affect intraspecific

competition processes and Daphnia population structure.

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Impact of biofilm growth on mercury accumulation in Daphnia magna

oral presentation

SEMONA ISSA1

1Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and

Technology


Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant of high international concern because of its long-range transport across the globe

and its various toxic properties. The bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential of Hg determine its level

of toxicity and vary according to its chemical and physical form. Aquatic organisms such as the water flea

Daphnia magna can take up mercuric ions (Hg2+) from water by adsorption onto and absorption through

biological membranes, in addition to food ingestion. A major problem for studying the toxicity of mercury

in aquatic environments is the development of biofilm. Biofilm commonly grows in culture medium and

serves as additional food for experimental organisms, enhancing their survival and growth. The unknown

nature of the biofilm and its relative contribution to the daphnids’ diet most likely vary in time. Furthermore,

Hg2+ can accumulate in the biofilm, which then serves as an additional source of Hg to the animals. The

effect of biofilm growth on mercury accumulation in daphnids therefore needs to be controlled. One means

of accomplishing this would be to eliminate the biofilm from the medium through continuous medium

renewal. However, this risks negatively affecting daphnid survival and growth. Therefore, we conducted

an experiment where single Daphnia magna clones were exposed at 20◦C to high and low Hg (HgCl2)

concentrations in the presence and absence of biofilm. Our objective was to detect whether there was a

significant difference in Hg accumulation in daphnids as a function of Hg accumulation in biofilm, and

consequently whether or not to eliminate the biofilm from the culture medium.

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Thermal Transgenerational Plasticity in Daphnia pulex

oral presentation

ØYSTEIN NORDEIDE KIELLAND 1

1Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology


Environmental change may cause phenotypic changes that are inherited across generations through transgen-

erational plasticity (TGP). If TGP is adaptive, offspring fitness increases with an increasing match between

parent and offspring environment. Here we test for adaptive TGP in somatic growth and metabolic rate

in response to temperature in the clonal zooplankton Daphnia pulex. Animals of the first focal generation

experienced thermal transgenerational ‘mismatch’ (parental and offspring temperatures differed), whereas

conditions of the next two generations matched the (grand)maternal thermal conditions. Adjustments of

metabolic rate occurred during the lifetime of the first generation (i.e. within-generation plasticity). How-

ever, no further change was observed during the subsequent two generations, as would be expected under

TGP. Furthermore, we observed no tendency for increased juvenile somatic growth (a trait highly correlated

with fitness in Daphnia) over the three generations when reared at new temperatures. These results are

inconsistent with existing studies of thermal TGP, and we describe how previous experimental designs may

have confounded TGP with within-generation plasticity and selective mortality. We suggest that the current

evidence for thermal TGP is weak. To increase our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary role of

TGP, future studies should more carefully identify possible confounding factors.

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The effect of food quality on inducible morphological defenses in Daphnia

oral presentation

SANDRA KLINTWORTH 1, MARK CHRISTJANI 1, ERIC VON ELERT1

1Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne


Numerous studies have led to the conclusion that inducible defenses are an adaptation to fluctuating pre-

dation risk. These defenses can comprise, amongst others, morphological alterations, especially in the

presence of size-selective predators. If prey consumes food of low quality, the reduced growth leads to an

increase in developmental time. In the presence of a gape-limited predator, which is selecting for small

prey, this would lead to an increased time spent by the prey in the vulnerable body size range. Therefore,

the probability to be encountered by the predator during vulnerable stages would increase with low food

quality. We hypothesize that this presumably increased predation risk can be reduced by a stronger de-

ployment of morphological defenses. Here we used the well-studied model organism Daphnia pulex which

deploys neckteeth as a response to the presence of the predatory phantom midge larvae Chaoborus sp. We

investigated how the quality of algal food influences the strength of defensive neckteeth induction in D.

pulex. By feeding algae that were shown to cause differing somatic growth rates for D. pulex a gradient

of food quality was established. Preliminary results of this study demonstrate that the reduced growth of

D. pulex caused by the consumption of low quality food leads to an increased investment into neckteeth in

juvenile D. pulex. The experiments were conducted with several clones of D. pulex that differ in the degree

of neckteeth induction in order to allow for a generalization of this food quality effect. In conclusion, the

results of this study indicate that the strength of inducible morphological defenses is not only influenced by

predator density but also by the bottom-up factor food quality.

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Zooplankton for the production of biomass in bioregenerative life supportsystems in space

oral presentation

MIRIAM KNIE 1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH1



The waterflea Daphnia is a promising candidate for bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS), because of

its essential role in the aquatic food web and its mode of reproduction. However, the effects of altered gravity

on Daphnia have to be investigated, especially on the molecular level, to evaluate the suitability of Daphnia

for BLSS in space. The experiment aboard the sounding rocket TEXUS 52 was designed to elucidate the

influence of altered gravity conditions on gene expression in Daphnia magna. Three consecutive time points

were chosen during the flight to compare the data with a 1g reference: Directly at the onset of microgravity

(µg) , to discriminate the effects of the launch and despin (hypergravity/ accelerations); at 180 s µg and

at 360 s µg. We applied a microarray approach to identify genes involved in the response to different

gravity conditions. In total, 755 of the significantly altered transcripts (p < 0.05) showed an at least 2-

fold up- or down-regulation in expression. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation showed that the upregulated

transcripts are mainly related to stress response, protein and energy metabolism, transcription, electron

transport and DNA/RNA metabolism. The down-regulated transcripts however are associated with cell

organisation, biosynthesis, reproduction, the cuticle and the response to biotic/abiotic stimuli. By comparing

the expressions patterns at the different time points, we have shown that the pattern of expression did not

occur in a stereotypical manner. Some of the transcripts are regulated in an opposite manner by hypergravity/

accelerations and microgravity. This hints at a specific reaction to altered gravity conditions rather than

being an overall stress response. Whether the differentially expressed transcripts are just an initial response

or become manifest on the protein levels has to be further evaluated.

This work was financially supported by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) (FKZ: 50 WB 1329).

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Functional protein engineering in Daphnia

oral presentation

JACQUELINE LANGE 1, CHRISTIAN PICHLO 2, FATIH DEMIR 3, ULRICH BAUMANN 2,ERIC VON ELERT 1

1Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne2Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne3Forschungszentrum Jülich


Though functional genomics is becoming available in Daphnia, gene silencing and gene editing approaches

have their limits, if alternative metabolic pathways or functional redundancies of proteins allow for com-

pensatory mechanism within an organism. In these cases the adaptive value of non-synonymous mutations

can best be investigated by heterologous expression and subsequent characterization of mutated and non-

mutated forms of functional proteins.

Here we present a case-study of D. magna, in which one Daphnia population exists without cyanobacteria

(naive population) and the other coexists with cyanobacteria that produce protease inhibitors (experienced

population).These protease inhibitors have been shown to decrease the proteolytic activity of the major

gut proteases of D. magna, i.e. chymotrypsin, and to reduce the fitness of Daphnia. Several lines of ev-

idences point at local adaptation of the digestive proteases to the cyanobacterial inhibitors, but molecular

mechanisms underlying the adaptation of proteases to these inhibitors have not been studied. Three loci

are coding for digestive chymotrypsins, and haplotype analyses suggest that some of these loci have been

under selective pressure in the experienced population. In one locus, the two populations differ by a single

non-synonymous mutation. In order to identify the adaptive value of this amino acid exchange we have

expressed this gene in a heterologous system.

We used the well-established insect cell culture line (SF21) of Spodoptera frugiperda to express the Daph-

nia gut protease CT448 from the experienced population. To achieve this we generated an infectious ba-

colovirus, which contains the sequence for the CT448 gene of the experienced population. Furthermore,

we added a C-terminal streptactin tag (Strep-Tag R©) for subsequent purification via affinity chromatogra-

phy. After purification, activity measurements were conducted with different specific substrates based on

p-nitroanilide. Additionally, proteomic identification of cleavage sites (PICS) and in silico characterization

identified surprising properties of this putative chymotrypsin. In order to obtain CT448 from the naive pop-

ulation for in vitro comparison of these two proteases in the future, the non-synonymous mutations will be

introduced to the CT448 gene by side directed mutagenesis via specific primers.

In conclusion, for the first time we heterologously expressed a Daphnia magna gut protease and established

a purification protocol to study the adaptive value of a non-synonymous mutation. We characterized this

protein in vitro and in silico to achieve insights to its function.

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Making the puzzle pieces fit: challenges associated to cladoceran subfossils inthe tropical Lake La Tembladera (Ecuador)

poster

CHARO LÓPEZ-BLANCO 1, ARTEM SINEV 2, WILLIAM FRANCIS KENNEY 3, ANDRÉSVARAS 4

1Escuela Politécnica Nacional.Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253,

Quito, Ecuador2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Voro-

bievy Gory, Moscow 119899 Russia3Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-2120, USA4Instituto Nacional de Investigación Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico (INIGEMM), Sector Monteserrín,

Las Malvas E15-142 y De los Perales, Quito, Ecuador


Most paleolimnological studies based on cladoceran subfossils are from the northern latitudes while the

southern hemisphere and in particular, the equatorial area is a less explored area. Cladocera (Crustacea:

Branchiopoda) biodiversity was examined in sediment assemblages in La Tembladera Lake, on the southern

coast of Ecuador. We found remains from 14 Cladocera taxa belonging to three families: Sididae, Daph-

nidae and Chydoridae. Then, cladoceran remains together with plant macrofossils and biogeochemistry data

were used to infer changes during the last century in this ecosystem. Early in the sediment sequence (ca.

AD 1750-1963), we identified changes in cladoceran sub-fossils related to shifts in the hydrologic regime

associated with flood frequency (El Niño or minor scale damming). Chydorus and Euricercus seems to skip

the dilution effect experienced by other cladocerans during flood events. In ca. AD 1963, the construction

of a sluice gate to store water in the northern margin of the lake led to an increase in the littoral area (Pistia

stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Typha latifolia, Cyperaceae). This favored the littoral cladoceran Kurzia.

Recently, a shift in top predators (fishes and invertebrates) was recorded in the sediment record as an in-

crease in big cladoceran taxa (Ceriophania and Sarsilatona) and in the number of total number of cladocera

ephippia. We succeeded to make inferences based on cladoceran remains but we found some problems de-

rived from 1) identifications at genus level, instead of at species level, 2) the general ecological information

for some genus and especially, 3) the presence of multiple stressors in recent times, which make much more

complex the interpretations. Future studies on cladoceran taxonomy and autoecology should be carry out in

equatorial latitudes to refine palaeoecological interpretations based on cladocerans subfossils.

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Transcriptomic response (RNAseq) of Daphnia galeata under infection of theparasite Caullerya mesnili

poster

YAMENG LU 1, STUART DENNIS 2, PIET SPAAK2, JUSTYNA WOLINSKA 3

1Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB)2Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)3Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Freie Universität

Berlin (FU)


Regulatory circuits of the infection of Daphnia by their microparasites remain largely unknown. Here we

provide molecular insights into infection dynamics between Daphnia galeata and the parasite Caullerya

mesnili, an ichthyosporean infecting the gut epithelium. Increasing evidence shows that C. mesnili has high

virulence and is one of the most common pathogens of Daphnia species that inhabit in lakes throughout

Europe. We generated a transcriptomic dataset from infected (vs. uninfected) Daphnia, at two different time

points (4 hours and 48 hours) after parasite exposure. By annotating a de novo assembly of RNAseq data,

we will be able to identify putative orthologs for the majority of components of Daphnia immune system, as

well as functional highlights in respect to cell recognition and signal transduction. These data on regulatory

mechanisms in host-parasite infection will help us to explore the presence/conservation of fundamental

processes throughout evolution and to understand the dynamics of host-parasite co-evolution.

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In the search of chemical nature of fish kairomone

oral presentation

MAGDALENA MARKOWSKA 1, MAGDALENA BIESAGA 2, PIOTR DAWIDOWICZ3, ANNARUSZCZYÓSKA4, MIROSLAW SLUSARCZYK 3, JOANNA PIJANOWSKA3

1Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland2Laboratory For Flow Analysis and Chromatography, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Uni-

versity of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland3Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of

Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland4Expert Analytical Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of

Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland


Since over 20 years the identification of the complex chemical nature of fish kairomone has been the goal of

numerous studies. It is proposed that components of fish-exuded kairomone cocktail should be evolutionar-

ily conserved and widely occurring in aquatic habitats inhabited by fish. In previous studies, fish-conditioned

water, fish feaces as well as mucus were examined for their ability to induce predator avoidance behavior,

life history, and morphological changes. Therefore, gastrointestinal tract, gills, skin and mucus plus associ-

ated bacteria may constitute the source of active molecules of kairomone. In our study, the fish (Carassius

carassius) -conditioned water has been subjected to the procedure of chromatographic separation in order

to separate and identify fractions with kairomone-like activity. For this purpose, high performance liquid

chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as a detection system has

been used. Paralelly, we tested several components associated with the fish gastrointestinal tract, most prob-

ably present in the crucian carp – conditioned water. To examine the kairomone-like activity of obtained

water fractions or selected components, we performed two bioassays on Daphnia magna: diurnal vertical

migration behavior and life history response. In two out of four separated fractions and several compounds

tested, kairomone-like activity has been detected.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no 2014/13/B/NZ8/04670. The study was carried out at

the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union

from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013

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Sex-specific differences in essential lipid requirements of Daphnia magna

poster

DOMINIK MARTIN-CREUZBURG 1, TAMARA MASSIER 1, ALEXANDER WACKER2

1Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz2Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, University of Potsdam


Essential lipid requirements of Daphnia have been extensively studied in the past decade. Dietary deficien-

cies in sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to severely constrain growth and

parthenogenetic reproduction of female Daphnia. Essential nutrient requirements of male Daphnia have

not been studied yet. Growth experiments were conducted to investigate sex-specific differences in sterol

(cholesterol) and PUFA (EPA) requirements between female and male Daphnia magna. The results revealed

that females have a higher threshold for sterol-limited juvenile somatic growth than males, presumably be-

cause of their generally higher growth potential. The thresholds for EPA-limited juvenile somatic growth

did not differ between sexes. However, once females start to reproduce, PUFA allocation into the eggs

presumably results in higher PUFA requirements of females. Studying sex-specific differences in essential

nutrient requirements may help to understand the patterns of sexual reproduction in Daphnia under field

conditions and thus is of great ecological and evolutionary interest.

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Daphnia depth selection in gradients of different artificial light sources: anevolutionary trap?

oral presentation

JOANNA TAŁANDA1, EWA BABKIEWICZ 1, PRZEMYSŁAW DYNAK1, PAULINA URBAN2,PIOTR MASZCZYK1


Warsaw2Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw


The presence of a gradient of artificial light at night (ALAN) in the water column in a lake would cause an

increase in predation risk from visually oriented planktivorous fish to zooplankton, such as Daphnia. This

would be not only due to the intensity of the artificial light, but also its spectrum, and may happen because

the artificiality of the spectrum results in inappropriate assessment of the actual predation risk at different

depths.

To test this hypothesis, we conducted a three step experimental procedure. First, we assessed the reaction

distance (RD, as a behavioral proxy for visual prey detection) of juvenile rudd (Scardinius erythrophthal-

mus) that were allowed to forage on 5-day old Daphnia longispina under four different light sources that

produced the same low intensity light but with different light spectrum characteristics: light that mimicked

the spectrum of sunlight (as a control) and three artificial light sources (white LED, high pressure sodium

– HPS, and metal-halide lamps) commonly used in street lighting. Second, using the RD results obtained

in the first step, we parameterized an optimizing simulation individual based model and generated virtual

Daphnia distributions in an overlapping gradient of algal food with maximum concentration in subsurface

water layers and light gradients of the different light sources (sunlight or each of the three artificial light

sources). Finally, we compared (in the same ambient conditions) the theoretical distributions from the

model simulations with the distributions observed in the laboratory experiments performed with 5-day old

D. longispina in an experimental apparatus comprised of twin vertical columns.

The distributions obtained in the laboratory experiment mimicked the virtual distributions in all four light

source gradients. Daphnia selected the greatest depths in the gradients of sunlight and metal-halide spectra

and the shallowest in the HPS spectrum. Therefore the results did not confirm our hypothesis. This suggests

that Daphnia appropriately adjust their depth selection behavior to the light-spectrum-dependent actual risk

of predation in gradients of all the artificial light sources.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project No 2014/13/N/NZ8/02462. The study was carried out at


from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013.

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Do Daphnia release alarm signals when they are not injured?

oral presentation

ANDRZEJ MIKULSKI 1, MAGDALENA LIS

1Department of Hydrobiology, University of Warsaw


Efficient defence against predation requires a reliable information from the environment about real and

current threat. Prey ability to receive and process chemical information on predator presence (kairomones)

or predation intensity (alarm signals) can be crucial to effectively avoid the danger. Reactions to both,

kairomones and alarm signals are well described in Daphnia. Though informative value of kairomones is

unquestionable, the value of alarm signals is not evident. Such signals may originate from digested Daphnia

and they are released into water some hours after they have been captured by a predator, usually far from

the place where it happened. The defensive reaction of other Daphnia could be much faster if such a signal

is immediately produced and released by scared Daphnia. Our attempt to uncover such a mechanism seems

promising and its ecological implications are discussed.

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Temporal succession of and gene flow between all three members of the Daph-nia longispina-galeata-cucullata complex in a formerly hypereutrophic lake

oral presentation

MARKUS MÖST 1, SARAH WOLF 2, CHRISTOPH TELLENBACH2, PIERO GUILIZZONI3,MARINA MANCA3, PIET SPAAK2

1Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Austria2Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland3CNR-ISE, Verbania Pallanza, Italy


Eutrophication constitutes a primary problem for lakes world-wide and has a strong impact on their ecosys-

tems, e.g. increased productivity, shifts in species composition and food web effects. The hybridizing

Daphnia longispina-galeata-cucullata species complex occupies a critical role in food webs in many peri-

alpine lakes north and south of the European Alps. Paleogenetic studies in lakes north of the Alps identified

D. longispina as the native species and demonstrated the invasion of D. galeata followed by taxonomic

shifts and pervasive hybridisation and introgression during times of trophic changes. A recent field survey

revealed a dominance of D. galeata and D. longispina x galeata hybrids in lakes south of the Alps leading

to the hypothesis that D. galeata is native to the South. Our paleogenetic study of lake Varese (Italy) recon-

structs trophic changes and associated taxonomic shifts over several decades. We observe drastic changes in

taxonomic composition and hybridisation of all three parental species over time. We discuss the observed

shifts in taxonomic composition in the context of known ecological characteristics and available data on

the fish population and trophic conditions. We conclude that changes in food quantity and quality and size-

selective fish predation pressure represent the most likely explanation for the temporal succession of the

three different parental species and their hybrids. Also, the presence of D. longispina resting eggs before

the onset of eutrophication challenges the hypothesis of D. galeata being the native taxon in lakes south of

the Alps. Moreover, we will introduce a new project that aims to elucidate the genome-wide patterns and

consequences of gene flow using the egg bank of Lake Varese and similar systems.

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Measurements of metabolism rate - new biotest for alarm signals in Daph-nia?

oral presentation

EWA NAROZNIAK 1, MIROSŁAW SLUSARCZYK1, JOANNA PIJANOWSKA1

1Department of Hydrobiology Faculty of Biology Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of

Warsaw


Cladocerans of genus Daphnia estimate predator pressure basing on two different chemical cues – predator

kairomones and alarm signals. Alarm signals alone can induce changes in Daphnia behavior, e.g. diel

vertical migration and general alertness. There are no studies if alarm signals can also affect Daphnia

metabolism rate. It was experimentally checked whether alarm signals affect Daphnia metabolism rate,

specifically respiration rate and heart rate. Results suggest that Daphnia metabolism rate are higher in the

presence of alarm signals than in control treatments. Respiration rate is different in different ontogenetic

stages of Daphnia. They differ in size and, thus, in their vulnerability to predation. This, in turn, can

generate differences in their metabolic response to predator danger.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no 2014/13/B/NZ8/0467. The study was carried out at


from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013

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A revision of Disparalona hamata species complex (Cladocera: Chydoridae)in the New and Old World

poster

ANNA NERETINA1, PETR GARIBIAN1, ALEXEY KOTOV1, ARTEM SINEV2, WONDIEZELALEM3

1Laboratory for Ecology of Aquatic Communities and Invasions, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and

Evolution, Moscow, Russia2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow,

Russia3The Bahir Dar Fishery and Other Aquatic Life Research Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia


In recent years a strong progress was achieved in the taxonomy of family Chydoridae (Crustacea: Clado-

cera). However delineation between some chydorid genera is rather intuitive than based on a careful di-

agnosing. Disparalona Fryer, 1968 is an example of such genus with confused taxonomy. Our study is

dealing with a revision of the North American, African and East Asian populations of D. cf. hamata with

aim to clarify their species and generic status. We redescribed D. hamata (Birge, 1879) and D. chappuisi

(Brehm, 1931) based on material from type localities. According to our observations, distribution range of

D. hamata is restricted by tropical-subtropical regions of the New World, while D. chappuisi is common in

the Old World tropics and reaches Far East of Russia. In Africa one more unrevised yet Disparalona species

was marked. This taxon similar to D. striatoides (Šrámek-Hušek, 1946), but further comparison is need for

a final conclusion on its status. After careful comparison of Disparalona with close chydorid genera, we

came to the conclusion, that at the current level of knowledge Mixopleuroxus Hudec, 2010 must be accepted

as a subgenus of the genus Disparalona. We provided the diagnoses of Disparalona s.str. and D. (Mixopleu-

roxus). As the result, investigated by us D. hamata, D. chappuisi and D. cf. striatoides were transferred to

D. (Mixopleuroxus), while D. ikarus Kotov and Sinev, 2011, D. leei (Chien Shing-ming, 1970), D. rostrata

(Koch, 1841), D. smirnovi Sinev, 2015 are kept in Disparalona s. str.

Samples collection for AAK and WZ in Ethiopia was supported by the Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition.

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Chydorids (Crustacea: Cladocera) of Ethiopia: diversity and distribution

poster

ANNA NERETINA 1, WONDIE ZELALEM2, ALEXEY KOTOV1


Evolution, Moscow, Russia2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow,

Russia3The Bahir Dar Fishery and Other Aquatic Life Research Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

CContact: [email protected]

Chydorids (Crustacea: Cladocera) are the most diverse cladoceran group in the tropics, but to date there

are many regions, where their diversity remains underestimated. Despite a long history of hydrobiological

investigations, Ethiopia belongs to such poorly known areas. The main efforts of local scientists are con-

centrated only on zooplankton of large lakes, while littoral zone of lakes and rivers, and temporary water

bodies are rarely studied. Therefore the aim of our study is to make an inventory of the chydorids in all

accessible Ethiopian water bodies. As the results of this project, we identified 27 chydorid species. One

of them, Acroperus africanus Neretina & Kotov, 2015, was already described as a new taxon and at least

two species are still waiting for their description. The highest species number of chydorids (21 taxa, in

total) was recorded in the mountainous Lake Tana and different water bodies in its vicinities. Moreover,

A. africanus; Camptocercus uncinatus Smirnov, 1971; Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fischer, 1851) and some

other taxa were found only in Lake Tana itself. Lowland lakes and temporary water bodies located in the

Rift Valley have a remarkably poor chydorid fauna, typically represented by species with broad distribu-

tion ranges within the country: Chydorus parvus Daday, 1898; C. cf. sphaericus (O. F. Müller, 1776) and

Ovalona cambouei (Guerne and Richard, 1893). Water bodies of Bale Mountains harbour few chydorid

species as well (6 taxa, in total), but their fauna is very specific, what is confirmed by morphological and

genetic methods. Therefore the mountain endemism is characteristic of the chydorids in Ethiopia similarly

to other earlier studied mountain systems in tropical altitudes of Africa and America. But still a hard work

is necessary to examine other localities in nearest countries for clarifying real distribution ranges of each

mountainous endemic taxon. Inventory of African chydorids has only just begun, and we believe that new

expeditions to other regions will lead to new interesting findings.

All field works in Ethiopia were supported by the Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition.

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Remains of the branchiopod crustaceans associated with corps, sculls andhair of large mammals of Pleistocene "Mammoth Fauna" in the Beringianzone: further progress

poster

ANNA NERETINA 1, ALEXEY KOTOV1, ANTON ZHAROV1, EKATERINA IZYUMOVA2


Evolution, Moscow, Russia2Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia


Cladoceran remains are well-know from many Pleistocene-Earlier Holocene localities, while palaoecolo-

gists pay less attention to the remains of large branchiopods (Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Lae-

vicaudata). We found that ephippia, valves, mandibles and filtering limbs of parthenogenetic females of

several cladocerans: Daphnia (Daphnia) sp., D. (Ctenodaphnia) sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Simocephalus sp.

(family Daphniidae) and Chydorus cf. sphaericus (family Chydoridae), mandibles of Notostraca (Lepidurus

cf. arcticus), mandibles, filtering limbs and resting eggs of several (at least four) anostracan species are as-

sociated with almost any corps of a large mammal from the "Mammoth Fauna" (first of all, wooly mammoth

and wooly rhinoceros) extracted from permafrost in the Beringian region. Branchiopod remains are found

in the scull contents, fossil hair, feces of these animals. Unfortunately, recent level of study does not allow

to identity the species of the subgenus Daphnia (Daphnia) using morphological characters of the ephippia.

But, together with ephippia of the subgenus Daphnia (Daphnia) (with several taxa widely distributed in the

Beringian region now), we found in several localities fossil ephippia of D. (C.) atkinsoni group and other

species of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) sp., absent in this region now. Therefore we demonstrated an extinction

of some taxa of the genus Daphnia in the Beringian region in later Pleistocene - earlier Holocene.

This work is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 15-04-08552).

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Cladoceran response to perceived predation threat – when late fitness com-ponents come into play

oral presentation

BARBARA PIETRZAK 1, PIOTR DAWIDOWICZ1, IWONA OSKA1, MACIEJ RELIGA1,JOANNA PIJANOWSKA1


Warsaw


Adaptive early life responses to anticipated risk from vertebrate and invertebrate predators are well described

in Daphnia. Late life consequences for their fitness are less studied, yet, they might be equally significant

where death risk decreases with age. Such is the case for gape limited invertebrate predators. We hypoth-

esized that, contrary to the aging-accelerating effects of fish kairomones, Chaoborus kairomone will have

an aging-decelerating effect, if any. To test this, we exposed Daphnia of two species, D. longispina and

D. pulex, in either control predator-free or kairomone medium and monitored birth and death rates in the

study cohorts throughout the lifespan of the animals. Our results showed no effect of cues of Chaoborus

larvae predation on Daphnia survival, while reproductive rates were maintained high until the latest ages.

According to expectation, aging acceleration was not seen. These results corroborate the idea that lifespan

response to predator kairomone is a result of a fine-tuned physiological reprogramming adjusted to the type

of predation anticipated rather than a consequence of a general stress response.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no. 2014/13/B/NZ8/04670.

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Studies on the physiological activities of fresh water cladocerans (Moina brachi-ata and Simocephalus sp.) exposed to thermal stress

oral presentation

RAMANIBAI RAVICHANDRAN1, GOMATHI JEYAM MOOKKAIAH1, KRISTIN HELLER2,BETTINA ZEIS2

1Unit of aquatic biodiversity, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus2Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Münster


Increasing temperature in water has been recognized as a significant factor contributing to the co-existence

of zooplankton species in lakes and reservoirs. Cladocerans are poikilothermic animals, their body temper-

ature depends on the environmental conditions and therefore temperature is a key factor affecting their lives

and population structure. In the present investigation, we observed the physiological activities of freshwater

cladocerans (Moina brachiata and Simocephalus sp.) through thermal acclimation. Cladocerans were col-

lected from freshwater bodies in nearby environs of Chennai using the plankton net having mesh size 65 µm.

The species were filtered from lake water and cultured in the laboratories. Then the experimental animals

were fed with algae (Desmodesmus subspicatus) regularly. Immobilization assays were conducted at ele-

vated temperatures. The results showed that there were no significant changes in their swimming activity at

a fixed temperature of 38◦C after defined periods of time (1h-2h-4h-6h-8h-24h), but when the temperature

was increased at different temperatures (34◦C, 36◦C, 38◦C, 40◦C, 42◦C etc.) animals were immobilized at

42◦C after a specified time of 1h. Specifically at 40◦C they were alive only till 8 hours. The heartbeats

of two species were measured as well as changes with acclimation temperature, in which Simocephalus

sp. was found around 220 hb/min and species M. brachiata was recorded around 175 hb/min. Raise in

heartbeats in case of both species indicated that increased temperature induced the oxygen demand which

in turn increased perfusion to enhance oxygen transport capacity. Hemoglobin concentration was quantified

in the wavelength range of 350 nm - 650 nm. M. brachiata showed to have a higher hemoglobin concen-

tration (6.72 nmol/l) than Simocephalus sp. (3.53 nmol/l). These small sized cladocerans showed induced

hemoglobin synthesis in response to hypoxic conditions, which helps them to tolerate the stress condition.

Cladocerans as experimental model organisms allowed to confirm that on a behavioural and physiological

level, the thermal acclimation is strongly based on the adaptation of oxygen transport which is allowing

unidirectional shifts of the thermal tolerance range at increased temperatures.

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Taking advantage of a decade of Daphnia ‘–omics’ data for gene annotation

oral presentation

SUDA PARIMALA RAVINDRAN1, MATHILDE CORDELLIER 1

1

Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg Contact: [email protected]

The central goal of most gen-/transcript-omic experiments is to obtain sets of differentially expressed or

regulated gene and interpret the observed patterns. Complicating interpretation is a lack of functional anno-

tation or uncharacterized function for a large percentage of genomes. This is particularly evident in Daphnia

genomes, which contains many regions coding for “hypothetical proteins” and are significantly divergent

from many of the available arthropod model species, but are important ecologically.

Although Daphnia’s ecology is intensively studied, little is known on the functional underpinning of re-

sponses to environmental stressors. With the availability of Daphnia pulex and D. magna genomes, the

resources are growing for exploring the functional role of Daphnia genes and unravel the metabolic path-

ways in which they are involved. In this study, we describe a comparative genomics approach to annotate

D. galeata transcripts using gene expression information obtained from 156 previous studies. The extensive

body of literature available for Daphnia species allowed to associate stressors with gene expression patterns.

Using homology and orthology approaches, we were able to identify at least one stressor for about 4000 D.

galeata transcripts. Also, annotating the subcellular localization of these transcripts helped to associate it

with the different stressors.

We believe that our improved annotation strategy which takes advantage of all studies published so far

on gene expression in Daphnia allows for better understanding and interpretation of the functional role of

the understudied hypothetical or uncharacterized Daphnia genes, thereby increasing our understanding of

Daphnia’s genetic and phenotypic variability.

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Horizontal zooplankton movements in a littoral zone of mesotrophic lake

poster

VLADIMIR RAZLOUTSKI 1, ZHANNA BUSEVA 1, NATALLIA MAISAK1,VITALIY SEMENCHENKO1

1Center for Bioresourses NAS of Belarus


State Scientific and Production Amalgamation «THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CENTER FOR

BIORESOURCES»

According the classical pattern zooplankton, in particular cladocerans, can perform diel horizontal migra-

tions in the direction to a pelagial in darkness and back to a littoral at daytime. The main factor controlling

distribution and diel movements of zooplankton is vertebrates (fish) and invertebrate predators. Many re-

searchers confirm the role of merged and submerged macrophytes as a refuge for zooplankton from fish

pressure in temperate lakes. Other factors, for example, food quantity and quality, can also influence on

zooplankton distribution. To obtain direct confirmation of diel horizontal movements of zooplankters we

used little plankton nets (diameter - 15 cm, length - 40 cm, mesh size - 70 µm). They have been situated

at three stations on the distances of 50, 80 and 120 m from shore line and at depths of 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 m

correspondently. These nets have been set horizontally at two depths 0.5 m above bottom and 0.5m under

surface and were oriented in two directions from and to the shore line. They have been set in lake in the

evening (from 9 p.m. to 3 a.m.) and in the morning (from 3 a.m. to 8 a.m.). We hypothesize if zooplankton

has one-way movements, the relative abundances in the identically oriented nets will be almost equal. Dif-

ferences in abundance in the differently oriented nets confirm the horizontal movements of zooplankters but

these results mismatched to expected pattern. For example, dominated species Diaphanosoma brachyurum

should moves to the open water in the evening according classical model, but it moved to the shore in our

study. Other species Ceriodaphnia pulchella and Daphnia cristata moved in the most cases to the open wa-

ter in the morning when they should move to shore line according migration model. RM-ANOVA analyzes

has confirmed neither time nor station depth (independent variables) influence on direction of zooplankton

movements in our study. We believe that classical diel horizontal migrations patterns between macrophytes

and open water areas take place in shallow lakes where predator pressure is regular. Our study shown that

zooplankton moved horizontally but absence of macrophytes could be a possible explanation the differences

of classical migration pattern.

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Inducible morphological defenses of Daphnia similis against Triops cancri-formis and Notonecta maculata

oral presentation

SVEN RITSCHAR 1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH 1, MAX RABUS 1

1Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Germany


The expression of inducible morphological defenses in cladocerans of the genus Daphnia is a well-known

and extensively studied phenomenon. However, so far unrecognized inducible defenses and novel defense

mechanisms are still reported on a regular basis. These new findings are especially made in species inhab-

iting temporary ponds. In the present study, we investigated whether the pond-dwelling species Daphnia

similis responds to predators with the expression of inducible morphological defenses. Therefore, a clone

of D. similis was exposed to kairomones of the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis and the backswimmer

Notonecta maculata, which are dominant predators in temporary waters. Here we show, that D. similis

expresses distinct inducible morphological defenses against both predators: Triops-induced individuals ex-

pressed a significantly longer tail-spine, while body width decreased in comparison to non-induced individu-

als. Additionally, they also expressed so called micro defenses, i.e. significantly longer spinules and a larger

spinulae bearing area (SBA) on the dorsal ridge and a shorter SBA on the ventral carapace margins. The

Notonecta-induced D. similis expressed a significantly longer tail-spine, longer spinules and a larger SBA

on the dorsal ridge than non-induced individuals. Additionally, a morphometric analysis of the head shape

revealed significant, predator-specific changes in this trait. Thereby, Triops-induced individuals expressed

a relatively flattened head with a pronounced dorsal edge, while Notonecta-induced individuals developed

a high and strongly rounded head shape. Therefore, this study reveals the so far undescribed inducible de-

fenses of D. similis against two top predators in temporary waters. Furthermore, the predator-dependent

change in head shape is concordance with the “concept of modality” which takes the qualitative aspect of

natural selection caused by predators into account.

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The influence of neurotransmitters on Daphnia life history?

oral presentation

MAGDALENA RUSIŁOWICZ1, MAGDALENA MARKOWSKA 2, JOANNA PIJANOWSKA1

1Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Hydrobiology, University of Warsaw, Faculty of

Biology2Department of Physiology, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology


The effects of fish kairomone on behavioral and morphological changes as well as life history response of

Daphnia are well described. However, underlying neurobiological mechanism is poorly recognized. In our

study, we tested the effect of main crustaceans neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, octopamine and

their precursors (tryptophan and tyrosine) on Daphnia magna life history. D. magna were cultured since

birth till their first reproduction in the presence of tested compounds (in 4 concentrations) and in control

conditions. We measured crucial parameters of life history: body length, age at first reproduction, size and

number of neonates from the first clutch. Our results show that only dopamine significantly affects Daphnia

life history. With the increase of dopamine concentration, we observed statistically significant increase in

body size at first reproduction and number of neonates as compared to control treatment. In the presence of

dopamine, Daphnia entered their first reproduction on average one day earlier than the control animals.

The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project

co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative

Economy, 2007 – 2013. The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no. 2014/13/B/NZ8/04670.

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Daphnia in the dark – Simulating loading of humic dissolved organic car-bon

oral presentation

MANJA SAEBELFELD 1, YARI A. OSENBERG1, STELLA A. BERGER2,JENS C. NEJSTGAARD2, JUSTYNA WOLINSKA1

1Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB)2Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries

(IGB)


Over the past decades, increases in humic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have resulted in darkening of

the surface water of many lakes across the world. This pattern has been associated to different aspects of

environmental change, such as altered precipitation patterns, increased temperatures, as well as land-use

change. Consequences for lake ecosystems include altered thermal stratification and light regimes as well

as changes in microbial activity. These changes can strongly affect primary production and thus greatly

impact food web interactions and biodiversity. In this context, influences of increased humic DOC on

certain aquatic organisms are regarded as indirect effects through community interactions. Nevertheless,

DOC can also directly affect fitness of individuals. In a large-scale mesocosm experiment we first studied

indirect impacts of increased DOC levels on intra- and interspecific diversity of Daphnia populations and

on parasite spread. This experiment was conducted in the IGB-LakeLab, a mesocosm facility consisting of

24 experimental units (1270 m3 each) located in Lake Stechlin, Germany. To disentangle cascading effects

within the lake community from direct effects of DOC, we conducted an additional laboratory experiment to

investigate the effect of DOC on Daphnia population size. By linking these two approaches we aim to better

understand how ongoing increased loading of DOC in lakes will affect lake plankton community structures

and biodiversity.

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Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Floodplain habitats in the SongkramRiver Basin, Northeast Thailand

poster

LA-ORSRI SANOAMUANG1, SUPATRA TIANG-NGA

1International College, Khon Kaen University


Samplings of 80 freshwater habitats in the floodplain of the Songkram River Basin, northeast Thailand were

carried out in dry (March 2014) and rainy (August 2014) seasons. The cladoceran samples were collected

qualitatively from various types of habitats including reservoirs, lakes, ponds, swamps, roadside canals,

rice fields and rivers. The cladoceran community is characterized by having rich epiphytic and benthic

forms. Seventy species were identified, two (Ephemeroporus malaysiensis Sinev & Yusoff and Campto-

cercus vietnamensis Thanh) of which are new to Thailand and one (Antalona spinifera Tiang-nga, Sinev

& Sanoamuang) is new to science. The most dominated species are Diaphanosoma excisum Sars, Ceri-

odaphnia cornuta Sars and Macrothrix spinosa King. Three species [Anthalona sanoamuangae Sinev &

Kotov, Antalona spinifera Tiang-nga, Sinev & Sanoamuang and Ephemeroporus malaysiensis Sinev & Yu-

soff] are endemic to Southeast Asia, and four [Camptocercus vietnamensis Thanh, Karualona kwangsiensis

(Chiang, 1963), Pseudochydorus bopingi Sinev, Garybian & Gu, and Salinalona sarasinorum (Stingelin)]

are endemic to Southeast Asia and South China. Rare species which were found in single localities are

Picripleuroxus laevis, Streblocerus cf. sericaudatus, Salinalona sarasinorum, Notoalona globulosa, Ily-

ocryptus cf. thailandensis, Diaphanosoma volzi, Chydorus sphaericus, Chydorus pubscens, Camtocercus

vietnamensis, Disparalona caudata and Disparalona hamata.

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Pheromones in Daphnia magna?

oral presentation

MATTHIAS SCHOTT 1, ERIC VON ELERT 1

1Aquatic Chemical Ecology, University of Cologne


Sexual reproduction serves as a key mechanism in the well-known rapid micro-evolutionary adaption of

Daphnia to changing environmental conditions. Despite this, to date, chemical communication in sexual

reproduction among Daphnia males and females has not been sufficiently investigated. In the past 20 years,

the increasing sensitivity of analytical methods has led to the successful identification of pheromones in

other zooplankton genera. Here we show results from behavioral tracking assays concerning short range and

as well as long range chemical communication among male and female Daphnia magna. Our results indicate

that D. magna males are able to sense females and that their encounters are not driven by coincidences. We

combine these results with the analyses of the chemical bouquets of male and female D. magna. Principal

component analyses suggest that only a few compounds differ among the sexes. We will discuss in how far

males rely on pheromones to distinguish the presence, the sex, the perceptive stage of the female as well as

the degree of kinship.

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Is there a connection of Daphnia’s clock with genes of the immune system andlow-quality food?

poster

ANKE SCHWARZENBERGER 1, ALEXANDER WACKER 2,DOMINIK MARTIN-CREUZBURG1

1Limnological Institute, Konstanz University2Potsdam University, Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling


Only recently, we demonstrated that Daphnia possess an active clock by measuring gene expression of

several circadian clock genes, melatonin concentration and gene expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of

melatonin synthesis, i.e. AANAT. This finding was supported by another study by Bernatowicz et al. 2016.

Interestingly, the very similar results of both studies were observed in two different light-dark regimes (16:8

h, and 12:12 h light:darkness respectively), and we found that Daphnia’s clock genes might also be involved

in seasonal responses. Furthermore, in a transcriptome study (Rund et al. 2016) that also dealt with day-

night responses of Daphnia, a clear circadian gene expression of an immune gene, i.e. C-type lectin, was

found. C-type lectin was also differentially expressed in two other Daphnia transcriptome studies due to

cyanobacterial food. In order to investigate a possible involvement of clock genes, genes of the immune

system and low-quality food, we investigated the gene expression of Daphnia grown on green algal food

with or without EPA-supplementation and cyanobacterial food mixtures in a light-dark cycle of 16:8 h.

77

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Zooplankton-fish interactions driven by cladocerans, namely Daphnia: Thedifficulties in separation of fish predation from Daphnia growth effects.

oral presentation

JAROMIR SEDA 1, JIRI MACHACEK, CARMEN GABALDÓN, MOJMIR VASEK, MILANRIHA, MARTIN CECH, TOMAS JUZA

1Fish and zooplankton ecology, Hydrobiological Institute, BC Czech Academy of Sciences


The important effect of fish predation on zooplankton species composition and size structure is studied

since the pioneering work of Hrbacek et al. (1961). To be fair, the first insights in this relationships can

be find in the literature even earlier (Smirnov 1955; Fric & Vavra 1898). This indicates the attractiveness

of this research point, as well as, that we are finding still some new insights in it. In our contribution we

are analyzing the long term data on fish and zooplankton in one of most heavily studied artificial reservoir,

Rimov Reservoir in Czechia. In the past, we have published the predictive model relating fish stock biomass

to the presence of large size Daphnia based on very contrast fish data connected with fish outburst during

first years of reservoir existence. Now we have done the reanalysis of this relationship when fish population

is more stable and not changing very much between the years.

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Light quantity, not photoperiod controls diapause termination in Daphnia

oral presentation

MIROSLAW SLUSARCZYK 1, SYLWIA FLIS 1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw


While light may control dormancy occurrence in various groups of organisms, its role in diapause initiation

and termination may be different. Seasonally changing photoperiod is frequently used to trigger diapause

initiation in advance of seasonal deterioration of environmental conditions in various groups of organisms

including cladocerans. A similar role of photoperiod was uncritically extended to diapause termination.

In the present study, we investigated the role of light in diapause termination of ephippial eggs of Daphnia

magna originated from an urban pond.

In a few tests, cohorts of ephippial eggs of D. magna were incubated in a lake water at 21◦C for three weeks

at various light conditions after a few month storage in a wet, cool and dark place. The further procedure

was used to terminate a refractory phase of the resting eggs and make them sensitive to hatching stimuli. In

most tests, a fluorescent light of the moderate light intensity of 350 lux was utilised.

A short day photoperiod (8L:16D) appeared as successful as a long day one (16L:8D) as well as an artificial

photoperiod (4L:2D) when being applied recurrently for three weeks at a moderate light intensity and re-

sulted in similar hatching proportions (37% vs. 41% vs. 37% respectively). The hatching success appeared

more related to total light energy applied than to a temporal pattern of its application. The hatching success

of the resting eggs increased steadily from 0% observed after 6h of total light exposition or shorter, to 37%

reported after 60 cumulative light hours at the moderate light intensity (350lux). Longer light exposition did

not increase the hatching success significantly. Ten times lower light intensity (35lux vs. 350lux) applied

at given photoperiod (96 h of light exposition followed by darkness) resulted in three times lower hatching

success (9.4% vs. 32.8% respectively).

Our results challenge a common view of the decisive role of seasonally changing photoperiod in diapause

termination of the ephippial eggs of cladocerans and support a light-energy threshold hypothesis. It seems

that light conditions are not used by the ephippial eggs of D. magna to trace seasonal events during diapause

termination, but rather to inform them if they are covered by sediments which may obstruct exephippial off-

spring survival. Some other internal or external factors must thus be used by the ephippial eggs of Daphnia

to track seasonal events and choose the appropriate period for diapause termination.

79

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Cladocera of temporary waters in the Netherlands

oral presentation

MARTIN SOESBERGEN 1

1EIS Netherlands


Cladocera research in the Netherland focussed on larger waters and consisted mostly of plankton research.

Nothing was known about temporary waters. An inventory has been done in the period 2009-2016. The

results will be presented and the implications for nature management will be discussed.

80

S

Meanwhile in the Netherlands

poster

MARTIN SOESBERGEN 1, MARJOLEIN HOYER 2

1 EIS Netherlands2Waterproef


17 species are not mentioned for the Netherlands in Bledzki & Rybak (2016). And another two Chydorus-

species not mentioned in Bledzki & Rybak (2016) are present in the Netherlands.

For several species the distribution in the Netherlands gives valuable information on their ecology (Di-

aphanosoma and Acroperus) or their status as exotic invader in Europe (Disparalona leei and Chydorus

brevilabris Frey, 1980). For those species the distribution maps are given together with a short description

of their habitat in the Netherlands.

81

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The genus Disparalona (Cladocera, Chydorinae): two lineages and a highdiversity in the Neotropics

poster

FRANCISCO DIOGO ROCHA SOUSA 1, LOURDES M. A. ELMOOR-LOUREIRO 2,RICCARDO MUGNAI3, ELIANA A. PANARELLI4, JUAN CÉSAR PAGGI5

1Biology, University of Brasília2Universidade Católica de Brasília3Universidade Federa do Maranhão4Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais5Instituto Nacional de Limnologia


Since Disparalona Fryer, 1968 was described, little attention was given to morphological trait supporting

the genus. Furthermore, there is a well-defined group which has sibling species around the world with

necessity of revision: the hamata-complex. In this study, we present the redescription of D. leptorhyncha and

description of three new species of the hamata-complex from Neotropics. The species studied differ from

one another and from the D. hamata (literature data) in the morphology of rostrum, labrum and armature

of third seta on the inner distal lobe (IDL). Together with D. hamata sensu stricto, the species studied are

also part of a lineage specially distributed in the tropical/subtropical zone, sharing: (1) reduced spine on the

second endopodite segment of antenna; (2) ejector hooks very developed, longer than middle length of corm

limb; (3) seta 3 of IDL hook-like and heavily chithinized. The other lineage of Disparalona is represented

by species with Holarctic distribution: D. rostrata, D. leei, D. ikarus and D. smirnovi. These species share:

(1) developed spine on the second endopodite segment of antenna; (2) ejector hooks shorter than middle

length of corm limb; (3) seta 3 of IDL slender and armed with setulae. Currently, the Neotropical zone has

the most diversity of the genus, with four species from hamata-complex and D. leptorhyncha. Herein, we

treated Mixopleuroxu strioides as part of tropical/subtropical lineage of Disparalona. Although this study

contributes to improve the knowledge about morphology and taxonomic status of Disparalona, the complete

redescription to D. hamata sensu stricto and hamata-like world populations are still necessaries.

82

S

Are changes in cyanobacterial diversity driving Daphnia populations? In-sights from long-term sedimentary records

oral presentation

PIET SPAAK 1, MARIE-EVE MONCHAMP1, IOANA ENACHE2, PATRICK TURKO1,GETA RÎSNOVEANU3

1Eawag, Aquatic Ecology2Institute of Biology Bucharest3University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology


Eutrophication of freshwater lakes is known to favour cyanobacterial growth and to have negative impacts

on food-webs and ecosystem functioning. Using genetic analyses on diapausing eggs from dated sedi-

ment cores from pre-alpine lakes, we have previously shown that Daphnia galeata invaded D. longispina-

dominated lakes and hybridised with the native population, leading to the extinction of the natural D.

longispina population. Cyanobacteria are known to be a poor food resource for Daphnia. Previous work

using Daphnia clones hatched from recent and old sediment layers has shown that “old” Daphnia can cope

better with cyanobacteria in their diet than “recent” ones, supporting the hypothesis that Daphnia popula-

tions can adapt to the quality of their food source. These experiments, however, were done with cyanobac-

teria from lab cultures (often Microcystis), which do not reflect the true cyanobacterial diversity in natural

populations. In the present study, we reconstructed cyanobacterial diversity using DNA isolated from sedi-

ment cores of 3 lakes affected by eutrophication. We sequenced a 400 nucleotide-long 16S rRNA fragment

specific to Cyanobacteria and revealed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) diversity capturing the whole

phylum. This data was used to elucidate the long-term genetic architecture of a Daphnia species complex

in the same 3 lakes using micro satellite analysis of diapausing eggs that were isolated from sediment layers

covering the past 100 years. We discuss common drivers of the observed patterns.

83

T

High diversity of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in a Ramsar siteLake Kud-Thing, Northeast Thailand

poster

SUPATRA TIANG-NGA1, ARTEM SINEV 2, LA-ORSRI SANOAMUANG1,3**

1Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University,

Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.2Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia3International College, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.


∗∗Correspondingauthor : [email protected]

Lake Kud-Thing in Bueng Kan province is a Ramsar site in Northeast Thailand. Qualitative and quanti-

tative samples of Cladocera from over 125 sites were collected in the littoral and open water zones of the

lake during June-August 2012 and February-November 2014. A total of 58 cladoceran species was identi-

fied, belonging to families Sididae, Macrothricidae, Daphnidae, Moinidae, Bosminidae, Ilyocryptidae and

Chydoridae. Of these, Anthalona spinifera Tiang-nga, Sinev & Sanoamuang is new to science and three

[Chydorus idrisi Sinev, Karualona kwangsiensis (Chiang) and Streblocerus cf. serricaudatus Fisher] are

first records for Thailand. The most diverse family was Chydoridae with 32 species. The most abundant,

planktonic species were Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Bosmina meridionalis and Ephemeroporus barroisi. The

number of cladocerans in this study is remarkably higher than that of previous studies in other natural lakes

(17-32 species) within Thailand. In addition to previous records, the number of cladoceran fauna of Lake

Kud-Thing is updated to 66 species, approximately two times higher than that of other lakes in this region.

Thus, our results suggest that Lake Kud-Thing is a biodiversity hotspot for Cladocera of South-East Asia.

84

T

Plastic waste influences predator-prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: in-terference of interspecific communication between Daphnia longicephala andNotonecta glauca

oral presentation

BENJAMIN TROTTER 1, PATRICIA LUBER 1,ANJA RAMSPERGER 1,JULIA HABERSTROH 1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH 1



The pollution of ecosystems with plastics waste has gained increasing attention in the past years, as the

contamination of aquatic habitats pose a challenge to the existing biota. It has been shown that plastic

waste has direct negative effects on animals. However, indirect ecological effects of plastic waste, which

has the ability to sorb chemicals from the surrounding media, such as on the chemical communication, has

not been investigated yet. Chemical communication is crucial for aquatic organisms. The planktonic wa-

ter flea Daphnia (Crustacea), an important link between trophic levels, relies on info-chemicals, so called

kairomones, in order to assess the current predation risk and to form inducible defenses. We hypothesize

that plastic waste adsorbs kairomones onto its surface, thus reducing the perceivable kairomone concentra-

tion, resulting in the formation of defenses wrongly adjusted to the current predation risk. We show, that

plastic waste, comprising of polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate interferes with the formation of

Daphnia longicephala‘s inducible defenses when exposed to the kairomone of Notonecta glauca. Plastic

waste in the absence of kairomones had no effects on defensive traits. However, if exposed to a combination

of kairomones and plastic waste, Daphnia showed a reduction in all defensive traits i.e. body length, crest

width and time until maturity compared to Daphnia exposed to solely kairomones. Since it is vital to adjust

these defenses to the current predation risk, any misperception can have far reaching consequences empha-

sizing that plastic waste can have indirect effects on ecosystems such as the interference with chemical,

interspecific communication.

85

V

Extreme exoskeleton modifications in a new Chydorus Leach, 1816 (Bran-chiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda) from Brazil.

poster

KAY VAN DAMME 1, ANDRÉ RICARDO GHIDINI2, EDINALDO NELSON DOS SANTOSSILVA3

1Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature Frankfurt; Department of Biology, Ghent Univer-

sity, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil; Environmental Sciences Depart-

ment, Centro Universitário do Norte – UNINORTE, Leonardo Malcher Av., 1141, CEP 69090-010, Manaus,

Amazonas, Brazil.3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil


Examples of extreme morphologies are found throughout the animal world. We describe a new Chydorus

Leach, 1816 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from Brazil with exaggerated morphological traits in

the form of extreme exoskeleton modifications,. The headshield and the carapace carry expanded chitin-rich

structures such as cephalic crests, cephalic horns, an ocular dome, and strong expressions of sclerotized

carapace projections (tubercles and large spines). The ornamentation is most pronounced in the dorsal half

of the animal, covering important internal structures. The new remarkable species and extreme ornamen-

tation is discussed in the context of a preliminary phylogeny of the genus Chydorus, a genus of which the

systematics are poorly understood.

86

V

The Bosmina genome (Cladocera: Bosminidae)

oral presentation

KAY VAN DAMME 1, PETER FIELDS2, LOUIS DE PASQUIER2, DIETER EBERT2

1Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature Frankfurt2Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland


Bosminids are widespread small-bodied cladocerans significant in aquatic ecology and paleolimnology.

As keystone species, they compete directly with larger zooplankters such as Daphnia. Both Daphnia

and Bosmina occupy similar ecological roles as pelagic grazers and exhibit high morphological plasticity.

These animals belong to two different suborders in the anomopods, allowing for comparative cladoceran ge-

nomics at a deep phylogenetic level. We present the genome of a Baltic Sea clone of Bosmina (Eubosmina)

longispina Leydig, 1860 from an euryhaline population known as Bosmina (E.) longispina spp. maritima

(B. coregoni-group). The genome of Bosmina is smaller than the Daphnia genome. We explored genes by

functional associations, with a focus on ecologically relevant and well studied gene families in Daphnia.

The Bosmina and Daphnia genomes reveal lineage-dependent expansions as a result of independent evolu-

tion in several orthologous groups, such as the gustatory receptor genes and globins. We observed major

gene number variations in immunity-related genes (fucosyltransferases, chitinases), opsins (long wavelength

LOPB) and cuticular protein genes for example, where numbers in Bosmina are substantially higher than in

Daphnia. Among the unidentified genes, several share a highly conserved domain with “Daphnia-unique”

genes, which can be considered as Anomopoda-specific for now. Finally, a characteristic array of sequences,

including a number of small duplicated genes, are not reported from Daphnia and deserve closer study (e.g.,

hydrolases). At first glance, the two pelagic grazers share a basically similar genomic repertoire including

gene expansions and conserved anomopod traits, yet reveal a deep divergence and independent evolution.

The considerable variation in the arthropod-specific cuticular protein genes indicates the importance of these

genes, which drive the structure and morphology of the cuticle, in cladoceran evolution.

87

V

Optimization of experimental methods for investigating host-microbiota in-teractions in Daphnia magna

poster

MARTJIN CALLENS , EMILIE MACKE , KOENRAAD MUYLAERT , ISABEL VANOVERBERGHE1,ELLEN DECASTECKER2

1Biology, Campus Kulak Kortrijk2Aquatic Biology, Kulak, KU Leuven


The use of model organisms for which specific methods have been developed to investigate host-microbiota

interactions have provided us with a wealth of information on the effect of the microbiota on host physiol-

ogy, health and development. To date, little experimental data is available on the effects of host-microbiota

interactions on higher levels of biological organization such as host populations and biological communities

and ecosystems with which the host interacts. Daphnia magna is an already established model system for

evaluating the effect of genetic variation on communities and ecosystems, making it a good potential can-

didate for addressing these issues. However, methodology for investigating host-microbiota interactions in

Daphnia is still being established. We aimed to further develop methods for generating germ-free Daphnia

and characterizing the microbiota community composition. We obtained high hatching rates of germ-free

Daphnia after optimizing our protocol. Characterization of the microbiota community composition of a

single population using different sampling approaches yielded highly variable results, indicating high inter-

individual variability and the need for standardization. Overall, Daphnia was shown to be a promising

experimental model system for investigating host-microbiota interactions in an ecological and evolutionary

context, with different methodologies being applied with relative ease.

88

W

Combined effects of hypoxia and fish kairomones on heat shock protein Hsp70and hemoglobin concentrations in Daphnia

poster

PRZEMYSŁAW DYNAK1, WOJCIECH WILCZYNSKI1, EWA BABKIEWICZ1,PIOTR BERNATOWICZ2, PIOTR MASZCZYK1


Warsaw2Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Univer-

sity of Warsaw


Numerous studies have indicated that limited oxygen concentration (hypoxia) increases heat shock pro-

tein (e.g. Hsp70) concentration in body tissues and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the hemolymph

of Daphnia. Much less is known about the effects of hypoxia in the presence of information on plank-

tivorous fish predation risk. It could be expected that the presence of a fish threat would increase the

constitutive level of Hsp to a greater extent than the level of Hb, because an increase in Hb content re-

sults in a reddish body coloration, which increases the visibility of Daphnia, making them more notice-

able to fish. It could also be expected that this difference is less clear in smaller than in larger-bodied

Daphnia species, since large-bodied Daphnia suffer more from oxygen deficiencies at the same limiting

oxygen concentrations. To verify these predictions, we performed 4 two-factorial life table experiments

in the presence and absence of hypoxia and chemical signals on predation threat (fish kairomones). We

carried out two experiments with the smaller D. longispina and two with the larger D. pulex. Each ex-

periment was performed with different clones originating from lakes in which Daphnia coexist with fish,

and with 1-day-old Daphnia (120 individuals in each treatment) kept for 4 days at constant temperature

(21 ◦C) and photoperiod (18:6 L:D) in 4L glass tanks (one tank for each treatment), containing filtered

lake water with or without fish kairomones, and algal (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) concentrations ad li-

bitum. Hypoxic or normoxic conditions were created by running nitrogen or air into the water during

media preparation and by using hermetic containers during the experiments. Media were exchanged ev-

ery 24h. At the end of each experiment Daphnia were randomly divided into three equal groups, first

to estimate body mass, second to estimate Hsp70 concentration, and third to measure Hb content. The

level of Hsp70 from the different treatments was assessed in relation to body mass using western blot-

ting. The level of hemoglobin in Daphnia tissues was assessed in relation to body mass using a stan-

dard spectrophotometric method. The obtained results will be discussed during the poster presentation.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project No 2016/23/D/NZ8/03532. The study was carried out at


from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013.

89

W

Impacts of eutrophication on zooplankton community structure

poster

LEE-GAVIN WILLIAMS1, STUART DENNIS 1, BLAKE MATTHEWS1, ANITA NARWANI1,PIET SPAAK1

1Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology


Human-mediated eutrophication is a worldwide environmental problem affecting the stability of aquatic

ecosystems. Excessive eutrophication promotes turbid waters, anoxia and the formation of toxic cyanobacte-

rial blooms. These environmental changes often induce degradation of ecosystem functioning, and may con-

sequently have a significant impact on keystone zooplankton species such as Daphnia. In the present study,

we investigate the interplay between several ecosystem parameters and zooplankton community structure

in ecosystems that may vary in their resilience to eutrophication. Various mechanisms probably contribute

to ecosystem resilience, but several studies suggest that macrophytes and benthic grazers play a significant

role. We established outdoor ponds with a replicated full factorial combination of macrophytes (Myriophyl-

lum spicatum) and mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). The ponds were gradually eutrophied with 10, 20,

30, 40 and 50 µg/L Phosphorus in double-Redfield ratio, at two week intervals. Four oligotrophic ponds

were included as non-nutrient controls. Each pond was inoculated with Daphnia galeata and mixed phyto-

plankton (< 30 µm) from lake Greifensee. Zooplankton samples were collected from each pond biweekly.

Zooplankton were identified and counted, and Daphnia were size classed. Environmental parameters (e.g.

chlorophyll and cyanobacterial concentration, temperature etc.) were continuously measured using auto-

mated probes. After a period of stochastic changes during establishment of the mesocosms, patterns began

to emerge suggesting that oligotrophic ponds were dominated by green algae, and eutrophic ponds were

dominated by cyanobacteria. Not surprisingly, Daphnia biomass was negatively correlated with chlorophyll

and with cyanobacteria abundance. In my poster I will highlight some dynamic changes in zooplankton and

phytoplankton community structure over time. This research should provide insight into mechanisms under-

pinning environment and species interaction, and how these interactions may drive ecosystem processes.

90

W

Inducible Defenses with a "Twist": Daphnia barbata Abandons Bilateral Sym-metry in Response to an Ancient Predator

poster

BERNARD WOLFSCHOON RIBEIRO 1, QUIRIN HERZOG 1, MAX RABUS1, CHRISTIANLAFORSCH1



Predation is one of the most important drivers of natural selection. In consequence a huge variety of anti-

predator defenses have evolved in prey species. Under unpredictable and temporally variable predation

pressure, the evolution of phenotypically plastic defensive traits is favored. These “inducible defenses”,

range from changes in behavior, life history, physiology to morphology and can be found in almost all taxa

from bacteria to vertebrates. An important group of model organisms in ecological, evolutionary and en-

vironmental research, water fleas of the genus Daphnia (Crustacea: Cladocera), are well known for their

ability to respond to predators with an enormous variety of inducible morphological defenses. Here we

report on the “twist”, a body torsion, as a so far unrecognized inducible morphological defense in Daphnia,

expressed by Daphnia barbata exposed to the predatory tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis. This defense is

realized by a twisted carapace with the helmet and the tail spine deviating from the body axis into opposing

directions, resulting in a complete abolishment of bilateral symmetry. The twisted morphotype should con-

siderably interfere with the feeding apparatus of the predator, contributing to the effectiveness of the array

of defensive traits in D. barbata. As such this study does not only describe a completely novel inducible

defense in the genus Daphnia but also presents the first report of a free living Bilateria to flexibly respond

to predation risk by abandoning bilateral symmetry.

91

W

Parasites promote host diversity at the population and ecosystem level

oral presentation

JUSTYNA WOLINSKA1, MANJA SAEBELFELD1, RAMSY AGHA1, PATRICK TURKO2,CHRISTOPH TELLENBACH2, PIET SPAAK2

1Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB),

Berlin, Germany2Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag),

Duebendorf, Switzerland


My presentation will address a fundamental problem in evolutionary ecology: How is diversity maintained?

I will summarize our latest experimental and field studies, supporting the idea that parasites maintain diver-

sity both at the population and ecosystem level. We investigate two host-parasite systems: (i) the freshwater

crustaceans Daphnia and their microparasites; (ii) toxic cyanobacteria and their fungal parasites (chytrids).

Recently, we demonstrated that parasitism by chytrids allows for the coexistence of zooplankton and poorly

edible cyanobacteria, thereby promoting diversity at the ecosystem level. Then, our time-series analysis

of long-term field data indicates that cyanobacteria increase Daphnia susceptibility to parasites, whereas

Daphnia parasites are strong drivers of host clonal turnover, promoting diversity at the population level.

The research goals of my group are to fill in major gaps in our knowledge about the relationship between

parasitism and diversity.

92

AUTHOR INDEX

Underlined names: authors presenting at the meeting; underlined pages: contributions presented by theauthor.

AAgha 94

BBabkiewicz 21, 62, 91

Baumann 57

Bech 39

Becker 22

Bednarska 23

Beert 24

Beninde 25

Berger 75

Bernatowicz 91

Bianco 22

Biesaga 60

Bradtke 31

Brans 34

Brzezinski 27, 28

Bulteel 29

Burton 30

Buseva 72

CCallens 33, 50, 89

Cech 79

Cervantes-Martínez 46

Cetin 31

Christjani 55

Clappaert 24

Cordellier 31, 71

DDawidowicz 27, 32, 60, 69

Decastecker 24, 33, 50, 89

Dennis 35, 48, 59, 92

Dekervel 24

De Meester 34

Demir 57

Denninger 31

Diel 36

Diller 37

dos Santos Silva 87

Drescher 37

Dudycha 38

Dynak 62, 91

EEbert 19, 88

Einum 30, 39, 42

Ekvall 22

Elmoor-Loureiro 40, 83

Enache 84

FFeldhaar 37

Fields 19, 88

Fink 41, 52

Flis 80

Fossen 42

Frolova, A. 43

Frolova, L. 43, 51

Fronk 27

GGabaldón 44, 79

Garibian 66

Ghidini 87

93

AUTHOR INDEX

Goitom 34

Gottschlich 31

Govaert 34

Gu 45

Guilizzoni 64

Gutiérrez-Aguirre 46

HHaberstroh 86

Hahn 47

Haltiner 48

Hammerstein 41

Hänggi 35, 48

Hansson 22

Heller 70

Herzog 93

Herzschuh 43

Hofmann 37

Houwenhuyse 50

Horstmann 49

Hoyer 82

IIbragimova 51

Ilic 41, 52

Issa 53

Izyumova 68

JJuza 79

KKenney 58

Kielland 39, 54

Klintworth 55

Knie 56

Kotov 66, 67, 68

LLaforsch 36, 37, 56, 73, 86, 93

Lange 57

Lis 63

López-Blanco 58

Lu 59

Luber 86

MMachacek 79

Macke 33, 50, 89

Maisak 72

Manca 64

Markowska 60, 74

Martin-Creuzburg 61, 78

Martínez-Villegas 46

Massier 61

Massol 33

Maszczyk 21, 62, 91

Matthews 92

Mendoza-Chávez 46

Meyer 25

Mikulski 63

Monchamp 84

Mookkaiah 70

Möst 25, 35, 64

Mugnai 83

Muylaert 89

NNarwani 92

Narozniak 65

Nazarova 43

Nejstgaard 75

94

AUTHOR INDEX

Neretina 66, 67, 68

OOska 69

Osenberg 75

PPaggi 83

Pantel 34

Panarelli 83

Pasquier 88

Pélabon 42

Petrusek 25

Pichlo 57

Pietrzak 69

Pijanowska 60, 65, 69, 74

RRabus 36, 37, 73, 93

Ramsperger 86

Ravichandran 70

Ravindran 71

Razloutski 72

Religa 69

Riha 79

Rîsnoveanu 84

Ritschar 73

Rusiłowicz 74

Ruszczynska 60

SSaebelfeld 75, 94

Sanoamuang 76, 85

Schwarzenberger 78

Schwenk 25

Schott 77

Seda 44, 79

Semenchenko 72

Sinev 58, 66, 85

Slusarczyk 32, 60, 65, 80

Soesbergen 81, 82

Sousa 83

Spaak 25, 35, 48, 59, 64, 84, 92, 94

Stibor 41

Stockenreiter 41

TTałanda 21, 32, 62

Tasiemski 33

Tellenbach 64, 94

Tiang-nga 76, 85

Tollrian 20, 22, 49, 90

Trotter 86

Turko 84,94

UUc-Castillo 46

Urban 62

VVan Damme 87, 88

Vanhamel 34

Vanoverberghe 24, 89

Van Pelt 24

Varas 58

Vasek 79

Verslype 24

von Elert 47, 55, 57, 77

WWacker 61, 78

Weiss 22, 49, 90

95

AUTHOR INDEX

Wilczynski 91

Williams 92

Wolf 64

Wolfschoon Ribeiro 93

Wolinska 59, 75, 94

YYang 45

ZZeis 30, 70

Zelalem 66, 67

Zinnatova 43

Zharov 68

96

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Affiliation Country EmailBabkiewicz,Ewa

Department of Hydrobiology, Universityof Warsaw

Poland [email protected]

Becker, SinaM.

Ruhr-University Bochum, Department ofAnimal Ecology, Evolution and Biodi-versity

Germany [email protected]

Bednarska,Anna

University of Warsaw, Department ofHydrobiology


Beert, Eline Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Biology Belgium [email protected], Jan-nik

University of Konstanz, Department ofBiology


Brzezinski,Tomasz



Bulteel, Lore Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Biology Belgium [email protected], Tim Norwegian University of Science and

TechnologyNorway [email protected]

Buseva,Zhanna

Center for Bioresourses NAS of Belarus,Hydrobiology

Belarus [email protected]

Cordellier,Mathilde

Universität Hamburg, Zoologisches Insti-tut


Dawidowicz,Piotr



Decaestecker,Ellen

KU Leuven, Aquatic Biology, Kulak Belgium [email protected]

De Meester,Luc

KU Leuven, Lab Aquatic Ecology, Envi-ronment & Conservation

Belgium [email protected]

Dennis, Stuart Eawag, Aquatic Ecology Switzerland [email protected], Patricia Animal Ecology I, University of

BayreuthGermany [email protected]

Diller, Jens Animal Ecology I, University ofBayreuth


Dudycha, Jeff University of South Carolina UnitedStates

[email protected]

Ebert, Dieter Universität Basel, Zoologisches Institut -Evolutionsbiologie

Switzerland [email protected]

Einum, Sigurd Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Centre of Biodiversity Dy-namics

Norway [email protected]

Elmoor-Loureiro,Lourdes

Catholic University of Brasília Brazil [email protected]

Fink, Patrick University of Cologne, Institute of Zool-ogy


97


Fossen, ErlendI. F.

Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Centre for Biodiversity Dy-namics


Frolova, Larisa Institute of Hydrobiology, BiologicalCenter of Czech Academy of Science

Czech Re-public

[email protected]

Gabaldón, Car-men

Institute of Hydrobiology, BiologicalCenter of Czech Academy of Science

Czech Re-public

[email protected]

Gu, Lei Nanjing Normal University, BiologicalSciences

China [email protected]

Gutiérrez-Aguirre,MarthaAngélica

Universidad de Quintana Roo, Departa-mento de Ciencias y Humanidades

Mexico [email protected]

Hahn, Meike University of Cologne, Institute of Zool-ogy


Haltiner, Linda Swiss Federal Institute of AquaticScience and Technology, Eawag,Dubendorf, Switzerland, Department ofAquatic Ecology


Horstmann,Martin

Ruhr-University Bochum, Department ofAnimal Ecology, Evolution and Biodi-versity


Houwenhuyse,Shira

KULAK, Biology Belgium [email protected]

Hoyer, Mar-jolein

Stichting Waterproef, Biology Netherlands [email protected]

Ibragimova,Aisylu

Kazan Federal University RussianFederation

[email protected]

Ilic, Maja University of Cologne, Institute of Zool-ogy


Issa, Semona Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Centre for Biodiversity Dy-namics (CBD), Department of Biology


Karsch, Mar-tina

Animal Ecology I, University ofBayreuth


Kielland, Øys-tein Nordeide

Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Centre for Biodiversity Dy-namics


Klintworth,Sandra

University of Cologne, Institute for Zool-ogy


Knie, Miriam Animal Ecology I, University ofBayreuth


Kredler,Mechthild



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Laforsch,Christian



Lange, Jacque-line

University of Cologne, Zoology Germany [email protected]

López-Blanco,Charo

Justus Liebig University Giessen, De-partment of Animal Ecology and System-atics


Lu, Yameng Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecologyand Inland Fisheries (IGB), EcosystemResearch


Maisak, Natal-lia

State Scientific and Production Amalga-mation “Scientific-practical center of theNational Academy of Sciences of Be-larus for biological resources”

Belarus [email protected]

Markowska,Magdalena

University of Warsaw, Department ofAnimal Physiology


Martin-Creuzburg,Dominik

University of Konstanz, Limnological In-stitute


Maszczyk, Pi-otr



Mikulski, An-drzej



Möst, Markus University of Innsbruck, Institute ofEcology

Austria [email protected]

Münch-Cordellier,Christian

Universität Hamburg Germany [email protected]

Narozniak,Ewa

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biol-ogy, Departament of Hydrobiology, Bio-logical and Chemical Research Centre


Neretina, Anna A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology andEvolution, Laboratory for Ecology ofAquatic Communities and Invasions

RussianFederation

[email protected]

Pietrzak, Bar-bara

University of Warsaw, Department ofHydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Bio-logical and Chemical Research Centre


Pijanowska,Joanna



Rabus, Max Animal Ecology I, University ofBayreuth


Ravichandran,Ramanibai

University of Madras, Guindy Campus,Department of Zoology

India [email protected]

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Ravindran,Suda Parimala

Universität Hamburg, Biologie Germany [email protected]

Razloutski,Vladimir

Center for Bioresourses NAS of Belarus Belarus [email protected]

Ritschar, Sven Animal Ecology I, University ofBayreuth


Rusiłowicz,Magdalena

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biol-ogy, Biological and Chemical ResearchCentre, Department of Hydrobiology


Saebelfeld,Manja

Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecologyand Inland Fisheries (IGB), Departmentof Ecosystem Research


Sanoamuang,La-orsri

Khon Kaen University, International Col-lege

Thailand [email protected]

Schott, Mat-thias

University of Cologne, Aquatic ChemicalEcology


Schwarzenberger,Anke

Konstanz University, Limnological Insti-tute


Seda, Jaromir Hydrobiological Institute, BC CzechAcademy of Sciences, Fish and zoo-plankton ecology

Czech Re-public

[email protected]

Slusarczyk,Miroslaw

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biol-ogy, Department of Hydrobiology


SobralLoureiro,Carlos Alberto

none Brazil [email protected]

Soesbergen,Martin

EIS Netherlands Netherlands [email protected]

Sousa, Fran-cisco DiogoRocha

University of Brasília, Biology Brazil [email protected]

Spaak, Piet Eawag Switzerland [email protected], Su-patra

Khon Kaen University, Department ofBiology, Faculty of Science

Thailand [email protected]

Tollrian, Ralph Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Evo-lutionsökologie und Biodiversität derTiere


Trotter, Benja-min



Van Damme,Kay

Senckenberg Research Institute and Mu-seum of Nature Frankfurt


Vanoverberghe,Isabel

Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Biology Belgium [email protected]

von Elert, Eric University of Koeln, Institut for Zoology Germany [email protected]

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Weiss, Linda Ruhr-University Bochum, Animal Ecol-ogy, Evolution and Biodiversity


Wilczynski,Wojciech



Williams, Lee-Gavin

Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Sci-ence and Technology„ Aquatic Ecology


WolfschoonRibeiro,Bernard



Wolinska,Justyna

Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecologyand Inland Fisheries (IGB), EcosystemResea


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