Abstract Book

November 5

Humanities and Social Sciences

November 3 Natural Sciences and Engineering November 4

Life Sciences

2010

Section Days 2010

RESEARCH DISCUSSIONS ACROSS DISCIPLINES

Welcome to the 4th Section Days of the Ruhr University Research School!

The 4th Section Days of the Ruhr University Research School take place on November 03-05, 2010. They are organised by teams of doctoral fellows from the three scientific sections: Natural Sciences and Engineering, Life Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences. They are realised as three one-day conferences with invited guest speakers and doctoral candidates from other universities. The Section Days combine talks of guest scientists and fellows with workshops and poster presentations to support research discussions across disciplines. They give insight into up-to-date research discussions in different research areas and continue the interdisciplinary dialogue within and beyond the sections.

The conference topics are: Natural Sciences and Engineering (November 03, 2010): “Nanotechnology” “Plenty of room at the bottom” - Richard Feynman’s (California Institute of Technology) famous speech in 1959 is considered as the foundation of Nanotechnology. With his demonstration how to write the entire Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin, he showed impressively the possibilities present in this research field, “the small scale”, and provided a lot of new impulses for scientists. Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers (=1 E-9 meter) size range. It has recently become one of the most active research fields in the areas of solid state physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. This leads to the requirement to fabricate new materials on an even finer scale with the goal to continue decreasing the cost and increasing the speed of information transmission and storage. Nanomaterials display novel and often enhanced properties and functions that differ markedly from those seen from items made of identical materials and can open up possibilities for new technological applications. One far-reaching phenomenon, which appears when dealing with such small-dimension materials is the increasing influence of quantum mechanical effects. Some of these effects, like superposition and entanglement, which play an important role in the concept of Quantum Computers, will be introduced within this conference. Life Sciences (November 04, 2010): “Communication” This year´s Life Science Section Day is dedicated to “communication”. In general, communication describes a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. This includes much more than the communication between single individuals, which builds the basis of our society but also e.g. the behavior of different signaling molecules, different cells and brain regions, or even different generations. In all cases, communication shapes and defines the emerging cooperation. While keeping this in mind, the section day will focus on several topics within the life sciences, regarding micro- and neurobiology, behavioral biology, as well as the worldwide communication between different scientists.

Humanities and Social Sciences (November 05, 2010): “Borders - Conflicts - Innovations” This year’s Section Day addresses the question of what happens when research in one field reaches its limits and depends on the contribution of other disciplines. Which tensions can arise from this and how can possible, subsequent conflicts be resolved? Furthermore, we want to illuminate in which areas of (modern life) individuals and societies are confronted with borders and how conflicts might arise from the crossing and transgression of them. From the vantage point of interdisciplinarity the Section Day will inquire how and where the humanities and social sciences yield innovative potentials to overcome borders as well as resulting conflicts. The Section Day will be introduced by keynote speeches followed by workshops of three thematic panels: „Border Experiences and Conflicts“ / „Grenzerfahrungen und Konflikte” (Panel I), „Innovation in Language and Culture“ / „Innovation in Sprache und Kultur“ (Panel II), „Transgressing Boundaries in Interdisciplinary Perspective“ / „Grenzüberschreitung im interdisziplinären Vergleich“ (Panel III).

All members of the Ruhr University Research School are invited to discuss state-of-the art research with guest scientists and fellow section members and to reflect research results, problems and questions in a broader scientific context.

This abstract book contains abstracts of all presented posters and/or short exposés of dissertation projects as well as contact information of the participating fellows. The organisers, Bochum, November 3, 2010 Natural Sciences and Engineering: Meurer, Alexander Petrov, Ihor Sharma, Vinay Sosniak, Anna Al-Anbaki, Usama Vreshch, Olesia Life Sciences: Geissler, Maren Kasties, Nils Lübbert, Matthias Mavarani, Laven Molitor, Bastian Saffian, Delia Storcksdieck, Michael Wolf, Janina

Humanities and Social Sciences: Banhold, Lars Borutta, Sina Katharina Fiodarava, Alena Häberlein, Bianca Heinemann, Simone Kittler, Judith Mischke, Dennis Petrenko, Olena Sina, Véronique Starzak, Tobias Utler, Astrid

Programme

Programme Section Days 2010 November 3-5, 2010

Wednesday November 3, 2010: Natural Sciences and Engineering: “Nanotechnology” 09:00 – 09:30 Registration and Poster Setup 09.30 – 09.45 Welcome

Dr. Michael Seitz (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany) 09:50 - 10:30 “From Micro- to Nanotechnology”

PD Dr. rer. nat. habil. Saskia Fischer (Ruhr-Universität Bochum/ Humboldt Universität Berlin, Germany)

10:35 - 11:15 “Graphene – Potential Applications of a ‘Nobel’ Material?”

Dr.-Ing. Max Lemme (Harvard University, USA) 11:20 - 11:40 Coffee Break 11:45 - 12:25 “Nanoparticles from the Gas Phase - Properties and Applications”

Prof. Dr. Axel Lorke (Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany) 12:30 - 13:20 Lunch 13:25 - 14:05 Industrial Talk I

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Attila Bilgic (KROHNE Messtechnik GmbH, Germany) 14:10 - 14:40 “Using Nanoparticles to Enhance the Performance of Modern Coatings” Dr. Michael Berkei (ALTANA Chemie) 14:45 - 15:45 Poster Session with Coffee Break 15:50 - 16:30 “Quantum Computers – supercomputers of the future?”

Prof. Dr. Dieter Suter (Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany) 16:35 - 17:00 Closing Remarks by Prof. Dr. Nils Metzler-Nolte (Speaker RURS) and

awarding of Poster Prizes after 17:00 Social Evening (optionally)

Thursday November 4, 2010: Life Sciences: “Communication” 08:45 Registration and Poster Set-Up 09:15 – 09:30 Welcome Prof. Dr. Nils Metzler-Nolte (Speaker RURS) 09:30 – 10:10 “Sending and Receiving Signals in the (Neuronal) Stem Cell Niche”

PD Dr. Alexander von Holst (Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany; Host: Maren Geißler)

10:10 – 10:50 „Talk to me Like Lovers do –

Communication Between Neurons and Glial Cells” PD Dr. Constanze Seidenbecher (Department of Neurochemistry/ Molecular Biology Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany; Host: Maren Geißler)

10:50 - 11:50 Postersession 1 with Coffee Break 11:50 – 12:30 "Eavesdropping on Neuronal Networks“

Dr. Frank Hofmann (Multi Channel Systems MCS GmbH Reutlingen, Germany; Host: Maren Geißler)

12:30 - 13:30 Lunch 13:30 – 14:10 "Deafness Genes: More than Meets the Ear”

Prof. Dr. Hans Gerd Nothwang (Department of Neurogenetics Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany; Host: Matthias Lübbert)

14:10 – 14:50 „Animal Research (Using Primates): Needless and Reprehensible or

Irreplaceable and Justified?“ Prof. Dr. Stefan Treue (German Primate Center Göttingen, Göttingen; Host: Nils Kasties)

14:50 - 15:30 "Wolf Society and Communication"

Dr. Julia Eggermann (AG Verhaltensbiologie und Didaktik der Biologie Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany; Host: Janina Wolf)

15:30 – 16:30 Postersession 2 with Coffee Break 16:30 – 17:15 „Molecular Mechanisms of Cognition? Claims and Reality of Modern

Neuroscience" Prof. Dr. med. Andreas Draguhn (Institute of Physiology und Pathophysiology Universität Heidelberg, Germany; Host: Nils Kasties)

17:15 - 17:45 Awarding of Poster Prizes 17:45 – 19:00 Get together with dinner

Friday November 5, 2009: Humanities and Social Sciences: “Borders – Conflicts - Innovations” 08.30 – 09.00 Registration and Poster-Setup 09.00 – 09.15 Welcome and Introduction 09.15 – 10.00 “Group-focused Enmity and its Societal Causes and Implications” Prof. Dr. Andreas Zick (Universität Bielefeld, Germany) 10.00 – 10.15 Coffee Break

10.15 – 11.00 “Innovation in Times of Knowledge Society: Multidisciplinary Reflections

about the Hype of a Functionalist Concept” Prof. Dr. Brigit Blättel-Mink (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany) 11.00 – 11.30 Poster Session I 11:30 – 12.15 “Desire as a Mode of Transgressing Borders?” Dr. Antke Engel (Institute for Queer Theory Berlin, Germany) 12.15 – 13.30 Lunch

13.30 – 16.00 Workshops Panel I – III

Panel I: „Border Experiences and Conflicts” / „Grenzerfahrungen und Konflikte”

Chair: Prof. Dr. Andreas Zick, Astrid Utler, Simone Heinemann, Olena Petrenko, Tobias Starzak; contact: astrid.utler@web.de

Sophie Einwächter: “Border Conflicts, Terrorism and Trauma in Screen Narratives of Violence“ (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Corinna Koch: “The Relevance of Metaphor to Every Field of Scientific Research” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Bastian Sendhardt: “Towards a New Understanding of Borders: Beyond Territorial Borders, from Borders to Bordering” (Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany)

Thomas Weitner: “Two Philosophical Theories of the Moral Significance of State Borders” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Panel II: „Innovation in Language and Culture” / „Innovation in Sprache und Kultur”

Chair: Prof. Dr. Birgit Blättel-Mink, Alena Schulz-Fiodarava, Sina Katharina Borutta, Judith Kittler, Bianca Häberlein; contact: alena.schulz-fiodarava@email.de

Daniel Kallweit: „Spanische und deutsche Chats im Vergleich – Neografie als Grenze, Konflikt und Innovation“ (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Bernd Leiendecker: “Die innovative Flashback Struktur von How I Met Your Mother” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Katarzyna A. Meyer-Hubbert: „Der Islam - eine Religion aus Grenzen und Konflikten?“ (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Judith Schäfer: „Das Verhältnis von Sprache, kultureller Identität und ihrer Vermittlung im 18. Jahrhundert am Beispiel Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz“(Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Panel III: „Transgressing Boundaries in Interdisciplinary Perspective“ / „Grenzüberschreitung im interdisziplinären Vergleich“

Chair: Dr. Antke Engel, Véronique Sina, Dennis Mischke, Lars Banhold ; contact: veronique.sina@rub.de

Jacob Lange: “Gazing Upon the Border of Life and Death: Photography of the Real and its Dialectical Potential for Ideological Change in Sally Mann’s What Remains” (University of Ulster, Northern Ireland)

Daniela Olek/Christine Piepiorka: “Lost in Hypertext?! Crossing the line with a new concept of narration?” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Maria Verena Siebert: “Harry Potter and Twilight as Transgressive Phenomena” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

Vivian Strotmann: “A Late Medieval Persian From An Angle: Discovering Perspectives on MaÉd al-DÏn al-FÏrØzÀbÀdÏ” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)

16.00 – 16.15 Coffee Break 16.15 – 17.00 Poster Session II (Poster Evaluation by Section Participants) 17.00 – 17.30 Final Discussion / Poster Prize Ceremony Prof. Dr. Nils Metzler-Nolte (Speaker RURS) 17.30 Social Evening

Abstracts

Natural Sciences and Engineering

NSE_01

A-SI:H/A-C:H MULTILAYER AS ELONGATION TOLERANT BARRIER COATINGS FOR POLYMERS

H. Bahre, A. Will, M. Böke and J. Winter

Experimental Physics II - Application oriented plasma physicsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanye-mail: hendrik.bahre@rub.de

Though seldom noticed, nanometre sized functional coatings are common in everyday life. They can dramatically change properties such as hardness, conductivity or biocompatibility of a large substrate. Plasma discharges are an established tool to deposit these coatings. However, the industrial production process is often merely empirical. The aim of the SFB-TR 87 is to overcome this “trial and error” principle through the investigation of the underlying processes from a physical and material scientific point of view.

The project B2 of the SFB investigates multilayer coatings for polymers. The basic idea is to combine polymer-like sliding layers and hard diamond-like carbon layers to form a multilayer that is tolerant to elongation. At a later stage, nanoparticles that are synthesized within the plasma shall be incorporated in the coating.

NSE_02

LONG TERM LATENT HEAT STORAGE FOR INTEGRATED ENERGY NETWORKS

Dipl.-Ing. Alexandra Becker and Prof. Dr. David W. Agar

Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical Chemistry B (Reaction Engineering)TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, D-44227 Dortmunde-mail: alexandra.becker@bci.tu-dortmund.de

The world wide energy demand is extremely increasing. In addition to climate change and finite nature and instability of fossil fuel supply, the intensified use of renewable energies is absolutely necessary. The technical possibilities to use solar-, wind- and geothermal-energy already exist. The mayor problem to be solved is the gap between energy demand and supply in time as well as in location. For example, solar energy is mainly available in summer and near the equator. In contrast, the energy demand has its maximum values in winter and in densely populated areas. Within this project a new system for long term heat storage is to be developed. It should be used to integrate renewable energies as well as waste heat from industrial applications to cover the domestic energy demand. It can also be used to enhance the efficiency of combined heat and power generation. Several liquid and solid storage media are to be thermodynamically characterized and a possible assembly of storage unit and peripheral devices are to be proposed. Simulations of the dynamics of supply and demand, in addition to experimental validation of the storage behavior should lead to predictions of the economical and ecological feasibility of the developed system.

NSE_03

DYNAMIC QOS PROVISIONING BASED ON BUSINESS PROCESSES

Patrick-Benjamin Bök, M.Sc.

Department of Electrical Engineering and Information SciencesResearch Group Integrated Information SystemsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: boek@iis.rub.de

The execution of business processes is supported by running many applications within a corporate network. Each business process includes several tasks which have different priorities expressing each task's relevance in helping to achieve the related business objectives. The provisioning of a certain level of QoS according to the requirements of an entire business process can hardly be accomplished using existing QoS provisioning schemes because these do not account for the dynamic requirements introduced by business processes. The definition of a certain level of QoS using the existing models is just driven by technical aspects of the running applications. A novel business process aware semantic QoS provisioning scheme that accounts for the dynamic requirements and permits application-independent usage is in the focus of my research. In the business world the priority of a task depends on the current context it is executed in. So equal tasks may need different conditions of QoS in different situations, which can be characterized by the tasks that ran before or run in parallel. Therefore, the semantic behavior is based on the entire business processes as input for the QoS provisioning process. With the proposed QoS provisioning scheme a fair application conditioning can be achieved that is much closer to the business requirements on QoS. For the validation of the scheme, it has been implemented as a QoS-driver in different operating systems and simulated in Omnet++.

NSE_04

COOLING AND ACCRETION OF THE LOWER OCEANIC CRUST AT FAST SPREADING

MID-OCEAN RIDGES

Kathrin Faak , Sumit Chakraborty and Laurence Coogan

Faculty of Geoscience, Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and GeophysicsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: Kathrin.Faak@rub.de

The formation and cooling of new oceanic lithosphere continually resurfaces the surface of two-thirds of Earth and is the principal mechanism of cooling of Earth's interior. The formation of new ocean crust along the global mid-ocean ridge system involves the emplacement of ~20 km3 of magma per year. An intimately linked process is the circulation of seawater through newly formed crust that extracts magmatic heat and produces hydrothermal fluids enriched in base metals and nutrients that form massive sulfide deposits and feed chemosynthetic ecosystems on the seafloor. Additionally these hydrothermal systems have a profound influence on the composition of the oceans.However the processes involved in crystallizing and cooling this magma to form the oceanic crust are still poorly understood. At the moment two different models are discussed in the literature to explain the formation of oceanic crust – the “Gabbro glacier” and the “Sheeted sill” model, which predict different thermal evolution of the oceanic crust and different depth of hydrothermal circulation.We apply methods of geospeedometry to samples directly from the ocean floor to determine cooling rates of the oceanic crust as a function of depth. This allows to check, which of the models is in better conformity with the observations made in nature.

NSE_05

SIMULATION OF FLUIDIZED BEDS

Hold J., Wirtz S. and Scherer V.

LEAT, Department of Energy Plant TechnologyFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: hold@leat.rub.de

Fluidized beds are used for many chemical engineering processes as granulation, drying or coating and for energy technology applications like combustion processes. Experiments are very time-consuming and cost-intensive; furthermore the interior of the fluidized beds is difficult to access. Different simulation methods are therefore available for modeling of the fluid and particle dynamics in these systems. On the one hand the coupled CFD-/DEM-approach can be used. The mechanical behaviour of each particle is described via the Newton and Euler equations using the DEM-method and CFD is used for the fluid dynamics. On the other hand fluidized beds can be calculated via Euler-Euler-simulations based on the kinetic theory of granular flow in a continuum description. An investigation of mixing of different solids in fluidized beds through an experimental setup, and simulations based on Euler/Euler and CFD/DEM is ongoing and initial results will be presented.

NSE_06

ADSORPTION AND OXIDATION OF METHANOL ON PERFECT AND DEFECTIVE ZnO SURFACES

Lanying Jin, Henshan Qiu and Yuemin Wang

Physical Chemistry IRuhr-University Bochum, 44780, Germanyemail: Lanying.Jin@rub.de

Zinc oxide has attracted much research interest due to its particular electronic, optical and catalytic properties[1]. In catalysis, Cu/ZnO is the standard catalyst for the industrial methanol synthesis. So far, it is not fully understood how Cu/ZnO catalyst works for methanol synthesis and its stream reforming. Therefore, studies of the interaction of methanol with ZnO are of fundamental importance in understanding the relevant catalytic processes on atomic scale. In this work, we report on the adsorption and oxidation of methanol on the perfect and defective non-polar ZnO(10-10) surfaces by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Exposing the perfect ZnO(10-10) surface to methanol at room temperature leads to partial dissociative adsorption forming methanol and methoxy species. After heating to high temperatures most of the adsorbates desorb molecularly and only a small amount of methoxy species undergoes selective oxidation to CH2O at 570 K and complete oxidation to CO, CO2 and H2 at 595 K. It is found that this surface becomes more active after creating Zn-O dimer vacancies by controlled argon sputtering. The dominant feature is methoxy decomposition yielding CO, CO2 and H2 at 595 K, which is totally different from the results on perfect surfaces. In addition, the formation of formate species is also identified on the defective ZnO(10-10) surface by HREELS. Finally, the results on ZnO single crystals are compared with those on ZnO nanoparticles obtained by UHV-FTIR spectroscopy.

References:[1] Ch. Wöll, Prog. Surf. Sci. 82 (2007) 55.

NSE_07

KEMIEPLUS – A CHEMISTRY PROJECT FOR CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS WITH EMPHASIS

ON SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

Helma Kleinhorst and Katrin Sommer

Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Didactics of Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: helma.kleinhorst@rub.de

KEMIE, which is the German acronym for “Children experience chemistry with their parents”, is a project for children from the third to the fifth grade and their parents. During a period of nine months the participants research and carry out experiments at the Alfried Krupp-Schülerlabor of the Ruhr-University. A central guideline of the project KEMIE and the subsequent advanced project KEMIEplus is the engagement with scientific inquiry, especially scientific methods of thinking and operation [1]. The reason for focusing on this guideline are several studies which indicate that children have difficulties with implementing the experimental method [2, 3].That is why the project KEMIE is concerned with analyzing parts of the experimental method: The aim is to examine to what extent children’s and parents’ knowledge regarding the processes of generating, testing and evaluating hypotheses develops by participating in the project. Therefore, we apply an already existing test about the logic of experimentation [4, 5] in a slightly modified version: instead of conducting interviews the test is converted into a questionnaire. Thus, the study includes all of the overall 96 children and their parents.

References:[1] Sommer, K.; Russek, A.; Kleinhorst, H.: KEMIE – Kinder erleben mit ihren Eltern Chemie. Didaktische

Konzeption und Umsetzung eines langfristig angelegten Eltern-Kind-Projektes. In: Chemkon (im Druck).[2] Hammann, M.: Kompetenzentwicklungsmodelle. In: MNU 57 (2004) 4, S. 196-203.[3] de Jong, T.; van Joolingen, W. R.: Scientific Discovery Learning with Computer Simulations of Conceptual

Domains. In: Review of Educational Research 68 (1998) 2, S. 179-201.[4] Bullock, M.; Ziegler, A.: Scientific reasoning: Developmental and individual differences. In: Weinert, F.E.;

Schneider, W. (Hrsg.): Individual development from 3 to 12. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, S. 38-54.

[5] Grygier, P.: Wissenschaftsverständnis von Grundschülern im Sachunterricht. Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2008.

NSE_08

MULTISCALE MODELLING OF WAVES IN RESIDUAL SATURATED ROCKS

Patrick Kurzeja and Holger Steeb

Mechanics – Continuum MechanicsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: patrick.kurzeja@rub.de

Wave propagation in porous media is of importance in many seismic applications and in the investigation of geophysics. While successful models exist for fully saturated rocks, the studies of partially saturated porous stone still have to clear some hurdles. The latter cover special physical phenomena, which only appear in residual saturated material, like capillary-induced resonance of trapped fluid compounds or wave-induced fluid flow. Therefore it is of great interest to include the resonance effects of single liquid clusters in a multiscale continuum theory.

Fig. 1 - Biphasic model (solid/gas) with undamped oscillators (liquid patches)

We investigate a model which is based on a multiscale averaging process and ‘smears’ the heterogeneous distribution. The solid and the non-wetting phase are treated as homogenised continua. In contrast the discrete allocation of the wetting phase is taken into account via an oscillator model, cf. [2]. This means to consider the physics of the fluid patches on the microscale before the implementation is executed. With the help of microscopic investigation, cf. [1], the characteristic properties of the porous stone are described on a larger mesoscale. Accounting for the distinct eigenfrequencies and their probability extends the understanding of the physical processes and finally leads to the 2behaviour of residual saturated rocks. Particular attention is paid to dispersion relations.

References[1] Hilpert, M., Jirka, G.H. and Plate, E.J., Capillarity-induced resonance of oil blobs in capillary tubes and por-

ous media, Geophysics, 65(3), 874-883, 2000. [2] Steeb, H., Frehner, M. and Schmalholz, S., Waves in residual-saturated porous media, Generalized Con-

tinuum Mechanics: One Hundread years after the Cosserats, G.A. Maugin and A.V. Metrikine (Eds.), Spring-er, New York, 2010 (accepted).

solid gas

NSE_09

MODULAR CHEMICAL PLANT

Stefan Lier and Marcus Grünewald

Institute for Thermo- and Fluid DynamicsChair for Fluid Process EngineeringRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: Lier@fluidvt.rub.de

Modular plants consist of modules, which are standardized, autonomously operating parts of the plant. These modules are technically and organizationally limited areas of the plant, which fulfill defined tasks. Starting with these modules, companies can create capacity either by equaling-up modules from general structures or by numbering-up equipment. In the chemical industry, this approach has not been employed extensively hitherto, although this industry faces challenges similar to other industries. These are, in particular, increasing global competition, shorter product life cycles, and more volatile markets that are difficult to forecast. Therefore, more flexible production concepts, like modular plants, may help to meet such challenges.Here we compare the economics of a modular chemical plant with those of a traditional large-scale plant by investigating investment and operation costs, combined with revenues, using a net present value analysis. This analysis reveals that the modular plant displays earlier breakeven points but will eventually be overtaken by the large-scale plant because of the latter’s economies of scale. To date, economies of scale have dictated the construction of large-scale plants, but our results show that, in certain cases, smaller modular plants can be more advantageous economically. In these cases, the effects of flexibility surpass the effects of scale.

NSE_10

EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF SOLAR MAGNETIC FLUX TUBES

Felix Mackel, P. Kempkes, H. Stein, J. Tenfelde and H. Soltwisch

Institute for Experimental Physics VWorkgroup Laser and Plasma PhysicsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: felix.mackel@ep5.rub.de

A pulsed-power experiment has been designed to produce arc-shaped magnetic flux tubessimilar to ascending solar flares. The tubes are filled with hydrogen plasma and expand witha velocity of about 2.5 cm/µs, while keeping their minor radius of about 1.5 cm constantduring their lifetime of about 10 µs. In order to characterize the plasma regime and to investigate relevant magnetohydrodynamic phenomena, accurate data on parameters like electron density and mean energy are essential. For measuring the line integrated electron density a CO2 laser interferometer is set up at a fixed position. Time resolved measurements of the discharge arc’s passage across thelaser beam allow for the measurement of the radial profile of the line-integrated electrondensity. Results are compared to measurements taken with an electrostatic probe at thesame position.The magnetic field of the arc is investigated employing induction probes. From the current-generated magnetic field, information about the arc’s propagation and expansion is obtained.Furthermore, the derived plasma conditions indicate the possibility of magnetic flux beingfrozen into the plasma.

NSE_11

PROBING THE DEPTH OF THE SKIN: INVESTIGATION OF SKIN WATER CONTENT USING

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Meike Mischo, Laura von Kobyletzki, Diedrich A. Schmidt, Erik Bründermann, Norbert H. Brockmeyer and Martina Havenith

Physical Chemistry IIRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: meike.mischo@rub.de

Various prevalent skin diseases are associated with an alteration in water content of the skin compared to the skin of young and healthy subjects. Also the skin of older subjects shows altered water content. Judged by its appearance, the skin of many HIV patients resembles the skin of older subjects. In order to detect differences in the molecular composition and especially the water content, a pilot study with skin samples from several patients of each group was carried out using Raman spectroscopy. The groups investigated were especially skin of young & healthy subjects, of old & healthy subjects, of eczema patients and HIV patients. Confocal Raman Technology was employed to measure changes in the molecular composition. In contrast to previous studies of skin with Raman spectroscopy we were able to probe not only the surface layers of the skin but also the deepest layers - all in the same skin sample. The results show that the samples show a clear signature in the Raman spectra. The ultimate aim is to find parameters for the classification of skin pathologies and treatment indications.

NSE_12

LASER ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENTSIN MICRODISCHARGES

Sarah Müller, Dirk Luggenhölscher and Uwe Czarnetzki

Institute for Plasma and Atomic PhysicsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: sarah.mueller@rub.de

Electric field induced coherent Raman scattering (E-CRS) measurement is a promising technique for measuring electric fields in high-pressure environments and was first demonstrated with hydrogen molecules by Ochkin and Tskhai in 1995. The technique is ideal for the investigations of microdischarges at atmospheric pressures. The frequencies of two focussed laser beams in the visible are tuned to match the energy difference between the two lowest virational levels in hydrogen. The presence of a static electric field then leads to the emission of coherent IR radiation at this difference frequency. The signal intensity scales with the square of the static electric field strength. In parallel to this process also anti-Stokes radiation in the UV by the standard CARS process is generated. Normalization of the IR signal by the UV signal provides a population independent measurement quantity. No further knowledge of other gas/plasma parameters such as the gas density is required for the measurement.Further details on the measurement technique as well as measurement results in microdischarges will be presented.

NSE_13

THE MULTIPOLE RESONANCE PROBE

J. Oberrath, M. Lapke, Christian Schulz, Robert Storch, Tim Styrnoll, Christian Zietz, Peter Awakowicz, Ralf Peter Brinkmann, Thomas Musch,

Thomas Mussenbrock and Ilona Rolfes

Theoretical Electrical EngineeringRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: oberrath@tet.rub.de

The plasma resonance spectroscopy is a well established plasma diagnostic method and real-ized in several designs. Based on Hilbert-space methods it is possible to derive a general mathematical solution for arbitrary diagnostic designs. An analysis shows the main feature of this family of methods, it is the ability of the system to resonate. An interpretation in terms of a lumped element circuit reveals the main weakness of certain realizations. A complicated res-onance structure that impedes a clear and simple analysis of the measured spectrum is ob-served. The multipole resonance probe (MRP) is presented as an idea to overcome this problem in terms of a high geometrical and electrical symmetry [1]. To determine its resonance structure an analytic expression for the probe response is needed. We are able to derive an analytic solution because of this special diagnostic design.After theoretical investigations we build up the first prototype of the MRP, and can show its applicability for the measurement of the electron density in technological plasmas. Therefore, we measure the absorption spectrum by a network analyzer in the range of approximately 100 MHz to 10 GHz. It shows characteristic resonances from which plasma parameters like the electron density can be derived by the analytical expression for the resonance frequencies.

References[1] M. Lapke et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 051502 (2008).

NSE_14

CONTROL OF ALUMINUM OXIDE DEPOSTIONBY VARAIBLE BIASING

M. Prenzel, T. Baloniak, A. Kortmann, T. de los Arcos and A. von Keudell

Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Experimental Physics IIResearch Group Reactive PlasmasRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: marina.prenzel@rub.de

Thin film deposition by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) is an estab-lished technique. Advantages are the control of deposition rate, stoichiometry and crystallinity of the films [1]. Within the project, the influence of a substrate bias on the material properties during thin film deposition from plasma is investigated. The external bias voltage manipulates the energy distribution function of the ions impinging on the substrate (IEDF) [2]. An optim-ized ion bombardment can significantly improve film properties like film hardness, adhesion, crystallinity, or wear resistance. Here, we report on the influence of sinus RF biasing at 1 MHz on the crystallinity of aluminium oxide films. The films are prepared in a RF magnetron discharge, which is used for reactive sputtering of an aluminium target. The temperature of the substrate is varied and reaches up to 700 °C.First results show that the orientation of the crystal structure can be manipulated by the vari-ation of bias voltage. Theses and subsequent results will help to optimize the Al2O3 deposition process and to reveal the role of the ion energy in the film growth in the future. The work is funded by DFG within SFB-TR 87.

References[1] Y. Yamada-Takamura et al., Characterization of α-phase aluminum oxide films deposited by filtered vacuum arc. Surf. Coat. Tech. 142-144, pp. 260-264. 2001.[2] T. Baloniak. Erzeugung maßgeschneideter Ionen-Energieverteilungsfunktionen in Niederdruckplasmen. PhD Thesis. 2010.

NSE_15

HMDSO / O2 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA CHEMISTRY LEADING TO SiO2 FILM SYNTHESIS

Rüdiger Reuter, Dirk Ellerweg, Jan Benedikt and Achim von Keudell

Institute for Experimental Physics II: Reactive PlasmasRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: ruediger.reuter@rub.de

In the past years, a particular type of atmospheric pressure plasma emerged: non equilibrium microplasmas that operate at low power (< 50 W) and allow the treatment of or deposition on thermolabile substrates. One of the possible applications is a deposition of SiO2 films. It has already been shown that anorganic carbon free SiO2 films can be deposited by means of several types of these jets. The main problems are the high film porosity, which is usually controlled by energetic ion bombardment in low pressure plasmas, and the limited knowledge of the plasma chemistry involved. The latter one is due to difficulties connected with microplasma diagnostics. More understanding and optimisation of deposition process are needed to improve the film properties. Here we report on the deposition of SiO2 film by means of microplasma jets driven by RF voltage and operated in Ar or He as plasma forming gas. Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and O2 are used as precursor to generate SiO2. The SiO2 film composition is measured by FTIR and XPS as functions of varying plasma parameters and distance between jet effluent and film substrate and compared with the gas phase analysed by means of molecular beam mass-spectrometry.

NSE_16

EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OFHARDWARE ORIENTED NUMERICS

Dirk Ribbrock

Faculty of Mathematics, LSIII Applied MathematicsTU Dortmund, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227 Dortmundemail: dirk.ribbrock@math.tu-dortmund.de

Various techniques offering hardware oriented approaches to numerical calculations are presented. A hardware abstraction layer (HAL) on the lowest level is used, which grants full exploitation of the underlying hardware capabilities. This HAL leads to the portable support of X86-SSE MultiCore CPUs, Cuda & OpenCL enabled GPUs, the Cell BE and any combination of these architectures in an MPI capable cluster and therefore makes all levels of parallelism accessible to the application programmer.On top of this, multiple reliable and efficient applications are implemented, ranging from well know linear algebra (BLAS) operations and linear solvers to full fluid dynamics (CFD) applications based on finite element (FE) or Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) methods.These applications exploit all three dimensions of possible optimisation: efficient numerics, specialised hardware architectures and hardware oriented data structures.The implementation of this library features many modern software technology concepts like re-usability, portability, modularity and maintainability via massive usage of template meta programming.

NSE_17

CALIBRATING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER OF THE PANDA-DETECTOR

Bernhard Roth for the PANDA Collaboration

Institut für Experimentalphysik IRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: bernhard@ep1.rub.de

PANDA (Anti-Proton ANnihilation at DArmstadt) is a future experiment for High Energy Physics and will be part of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), located at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany.The experiment will investigate p annihilations with the aim to explore fundamental questions in the cross over region of the non perturbative and the strong QCD.One fundamental subcomponent of the detector will be the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) with the ability to measure the kinematics of photons with high resolution. For this an excellent calibration is mandatory. This is done by comparing the measured mass of pions (decaying into two photons) with its well known property.Such a calibration needs a frequent repetition, caused by environmental fluctuations. Therefore this will be done permanently and in parallel to the running experiments.

NSE_18

EFFECT OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER CONFORMATION ON AGING OF XENOBIOTICS

Anastasia Shchegolikhina and Bernd Marschner

Geographical Institute, Department of Soil Science and Soil EcologyRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: anastasia.shchegolikhina@rub.de

Bound residues of hydrophobic organic compounds develop mainly through interactions with soil organic matter (SOM), either through sorption to specific sites (i.e. hydrophobic cavities) or through slow diffusion into less accessible domains. The relative density and flexibility of SOM is affected by cations at the exchange sites. Strongly hydrated monovalent cations (i.e. Na+) cause SOM to expand and thus make it more accessible to xenobiotics. Polyvalent cations (i.e Ca2+ or Al3+) reduce the volume and flexibility of SOM through cation bridging, which can thus limit diffusion of xenobiotics into the matrix and back out again. In our study, we wanted to test two hypotheses: (1) the structural conformation of SOM affects sorption and desorption kinetics of xenobiotics and thus influences the formation of "bound residues" during aging. (2) The addition of substrates can enhance the biodegradation of bound residues, either through co-metabolism or through enhanced degradation of the sorbent (priming effects).

NSE_19

OPTIMAL MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR A MULTICORE MOBILE TERMINAL

Anas Showk

Institute for Integrated SystemsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: anas.showk@rub.de

The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the successor technology of the 3G wireless system. The high data rates enabled by LTE can benefit from a strong computational power provided by today's high-performance embedded processors. In this work we therefore utilize a multi-core processor to increase the LTE system throughput in the mobile terminal. We investigate the dynamic memory allocation scheme for the LTE protocol stack, modeled using Specification and Description Language (SDL), as the underlying issue with migrating from single to multiple cores. We discover that, under some schemes, multi-core performance becomes inferior to a single-core, especially in case of intensive dynamic memory allocation and deallocation. By modifying the SDL system's run time kernel we implement a static memory management scheme. This is supplemented by a selective usage of resource protection in single- and dual-core situations. As a result, an increase of the system throughput by about 75% can be observed when migrating from one core to two cores.

NSE_20

LIF MEASUREMENTS OF METASTABLE DENSITIES IN COMPLEX PLASMAS

Brankica Sikimi ć , Ilija Stefanović, Nader Sadeghi and Jörg Winter

Institute of Experimental Physics IIRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanye-mail: brankica.sikimic@rub.de

Dynamics of metastable argon atoms (Ar*(3P2) state) in continuous wave complex plasma has been investigated by laser induced fluorescence. Different mixtures of argon plasma with acetylene have been used, including nanometer-sized dust particles produced by reactive plasma polymerization. Experiments were performed in 0.1 mbar, symmetrically driven CCP discharge at 13.56 MHz.Density and axial distribution of metastable atoms have been deduced by absorption and LIF experiments with an external cavity single-mode diode laser. The axial distribution of metastable atoms is recorded within a cycle of growth of dust particles and the formation of a void (dust-free region in the plasma). In pure argon plasma, ionization is located in the negative glow near electrodes. After introducing acetylene, metastable density decreases due to the quenching of Ar* by acetylene. Formation of negatively charged nanoparticles leads to an increase of the ionization rate, sustaining of the discharge and provokes the enhancement of metastable density. After 20 minutes, the void starts to form, leading to the decrease of the dust density and the ionization rate. Due to this effect, the metastable density decays until the dust particles disappear and a new cycle of dust formation starts. We discuss different mechanisms responsible for the behavior of metastable atoms.

References:[1] Stefanović, Sadeghi, Winter, J. Phys. D: App. Phys. 43, 2010, 152003.

NSE_21

INTERFACIAL Cu /ZnO CONTACT BY SELECTIVE PHOTODEPOSITION OF COPPER ONTO THE

SURFACE OF SMALL ZnO NANOPARTICLES IN NON AQUEOUS COLLOIDAL SOLUTION.

Mahmoud A. Sliem, Todor Hikov, Zi-An Li, Marina Spasova, Michael Farle, Diedrich A. Schmidt, Martina Havenith-Newen and Roland A. Fischer

Institut of Chemistry and BiochemistryDepartment of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: ahmoud.ashour@rub.de

The industrial methanol production from CO, CO2 and H2 over binary Cu/ZnO and ternary Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 solid state catalysts1 has been the subject of a large number of studies aiming to unravel the details of the underlying mechanism2 as a prototype of the so-called strong metal support interaction (SMSI) in heterogeneous catalysis which depends on the Cu/ZnO interface.3 Since Tauster and Fung first reported that the chemisorption capacity of H2 and CO decreased significantly for supported metal catalysts in the SMSI condition, there has been continuing discussion as to whether the phenomenon was caused by electronic or by geometric/morphological effects.4 Hereby we present our new results on the efficient surface decoration of these ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) to obtain not aggregated, Hexadecylamine (HAD) surfactant stabilized and soluble very small Cu/ZnO NPs with varied content of the Cu component. The photocatalytic property of the ZnO NPs was used for efficient and selective photo-assisted decomposition of the Cu precursor [Cu{OCH(CH3)CH2N(CH3)2}2] at the ZnO surface. The focus of the work described below is the substantiation of the anticipated interfacial contact of Cu and ZnO by the combination of spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, photoluminescence and RAMAN spectroscopy).5

References:[1] Cornils B et al., Catalysis from A to Z, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003. [2] Kurtz M et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 2790.[3] Waugh K. C., Catal. Today, 1992, 15, 51.[4] Tauster J S et al., J. Am.Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 170.[5] Sliem M A et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010, 12, 9858.

NSE_22

A SECURE TRUST AND REPUTATION SYSTEM FOR DECENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS

Stefan Spitz

Department of Electrical Engineering and Information SciencesResearch Group Integrated Information SystemsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: stefan.spitz@rub.de

The ability to build trust relations is fundamental to human beings. Trust describes an unidirectional feeling which exists between two members of a trust system. This feeling is on the one hand influenced by the individual experience regarding the events during direct interaction between the two members. On the other hand it is influenced by the reputation that one of the two members has within the trust system.Trust and reputation are not independent of each other due to the fact, that an opinion one member has about another member is influenced by third parties. Both, trust and reputation are feelings that contain a certain amount of risk and uncertainty. The challenge is to transfer this human behaviour to a machine processable model without neglecting the factors risk and uncertainty. Such a trust model could be used to build a decentralized trust management system, deployable for various applications such as filesharing, sensor networks or in distributed computing environments (grid, cloud). Furthermore, a decentralized trust system can be easily modified for centralized applications, including, but not limiting to, online market platforms such as eBay, Amazon or product rating and review systems such as Epinions or Bizrate.

NSE_23

MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PLASMA PHYSICAL CHARACTERISATION OF A VHF FREE

OSCILLATING SYSTEM

Katharina Stapelmann, Egmont Semmler, Nikita Bibinov and Peter Awakowicz

Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma TechnologyRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanye-mail: stapelmann@aept.rub.de

Cleaning, sterilization and decontamination of medical instruments are key processes in the medical field and in pharmacological industry. The main objective of these processes is to remove, inactivate or destroy all pathogens in order to prevent infections, inflammations or transmission of diseases connected to their presence. However, the traditionally employed techniques suffer from certain limitations. Therefore a new sterilization and decontamination technique is urgently required. One promising alternative is plasma sterilisation, which is the topic of this presentation.|A plasma sterilization setup has been built and characterized. First microbiological tests show promising results. A reduction of 106 germs is possible within seconds. These results as well as the basic physical characterization with optical emission spectroscopy and temperature measurements will be presented and discussed.

NSE_24

DEGRADATION OF SOLUTION-PROCESSED FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS

Teodor Toader , Claudia Bock and Ulrich Kunze

Electronic Materials and NanoelectronicsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: teodor.toader@rub.de

In this work 13,6-N-Sulfinylacetamidopentacene (NSFAAP) [1] is used to study degradation of solution-processed bottom-contact pentacene transistors. We use conventional UV lithography and lift-off technique to structure Ti/Pd (1 nm/25 nm) electrodes on n-type oxidised silicon wafer. The pentacene thin films are deposited by spin-coating NSFAAPfrom a CHCl3 solution (1 wt%) and thermally converting the precursor to pentacene in a nitrogen environment (Scheme1). After processing the samples are stored in a glovebox under nitrogen atmosphere and for comparison in ambient dark atmosphere at T = 21 °C and 50 % humidity. From two-terminal current-voltage (I−V) measurements characteristic transistor parameters like the effective and field-effect mobility, the On/Off ratio and the threshold voltage are extracted with respect to the time after processing. Additionally the degradation of samples stored under environmental conditions and protected with PMMA is studied. TheI−V measurements are correlated with scanning electron micrographs.

Scheme 1

References:[1] Ali Afzali, et. al.,. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, (30), 8812-8813, 2002

NSE_25

TOWARDS A MULTI-SCALE MODEL OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

Carlo Vinci, Jörg Renner and Holger Steeb

Mechanics – Continuum MechanicsRuhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germanyemail: vinci@lkm.rub.de

The aim of the present project is to investigate a deformable fluid-filled fracture embedded in a porous rock matrix and the coupled hydro-mechanical interaction between fluid-filled joint and matrix. Injection of fluid into a porous fractured rock mass alters the opening aperture of pre-existing joints and faults or alternatively initiates formation of new fractures. The associated dilatation affects the hydraulic properties of the joint and leads to an increase of the effective permeability of the rock. Therefore, the flow of fluids and the propagation of hydraulic fractures from boreholes intersecting jointed rock are controlled by the mechanical response of deformable fractures to transient pressure gradients imposed by pumping operations. A good understanding of the response of a single fluid-filled joint to transient pressure changes forms the basis for more advanced physically-based multi-scale continuum models.

The model of the single fracture is based on a simple deformable ellipsoidal joint [1]. The deformation of the joint is complemented by the time-dependent diffusion process of the pore fluid in the joint itself, resulting in a coupled problem consisting of a) an elastic deformation problem and b) a non-linear diffusion problem. Here, we

investigate the coupled problem with a staggered solution scheme, in which the one-dimensional non-linear diffusion

problem of the fluid in the joint is solved numerically by the Galerkin Finite Element Method (FEM). Based on the numerical results, we will discuss the time-dependent non-equilibrium configurations of the joint and the corresponding pressure profiles.

References:[1] Murdoch L.C. and L.N. Germanovich, Analysis of a deformable fracture in permeable material, International Journal for numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 30, 529-561 (2006).[2] Murphy H., C. Huang, Z. Dash, G. Zyvoloski and A. White: Semianalytical solutions for fluid flow in rock joints with pressure-dependent openings, Water Resources Research 40 (2004).

Fig. 1 Borehole intersected by vertical fractures

Fig. 2 Half length ellipsoidal joint

NSE_26

LOW TEMPERATURE H2O-ASSISTED ALD OF CRYSTALLINE Gd2O3 THIN FILMS

Ke Xu, Andrian P. Milanov, Harish Parala, Apurba Laha, Ranjith Ramadurai, Eberhard Bugiel, H. Jörg Osten, Roland A. Fischer and Anjana Devi

Inorganic Materials Chemistry Group Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germanyemail: cocoxuke@hotmail.de

In this work, the water-assisted ALD growth of Gd2O3 thin films using the homoleptic gadolinium guanidinate precursor [Gd{(iPrN)2CNMe2}3]1, referred to as [Gd(DPDMG)3] is investigated. With this precursor, surface controlled, self-limiting ALD-type growth with a growth rate of ~ 1.1 Å/cycle was observed within a broad temperature window of 175 – 275°C on Si(100) substrates (Fig.1a). The self-limiting character of the film growth was also verified (Figure 1b). The as-deposited Gd2O3 films were polycrystalline as revealed by HRTEM and XRD analysis.

Figure 1. Gd2O3 growth rate as a function of (a) the deposition temperature and (b) the [Gd(DPDMG) 3] pulse time. Inset: dependence of the Gd2O3 film thickness on the number of deposition cycles at 225 °C for the [Gd(DPDMG)3]/H2O process. Right: HRTEM cross sectional images of Gd2O3/Si grown at 225°C.

In summary, Gd2O3 thin films of superior structural quality with very low leakage current were deposited with growth rates of 1.1 Å/cycle in a surface controlled, self-limiting ALD process. The superior performance of [Gd(DPDMG)3] is attributed to the increased basicity of the guanidinato ligand relative to thd, which facilitates a fast and selective reaction with the OH surface functionalities and the adsorbed water. On the basis of the electrical characterization, it appears that the Gd2O3 films could be potential candidates for the replacement of SiO2-based gate dielectrics in future CMOS devices. The key to success was the use of a tailored all-nitrogen coordinated tris-guanidinato-Gd precursor that combines several advantageous properties, including high and selective reactivity towards water at low temperatures.

Life Sciences

LS_1

Richness or reclusion, effect of environmental enrichment related to social state and stimulus frequency

Buschler, A.1,2,3, Manahan-Vaughan, D.1,2

 

 

 1Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany 2International Graduate School of Neuroscience 3Graduate College 736 “Plasticity and Development of the Nervous System” e-mail: arne.buschler@rub.de

Environmental enrichment (EE) for long periods is known to induce structural and functional changes in the adult brain. Among those learning performance of hippocampus dependent tasks is enhanced and hippocampal synaptic plasticity is altered. In this study changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity of freely behaving mice due to short-term EE were examined which might allow to conclude on functional improvements. Electrodes were implanted into the hippocampus of adult mice. After recovery basal synaptic plasticity was tested and compared to synaptic plasticity evoked after EE for a period of two weeks. During enrichment mice were reared either solitarily or in groups. After reintroduction into standard conditions for six weeks, group housed animals were re-exposed to EE. After two weeks of EE no alterations in a robust form of LTP could be detected. We assumed that the strength of LTP may underlie the lack of effect, and in fact, enhancing the stimulation did not strengthen LTP. Hence we elicited LTP of a weaker level. Re-assessment of weak LTP after two weeks of EE pointed out a significant enhancement. This benefit was persistent for one week after cessation of EE. Interestingly Re-enrichment had no effect on weak hippocampal LTP. Similary no changes could be denoted by solitary enrichment. Thus the effect of EE seems to relate to social interaction and novelty of the environment.                                

LS_2

The effect of synthetic sandalwood odorants on human skin cells

Daniela Busse, Anna Christina Sondersorg, Hanns Hatt & Heike Benecke

Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: daniela.busse@rub.de Sandalwood oil is obtained from the East Asian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.). The essential oil is a quite rare and therefore expensive substance which is extensively used in the fragrance industry. In the past, considerable effort was invested to synthesize a variety of cheaper substitutes with similar odor qualities. However, their effect on skin physiology is largely unknown. In the present study the effect of synthetic sandalwood odorants on human skin cells is analyzed. In calcium imaging experiments several synthetic sandalwood odorants (Sandalore, Sandranol, Javanol and Ebanol) have been identified that induce transient calcium signals when applied to human skin cells. Further pharmacological characterization of the Sandalore-induced calcium elevation revealed an involvement of a cAMP-depended signaling pathway. Moreover, long term stimulation with Sandalore leads to an increase in keratinocyte proliferation. Finally, RNA analysis confirmed the expression of an olfactory receptor, OR2AT4, in human keratinocytes which is a potential target for Sandalore in the recombinant HEK293 system. Analysis of the chemoreceptive properties of human keratinocytes will help to enhance our understanding on physiological and pathophysiological processes of the skin.                                  

LS_3

TWO EXTRAORDINARY BACTERIAL RNA THERMOMETERS

Annika M. Cimdins and Franz Narberhaus

Institute of Microbial Biology, IGB; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: annika.cimdins@rub.de According to their preferred growth temperature, bacteria can be divided into groups. Those preferring moderate growth temperatures (optimum around 37°C) belong to the mesophiles, whereas bacteria living in warmer habitats (up to ~80°C) are called thermophiles. To avoid hazardous consequences, free-living bacteria have to constantly monitor and respond to temperature changes. RNA thermometers provide a direct way of sensing temperature shifts and immediately responding to them. RNA thermometers are cis-acting elements in the 5´untranslated region (5´UTR) of the mRNA of genes involved in the heat shock response or in virulence. At low temperatures, the mRNA folds into a complex structure, thereby blocking the ribosome binding site (RBS) via base pairing. Thus, translation is inhibited. Due to an upshift in temperature, the structure melts, liberating the RBS and enabling formation of the translation initiation complex [1]. Here, we present two extraordinary RNA thermometers, both being involved in regulation of the heat shock response. The first one, located in the 5´UTR of the htrA-mRNA in Salmonella, represents an exceptionally short RNA thermometer. The second one originates from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus and regulates translation of the hspA-mRNA, thereby being the first known thermophilic RNA thermometer. References [1] Klinkert, B. and Narberhaus, F., Cell Mol Life Sci, 2009, 66, 2661-2676.                          

LS_4

Evaluation of differences in dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity along the dorsoventral axis

Jana Kenney, 1,2, Denise Manahan-Vaughan1,2

1International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum; 2Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany; e-mail: jana.kenney@rub.de The hippocampus mediates the acquisition of different memory types, presumably through expression of different forms of synaptic plasticity.Over the last decade evidence has accumulated to corroborate the hypothesis that the hippocampus is functionally differentiated along its dorsoventral axis. In contrast to the wealth of data available on synaptic plasticity mechanisms in the dorsal hippocampus, little is known about synaptic plasticity processes in the intermediate and ventral hippocampus. This was the subject of the present study. Rats underwent implantation of a stimulation electrode into the perforant path, and either co-implantation of recording electrodes in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus (DG) or separate implantations. In the first stage of the project, evoked potentials, long-term depression and short- and long-term potentiation was examined and compared. In the second stage, the effect of combining a weak potentiation protocol with a behavioral paradigm (exposition to a novel environment) was studied. Our result suggest that afferent input from the entorhinal cortex generates a different profile of responses in the dorsal vs the ventral DG, which may in turn relate to their possibly distinct roles in synaptic information processing and memory formation. As the ventral DG has been recently implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, information contributing to clarification of its physiological function could be of potential clinical interest.                          

LS_5

ATTENUATED FEEDBACK-RELATED NEGATIVITY IN HEALTHY AGING

Stefan Kobza, Christian Bellebaum, Stefan Thiele, Irene Daum

Fakultät für Psychologie, Institut für Kognitive Neurowissenschaft, Abteilung Neuropsychologie, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: stefan.kobza@rub.de Introduction: In feedback-based learning tasks, the feedback-related negativity (FRN), an event-related potentials component reflecting activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), has been shown to be more pronounced in young subjects if reward was highly expected but not delivered. This study aimed to elucidate whether the FRN shows age-related changes with respect to the coding of expected and unexpected performance outcomes. Methods: 18 younger and 20 older subjects completed a feedback learning task in which a 5 cent coin was hidden in one of 6 boxes (2 rows of 3 boxes) on each of 660 trials. After choosing among two displays of preselected boxes, subjects could learn the hiding-rule (hiding-place always in the lower row) via feedback (reward vs. non-reward). Throughout the task, 30 scalp sites were used for electroencephalograpy recording. Results: Older subjects learned more slowly than younger subjects. FRN amplitude was generally reduced in older subjects and higher for unexpected compared to expected negative feedback in both groups. Conclusion: FRN amplitude was reduced in older subjects despite comparable performance accuracy. The general FRN amplitude attenuation in older subjects is in line with reports of age-related striatal and midbrain changes and suggests a reduced sensitivity to reward magnitude.

LS_6

RNA-BASED TEMPERATURE SENSING IN PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA

Stefanie S. Krajewski, Miriam Nagel and Franz Narberhaus

Institute of Microbial Biology, IGB, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: stefanie.krajewski@rub.de To avoid hazardous consequences, bacteria express a multitude of genes in response to a heat shock. In most gram-negative bacteria, transcription of heat shock genes is controlled by the alternative sigma factor σ32 (RpoH) [1]. Additionally, heat shock gene expression can be regulated at the posttranscriptional level by an RNA thermometer. These RNA thermometers are cis-acting elements forming a secondary structure in the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA. At low temperatures, the Shine-Dalgarno region is blocked by imperfect base pairing and translation is inhibited. The secondary structure melts with increasing temperature and allows ribosome binding in order to initiate translation [2]. A moderately conserved class of RNA thermometers are the ROSE-like elements (Repression Of heat Shock gene Expression), found upstream of the coding region of many bacterial small heat shock genes by an bioinformatic approach [3]. The ibpA gene of Pseudomonas putida is preceded by an exceptionally short ROSE-like element comprised of only two hairpin structures. Structural and functional analyses of the 5’ UTR indicate a thermometer-like behaviour. References: [1] Yura T. et al., Annu Rev Microbiol, 1993, 47, 321-350. [2] Narberhaus F. et al., FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2006, 30, 3-16. [3] Waldminghaus T et al., Biol Chem, 2005, 386, 1279-1286.                                    

LS_7

Modulation of transient receptor potential V1 by different odorants

Matthias Luebbert1,2, Klaus Peter Hoffmann3, Hanns Hatt1

1Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 22780 Bochum, Germany, 2Ruhr University Research School, 3Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 22780 Bochum, Germany Email: Matthias.luebbert@rub.de Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a member of the transient receptor potential superfamily of cation channels. TRPV1 proteins are unselective cation channels which can be activated by various noxious stimuli (e.g. vanilloids, heat, protons). High levels of TRPV1 can be found in sensory neurons of the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia and also e.g. in merkel cells within the skin. Here we show that several odorous substances (vanillin, helional, heliotropylacetone, and geraniol) elicit currents during voltage-clamp recordings using dissociated trigeminal neurons and CHO cells heterologously expressing rTRPV1. Interestingly, prolonged application of helional (>1 min) reduced the response to a successive capsaicin application. When applied simultaneously with low concentrations of capsaicin, activation caused by helional and capsaicin behaved in an additive way. In contrast, we observed a slight inhibition of currents induced by higher capsaicin concentrations in the presence of helional. Elevating the temperature of the bath solution from room temperature to 37°C significantly increased the amplitude of helional-induced currents. In the past, it has been shown that TRPV1 has great impact on the development and the perception of itch. Therefore, a better understanding of a TRPV1-modulation by different odorants might provide new ideas for its treatment.                                    

LS_8

Functional role of Vav3 for the regulation and differentiation of neural stem/ progenitor cells in the

developing visual system

Veronika Luft1,2, Klaus-Dieter Fischer4, Ulf Eysel2,3, Andreas Faissner1,2

1Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany 2International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany 3Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany 4Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany e-mail: Veronika.Luft@rub.de Chondroitinsulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are highly enriched extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the developing ventricular zone. The degradation of their covalently attached gylcosaminoglycan chains induces a switch from neurogenic to gliogenic differentiation, diminishing neuronal progenitors and their progeny while simultaneously promoting astrocytic development. But the mechanisms, by which CSPGs regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, are still unknown. Previous experiments showed that digestion of glycosaminoglycans with the enzyme chondroitinase ABC leads to the up-regulation of Vav3, an activator of RhoGTPases. In order to investigate the potential role of Vav3 for mediation of CSPG-dependent signalling in neural stem cells, we focused on the visual system of Vav3 -/- mice. Here, we analysed the expression pattern of Vav3 during embryonic and postnatal development. The cellular composition of the embryonic retina and cortex in Vav3 deficient mice was investigated in vitro and in vivo. And finally, our analysis revealed differences in the differentiation capacity of Vav3 deficient neurospheres. Together, we conclude that Vav3 potentially interferes with the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and that its loss leads to an immature phenotype. This study will probably lead to a better understanding of the role of CSPGs on stem cell behaviour.                      

LS_9

ROLE OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATION OF THE CENTRAL

NERVOUS SYSTEM

A.Manzel 1,2, D. Lee 2, J. Stegbauer3, S. Seubert 2, G. Ellrichmann 2, S. Gaupp 2, L. C. Rump3, R. Gold 1,2, R. A. Linker 2

1International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany; 2 Department of Neurology St.-Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, 3Department of Nephrology, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Germany e-mail: arndt.manzel@t-online.de Angiotensin II (AngII), the principal messenger molecule of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates blood pressure and fluid balance mainly by acting on AT1 receptors. The RAS may play a role in the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis, where T-cell and macrophage mediated inflammation are important disease mechanisms [1,2]. Here our group investigated the role of the RAS in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) [3], a model mimicking many aspects of human multiple sclerosis. We found that blockade of AT1 receptors ameliorates EAE and impairs macrophage motility. References

[1] Guzik TJ, et al. (2007) J Exp Med 204:2449–2460 [2]Combadiere C, et al. (2008) Circulation 117:1649–1657 [3] Stegbauer J, et al. (2009) PNAS 106(35):14942-7

                             

LS_10

Investigations on the role of selected ionotropic glutamate receptors during neural development in vitro

Svenja Pachernegg, Sebastian Eilebrecht, Elke Muth-Köhne, Gloria Fuhrmann,

Michael Hollmann Department of Biochemistry I; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany International Graduate School of Neuroscience, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: Svenja.Pachernegg@rub.de Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the vertebrate CNS. To examine the involvement of iGluRs during both embryonic and neonatal/adult neurogenesis two major approaches were followed: First, the function of the NMDAR subunit NR3A in neural stem cells (NSCs) was investigated via the use of RNA interference. After the downregulation of NR3A, DNA microarray analysis revealed that the expression of more than 500 genes is significantly affected. The protein products of two of the genes affected have been previously shown to interact with NMDARs. In a second approach, the editing state of the AMPAR subunit GluR2 in neural cell types was investigated. GluR2 can undergo RNA editing at the Q/R site which renders AMPARs calcium-impermeable. We have examined the expression of GluR2 and of its editing enzyme ADAR2. Possibly, a pool of ADAR2 is established in ESCs before the expression of GluR2 commences, so that all GluR2 subunits can be edited as soon as they are expressed. Unexpectedly, 100% of GluR2 in NEPs and 97% of GluR2 in NSCs were found to be edited, contradicting literature data and pointing to the crucial role of Q/R editing, as all GluR2 subunits in NEPs appear to be edited as soon as they are expressed.                                        

LS_11

Expression of accessory proteins of glutamate receptors during neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells

Steffen Pahl, Elke Muth-Köhne, Svenja Pachernegg, Michael Hollmann

Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: Steffen.Pahl@rub.de Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the adult vertebrate CNS. Recent studies gave reason to expect iGluRs to be involved in the process of neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Since there is evidence that a group of proteins, namely TARPs, alter electrophysiological properties and trafficking of AMPARs, interaction of accessory proteins with iGluRs could also influence neural differentiation. Following the neuronal differentiation of ESCs an increase in mRNA expression levels of accessory proteins correlating to an increase in expression of iGluRs was observed. Furthermore, protein expression, except for PSD-95, was first detectable after differentiation of the cells into early neurons. PSD-95 protein expression instead was already detected in the stage of NEPs. A second part of the work focused on the electrophysiological characterization of an NMDAR composed of the subunits NR1-1a and NR2A coexpressed with the putative NMDAR accessory protein NETO1. The results showed that coexpression of NETO1 alone had no effect on the agonist-induced currents of the analyzed NMDAR. However a combined coexpression of NETO1 and total RNA isolated from adult mouse whole brain resulted in increased agonist-induced currents, a lowered ion conductance at negative membrane potentials and an inhibition of the block by MK801 on the analyzed NMDAR. These results lead to the assumption that an additional protein is needed for modulation of NMDARs by NETO1.                              

LS_12

 Neuroprotective autoimmunity: Efficacy of glatiramer acetate in neurodegeneration

Christiane Reick,1,2, Gisa Ellrichmann1, Carsten Saft1, Ralf Gold1, Ralf Linker1

1Department of Neurology, St. Josefs Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany 2International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany e-mail: Reick.Christiane@rub.de Background: Glatiramer acetate (GA) is an immunmodulator licensed for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and possibly exerts neuroprotective actions via the induction of neurotrophins like brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). As a model disease for primary neurodegeneration, R6/2 mice mimick many aspects of Huntington´s disease (HD) where the formation of huntingtin aggregates may lead to subsequent neuronal loss. Methods: 3-4 week old female R6/2 mice were immunized subcutaneously GA in complete Freud´s adjuvant (CFA), or as controls with ovalbumin or with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG) in CFA. Mice were weighed daily and clinically monitored to obtain survival curves. Motor impairment was evaluated by accelerating rotarod and by assessing the clasping score. Histological analyses as well as quantitative RT-PCR were performed. Results: In the R6/2 mouse model GA prevents weight loss over the clinical course. Moreover, both regimens led to a prolonged survival. At the same time, immunization with GA and MOG led to an attenuated motor impairment as measured by the clasping score and also in a rotarod analysis. Blinded quantification of neuronal densities in the motor cortex and the basal ganglia will elucidate underlying mechanisms of protection. Conclusion: Treatment with GA and immunization with MOG ameliorate the disease course in a model of HD. Our data speak for the functional relevance of the concept of neuroprotective autoimmunity and underline the neuroprotective capacity of GA therapy.                          

LS_13

REPAIR OF VISUAL SYSTEM LESIONS BY NEURAL STEM CELL POPULATIONS

Lars Roll1,2, Ulf Eysel2,3, Andreas Faissner1,2

1Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany 2International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany 3Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: lars.roll@rub.de Regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) after lesion is severely limited in mammals. One strategy pursued to improve function in the diseased CNS is the implantation of neural stem or progenitor cells. The visual cortex represents an appropriate model system for regeneration and plasticity studies due to its convenient accessibility and the extensive knowledge about synaptic plasticity and reorganisation in this region. In a first step, laser lesions of a defined size will be inflicted to the mouse visual cortex. Mice offer the advantage of manifold available knock-out strains. This will allow to compare the behaviours of different cell populations on the one hand and to detect possible differences in knock-out situations on the other hand. A particular emphasis will be given to extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Implanted cells can be identified in the host tissue by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. Cell division, migration, differentiation and integration of the implanted cells will be analysed in vivo and in vitro in organotypic slice cultures of the visual cortex. This combined approach will yield useful information about the repair potential of neural stem cells in cortical lesions.                                

LS_14

Investigation on the mechanisms of chemoperception in human skin

Anna Christina Sondersorg1; Daniela Busse1; Markus Rothermel2; Hanns Hatt1 &

Heike Benecke1 1Department of Cellphysiology; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany 2Department of Physiology; University of Utah, School of medicine, Salt Lake City, USA e-mail: Anna-Christina.Sondersorg@ruhr-uni-bochum.de The trigeminal nerve constitutes the fifth cranial nerve and provides tactile, proprioceptive and nociceptive afferences that innervate the facial skin, eyes, mouth and the nasal mucosa. Previous work including studies on anosmic patients indicates a functional contribution of the trigeminal nerve to odor detection in vivo. High concentrations of most odors typically provoke trigeminal sensations in vivo, but only certain odors elicit responses in mouse trigeminal monocultures. This leads to the suggestion that trigeminal perception may require a transfer of sensory information via crosstalk with additional cell types of the peripheral innervation area. The expression of several chemoreceptors such as olfactory receptor proteins and TRP channels as well as their ability to respond to various odors favors the idea that keratinocytes may participate in odor detection and subsequently transmit signals to neighboring trigeminal fibers in the epidermis. This study is designed to a) identify odorants and other chemical substances that activate keratinocytes but fail to stimulate trigeminal neurons alone, b) to detect potential communications between skin keratinocytes and trigeminal neurons induced by these substances and c) to identify possible transmitter molecules. Using the calcium imaging technique we screened substances with focus on odorants that reproducibly elicit calcium responses in keratinocytes, but not in trigeminal neurons. Sandalore and Sandranol, two derivates of sandalwood oil, as well as Histamine turned out to be good candidates. In contrast to monocultures we could detect increased numbers of calcium signals in trigeminal neurons in a co-culture approach induced by Sandalore and Histamine. These results support our hypothesis of an information transfer from keratinocytes to trigeminal neurons.                  

LS_15

Modulation of hERG by CASQ2 may impact Etiology of Catecholamine-induced Polymorphic Ventricular

Tachycardia (CPVT) Katja Steinke1,3, Karina Eckey1, Ulrike Henrion1,2, Gloria Fuhrmann1, Nathalie Strutz-

Seebohm1, Florian Lang2 and Guiscard Seebohm1

1Biochemistry I, Cation Channel Group, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany. 2Department of Physiology I, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany. 3 Ruhr-University Research School and Graduate School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany. e-mail: Katja.Steinke@rub.de The plateau phase of the ventricular action potential is the result of balanced Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux in cardiac myocytes. The action potential is finally terminated by repolarising K+ currents. Under β-adrenergic stimulation both, the Ca2+ influx and delayed rectifier K+ currents IK are stimulated to maintain cardiac action potential length in a certain range to allow a tightly controlled increase in net Ca2+ influx. The intracellular Ca2+ level is controlled by a Calsequestrin2 (CASQ2)-ryanodine receptor complex, which serves as the most effective Ca2+ store and is located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here, we study the effects of CASQ2 mutations R33Q, F189L and D307H located in highly conserved regions on the functions of cardiac potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes using two electrode voltage clamp. As a result, CASQ2 wild type and CASQ2-mutants modulate the IKr current, based on the hERG channel. Further, molecular dynamics simulations suggest alterations in the dynamic behavior of the CASQ2 mutants compared to CASQ2 wild type. These in vitro data suggest a regulatory role of CASQ2 for hERG channels which in turn may impact etiology of Catecholamine-induced Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT).                      

LS_16

AUXILIARY SUBUNITS OF CALCIUM CHANNELS MODULATE AMPA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION

Jan Terhag1,2,3, Peer-Henning Höcker1, Daniel Niedieker, Michael Hollmann1

1Department of Biochemistry I – Receptor Biochemistry; 2RUB Research School; 3DFG Graduate School 736 – Development and Plasticity of the Nervous System; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: jan.terhag@rub.de Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are modulated by several families of auxiliary subunits, namely α2δ, β, and γ subunits. Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) of the AMPA family are known to interact with transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs), which are homologues to the VGCC γ subunits. There is evidence in the literature that AMPA receptors form complexes with postsynaptically localized VGCCs and there accessory subunits [1]. The aim of this work is to elucidate putative interactions of VGCC auxiliary subunits with AMPA receptors. Here we show that the α2δ subunit of VGCCs down-regulates the expression of AMPA receptors in a heterologous expression system. References (if you want to include them): [1] ] Kang M.-G., Chen C.-C., Wakamori M., Hara Y., Mori Y., Campbell K.P.: A functional AMPA receptor-calcium channel complex in the postsynaptic membrane; PNAS 103 (14): 5561 – 5566 (2006).                                    

LS_17

HYDROACOUSTIC SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION USING KERNEL FUNCTIONS FOR VARIABLE

FEATURE SETS

Matthias Tuma, Christian Igel Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany Research School, Life Sciences Section e-mail: matthias.tuma@rub.de Large-scale geophysical monitoring systems raise the need for real-time feature extraction and signal classification. We study support vector machine (SVM) classification of hydroacoustic signals recorded by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty's verification network. Due to constraints in the early signal processing most samples have different feature sets with values missing not at random. We propose kernel functions explicitly incorporating Boolean representations of the missingness patterns through dedicated sub-kernels. Model selection using gradient ascent on the kernel-target alignment and different extensions of SVMs for multiple classes were employed. While too complex kernel functions led to overfitting, SVMs with less flexible kernels outperformed baseline methods.                                                

LS_18

LASTING EFFECTS OF A SINGLE MK801-INDUCED PSYCHOTIC EVENT ON HIPPOCAMPAL SYNAPTIC

PLASTICITY IN VIVO

1,2,3Valentina Wiescholleck, 1,2Denise Manahan-Vaughan

1Learning and Memory Research, Department of Neurophysiology; 2International graduate school of Neuroscience; 3Research School; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: valentina.kopp@rub.de |The acute application of NMDA receptor antagonists, such as MK801 (dizolcilpine), have been shown to induce psychotic symptoms in humans and to give rise to an acute and short-lasting behavioral state in rats, which mirrors many symptoms of schizophrenia. It has therefore been adopted as an animal model of psychosis. In the present study we examined changes in LTP after a single MK801 injection over a prolonged period. In control animals, high frequency stimulation (HFS) elicited robust LTP that persisted for over 24h and was not different from pretreatment LTP at any investigated point of time. One week after MK801 treatment, LTP was severely impaired, exhibiting a smaller induction magnitude and enduring for ca. 2h. In the second and third weeks after MK801, application of HFS resulted in LTP that was not significantly different compared to pretreatment LTP. Interestingly, by 4.5 weeks after MK801-treatment, HFS elicited LTP that was again significantly impaired compared to pretreatment LTP. These data suggest that a single MK801 injection elicits functional changes that result in an initial LTP impairment, followed by transient recovery and subsequently by a new reduction in the ability to express synaptic plasticity. These changes may reflect cognitive disturbances that occur in episodes of psychosis.                                      

LS_19

Inhibition of IKs channels by JNJ-303

Eva Wrobel1,2, Rob Towart3, Joannes TM Linders3 and Guiscard Seebohm1 1 Department of Biochemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany 2 Graduate School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum Research School 3 Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Safety Research & Mechanistic Pharmacology, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., B-2340, Beerse, Belgium e-mail: Eva.Wrobel@rub.de Cardiac potassium channels are membrane proteins that enable controlled ion passage through cellular membranes to allow electrical control of the cardiac cell. In a variety of acquired as well as inherited channelopathies, the function of these channels is altered. Thus, channel modulators that restore normal channel function are promising candidates for the treatment of these potentially fatal diseases. However, to date only a limited set of channel inhibitors and few channel activators are known. In cardiac myocytes the repolarizing potassium current results from the two currents IKr (Kv11.1) and IKs (Kv7.1+KCNE1). The concerted activity of these currents is crucial for the precise timing and efficiency of cardiac repolarization, indicating a functional interaction of these two channels. Furthermore, recent studies suggested that there might be a more direct modulation of IKr and IKs. A novel compound reported to inhibit cardiac IKs channels is JNJ-303. Consistently, binding of 3H-JNJ-303 could be detected in a binding assay. Here, we report that JNJ-303 modulates IKs channel gating. Further, we want to clarify if co-expression of Kv11.1 α-subunits alters the effective inhibiting concentration of JNJ-303 on IKs channels. Finally, we have started to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects by 3D-homology modeling, drug docking and all-atoms-mobile molecular dynamic calculations. .                          

LS_20

Effects of acute amyloid-beta treatment on hippocampal synaptic plasticity in vivo

H. Yang1,2., J.Klausnitzer1, B.Penke3, L. Fülöp3, D. Manahan-Vaughan1,2.

1Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, 2International Graduate School of Neuroscience; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; 3University of Szeged, Dept. of Medical Chemistry, Dóm tér 8. H-6720 Szeged Hungary. e-mail: Honghong.Yang@rub.de According to the Amyloid cascade hypothesis, accumulation of amyloid-beta maybe the initiate cause of Alzheimer’s disease. We investigated whether acute treatment of healthy animals with oligomeric Abeta is sufficient to cause alterations in synaptic plasticity. As the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease typically emerge with advancing age, we also investigated whether aged rats are more sensitive to Abeta treatment. Male Wistar rats of two separate age groups were assessed: those that were treated with oligomeric Abeta at 8-9 weeks (young adults) or at 6 months of age (aged adults). Adult male rats were implanted with a stimulating electrode in the medial perforant path and a recording electrode in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Abeta (1-42) or vehicle was applied via the ipsilateral cerebral ventricle. High frequency stimulation (HFS, 200 Hz), applied 30min after vehicle injection elicited LTP that lasted for at least 24h. In young adults, Abeta injection resulted in LTP that lasted for <3h. The initial (induction) phases of LTP remained intact. In aged rats, HFS given 30min after Abeta resulted in a similarly impaired LTP that lasted no longer than 3h. These data suggests that a single injection of oligomeric Abeta has an accute effect on the ability of the hippocampus to express LTP both in young and aged adults. Supported by: EU 7th Framework program grant HEALTH-F2-2007-201159  

Humanities and Social Sciences

HSS_01

WATER PRICING AND EXTERNALITIES

Farah Asna Ashari

IDS (International Development Studies), Institute of Development Research and Development Policy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: farahesnaashari@yahoo.com In a sustainable value in use, the full cost of goods and services should be taken into account. The full cost of water is composed of 5 items Operational and management cost, and capital charges which are covered by private cost. Opportunity cost, economic and environmental externalities which are some parts of social cost of water. The main idea of my research is to study the distance between private and social cost of water supply in agriculture, emphasizing on the economic and environmental externalities. The main feature of external effects, and the main difficulty for evaluating them, is that there is no market. To reach to this goal,

• The externalities of agriculture water consumption should be defined. • The best technique for estimating the externalities among different available techniques is

chosen. The choice depends on the time, financial resources, social and cultural setting within the area etc.

• Then the cost of externalities is estimated.

HSS_02

CINDERELLA’S BIRTH THE FOUNDING OF COLLECTIONS OF MEDICAL

HISTORICAL DEPARTMENTS AND INSTITUTES OF GERMAN UNIVERITIES IN THE 20TH AND 21TH

CENTURY

Karin Bastian

Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: karin.bastian@rub.de In scholarship, collections of universities have been summarized under the term “Cinderella Collections”. This linguistic analogy is supposed to illustrate the negligence of many valuable collections in the daily routine of university. My dissertation aims to depict an earlier picture of these collections. I will not examine the current cinderellean status of the university collections but rather focus on the act of founding and formation or, to stay within the linguistic analogy, their birth, using the example of the discipline of History of Medicine. To date, no comprehensive study of the formation of medical historical collections exists. Individual studies, limited to only a few institutes, are available but scattered. A large number of histories of origin have not been academically treated at all, yet. The treatise will examine medical historical object collections at medical historical chairs of German universities. The focus will be laid on the analysis and interpretation of files as well as on Oral History as means of source creation. A comparison of the different histories of origin should demonstrate whether mutual catalysts of formation exist or whether every collection is unique in its history of origin.

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE PRESS AT GERMANY AND ITALY IN 1968

Florian Bock

Catholic Theology, Chair of Medieval and Modern Church History; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: florian.bock@rub.de Abstract: This PhD project analyzes the relationship between the Catholic Church and the mass media in Germany and Italy during the time after the Second Vatican Council: The dissertation project points out the history of the Catholic weekly “Publik“, which was published in Germany for only three years – from 1968 to 1971. Financed by the German bishops, “Publik“ positioned itself between the church and the (secular) world to realize the “Aggiornamento“ of the Second Vatican Council. This idea, however, was not very successful: “Publik“ died young, officially because the costs were too expensive. But what were the exact reasons for this ending? A completely different picture of the relationship of the Catholic Church and the press one can observe in Italy: The Catholic daily “Avvenire“, also founded in 1968 and financed by the Italian bishops, is even today one of the most popular newspapers there. So a comparison makes sense. In this part of the dissertation working methods of “oral history“ (interviews with contemporary witnesses) should be used. Herausgegeben wurde die Wochenzeitung „Publik“, die im Mittelpunkt dieses Dissertationsprojekts steht, erstmals im Jahr 1968, um dem deutschsprachigen KatholikInnen im nachkonziliaren Klima der BRD zu einem größeren Selbstbewusstsein nach innen und außen zu verhelfen und eine Art katholisches Gegenstück zur evangelischen „Christ und Welt“ und der liberalen „Die Zeit“ zu schaffen. Katholizismus und Niveau sollten nun nicht mehr als Widersprüche gelten. Auf Grundlage des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils (1962-1965), hier ist vor allem die Pastoralkonstitution „Gaudium et Spes“ zu nennen, wollte man vielmehr ein unbefangenes Verhältnis zwischen Kirche und Massenmedien durch das lang diskutierte Projekt einer katholischen Wochenzeitung konkretisieren. Doch bereits mit der Herausgabe der ersten Nummer nach dem Essener Katholikentag am 27. September 1968 und einer Auflage von 150.000 Exemplaren stand die Wochenzeitung im Zenit ihres Erfolges. Eine selbstständige, von den Bischöfen finanziell unabhängige Existenz schien niemals möglich. Neben Bischöfen und Politikern übten auch bereits bestehende katholische Blätter wie das „Echo der Zeit“ (das ab 1968 in „Publik“ aufgehen sollte) oder der in diesen Tagen eingestellte „Rheinischer Merkur“ Kritik an „Publik“. Der Bischofskonferenz wurden vielsagend weniger finanzielle, denn vor allem „meta-ökonomische Gründe“ für ihren Einstellungsbeschluss attestiert. Damit dürfte ein ganzes Konglomerat von internen sowie externen Gründen, die für das Ende von „Publik“ ausschlaggebend gewesen sind, angesprochen sein. Sie sollen im Rahmen des Dissertationsprojektes mittels Archivunterlagen, aber auch durch Gespräche mit Zeitzeugen erstmals systematisch aufgearbeitet werden.

Sicher ist: In Deutschland ist das Scheitern von „Publik“ für viele gewissermaßen zum Symbol des Scheiterns der konziliaren Visionen von einem veränderten Verhältnis von Kirche und Welt geworden. Umso wichtiger ist in diesem Zusammenhang, den deutschen Blick auf die Rezeption des Konzils durch die internationale Perspektive zu weiten. Tatsächlich zeigt das Beispiel der Begründung der italienischen Tageszeitung „Avennire“ in seinen Anfängen eine erstaunliche Parallele auf – der sich jedoch bis heute im Vergleich eine Erfolgsgeschichte anschloss. Der „Avvenire“ wurde im Jahr 1968, ungefähr zum selben Zeitpunkt wie „Publik“, auf besonderen Wunsch Papst Pauls VI. gegründet und ebenfalls finanziert von der zuständigen Bischofskonferenz – der „Conferenza Episcopale Italiana“. Dabei handelt es sich zwar nicht um eine komplette Neugründung wie im Fall „Publik“, dennoch dürfte es sich historisch als überaus bedeutungsvoll erweisen, nach den kulturellen, mentalen, sozialen etc. Unterschieden zwischen dem deutschen und italienischen Katholizismus zu fragen, so dass sich in einem Fall ein doch ähnliches Medium noch nicht einmal drei Jahre halten kann, während es sich im anderen Fall des täglichen (!) Verkaufs von über 100.000 Exemplaren sicher sein darf. Offenkundig gilt es auch im Blick auf die Mediengeschichte und die Rezeption des Zweiten Vatikanums, die Möglichkeit unterschiedlicher Pfade der Modernisierung von Religion im öffentlichen Raum zu berücksichtigen. In diesem Zusammenhang versteht sich die Dissertation als ein Plädoyer, die multiplen Modernisierungspfade der konziliaren Rezeption in ihrer Offenheit zu erforschen.

HSS_03

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL TEST RESULTS AND OBJECTIVELY MEASURED

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ELDERLY PRIMARY CARE PATIENTS

Claudio Bucchi, Timo Hinrichs, Anna Moschny, Juliane Volke, Petra Platen

Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: claudio.bucchi@rub.de Purpose Physical activity is essential in maintaining general health of elderly people. Lower body strength and coordination are meant to be predictors of mobility and general physical activity. The aim of this study was to assess the association between results of different functional tests and objectively measured physical activity in elderly primary care patients. Methods Forty-eight community-dwelling persons (n=27 females, n=21 males) aged between 70 and 86 (mean 76.3) years were recruited through the surgeries of 6 different general practitioners. All subjects were able to walk with (n=3) or without a walking aid (n=45). As a measure of general physical activity subjects were instructed to wear a pedometer (with an internal memory chip storing 7 days of data in 1-day epochs) close to the hip for the following 7 days (morning till evening). Mean number of steps per day (Steps/d) was calculated. If possible, the following lower body functional tests were performed as measures of lower body strength and coordination: Timed Up-and-Go (TUG: time to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn, walk back, sit down again), Chair Rising (CR: time to complete five repetitions of rising from a chair, arms folded across the chest, and sitting down), Tandem Stand (TS: timed attempt (maximum 10 sec) to maintain feet in the tandem position, heel of one foot directly in front of the other foot), Tandem Walk (TW: step count of the attempt (maximum 8 steps) to walk heel of one foot directly in front of the other foot). Spearman’s correlation was used to assess the association between Steps/d and functional test results. Results All subjects (n=48) wore the pedometer for a minimum of 4 days (mean 6.6 days). Mean Steps/d were 5492±3281 (409-14819) steps. The functional test results were (mean±SD): TUG (n=48): 13.2±4.9 sec; CR (n=46): 16.6±6.5 sec; TS (n=48): 9.2±2.1 sec; TW (n=44) 5.3±2.9 steps. The following correlation coefficients were found between Steps/d and: TUG: r=-0.55 (p<0.05); CR: r=-0.44 (p<0.05); TS: r=0.11 (p=0.46); TW: r=0.53 (p<0.05). Conclusion The results of the functional tests TUG, CR and TS are associated to objectively measured physical activity. Training interventions aiming to improve lower body strength and coordination of elderly primary care patients might also lead to an increase of their general physical activity level.

References: [1] Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., Macera, C. A. & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(8), 1435-1445. [2] Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., Pieper, C. F., Leveille, S. G., Markides, K. S., Ostir, G. V., Studenski, S., Berkman, L. F. & Wallace, R. B. (2000). Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 55(4), 221-231.

HSS_04

DAS 'AUDIOVIDUUM' EINE DISKURSGESCHICHTE DES

ANTHROPOMORPHEN IN AUDIOVISUELLEN MEDIEN

Julia Eckel

Fakultät für Philologie, Institut für Medienwissenschaft; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: julia.eckel@rub.de Abstract: Stars on screens, men on monitors, persons in pixels – nearly all audiovisual media present graphically and acoustically perceptible forms, which are identified as (human) individuals. In the discourse of media theory, however, it is a widely and diversely discussed topic how these “creatures” could or should be described and theoretically comprehended. Therefore, my dissertation project wants to trace the historic discourse of anthropomorphic figures in audiovisual media and theory, hereby dealing with the question of how far the actually spreading digitalization implies a new impulse to the theoretical constitution and reflection of this 'audiovisual individuals' (in short: 'audioviduals'). Menschen auf Monitoren, Figuren in Filmen, Personen aus Pixeln – fast alle audiovisuellen Medien präsentieren grafisch-akustische Wahrnehmungs-Konfigurationen, die als (menschliche) Individuen identifiziert werden. Die Frage allerdings, wie sich diese „Wesen“ beschreiben und theoretisch fassen lassen, ist innerhalb medientheoretischer Diskurse vielfach und mit unterschiedlicher Schwerpunktsetzung verhandelt worden. So wird von Filmfiguren und -stars gesprochen, von parasozial interaktionsfähigen TV-Personae, von Amateuren im Kontext von Super-8- und Videotechnik und von Synthespians, Avataren und Vloggern im Zeitalter des Digitalen. Gerade letztere Konzepte sind dabei als Bemühung zu Lesen „neuartige Spezies“ innerhalb der audiovisuellen Medien in Worte zu kleiden. Sie sind ein aktuelles Beispiel für den diskursiven Begriffsfindungsprozess, der sich seit dem Aufkommen analoger Aufzeichnungsverfahren um die anthropomorphisierten Inhalte audiovisueller Medien entfaltet. So erscheint die Geburt neuer Bild-und-Ton-Geschöpfe stets einherzugehen mit der Geburt neuer Begrifflichkeiten und neuer Namen. Mein Dissertationsprojekt will diese Diskursgeschichte des Anthropomorphen in den Medien nachzeichnen und überprüfen, inwieweit die aktuell fortschreitende Digitalisierung einen neuen Impuls für die theoretische Konstitution und Reflektion audiovisueller Kreaturen bedeutet. Um den damit sehr breit gefassten Gegenstand der Betrachtungen begrifflich auf einen Nenner zu bringen und dabei die Abgrenzung der medial vermittelten „Individuen“ von nicht-medialen Individuen zu ermöglichen, wird der Begriff des „Audioviduums“ vorgeschlagen. Er soll als ein Begriffsinstrument, als eine Metapher dienen, um die „Audio-Video-Individuen“ terminologisch als das zu fassen, was sie in erster Linie sind: eine sichtbare Oberfläche und/oder hörbare Laute. Ein „Audioviduum“ wäre demnach ein medien-vermittelt akustisch-visuelles Phänomen, das als Individuum mit menschlichen oder wesenhaften Zügen interpretiert wird.

BORDER CONFLICTS, TERRORISM AND TRAUMA IN SCREEN NARRATIVES OF VIOLENCE

Sophie Einwächter

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: sophie.einwaechter@rub.de I am a film scholar with a particular interest in psychological readings. Therefore, when I analyse screen narratives about political conflicts, I look at them as mechanisms of coping with issues of national history and cultural trauma. In this context the very act of storytelling can be considered therapeutic: A strategy to comprehend, and to conquer – at least on a formal level – what may remain upsetting and elusive in real life. (While political conflicts linger on for decades with no end in sight, the conventional length of a feature film sets a formal limit to all representations.) In a 2001 essay, E. Ann Kaplan has shown how ‘personal and social traumas […] could be more safely approached or remembered’ in Hollywood melodramas from the 1920s to the 1960s (2001; 202). Kaplan’s label of ‘trauma films’ can also be applied to recent narratives on terrorism as Ritu Saksena has shown in 2006 referring to examples from Bollywood cinema. Drawing on both approaches I will address popular films set in the Kashmir region and Northern Ireland and take a closer look at their representations of the troubled border region. Here, the borderline is not only the location of opposing claims of power, but also a demarcation of otherness, where ethno-religious groups and their respective needs of belonging clash. A place of political struggle and erupting violence, the border region is also a location of trauma. Its inhabitants become witnesses, victims and some even perpetrators of terrorist activities. Making films in such regions is a dangerous undertaking and the production teams shooting on location face a risk no insurance company is willing to back. (In a recent interview with the journal ISHQ1, the Bollywood star Bipasha Basu stated that there was no insurance for her latest film, LAMHAA, as it was shot in Kashmir during election time.) Examples from the films show how the border manifests itself in cinematic portrayals of these areas of crises: Walls and fences become obvious hindrances as well as metaphors of the danger of trespassing. The portrayed characters show signs of traumatic stress, while frequently crossing borders: Former criminals become victims. Fathers, friends and lovers turn terrorists. A loving wife shoots her own husband... These motifs further a hybrid quality of the stories’ generic identity: Both Northern Ireland and Kashmir films possess melodramatic elements as well as typical action genre characteristics. There is an overall allegoric dimension to these stories: The trauma of the protagonist can be regarded a pars-pro-toto testimony of the suffering society. Where territorial claims persist unsolved, genre and characters remain ambivalent. [1] Issue 36, August 2010.

References: Kaplan, E. Ann (2001): Melodrama, Cinema and Trauma. In: Screen 42,2 (2001), pp. 201-205. McIlroy, Brian (1998): Shooting to Kill. Filmmaking and the 'Troubles' in Northern Ireland. Trowbridge, Wiltshire: Flicks Books 1998; rev. ed. 2001. Saksena, Ritu (2006): Mapping Terrorism: Amorphous Nations, Transient Loyalties. Ph.D.-Thesis, College Park, MD: University of Maryland 2006. Sharma, Alpana (2008): Paradise Lost in Mission Kashmir: Global Terrorism, Local Insurgencies, and the Question of Kashmir in Indian Cinema. In: Quarterly Review of Film and Video 25,2 (2008), pp. 124-131.

RESSOURCEN UND RESTRIKTIONEN – DIE BEDEUTUNG RELIGIÖSER

VERGEMEINSCHAFTUNG FÜR DIE INTEGRATION RUSSLANDDEUTSCHER AUSSIEDLER

Frederik Elwert

Chair for Religious Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: frederik.elwert@rub.de Abstract: The integration of ethnic German migrants differs from the integration of other migrant groups in some crucial aspects. After World War II, the official integration policy was oriented towards a permanent stay and the integration into welfare state institutions. With the rise of ethnic German immigration around 1990, the reduction of welfare state benefits and a growing hostility of the host society lead to the formation of a self-consciousness of ethnic Germans as a distinct group. The dissertation project deals with the role religious communities play for the integration of ethnic Germans, both on a structural and socio-cultural level. Applying approaches from resource theory, the benefits, but also the restrictions arising from religious community formation are studied. Die Integration russlanddeutscher Aussiedler in die deutsche Gesellschaft hat bereits eine höchst wechselvolle Geschichte. Anders als bei den Arbeitsmigranten der 60er und 70er Jahre wurde die Bleibeabsicht dieser Migrantengruppe von Anfang an vorausgesetzt. Dementsprechend war auch die Integrationspolitik der Bundesregierung von Anfang an auf die möglichst vollständige Inklusion der Aussiedler ausgerichtet (vgl. Bommes 2000). Mit dem Anstieg des Aussiedlerzuzugs aus dem Gebiet der ehemaligen UdSSR um das Jahr 1990 werden die staatlichen Leistungen jedoch reduziert und die Ablehnung innerhalb der Mehrheitsbevölkerung nimmt zu. Gleichzeitig wird die Kriminalität jugendlicher Spätaussiedler zu einem Thema in der öffentlichen Debatte und der kriminologischen Literatur. Die (Spät-)Aussiedler werden zunehmend als Gruppe wahrgenommen und identifizieren sich selbst zunehmend in Abgrenzung zur deutschen Mehrheitsgesellschaft. Es kommt zu einer Prozessen, die man nach Esser mit den Begriffen Schließung und Ethnisierung bezeichnen kann (vgl. Esser 2008).1 Im Dissertationsprojekt wird der Einfluss religiöser Vergemeinschaftung auf den Prozess der Integration russlanddeutscher Aussiedler untersucht. Dabei werden analytisch strukturelle Integration (Platzierung, Zugang zu gesellschaftlichen Funktionssystemen) und sozio-kulturelle Integration (kulturelle, interaktive und identifikative Faktoren) unterschieden, jedoch auch ihre wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten in den Blick genommen.

1 Der Begriff der Ethnisierung ist natürlich in diesem Kontext nicht unproblematisch, sind die Aussiedler doch

»ethnisch Deutsche«. Dennoch lässt sich die Konstruktion einer eigenen kulturellen Identität beobachten, die unabhängig von der »Volkszugehörigkeit« ist. Die Frage, ob Religion hier eine bedeutende Rolle spielt, ist Gegenstand der Untersuchung.

Vor dem Hintergrund eines ressourcentheoretischen Ansatzes werden Leistungen religiöser Gemeinschaften für die Integration von Aussiedlern in den Blick genommen. Religion scheint insbesondere auf drei Ebenen potenziell Ressourcen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Über a) normative Vorgaben werden Richtlinien erwünschten Verhaltens vermittelt. Diese können die Wahrscheinlichkeit devianten Verhaltens reduzieren und somit Konflikte vermeiden. Daneben können b) kulturelle Kompetenzen und Fähigkeiten vermittelt werden. Diese »soft skills« sind über den religiösen Kontext hinaus generalisierbar und erhöhen die Chancen für eine erfolgreiche Platzierung in den Institutionen der Aufnahmegesellschaft. Die c) sozialen Beziehungsgeflechte innerhalb der religiösen Gemeinschaft selbst bieten dagegen konkrete Unterstützungsnetzwerke, die ihren Mitgliedern spezifische Ressourcen zur Verfügung stellen (vgl. Warner 2007). Das Potenzial religiöser Gemeinschaften, starke Bindungen ihrer Mitglieder untereinander zu stiften und als Identitätsmarker zu fungieren, kann jedoch die Abgrenzung von anderen sozialen Zusammenhängen befördern und somit die sozio-kulturelle Integration behindern. Dies schließt jedoch die Integration auf der strukturellen Ebene nicht aus. Daher bleibt offen, ob eine solche Situation negativ bewertet werden muss, ohne Konsequenzen bleibt sie jedoch in der Regel nicht. Dabei verläuft religiöse Vergemeinschaftung nicht immer gleich, pauschale Aussagen über die Leistungen religiöser Gemeinschaften und die von ihnen verursachten Restriktionen verbieten sich daher. Viel eher müssen die spezifischen Bedingungen in den Blick genommen werden:

• Neben der Gründung eigener (Migranten-)Gemeinden bietet sich für die Aussiedler auch die prinzipielle Möglichkeit, sich bestehenden freikirchlichen oder landeskirchlichen Gemeinden anzuschließen. Die Rolle dieser Gemeinden ist dabei nicht rein passiv, sie bilden zum Teil eine eigene Politik im Umgang mit den Aussiedlern aus.

• Die Bedingungen ändern sich, wie eingangs angesprochen, im zeitlichen Verlauf. Es sind daher die spezifischen Bedingungen zu verschiedenen Migrationszeitpunkten in den Blick zu nehmen: In welcher Zeit finden die Gemeindegründungen statt? Welche Rolle spielen Kettenwanderungen? Wie gehen die Gemeinden selbst mit dem Spätaussiedlerzuzug um?

• Um Aussagen über die Wirkung religiöser Vergemeinschaftung treffen zu können, ist der Vergleich mit nichtreligiösen Gemeinschaften und nicht gemeinschaftlich eingebundenen Individuen notwendig. So ist beispielsweise zu klären, ob tatsächlich religiös begründete Normen deviantes Verhalten verhindern.

References: Bommes, Michael (2000): “Migration und Lebenslauf. Aussiedler im nationalen Wohlfahrtsstaat,” Sozialwissenschaften und Berufspraxis 1/23, S. 9–28. Esser, Hartmut (2008): “Assimilation, ethnische Schichtung oder selektive Akkulturation? Neue Theorien der Eingliederung von Migranten und das Modell der intergenerationalen Integration,” in: Kalter, Frank (Hrsg.): Migration und Integration, KZfSS-Sonderheft, 48, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, S. 81-107. Warner, R Stephen (2007): “The Role of Religion in the Process of Segmented Assimilation,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1/612, S. 100-115.

INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY, EXPORT PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Elias Fanta

International Development Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: elias.fanta@rub.de There is consensus among scholars that openness and integration into the world economy is essential to realize the potential gain from trade. International trade brings a substantial positive change in the income growth of a trading country. There is extensive theoretical and empirical literature supporting this argument. Given constant returns to scale, perfect competition and the absence of distortions, traditional trade theory suggests that there are considerable welfare gains from market integration through trade. Though the majority of empirical studies confirm the notion that international trade brings about a substantial welfare gain, the findings are not always robust. For the same degree of openness some countries are more likely to benefit from trade than others. Redding and Venables (2002) indicate that during the last quarter century there have been wide variations in countries’ export performance. As a case in point, East Asian countries real export increased by more than 800% since the early 1970s, while the share of those of sub-Saharan Africa increased just by 70%.

The dramatic increase in export of East Asian countries brings a spectacular economic growth for the respective countries, while most of sub-Saharan Africa and Latin American have been less able to harness the benefits of the openness of their countries (Borrmann et al, 2006). The main question evolving around this welfare discrepancies would be what are the prerequisites for a positive linkage between trade and growth and thus a successful trade liberalization strategy? A number of policy prerequisites would help to harness the benefits of trade. Countries that have better macroeconomic stability, well-functioning infrastructure and competitive markets may trade more than countries where these conditions are not met.

In addition, to the above prerequisites, there are other important factors for a successful dismantling of trade barriers. One of the requirements is having institutions of high quality. As, Levchenko (2007) reveals an important feature of North-South trade is that it occurs between strikingly dissimilar countries and one of an important source of dissimilarity is institutional quality. The discrepancy in the quality of institutions might be one of the reasons for unequal distribution of the benefits of trade between North and South.

The term institution is highly associated to the work of Douglass North. Institutions can be defined as humanly devised constraints that shape human interactions (North, 1990 p. 3). It is the rules of the game and enforcement mechanism in a society as defined by the prevailing explicit and implicit behavioral norms and their ability to create appropriate incentive mechanisms for desirable economic behavior.

Researches aimed at studying the impact of institution on export performance are very limited. When they are available, the manner in which institutional quality is analyzed does not capture any of the formal aspect of the institutional setting and most of these researches are limited to cross country analysis relating institutional quality and growth. Therefore, this research is aimed at investigating how the degree of institutional quality affects the performance of the export sector based on selected econometric identification techniques. In addition, the research tries to investigate if institutional quality helps to translate good export performance into tangible economic success.

The research has the following specific objectives: - Develop measurement techniques to test the impact of institutions on trade and

economic growth, - Provide empirically supported hypothesis about the impact of institutional quality on

export performance, - Contributes to the policy debate on: ‘do institutions matter and how?’

ASPECTS OF BOUNDARY CROSSING IN THE EARLY WORK OF ITALO CALVINO

Julia Fisahn

Fakultät für Philologie, Romanisches Seminar; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: julia.fisahn@rub.de The topic of boundary crossing within narratological texts has always been of interest and yet represents one of the prevailing issues in the field of Narrative Studies. In particular, the Postmodern Italian Literature attaches much importance to cross-border arguments as intermedial contact between literature on the one hand and photography, film and music on the other hand. While most of the recent studies concentrating on Contemporary Italian Literature focus on intermedial references in the literature of the so called giovani scrittori generation, this paper seeks to outline boundary crossing in the early work of Italo Calvino. The early work of Calvino – normally seen in strong correlation to his political involvement in Italy's anti-war resistence movement – can be categorized at a first glance as undoubtfully neorealistic. Aside from typical neorealistic topoi, e.g. the poetics of immediacy, another characteristic of Calvinos debut novel Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno (1947) consists in the application of various narrative techniques in order to reflect the transposition of reality into text: By doing so, Calvino's debut novel can be described as unmistakably neorealistic (if we outline roughly the meaning of 'neorealism'), at the same time we are faced with stylistic and narrative experiments which open the text to further questions as the immediate reference of Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno to anti-fascistic reality. To verify this thesis it is challenging to have a closer look at boundary crossing phenomena in Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno (1947), e.g. at the scene when one of the protagonists rushes up the stairs (chapter 11). At this point it is useful to resort to concepts and approaches from the field of Intermedial Studies: What approaches to research can be useful for the analysis of intermedial references in the field of Italian Literature Studies? Could it be helpful to implement methods and concepts from other disciplines, e.g. Film and Cultural Studies? What gains and difficulties will we come up against by trying to broaden the perspective of Literary Studies? References: Calvino, Italo (1993a): Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno. Milan: Mondadori. [1947] Calvino, Italo (1993b): „Presentazione“, in: id.: Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno. Milan: Mondadori, 5–25. [1964] Corti, Maria (1978): „Neorealismo“, in: ead.: Il viaggio testuale. Le ideologie e strutture semiotiche. Turin: Einaudi, 25–110.

Nelting, David (2010): „‚Un gioco di specchi‘ – Unmittelbarkeit und Medialisierung in der Erzählpoetik des frühen Italo Calvino (‚Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno‘)“, erscheint in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatszeitschrift. Rajewsky, Irina O. (2003): Intermediales Erzählen in der italienischen Literatur der Postmoderne. Von den ‚giovani scrittori’ der 80er zum ‚pulp’ der 90er Jahre. Tübingen: Narr. Werner, Paul (2000): Film noir und neo-noir. Munich: Vertigo.

THE INTERNAL GERMAN BORDER - A LITERARY CATEGORY?

Johanna M. Gelberg

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: johanna.gelberg@rub.de The division of Germany into two countries between 1949 and 1990 has had an enormous influence on society. People were separated from each other and a feeling of estrangement seems to have dominated the German-German relationship. This becomes obvious in the high amount of prejudices and stereotypes about the respective ‘other Germans’ in society and media, which partly seem to exist until today. The separation of the countries tended to separate the people; this went so far, that people in East and West Germany turned their backs on each other. The division of Germany, symptom of which was the internal German border - and from 1961 on especially the Berlin Wall -, coined Germany in the second half of the 20th century. In 1961, just before the building of the Berlin Wall, the German author Uwe Johnson called the border a “literary category”.1 He supposed the border to influence not only society, but also art, which should actually be regarded as essential part of society. A glance at the works of this specific author proves his thesis to be true: almost any text ever written by Johnson includes the division of Germany to certain extend. Already the first novel Ingrid Babendererde. Reifeprüfung 1953, which was written in the 1950s but only published after Johnson’s death in 1984, tells the story of a young couple that escapes the ideological pressure in the German Democratic Republic. The political suppression in school draws Ingrid to a public act of resistance; her flight from the GDR is a logical consequence. Still, the arrival in West Berlin does not appear as the arrival in a blessed country. Johnson succeeds already at this early stage of work in drawing a complex picture of the German situation of division, which shows more than just black and white portraits. The following novels Mutmassungen über Jakob, Das dritte Buch über Achim and the tetralogy Jahrestage take up the topic of the German division as well. What is more important than including the boundary as a topic in literature, is its potential as literary category influencing the poetics of the work. The best example of Johnsons work seems to be Das dritte Buch über Achim. The novel has the structure of a dialogue. The journalist Karsch reports about his experiences during a stay in East Berlin and his attempt to write a biography about a cyclist from the GDR. The dialogical structure gives the opportunity to question and criticize whatever is told by Karsch. This structure is one of connection rather than division. The dialogic structure is important for the report of Karschs experiences. The dialogue partner mirrors the expectations Karsch had, when he first arrived [1] Johnson, Uwe. „Berliner Stadtbahn (veraltet)“ In: (ders.) Berliner Sachen. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp. 1975. S. 10: „Eine Grenze an dieser Stelle wirkt wie eine literarische Kategorie. Sie verlangt die epische Technik und die Sprache zu verändern, bis sie der unerhörten Situation gerecht werden.“

in East Berlin. In the retrospective, Karsch is able to prove those expectations – like the supposed observation by the intelligence service SSD of the GDR – to be wrong. Instead of the stabilization of common West-German stereotypes, Karsch succeeds in taking over an almost objective point of view. He experiences the GDR in an almost naïve way and can thus report about authentic experiences of difference and even attempts of influence on his journalistic work. The novel draws a complex picture of Karsch’s visit of the GDR and impressively shows the experience of estrangement.2 The structure of the dialogue than takes into account, that only one point of view is not sufficient for the depiction of a divided reality. To prove Johnson’s thesis of the internal boundary to be a literary category, the analysis of the works of other German authors of the period of division and after is unavoidable. One example is Arno Schmidt, an author who – like Johnson - is supposed to be solitary in literary history. In Schmidt’s early work, he is very much concerned with reality. In several novels, Schmidt picks up the topic of the ideological division of the world. In Das steinerne Herz, Die Gelehrtenrepublik and Kaff auch Mare Crisium the structure of division - of Germany, of the world on an island and even of the moon - is taken up. In the 1950s there are several authors, apparently only from West Germany, who deal with the German division. Besides Schmidt and Johnson, Erich Nossack and others take up the topic in some novels. Nossack integrates even mystic elements; by taking up the structure of a “Doppelgänger”, the duplication of the protagonist and biography corresponds to the duplication of states and ideologies and offers the possibility to show a more complex perspective. The influence of the internal border, of the division, of the concurrence of two ideological systems is obviously an important topic in literature. The thesis of the border as literary category is to be proven, also with regard to authors from East Germany and literature beyond the period of division. Nevertheless, there is an impact of the historical fact on literature; it seems to influence content, structures and poetics of several authors besides Johnson. [2] Ebd., S 18: „Echtes Ausland ist selten so fremd.“

HSS_05

DIE EUROPÄISCHE WIGALOIS-TRADITION TOPOGRAPHIEN VON HIMMEL, HÖLLE UND

FEGEFEUER VOM MITTELALTER BIS ZUR FRÜHEN NEUZEIT

Bianca Häberlein

Fakultät für Philologie, Germanistisches Institut; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: bianca.haeberlein@rub.de In Deutschland ist der durch religiöse Aufladung – nicht nur im Mittelalter, sondern noch heute – an Popularität gewinnende Wigalois Wirnts von Grafenberg bis in die frühe Neuzeit rezipiert und bearbeitet worden. So existieren mehrere Drucke der Prosabearbeitung Wigoleis vom Rade (15./16. Jh.). Eine weitere Bearbeitung findet sich im Buch der Abenteuer des Ulrich Füetrer (15. Jh.). Im Januar 2006 entdeckte Christoph Fasbender das auf 1455 datierte Erfurter Fragment Wigelis, das von den Abenteuern des Wigalois erzählt. Zudem existiert ein jiddischer Versroman Widuwilt (16. Jh.), der wiederum in einem frühneuzeitlichen Prosaroman von Johann Ferdinand Roth eine Bearbeitung gefunden hat: Vom Koenige Artus und vom bildschoenen Ritter Wieduwilt. Ein Ammenmaehrchen. Noch um 1910 erschien ein Jugendbuch Die Abenteuer des Ritters mit dem Rade Guy von Waleis, 1994 zudem eine moderne Nacherzählung von Gernot Wildt: Wigalois, der Ritter mit dem Rade. Auch geht der deutschen Tradition eine französische Fassung des Erzählstoffes, der Bel Inconnu des Renaut de Beaujeu, voraus, der wiederum in einer späten englischen Fassung bearbeitet wird, im Libeaus Desconus. Für mein Dissertationsprojekt wird die gesamte Tradition des Erzählstoffes thematisch mit Blick auf Topographien des Himmels, der Hölle und des Fegefeuers untersucht. Dabei werden räumliche Darstellungen vor dem Hintergrund des „spatial turn“ aus kulturwissenschaftlicher und literaturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive als Bedeutungsträger verstanden, die sich diachron vom europäischen Mittelalter bis zur Frühen Neuzeit durch den jeweils unterschiedlichen kulturellen Kontext transformieren. Die räumlichen Imaginationen von Himmel, Hölle und Fegefeuer in den einzelnen Texten zeigen, dass sich diese im Laufe der Zeit durch kulturelle, literarische und nicht zuletzt religiöse Implikationen verändern.

FINANCIAL RISK AND RESPONSIBILITY

Simone Heinemann

Institute of Philosophy, Chair of Applied Ethics; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: simone.heinemann@rub.de Previous philosophical studies on risk have focused primarily on technical, ecological and medical risks. Very little attention has been given to the question of how to deal with financial risk from an ethical perspective. Who is responsible for the risks generated on financial markets? Which aggregate level of financial risk does the community or society have to bear? These questions have particular ethical relevance – especially in times of the current financial crisis: Recent months have seen a flood of losses reported by banks, corporations, state and local governments that took a chance on risk. Such cases symbolize the hazards financial instruments – especially derivatives – can pose to the financial health of those who trade in them. If that prospect were not cause enough for concern, derivatives speculation poses an ethical problem by increasing the level of risk in the portfolios of those to which (mostly risk aversive) depositors, investors, and pensioners entrust their savings. As empirical evidence implies, increasing risk rather than reducing it may have a destabilizing impact by spreading to the real economy, negatively affecting economic activity (employment, income level, etc.). Consequently, the ones speculating in financial markets aren´t necessarily the ones bearing the costs incurred. The dissertation deals with an important policy issue concerning financial derivatives, which have been involved in most of the recent financial debacles.1 Derivatives are a particular kind of tradable contract. Their trade value is tied to the value of other assets, historically commodities but also corporate shares, currencies, interest rates, etc. Most importantly derivatives can be used in two different ways against the unpredictable elements of chance that affect these forms of fluctuating financial risk: They can either be employed to minimize losses from fluctuations in the underlying asset by hedging or they can be used to speculate on fluctuations hoping for considerable gains, but thereby maximizing the potential loss.2 The derivatives market’s notional value today is estimated at over $614 trillion (compared to $220 trillion in 2004)3 – amounting to about $100,000 in derivatives contracts for every person on the planet. Such developments highlight the importance of understanding the risks inherent in derivatives as well as their effects on society. 1 Cp. Stout, Lynn A.: How Deregulating Derivatives Led to Disaster, and Why Re-Regulating Them Can Prevent

Another. In: Lombard Street 1, 7 (06.07.2009), pp. 4-9. 2 Cp. Dubina, Daniel E. / Unger, David L.: Derivatives: How To Monitor the Risk. In: Outlook 63, 1 (1995), pp.

24-28, p. 2. 3 Cp. Bank for International Settlements: Semiannual OTC Derivatives Statistics in December 2009, Amounts

Outstanding of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Derivatives. In: BIS Quaterly Review (Dec. 2009), http://www.bis.org/statistics/otcder/dt1920a.pdf (21.10.10).

Economists in recent years have devoted an extraordinary amount of time and attention to the study of financial derivatives. Still, the symptomatology of derivatives trading reveals them to be rather an ethical, not just an economic or mathematical, problem. The dissertation aims at taking up the economic suppositions on derivatives in order to gather their normative assumptions, to reflect on them and, if necessary, to challenge their accuracy. The investigation is organized around two distinct themes. First, it argues that the peculiar nature of the dangers posed by derivatives still remain poorly understood. Whereas carefully chosen derivatives deals may reduce the risk inherent in doing business, e.g. by hedging, there are transactions which can provide powerful leveraged mechanisms for creating risk with a negative influence on economic stability. The dissertation assumes that speculative derivatives trading used for gambling purposes may increase the risk-bearing of both parties to the contract, just as gamblers increase their risk by betting.4 There is empirical evidence that this is likely to result in increased market risk, reduced investor returns, price distortions and bubbles which diminish social welfare.5 For further investigation it seems necessary to analyze the widespread (moral) resentments against derivatives gambling and speculation on financial markets as they might provide criteria for dealing responsibly und justly with financial risk. Second, the dissertation focuses on the normative dimensions of financial risk. The lack of a qualified ethical analysis is probably one of the major reasons why so many mistakes have been made in the management of financial risk. Unfortunately, neither deontological nor rights-based moral theories have the means to deal adequately with the moral problems of risk.6 The dissertation argues that moral theories have to be extended so that they cover actions whose outcomes are not determinable beforehand. It suggests that decisions on investments and activities on financial markets can only be understood against the background of the risks involved and the people affected. As Hansson points out, several morally relevant aspects of situations of risk and uncertainty have to be taken into consideration: A moral analysis of risk should go beyond the information provided by probabilities and deterministic utilities and operate on person-related aspects such as agency, intentionality, consent, etc.7 Therefore it proves necessary (a) to reveal the conditions under which the right not to be exposed to risk may be overridden and (b) to detect those conditions under which there are no sufficient reasons for accepting the risk as such. In this context it might be useful to understand derivatives trading as an exchange system embedded in the reciprocal orders of society.8 Theoretically and practically this approach provides us with new and important insights into areas as diverse as economic ethics, the philosophy of risk, and the structure of financial markets. 4 For example, if a person not presently owning the stock of a company sells it forward (goes short), then the

risk-bearing of both parties to the contract is increased. A large number of the individuals and institutions that trade in derivatives do so in hope of earning quick profits by predicting price changes.

5 Cp. Stout, Lynn A.: Why The Law Hates Speculators: Regulation and Private Ordering In The Market For OTC Derivatives. In: Duke Law Journal 48 (1998/99), pp. 701-786.

6 Cp. Hansson, Sven Ove: Ethical Criteria of Risk Acceptance. In: Erkenntnis 59,V (2003), pp. 291-309, p. 293 ff.

7 Hansson, Sven Ove: Philosophical Perspectives on Risk. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 8,1 (2004), pp. 10-35, p. 29f.

8 Cp. Hansson 2003 and 2004: Referring to Hansson, the exposure of a person to a risk can be regarded as acceptable if it is part of an equitable social system of risk-taking that works to her advantage.

THE IMPACT OF AID FOR TRADE FACILITATION ON THE COSTS OF TRADING

Ruth Hoekstra, Matthias Busse and Jens Koeniger

Chair of International Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: ruth.hoekstra@rub.de As tariffs and non-tariff trade barriers have fallen in recent decades, interest in other trade costs have been growing. These other trade costs, for example, those related to trade regulations, the trade infrastructure, distribution, or communications, can be much higher than traditional trade barriers and may impede many countries, in particular developing countries, to take advantage of international trade.1 Partly as a response to this problem, the Aid for Trade (AfT) initiative has been launched in December 2005 at the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Hong Kong. AfT is development assistance targeted at helping developing countries to better harness the benefits from international trade. It aims to harmonize and ameliorate existing structures of trade-related aid activities, taking into account both policy- and supply-related constraints that developing countries face. One major mechanism within the WTO’s AfT initiative is trade facilitation, which aims at reducing transaction costs in international trade. Aid directed towards trade facilitation measures (Aid for Trade Facilitation, AfTF) has become a key element of the broader AfT initiative. It not only defines new trading rules but also involves the provision of resources to assist developing countries to better integrate into the world trading system and in meeting the new obligations that are expected to arise from a WTO trade facilitation agreement. The amount of foreign aid involved is by no means small. Between 2002 and 2008, donors’ total Aid for Trade disbursements amounted on average to 19.3 billion US$ (constant 2008 prices), a share of around one third of sector allocable Official Development Assistance (ODA) (OECD 2010). Furthermore, it can be expected that the relative share of AfT in overall ODA is going to increase over the medium term. Given that trade costs matter and that considerable aid resources have been or will be provided in the years to come, it is not surprising that there is a growing interest in the effectiveness of the AfT initiative. Previous empirical studies on AfT and AfTF can be divided into two strands of literature. The first one consists of a number of studies that investigate the impact of either trade costs or trade facilitation on trade flows. Using various empirical techniques, such as cross-country econometric analysis, computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, and country case studies, most of these studies find that both trade 1 See, for example, Anderson and Wincoop (2004).

costs and trade facilitation are important determinants of trade flows – with trade costs reducing them noticeably.2 The second strand of literature focuses on the effects of AfT and AfTF on trade flows. Again, the studies usually find that resources spent on AfT and AfTF increase trade flows in recipient countries to a considerable degree.3 Similar to the previous strand, the different papers use either case studies and/or econometric studies to assess the impact of AfT and AfTF on exports and imports. This paper combines the two strands by empirically examining the impact of AfT and AfTF on trade costs. We argue that Aid for Trade can be a powerful and effective tool to lower trade costs in developing countries and thus to increase trade flows. We also investigate the impact of Aid for Trade on the time of trading.4 Apart from the impact of Aid for Trade on trade costs and the time of trading, our analysis also matters with respect to the aid effectiveness debate. Since donors try to increase the effectiveness of aid resources spent and the funds involved are relatively large, we address a highly relevant policy issue in our empirical investigation. We use a large panel dataset for almost 100 developing countries and up to six years of data (2004-2009). We find that aid for trade reduces trade costs and that the effect is of statistical and economic significance. However, the impact depends on the particular aid category. For the time of trading, the evidence is less robust, but still some evidence of a reduction in the time of trading due to our aid measures can be found. References: Anderson, James and Eric Wincoop (2004), Trade Costs, Journal of Economic Literature 42(3), 691-751. Bloningen, Bruce and Wesley Wilson (2008), Port Efficiency and Trade Flows, Review of International Economics 16(1), 21-36. Brenton, Paul and Erik von Uexkull (2009), Product Specific Technical Assistance for Exports – Has it been Effective?, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development 18(2), 235–254. Djankov, Simean, Caroline Freund, and Cong Pham (2010), Trading on Time, Review of Economics and Statistics 92(1), 166-173. Helble, Matthias, Catherine Mann, and John Wilson (2009), Aid for Trade Facilitation, World Bank Policy Research Paper 5064. Iwanow, Tomasz and Colin Kirkpatrick (2007), Trade Facilitation, Regulatory Quality and Export Performance, Journal of International Development 19(6), 735-753. Iwanow, Tomasz and Colin Kirkpatrick (2009), Trade Facilitation and Manufactured Exports: Is Africa Different?, World Development 37(6), 1039-1050. Limao, Nuno and Anthony Venables (2001), Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage and Transport Costs, World Bank Economic Review 15 (3), 451-479. Lederman, Daniel, Marcelo Olarreaga, and Lucy Payton (2010), Export Promotion Agencies: Do They Work?, Journal of Development Economics 91(2), 257-265. 2 See, for example, Limão and Venables (2001), Wilson et al. (2003), Walkenhorst and Yasui (2005), Blonigen and Wilson (2008), Martinez-Zarzoso et al. (2008) and Iwanow and Kirkpatrick (2007, 2009). 3 See Nelson and Silva (2008), Brenton and Uexkull (2009), Helble et al. (2009), and Lederman et al. (2010). 4 Djankov et al. (2010) show that the time of trading has a significant impact on the trade volume.

Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada, Eva Maria Perez-Garcia, and Celestino Suarez-Burguet (2008), Do Transport Costs Have a Different Effect on Trade at the Sectoral Level?, Applied Economics 40(24), 3145-3157. Nelson, Douglas and Simone Silva (2008), Does Aid Cause Trade? Evidence from an Asymmetric Gravity Model, Working Paper 21/2008, University of Nottingham. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2010), Creditor Reporting System Aid Activity Database. Walkenhorst, Peter and Tadashi Yasui (2005), Benefits of Trade Facilitation: A Quantitative Assessment, in Susan Dee and Michael Ferrantino (eds.), Quantitative Methods for Assessing the Effects of Non-tariff Measures and Trade Facilitation, Singapore: World Scientific Publication, 161-192. Wilson, John, Catherine Mann, and Tsunehiro Otsuki (2003), Trade Facilitation and Economic Development: A New Approach to Quantifying the Impact, World Bank Economic Review 17(3), 367-389.

HSS_06

GROWTH EFFECTS AND THE DETERMINANTS OF FEMALE EMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: A MACRO-

AND MICROECONOMIC ANALYSES

Shafaq Hussain

International Development Studies, Institute for Development Research and Development Policy (IEE); Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany e-mail: shafaq.hussain@rub.de It is thought that human capital is the most important factor of production in today’s economy. Improvement in human capital is crucial to achieving increases in GDP. Human capital includes both male and female. The contribution of both is needed to improve the economic condition of a country. As per the Labor Force Survey of Pakistan 2003-04, women represent almost 49 percent of the total population and working age group in Pakistan, but their participation in the economic activity is very low at 11.2 percent. It is in fact, the lowest in the South Asian region. As a result the gender gap in economic participation is highest in Pakistan amongst regional countries. According to the World Bank data of 2008, the percentage of females actively participating in the labor force in Pakistan was 21.2 percent in comparison to 31.2 percent in Iran, 33.1 percent in India, 58.3 percent in Bangladesh, 63.2 percent in Nepal, 51.2 percent in Bhutan and 67.5 percent in China. Even the most war trodden country Afghanistan, was ahead of Pakistan by having a female participation rate of 33 percent. World Development Indicators (2010) The role of female education and employment in the economy of Pakistan is analyzed in the light of the following research questions. 1. What are the effects that a country has to face if she ignores half of its population i.e. females?

2. Human capital involves both male & female parts of population. How the, roughly speaking, 50% of population i.e. females have contributed in the economic growth of a developing country e.g. Pakistan?

3. What are the determinants of female labor supply in a developing economy? The macroeconomic analysis is based on the Solow model of economic growth. A cross section as well as panel estimations of the developing countries’ data is done, in order to find out the effects of participation of female labor force on the economic growth of countries. Whereas the microeconomic analysis is based on the field research data obtained from Dera Ismail Khan District of Pakistan. The females and their household heads were interviewed and the data was then analyzed through Logit regressions to find out the determinants of female labor supply in a developing region in Pakistan.

CROSSCUTTING RELIGION A SURVEY OF RELIGIOUS INTERGROUP RELATIONS

IN DORTMUND

Nelly C. Joppich

Fakultät für Sozialwissenschaft, Nachwuchsforschergruppe Religion vernetzt; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: nelly.joppich@rub.de Mainly due to massive immigration, The Ruhr region experiences vital religious pluralism nowadays. This pluralism has not yet been empirically accounted for in science. Rather, an exclusive focus on Islam and Christianity as culturally and normatively incompatible antidotes promotes the perception of a bright and in various aspects of society salient religious boundary which divides „us“ – the democratic German civil society – from „them“ – the immigrated strangers who threaten the socio-cultural cohesion of society, the political system and the established legal order. This does not only obscure the diversity of the religious field in Germany but also the difference between ascribed and actual social boundaries based on religion. Having become salient in the context of immigration, religious boundaries are always being discussed in combination with integration in Germany. The political awareness of the relevance of organizations for the integration of people with an immigrant background recently resulted in an expansion in the research on migrant organizations.1 But this research is still rare and has been limited to the political sphere. It is composed of studies about the relations between migrant organizations and political or state institutions and on the role of migrant organizations in the general development of migrants’ political integration in Germany.

Based on the assumption that in a religiously plural society, interreligious cooperation has to be understood as an expression of integration to the host society, my Ph.D. project tests for the following hypotheses: 1. The public focus on the conflict between Islam and Christianity leads to a high integration pressure on these two groups. 2. In order to meet these demands for integration, Muslim and Christian organizations increase cooperation with each other and consequently promote integration. 3. Not being addressed by the public and governmental pressure, other religious groups are excluded from these intensified integration efforts. 4. These other religious groups cooperate with each other in order to gain more societal influence. 5. Interreligious clusters of cooperation between the two quantitatively dominant religious groups on the one hand and smaller religious groups on the other occur.

The theoretical framework for testing these hypotheses is a combination of core concepts from relational sociology and the study of social boundaries. More Explicitly, I study the

                                                            1 Pries, Ludger, und Zeynep Sezgin, hrsg. 2010. Jenseits von ‚Identität oder Integration'. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag

für Sozialwissenschaften.

relation of cooperation relations and boundaries between cooperating actors to religious boundaries. By accounting for the embedding of actors and cultural influences on the probability of cooperation, I follow a pragmatically relational perspective.2 The empirical approach is a combination of ego-centered network analyses of distinctively religious affiliated (migrant) associations, based on data from qualitative face-to-face interviews, and cluster analyses of the whole network of the religious organizational field in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westfalia, based on data from a standardized questionnaire.

                                                            2 Vgl. Fuhse, Jan, und Sophie Mützel. 2010. “Einleitung: Zur relationalen Soziologie. Grundgedanken,

Entwicklungslinien und transatlantische Brückenschläge.” in Relationale Soziologie. Zur kulturellen Wende der Netzwerkforschung, herausgegeben von Jan Fuhse und Sophie Mützel. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. und Vásquez, Manuel A. 2008. “Studying Religion in Motion: A Networks Approach.” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 20:151-184.

SPANISCHE UND DEUTSCHE CHATS IM VER-GLEICH – NEOGRAFIE ALS GRENZE, KONFLIKT

UND INNOVATION

Daniel Kallweit Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: daniel.kallweit@rub.de Dass sich im Internet und vor allem in der quasisynchronen computervermittelten Kommuni-kation, d.h. dem Chat, Schriftlichkeit und Mündlichkeit (Koch / Oesterreicher 1985) stark vermischen, ist in der Linguistik eine vielfach untersuchte Tatsache (vgl. beispielsweise Dürscheid 2003 oder Storrer 2001). Diese Vermischung hat in verschiedenen Sprachen zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen, d.h. unterschiedlichen Strategien der Chat-Nutzer geführt, um die Illusion einer Face-to-Face-Kommunikation (Cabedo Nebot 2009) – möglichst schnelle und ökonomische Antwort, um Diskurs „in Echtzeit“ beizubehalten – für sich selbst und das Gegenüber aufrechtzuerhalten. Während man in deutschsprachigen Chatkanälen vornehmlich verschriftete Umgangssprache bzw. verschrifteten Dialekt findet (Kilian 2002), lässt sich in spanischsprachigen Kanälen eine starke Veränderung der Schreibweisen erkennen, welche als Neografie bezeichnet werden soll (Anis 2003, 2007). Diese neuen Schreibungen lassen sich nun – in Anknüpfung an das Thema des diesjährigen Section Day – in dreierlei Hinsicht klassifizieren: Erstens stellen sie eine Grenze für viele Fremdsprachenlerner des Spanischen, aber auch für Teile der spanischsprachigen Bevölke-rung selbst dar, die mit den teils kryptischen Abkürzungs- bzw. Schreibverfahren nur wenig oder gar nicht vertraut sind1. Auch wenn diese Grenze durch Erlernen der neuen Strategien (und Konventionen?) überwunden ist, steht die Neografie doch zweitens immer noch in Kon-flikt zur offiziellen Orthografie des Spanischen, was zu Interferenzen bei der Textproduktion außerhalb der computervermittelten Kommunikation (beispielsweise in der Schule oder Uni-versität) führen kann. Drittens stellen alle neografischen Schreibungen schließlich in gewis-sem Maße eine Innovation dar, da sie – wie der Name schon sagt – neue Schreibweisen sind, die zwar teilweise aus älteren Traditionen schöpfen, aber dennoch stets innovatives Potenzial in sich tragen. 1 So hatte sich 2006 – wohl nach französischem Vorbild – ein Comité Contra las Faltas de ortografía Voluntarias y el Lenguaje Sms (Komitee gegen willentliche Rechtschreibfehler und SMS-Sprache) gebildet, das sich gegen die Verwendung der neuen Schreibweisen in Internet-foren einsetzte. Diese Aktivität wurde jedoch 2008 eingestellt; seitdem existiert lediglich ein Blog, der ähnliche Ambitionen verfolgt (vgl. http://ccfvls.wordpress.com/2008/07/24/ccfvls/ [Stand 24.8.2010]). Im Rahmen des Vortrags möchte ich verschiedene Beispiele aus spanischen und deutschen Chats geben und zeigen, inwiefern die gefundenen Phänomene – wie eben beschrieben – als Grenze, als Konflikt oder als Innovation gedeutet werden können. Des Weiteren wird ein Vergleich der in beiden Sprachen genutzten Strategien angestrebt (wobei der Schwerpunkt auf dem Spanischen liegen wird), um so bestehende Unterschiede aufdecken und ggf. erste Erklä-

rungen für sie finden zu können. Übergeordnet ist dabei die Frage, ob so etwas wie eine „Neografie des Deutschen“ möglich wäre und – wenn dies der Fall ist – warum sich diese in der deutschsprachigen computervermittelten Kommunikation nicht finden lässt. Neuere Stu-dien zu nicht romanischen Sprachen lassen vermuten, dass dies mit dem recht hohen Decodie-rungsaufwand (es dauert zwar deutlich kürzer, Nachrichten mithilfe der Neografie zu verfas-sen, jedoch ist der Leseprozess im Vergleich zu einer in Standardorthografie verfassten Nach-richt um einiges zeitaufwändiger) und den daraus resultierenden häufigeren Lesefehlern zusammenhängen könnte (vgl. zum Englischen Kemp 2010). Abstract für den Section Day 2010der Research School: Grenzen – Konflikte – Innovationen am 5.11.2010 References: Anis, Jacques (2003): „Communication électronique scripturale et formes langagières: chats et SMS“, in: Actes des Quatrièmes Rencontres Réseaux Humains / Réseaux Technologiques. Poitiers, 31 mai et 1er juin 2002. „Documents, Actes et Rapports pour l'Education“, CNDP, 57-70. Anis, Jacques (2007): „Neography. Unconventional Spelling in French SMS Text Messages“, in: Danet, Brenda / Herring, Susan C. (Hgg.): The multilingual internet. Language, culture, and communication online, New York: Oxford University Press, 87-116. Cabedo Nebot, Adrián (2009): „Consideraciones gráficas y lingüísticas del lenguaje ci-bernético. El chat y el messenger“, in: Tonos. Revista electrónica de estudios filológicos, 18, http://www.tonosdigital.com/ojs/index.php/tonos/article/viewFile/341/240 [Stand: 01.08.2010]. Dürscheid, Christa (2003): „Medienkommunikation im Kontinuum von Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit. Theoretische und empirische Probleme“, in: Zeitschrift für angewandte Lingu-istik, 38, 37-56. Kemp, Nenagh (2010): „Texting versus txtng: reading and writing text messages, and links with other linguistic skills“, in: Writing Systems Research, 2,1, 53-71. Kilian, Jörg (2002): „T@stentöne. Geschriebene Umgangssprache in computervermittelter Kommunikation. Historisch-kritische Ergänzungen zu einem neuen Feld der linguistischen Forschung“, in: Beißwenger, Michael (Hg.): Chat-Kommunikation. Sprache, Interaktion, So-zialität & Identität in synchroner computervermittelter Kommunikation ; Perspektiven auf ein interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld, Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verl., 56-78. Koch, Peter / Oesterreicher, Wulf (1985): „Sprache der Nähe – Sprache der Distanz. Münd-lichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im Spannungsfeld von Sprachtheorie und Sprachgeschichte“, in: Romanistisches Jahrbuch 36, 15-43. Storrer, Angelika (2001): „Getippte Gespräche oder dialogische Texte? Zur kommunikations-theoretischen Einordnung der Chat-Kommunikation“, in: Lehr, Andrea / Kammerer, Matthias et al. (Hg.): Sprache im Alltag. Beiträge zu neuen Perspektiven in der Linguistik. Herbert Ernst Wiegand zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet, Berlin u.a.: de Gruyter, 439-465.

THE RELEVANCE OF METAPHOR TO EVERY FIELD OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Corinna Koch

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: corinna.koch@rub.de No matter from what field one approaches metaphor, there is an inevitable connection to other disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, cognitive and social sciences. These connections are highly necessary in order to take all the different implications of metaphor into account. The contribution of a wide range of disciplines is therefore not only an optional consideration but a must for any scientific work on metaphor. Various tensions arise from this approach, however, as “[w]hat is metaphorical to the linguist threatens to be not metaphorical to the psycholinguist”1. These tensions need to be resolved within the respective projects but only by working on and with them can one gain full insight into the phenomenon of metaphoric transfer. To the same extent that interdisciplinary work is necessary for scientific research on metaphor, metaphor is relevant to every scientific discipline as it is omnipresent in human thinking (constructing analogies and making connections between ideas) and language (to explain and denote abstract ideas or to find indirect but powerful ways of conveying opinions). By investigating the use of metaphors, one can reveal how people conceptualize the world and thereby discover their perspective on a particular topic or object. Disciplines should therefore reflect upon and critically question the metaphors that occur regularly in their discourse, often without the user noticing their metaphoric origin. At this point interdisciplinary collaboration becomes important as an analysis from an external position can be revealing. In my PhD project I am working on a way to integrate the work on metaphor into foreign language classrooms. Metaphors play a particular role in this environment as, for example, most of the conventional metaphoric expressions of the target language start by being innovative again. The foreign language students do not only profit from their metaphoric competence in the context of language learning but take their language awareness into the discipline they choose for their professional career. Because of its relevance to all fields, metaphor is thereby a phenomenon that bridges the gap between religion, literature, art, media, politics, management, law, economics, health, education, and natural sciences.

1 Steen, Gerard (2008): „The Paradox of Metaphor: Why We Need a Three-Dimensional Model of Metaphor”, in: Metaphor and Symbol 23.4: 220.

HSS_07

METAPHORS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS (ENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH)

Corinna Koch

Didaktik der romanischen Sprachen und Literaturen; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: corinna.koch-3@rub.de The central research question of this PhD project is: “What potential does the work with metaphors in foreign language classrooms hold for foreign language learners?” The work with metaphors is important because metaphors are omnipresent in literary and everyday language. Therefore foreign language learners constantly have to detect, interpret and produce metaphors. Moreover metaphorical competence is part of the intercultural competence that learners should acquire in foreign language classrooms because metaphors provide a productive starting point to reveal, discuss and question cultural conventions. In the PhD project a definition of the metaphor for the foreign language classroom will be generated in the first chapter using the strengths of existing definitions. In a second part, the didactic potential of metaphors for foreign language learning will be systematically worked out. Thirdly, the current status of metaphors in foreign language classrooms will be identified by means of an extensive analysis of textbooks in use at German secondary school in North Rhine-Westphalia for the first four or five years. In the last part, based on the results of the textbook analysis, a number of suggestions for a more extensive work with metaphors in foreign language classrooms will be developed and exemplified using the potential of metaphors to foster the learners’ language abilities in various domains.

PREMISES OF AID FOR TRADE

Jens Königer, Matthias Busse and Georg Koopmann Lehrstuhl für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: jens.koeniger@rub.de The objective of the Aid for Trade Agenda is to enable developing countries to benefit from trade liberalization. Aid for Trade (AfT) seeks to build bridges between the development and trade communities as well as between the public and private sector. It involves external or foreign assistance to developing countries in the negotiation, design, implementation and assessment of policies aimed at • helping economic actors – firms and households – in developing countries to benefit from and cope with structural change in international trade; and at • “mainstreaming” international trade into domestic economic development. The underlying principle is that trade has the potential to substantially increase economic welfare. Exploring comparative advantages of particular goods, using economies of scale in production or taking advantage of technology spillovers, all these actions are likely to boost economic growth rates. Based on various theoretical models, abundant empirical literature has examined the welfare effects of trade (volumes) on income levels and growth rates. If anything, the majority of studies show that trade is positively associated with growth rates. This view of trade fostering economic development, however, is not undisputed. It has been shown that trade does not automatically lead to economic development, but rather only if certain preconditions are fulfilled, e.g., with respect to business regulations or institutional quality. Our analysis contributes to this debate by exploring the prerequisites for a positive trade-growth nexus. More specifically, in an empirical analysis the relevant parts of the Aid for Trade agenda will be examined with respect to their potential to boost economic growth rates through trade. More specifically, we identify variables in three different areas that are crucial for the AfT agenda: institutions, infrastructure and human capital. As resources are not unlimited, it is especially important to find out which of the different areas reveal an empirical influence of trade on economic growth. Most, if not all, of these variables clearly have a direct effect on economic development. Better institutions, better infrastructure and more human capital lead to higher economic growth. But the objective of AfT is to improve conditions in those areas which, apart from these direct effects, lead indirectly to higher economic development through the channel of trade. For example, an improvement in physical infrastructure facilitates trade, and the resulting increase in trade leads in turn to higher economic development. The crucial question in the discussion on AfT is in which areas such indirect effects can be found. To answer this research question, we constructed a comprehensive econometric model designed to explain growth differentials between countries. The empirical analysis uses a large data set, covering about 100 countries from 1971 to 2005.

It is intuitively obvious that a better educated population, a better infrastructure or higher quality institutions may result in higher GDP per capita growth. But one cannot rule out reverse causality, that is, that as countries get richer, e.g., as measured by GDP per capita growth, they invest more in education and infrastructure and experience an improvement in the quality of institutions. In econometric terms, such a situation is called an endogeneity problem, which is, to say the least, unfavourable for econometric analyses. Normally, in econometric modelling one would look for a situation with one variable of interest and then explain differences in that variable across countries and time using a set of explanatory variables that are independent of the variable of interest. But in our case, most of the control variables are very likely to be endogenous, including trade and unfortunately also the areas of top priority for the AfT Agenda, such as education, infrastructure, and institutions. Obviously, the indirect effects through trade of the AfT agenda are then also endogenous. The Aid for Trade variables, the trade variable as well as some of our control variables not only influence the dependent variable, but are also influenced by the development of per capita growth over time. As a result, it is difficult to disentangle cause and effect for these crucial variables. Because standard econometric techniques would lead to biased results and cast doubts on reliability, a more sophisticated estimation approach is called for. Consequently, we use a dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) panel estimator (system-GMM) that allows us to analyze changes across countries and over time (panel analysis). The estimator deals effectively with the endogeneity problem by using a set of instruments for the endogenous variables. In fact, it uses lagged levels and differences between two periods as instruments for current values of the endogenous variable. This approach ensures that all information will be used efficiently and that we can concentrate on the impact of the explanatory variables on GDP per capita growth and not vice versa. Overall, we find that education and institutions are the most important areas. More specifically, we find strong results for primary and secondary education (rather than tertiary education) and for political institutions, proxied by constraints on the political executive of a country. In fact, these results underline the fact that countries have to have a well educated workforce and high quality institutions if they are to maximise the benefits from trade. For the third area, the (physical) infrastructure, proxied by the number of telephone lines, the network of paved roads or railways, and the power generating capacity, we did not find any significant results. However these results should be treated with caution, as it is quite difficult to find an adequate measure of both the quality and quantity of infrastructure. The indicators we have used only record the existence of infrastructure, but not their quality or the extent of their usage.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND GLOBAL POWER SHIFT

Jan-Frederik Kremer

Institute of Development Research and Development Policy (IEE), PhD International Development Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany Center for Global Studies, University of Bonn, Head of Research Group Economy and Finance, Walter-Flex-St. 3, Bonn, Germany e-mail: jan-frederik.kremer@rub.de e-mail: kremer@cgs-bonn.de The study of ‘power’ is probably among the most arduous tasks in the realm of IR; defining power “remains a matter of controversy” (Waltz 1986: 333). Especially when it comes to explain power shift in contemporary world politics existing concepts of power in political science (hard and soft power) are shortcoming (Nye / Keohane: 2001, Keohane: 2003), either because of the fact that existing concepts are lacking at the level of operationalization (soft power), or because of the act that existing approaches (hard power) are no longer suitable to explain the whole range of empirical power phenomena in 21st century international relations, characterized by global interdependence and a setting of mutual integration of actors. International trade is maybe the most interdependent sector of international relations, characterized by mutual dependence of the states involved. By looking at hard or soft power capabilities, power shift in international trading system can only be explained in rudimentary ways. This project is going to address this problems, by focusing on the policy of three most important trading entities (the U.S., EU and China), in contemporary world politics accounting for approx. 33% of total global share in trade (WTO: Trade Statistics, Bonn Power Shift Monitor: 2010), and tries…

1. …to investigate the ontological character of the structure of the international trading system in terms of the relationship between structure, units and political power.

2. …to investigate the ontology of power within this relationship and to answer the question how does power works in the sector and through which transmissions channels it is exercised and to conceptualize sector relevant power capabilities for this sector and developing appropriate indicators.

3. …to identify sector relevant power capabilities of the “big three” in international trade (EU, US, China).

4. …to answer the question under which conditions these sector relevant power capabilities transmits successfully into the ability of one state to achieve its preferences and to shape the structure in the case of the “big three”.

5. …to answer the question if there has taken place a power shift between the “big three” in the international trading system by incorporating the results from 1-4 in synoptical comparative analysis.

RELATIONS BETWEEN BUDDHISM AND POLITICS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SRI LANKAN POLITICAL

SPHERE. THE CASE OF THE NATIONAL HERITAGE PARTY

(JHU)

Madlen Krüger CERES, Centrum für religionswissenschaftliche Studien; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: madlen.krueger@rub.de This paper presents one aspect of my research project about the Jathika Hela Urumaya-movement in Sri Lanka. The JHU or “National Sinhala Heritage Party” is a new political party, which is led by Buddhist monks. The entry of Buddhist monks into national elections in April 2004 represented a “radical departure” from the practices of the so- called Theravāda-Buddhism. In no other Theravāda Buddhist society have monks enjoyed constituted political authority or ever organized themselves systematically to take control of the political realm. While it is generally held, by the majority of the Sinhalese, that in earlier times monks acted as advisors to political rulers and thereby wielded considerable influence, never before had monks sought to enter the political sphere competing with the laity in the struggle for power. According to the Sinhalese concept, a monk can take the role of a “worldly” leader or, from a common Sinhalese term, as “the guardian deity of the nation,” in case the Sinhalese people and their Buddhist culture is threatened. In this case, the Sri Lankan clergy have a responsibility to assume leadership, as „inscribed“ in the religio-historic chronicle of the Mahāvamsa. In March 2004, things changed. Monks of the “Jathika Hela Urumaya” (“National Sinhala Heritage Party”), an organisation which had been established rather hastily, appeared before the election authorities and handed in nomination papers to contest in the April 2004 elections. As a result, they hold nine seats in the new parliament. The most remarkable feature of the JHU is their official denial of seeking power. Instead, they claim that they are making a sacrifice, and going on a journey, or rather a pilgrimage, to achieve a ”dharmarajya” – a righteous state-, and a ”bauddha rajyaya” – a buddhist state -, after which they will return to their natural vocation of ministry and personal spiritual development. In making this claim, they have skillfully used a cluster of symbols, metaphors and terms derived from the vocabulary of Buddhism. For example, they use an existing political party, the Sinhala Urumaya, as a „raft“ to lawfully enter the electoral competition, utilizing to the full the associations of that metaphor in Buddhist literature, which include commitment, and detachment. As their party symbol they have selected the conch, a symbol associated with victory and auspiciousness in Hindu-influenced Buddhist royal ritual. Their election campaign was not made of rallies like those of other political parties, but of „Buddhist seminars“. Their electoral campaign itself was termed a ”paramita”, appropriating the widely known Buddhist term that denotes the perfections achieved by the Buddha in his previous

births as the Bodhisattva. They called their election campaign a ”paramita perahara” – a religious procession that progresses undistracted towards the achievement of a ”dharmarajya”. Their effort was termed an ”adhistana puja” – offering of determination. The JHU monks describe themselves as apolitical and it is obvious that they are using a religious terminology to demarcate themselves from a political sphere. It is widely accepted among the Sinhalese that they serve as the custodians for true Buddhism. The question of what constitutes authentic Buddhism has always been debated. Such public debates, in which an urban middle class regularly engaged, became the venues for defining and contesting the notion of true Buddhism. The JHU monks have become the centre for renewed debates over the proper roles and conduct for Buddhist monks. Within these debates the JHU-monks have to authorize political engagement by religious terms. They have to purify the parliament along moral Buddhist lines or to disrobe. This means either to become secular members of the parliament or to sacralize the political sphere.

GAZING UPON THE BORDER OF LIFE AND DEATH: PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE REAL AND ITS

DIALECTICAL POTENTIAL FOR IDEOLOGICAL CHANGE IN SALLY MANN’S WHAT REMAINS

Jacob Lange

University of Ulster’s Centre for Media Research, Northern Ireland e-mail: Jakelange@hotmail.com This paper is focused on exploring the potential of art photography, and by extension general art practice, in disrupting modes of dominant ideology in order to bring about positive social and ideological change. It has involved a significant study of the theories of Slavoj Zizek and his unique Lacanian-Hegelian-Marxist approach to creating a meta-philosophy of the Real. As such, it is particularly focused on Zizek’s notion of ‘the act’, or of ‘subjective destitution’. He posits that such an ‘act’ is the only primary process by which revolutionary ideological change can forcibly occur, via active engagement by a subject (individual and collective) with the Lacanian order of Real, and involving a complete transgressive disengagement with the Symbolic order that constitutes ideology (Myers, 2003: 59-61; Porter, 2006: 70). This paper seeks to first outline Zizek’s theory of subjective destitution and then investigate its viability via a case study of the photographic work of artist Sally Mann, including critical responses to her work. Photography is one of the few areas of popular media culture that Zizek has not prolifically explored in his writings, and this paper seeks to find scope for new and original thought connecting Zizek’s theories with contemporary art photography culture and practice. More importantly, however, is that the photographs examined are from one of Mann’s recent collections of work, What Remains (2003), which engages as directly as possible with the subject matter of death. Death itself is can be described as the ‘ultimate limit’ of the Symbolic order, the “one last great taboo” (Critchley, 2010). As it can never be truly known it stands fully outside of the Symbolic order and thus continually disrupts and antagonizes ideology. As such, death is perhaps the most powerful manifestation of the Real, and the one most strongly rejected by the ideology it threatens to usurp. While Zizek argues that the Real, and by conjecture death, can never be fully articulated or expressed within the Symbolic, he emphatically argues that it can and should be approached as directly as possible as the first step in a process of engagement that can bring about individual and collective ideological disruption and change. (Zizek, 2000: 149-150) While an explicit engagement with the Real is at best difficult and at worst both absolutely terrifying and socially isolating, he argues that this is the cost to be paid to bring about such a change. This paper argues that Sally Mann’s beautiful and disturbing images of death can be seen as an example of such an effort, as they transgress our contemporary society’s attempt at repressing the Real of death and dying at almost every turn. More importantly, it argues that if Mann’s audience push themselves through the difficulty of confronting and rationally engaging with her terrible images, they

will have embarked on the first step of a dialectical process of ideological change, as their notions of the boundaries between the Symbolic and the Real regarding the subject of death will have shifted. This argument is supported by an analysis of a selection of critical responses to Mann’s work (Green, 2004; Wright, 2004). Finally, the paper argues, this difficult dialectical process of confrontation can then be similarly repeated across other areas of ideological change.

DIE INNOVATIVE FLASHBACKSTRUKTUR VON HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER

Bernd Leiendecker

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: bernd.leiendecker@rub.de Ein normales filmisches Flashback kann als eine audiovisuelle Wiedergabe einer narrativen Vergangenheit definiert werden, also als die Wiedergabe einer Zeit, die derjenigen vorangeht, die als narrative Gegenwart etabliert wurde. Ein Flashback wird häufig durch einen Charakter ausgelöst, der sich an diese narrative Vergangenheit erinnert oder sie erzählt, so dass theoretisch eine subjektive Version des Geschehenen präsentiert wird. Allerdings ist das Standardflashback nur leicht subjektiviert. Die Ereignisse werden meistens aus einer objektiven Perspektive gezeigt, so dass sich die Frage nach einer Diskrepanz zwischen dem Gezeigten und dem Geschehenen normalerweise nicht stellt. Da in How I Met Your Mother ein fünfzigjähriger Mann seinen Kindern die Geschichte erzählt, wie er seine Frau kennenlernte, ist es keine Überraschung, dass ein Großteil der Handlung in Flashbacks erzählt wird. Während die meisten Flashbacks nicht von der Art von Flashbacks abweichen, die seit den Anfängen des klassischen Kinos genutzt werden, präsentieren einige narrative Innovationen, welche zu interessanten Fragen über die allgemeine Theorie des Flashbacks führen. Die erste Abweichung von der bereits gegebenen Definition liegt darin, dass manche Flashbacks in How I Met Your Mother nicht die diegetische Wahrheit, sondern Lügen darstellen. Auch wenn lügende Flashbacks vereinzelt in jedem Abschnitt der Filmgeschichte beobachtet werden können, sind sie doch meist den Falschaussagen von Kriminellen oder Wahnsinnigen vorbehalten. Die erste große Innovation von How I Met Your Mother ist, dass die Serie positiven Charakteren erlaubt, lügende Flashbacks zu generieren, ohne dass darunter die Beliebtheit der Charaktere leidet. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass dies durch die Konzepte der Charakterkonsistenz und der Attraktivität der resultierenden Handlungsentwicklung gelingt. Die zweite interessante Neuheit im Erzählen durch Flashbacks ist, dass How I Met Your Mother eine Variante des Flashbacks einführt, in der der Inhalt des Flashbacks nicht ausschließlich auf den erzählenden Charakter oder die zentrale narrative Instanz zurückgeführt werden kann. Stattdessen ist es das diegetische Publikum des Erzählten, welches die begleitenden Bilder generiert. Es ist noch zu klären, ob dies einen neuen Trend oder nur eine einzelne Anomalie darstellt. In Jedem Fall führt es zu interessanten Fragen, die einer Diskussion bedürfen.

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THE ROLE OF NGOS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:

THE CASE OF THE HEALTH AND HIV/AIDS SECTOR IN MALAWI

Martina Lembani

Institute of Development Research and Development Policy; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: martina_lembani@yahoo.co.uk The number of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) operating in various fields of development world wide has been increasing since the past three decades. However their role is still under debate. This research analyses the extent to which NGOs contribute to socio economic development through social service delivery, with a specific focus on the health and HIV/AIDS sector in Malawi. This is achieved by using a theoretical model that analyses the market structure, market behaviour and market results that are observed due to interaction between and among donors, NGOs, government and for-profits. This involves understanding the relationships that exist between and among donors as resource providers and NGOs, government and the for-profit sector as service providers. This helps to understand how NGO’s role can be affected by the type of market arrangement whether it is competitive, monopolistic or any other .It is hypothesised that in a competitive environment, NGOs would tend to be more effective to ensure continued funding from donors. Also the nature of relationship among donors would affect the way NGOs operate. If there is high cooperation and coordination misuse of funds by NGOs from donors would be minimised. In addition, a comparison of the cost-effectiveness of NGO’s work to that of the public and for-profit sector will be made. Finally the comparative advantages which NGOs are assumed to possess will be scrutinised.

DER ISLAM - EINE RELIGION AUS GRENZEN UND KONFLIKTEN?

Katarzyna A. Meyer-Hubbert

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: katarzyna.meyer-hubbert@rub.de Jedes Überschreiten einer Grenze bringt das Risiko eines Konfliktes mit sich. Unabhängig vom Terrain, ob geo-politische, soziale oder religiöse Grenzen, Grenzen zwischen Weltan-schauungen, zwischen Geschlechtern und zwischen historischen Vorgegebenheiten, oder gar die Grenze des guten Geschmacks – sie alle trennen mehr oder weniger unterschiedliche, un-abhängige und häufig verfeindete Systeme und Größen von einander. Nach 9/11 ist der Islam zu einem Synonym einer solchen Grenzüberschreitung und allen da-mit verbundenen Konflikten geworden. Eine Religion, die als ein System und Werkzeug des internationalen Terrorismus dargestellt wird, steht am öffentlichen Pranger des Westens und wurde zum Sündenbock der westlichen Medien. Der Islam hatte es schon immer etwas schwieriger. Entstanden im 7. Jahrhundert in Arabien, fand er sich auf einer Religionskarte etablierter Glaubenssysteme des spätantiken Nahen Os-tens und musste sich in diesem Milieu behaupten um zu überleben. Grenzen mussten über-schritten, neue Wege gefunden werden, um die eigene Attraktivität ins Licht stellen zu kön-nen. Dabei waren die Idee des absoluten Monotheismus sowie die Formen der Glaubensaus-übung gar nicht revolutionär. Der Islam wurde nicht ernst genommen, nicht anerkannt und von vielen als eine jüdische oder christliche Sekte verspottet und später schlicht als Synkre-tismus abgestuft. Auch der muslimische Alltag ist von Grenzüberschreitungen geprägt. Fünfmal täglich wird zum Gebet gerufen und erwartet, dass der Zustand der rituellen Reinheit wieder hergestellt wird. Ein Betender passiert somit mehrere Grenzen, um schließlich ins Sacrum des Kontaktes mit Gott zu gelangen. Fünf Kreise der Reinheit – und somit fünf Grenzen – trennen einen meist rituell unreinen Alltag von dem Weihezustand eines Betenden und diese finden auch ihre Parallelen in dem konfliktreichen Überschreiten – und Bestimmen – der Grenzen zwi-schen der jungen Religion des Islam und seinen etablierten Herausforderern. Die rituell reinen Kreise – der Gebetsort, die Kleidung, der Körper des Betenden, die Speisen, die er zu sich nahm und schließlich die reine Absicht, ein Gebet zu sprechen – bilden eine mehrstufige und komplizierte Grenze zwischen dem Profanum des Alltags und dem Sacrum des Gebets. Vom Ort der Entstehung des Islam, dem spätantiken Hiğāz, über die Kleidung der Traditionen und Rituale, die den Islam eindeutig in den interreligiösen Kontext des spätantiken Nahen Ostens integrieren bis hin zum mehrmals täglich gewaschenen Unreinheiten auf dem Körper erstrecken sich die äußeren Grenzen zwischen dem Islam und seinem Umfeld. Die Speisen seiner Ideen, aber auch der Ideologien, die um diese Religion gewachsen sind und schließlich die Absicht, sich gegenseitig zu tolerieren und zu akzeptieren, bilden ein Äquivalent zu den inneren Reinheitskreisen. In der Mitte dieser Kreise steht ein Mensch, der vor Gott seinen Glauben leben und manifes-tieren will. Durch die vielen Grenzen getrennt zeigt sich der Islam der Welt, in der er Aner-

kennung sucht. Langsam versucht der Islam eine Öffnung der bewahrten Grenzen zu wagen und somit die Überwindung der angewachsenen und inzwischen schon etablierten Konflikte mit der Außenwelt anzustreben.

COSMOPOLITAN SPACES / SPATIAL COSMOPOLITANISMS IN TRANSATLANTIC

AMERICAN CULTURES

Dennis Mischke

Philology / American Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: dennis.mischke@rub.de My dissertation project is part of a larger research plan that tries to historicize transnational North American Literature outside image-schematic dichotomies of center/periphery relations and strict national boundaries. In this context my project inquires how cosmopolitan forms of writing in American Literature can be seen as contributing to a transnational canon of American Literature. By way of analysis my research examines US American literary representations of transnational spaces and global processes in the 19th century. The central concern of my thesis is the ancient question of whether one can legitimately assume a common, transnational and cosmopolitan identity beyond cultural differences. Recent critical work on cosmopolitanism in the light of postcolonial studies has coincided in the insight that many theories of cosmopolitanism are fraught with aporias and internal contradictions. These contradictions revolve around the problem of legitimacy, bias, cultural hegemony and geopolitical embeddedness. I want to approach and tackle this problem by studying literary cosmopolitanism from a spatial perspective, arguing that actually existing forms of cosmopolitanism have to be anchored in the complex specificity of particular geographical circumstances. As primary objects of my research I will study literature from the 19th century that deals with an explicitly cosmo-political and intercultural frame of reference: the ocean. In particular, my dissertation focuses on the transnational poetic imagination of Hermann Melville and his literary negotiation of intercultural encounters. I seek to establish parallels between Melville’s writing and Jean-Luc Nancy’s co-existential ontology, which both state that ‘existence’ has to be understood as ‘co-existence’ and that meaning is always a collaborative product and a collective imagination of the ‘in-between’.

GENERAL PRACTITIONER ADVICE ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: ANALYSES IN A COHORT OF ELDERLY

PRIMARY CARE PATIENTS (GETABI)

Anna Moschny, Timo Hinrichs, Ulrike Trampisch, Petra Platen

Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: anna.moschny@rub.de The following work is part of the dissertation project: Physical activity in old age – analyses of a nationwide epidemiological study in elderly primary health care patients with regard to everyday physical activity (PA) patterns, correlates of PA and barriers to increase PA as well as general practitioner (GP) advice on PA. Background: Although the benefits of PA for health and functioning are recognized to extend throughout life, the PA level of most elderly people is insufficient compared to current guidelines [1]. The primary health care setting may offer a chance to influence older adults’ PA behaviour. The GP is able to reach a large proportion of the elderly population as a high percentage of elderly people regularly consult a GP for health problems. Furthermore, studies reveal that the GP is the most trusted source of physical activity information especially among older adults and those with multiple chronic diseases. Finally, the GP knows the patient’s health status and is able to judge on the individual eligibility for physical activity [2]. A number of PA counselling programmes administered through primary health care have been shown to be feasible and cost-effective strategies to promote PA [3]. However, systematic reviews concluded that there is conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of physician counselling on PA [4]. Nevertheless, the concept seems to be widely accepted and a number of professional organisations (including the American College of Preventive Medicine, the American Heart Association [AHA] and the American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM]) state that PA advice should be incorporated into routine patient visits in primary health care as a first step in raising the PA level of patients [1,5]. In 2007, ACSM and AHA even launched the global-wide initiative “Exercise is MedicineTM” that calls on physicians to prescribe exercise to their patients (www.exerciseismedicine.org). Currently, data concerning general practitioner (GP) advice on PA in Germany is missing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the rate and characteristics of elderly patients receiving PA advice from their GP. Methods: In a prospective, cohort study in the primary care setting in Germany (German epidemiological trial on ankle brachial index, getABI), 6,880 randomly selected patients aged 65 years and above are followed up since October 2001. Within the 7-year follow-up telephone interview, 1,937 patients were asked whether their GP had given them advice to be regularly physically active within the past twelve months. The interview also included socio-demographic and life style variables, medical conditions, and physical activity. Logistic regression analyses (unadjusted and adjusted for all covariables) were used to examine factors associated with receiving advice. Analyses comprised only complete cases with regard to the analysed variables. Results are expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results: Out of 1,627 analysed patients (median age 77; 72-93 years; 52.5% women), 534 (32.8%) stated that they had received advice to be regularly physically active. In the adjusted model, those more likely to receive GP advice on PA were men (OR [95% CI] 1.34 [1.06-1.70]), those suffering from pain (1.43 [1.13-1.81]), coronary heart disease and/or myocardial infarction (1.56 [1.21-2.01]), diabetes mellitus (1.79 [1.39-2.30]) or arthritis (1.37 [1.08-1.73]), and those taking a high (>5) number of medications (1.41 [1.11-1.80]). Discussion: Only about one third of elderly primary care patients stated that their GP had given them advice to be regularly physically active within the past year. This rate is much lower than desirable but it is in line with findings of previous studies performed in the U.S. and in Australia that generally report counselling rates of lower than 40% [6]. A number of barriers to GP counselling about PA have been reported: competing demands of providing a broad range of preventive and non-preventive services, time constraints during consultations, lack of educational resources and of formal clinician training in PA counselling, preference of patients for drug treatment, and lack of reimbursement [6,7]. These findings suggest that future counselling programmes for the primary care setting will have to find ways to reduce the burden on GPs. The differences in advice rates in association to patient characteristics suggest that GP counselling behaviour is influenced by those characteristics. The present study revealed that the presence of diabetes mellitus, CHD and/or myocardial infarction, arthritis, a high (>5) number of medications, and pain were independently associated with receiving GP advice on PA. Summing up the evidence from literature, research suggests that GPs tend to counsel patients whose health is already compromised and who they judge as benefiting from PA [8,9]. Especially patients with heart disease, diabetes mellitus or overweight seem to profit from GPs’ counselling behaviour. Unfortunately, GPs seem to neglect the potential benefit of PA: 1. in the prevention of diseases, 2. as a therapeutic measure in other medical conditions. Conclusions: The study revealed a relatively low rate of elderly primary care patients receiving GP advice on physical activity. GPs seemed to focus their advice on patients suffering from chronic medical conditions. There are likely many more patients who would benefit from advice. References: [1] Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, Macera CA,

Castaneda-Sceppa C: Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007, 116:1094-1105.

[2] Saß AC, Wurm S, Ziese T: Inanspruchnahmeverhalten. In Beiträge zur Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes: Gesundheit und Krankheit im Alter. Edited by Böhm K, Tesch-Römer C, Ziese T. Berlin: Robert Koch-Institut; 2009:134-159.

[3] Calfas KJ, Ling BJ, Sallis JF, Wooten WJ, Pratt M, Patrick K: A controlled trial of physician counseling to promote the adoption of physical activity. Prev Med 1996, 25:225-233.

[4] Hudon C, Fortin M, Soubhi H: Single risk factor interventions to promote physical activity among patients with chronic diseases - Systematic review. Can Fam Physician 2008, 54:1130-1137.

[5] Jacobson DM, Strohecker L, Compton MT, Katz DL: Physical activity counseling in the adult primary care setting - Position statement of the American College of Preventive Medicine. Am J Prev Med 2005, 29:158-162.

[6] Eakin E, Brown W, Schofield G, Mummery K, Reeves M: General practitioner advice on physical activity - Who gets it? Am J Health Promot 2007, 21:225-228.

[7] Stange KC, Fedirko T, Zyzanski SJ, Jaen CR: How do family physicians prioritize delivery of multiple preventive services? J Fam Pract 1994, 38:231-237.

[8] Bull FCL, Schipper ECC, Jamrozik K, Blanksby BA: Beliefs and behavior of general practitioners regarding promotion of physical activity. Aust J Public Health 1995, 19:300-304.

[9] Kreuter MW, Scharff DP, Brennan LK, Lukwago SN: Physician recommendations for diet and physical activity: Which patients get advised to change? Prev Med 1997, 26:825-833.

EINE GEMEINDE VON ABWESENDEN? RELIGIÖSER AUSTAUSCH IM INTERNET

Anna Neumaier

Chair for Religious Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: anna.neumaier@rub.de

Abstract: Internet is the new medium in our everyday life. But it is also interesting for scholars of religion as it offers a new space for religious needs beside institutionalised religious traditions. Special features like anonymity and a low-threshold access are additional arguments for a religious use of the internet. From a scientific point of view, the field is as unknown as it is exciting. The dissertation project therefore explores it under the focus of three central questions: a) Online participation – how does it work and what are the users’ motives? b) New “communities” – in which way do members socialise and how can we describe emerging social formations? c) Relevance and context – which importance has the online participation for the users’ “real life”, and how does it connect to religious activities offline, e.g. in local churches? The results of the qualitative study are expected to also give answers to larger questions of modern religiosity, religious communities and institutions as they emerge from debates about secularisation or the “return of religions”. Das Internet ist ein Medium, das uns allen bestens vertraut ist. Seit einigen Jahren hat es einen Siegeszug in unser Alltagsleben vorgenommen und sich inzwischen einen festen Platz in unserem täglichen Umgang mit der Welt erobert. Es bietet dabei auch Rahmenstrukturen für ganz spezifische Anliegen unterschiedlichster Nutzergruppen – darunter auch religiöse Bedürfnisse, die von Informationsangeboten der institutionalisierten Religionen über Online-Gottesdienste und die Vermittlung von Gebetsanliegen über das Internet bis hin zu online individuell durchführbaren Voodoo-Zaubern reichen. Aus religionswissenschaftlicher Sicht ist das „Feld Internet“ daher ein neues und wichtiges Forschungsgebiet, weil es neben den institutionalisierten Formen religiösen Austausches vor Ort auch einen Raum bereitstellt, der von (beinahe) jedem Individuum potentiell frei gestaltet werden kann, und dabei sowohl orts- und zeitunabhängig ist als auch die unterschiedlichsten Kommunikationsformen und damit Austauschmöglichkeiten bietet. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht es – so die Hypothese der vorliegenden Untersuchung – durch seine spezielle Beschaffenheit Umstände, die in der Gemeinde vor Ort kaum gegeben sind: Man kann anonym bleiben, weitgehend unsanktioniert übliche soziale Grenzen überschreiten, die Partizipation kann niedrigschwellig aufgenommen und ebenso einfach wieder beendet werden. Das vorliegende Dissertationsprojekt widmet sich diesem Gebiet mit besonderem Fokus auf den religiösen Austausch. Es gibt im Internet eine Vielzahl von Seiten, die dies ermöglichen, und allein die größte deutschsprachige Seite in diesem Bereich hat über 120.000 registrierte Nutzer und damit mehr als so manche kleinere Religionsgemeinschaft. Solche Seiten aber –

und ebenso das, was dort passiert – sind bisher weitgehend unerforscht. Die vorliegende explorative Untersuchung widmet sich ihnen also mit den folgenden forschungsleitenden Fragen:

Online-Partizipation: Mit welcher Motivation melden sich Nutzer an? Wie gestalten sie ihre Aktivität?

Sozialkontakte & religiöse Vergemeinschaftung: Knüpfen die Nutzer dort Kontakte zu anderen Nutzern? Wie lassen sich diese beschreiben?

Relevanz & Verhältnis zu Offline-Aktivitäten: Welchen Stellenwert hat die Partizipation am Online-Angebot für das „reale“ Leben der Nutzer? Wie verhält sich das Engagement dort zur Beteiligung an „klassischen“ religiösen Gemeinschaften vor Ort?

Die qualitative Studie beinhaltet Interviews, die die Erzählungen der Nutzer erheben sollen ebenso wie die Analyse ausgewählter Online-Inhalte und die teilnehmende Beobachtung der Online-Kommunikation.

Ergebnisse aus der ersten Interviewserie liegen bereits vor. Dabei traten nicht nur erwartete Ergebnisse zutage, im Gegenteil: Im Mittelpunkt der Forschung stand am Anfang vor allem die Frage nach dem Potenzial von Online-Angeboten für eine religiöse Gemeinschaft bzw. ein mögliches Äquivalent zu bestehenden Gemeinschaften. Als mindestens ebenso spannend hat sich zudem aber ein anderer Komplex erwiesen, nämlich die Erzählungen der Befragten vom Verhältnis ihrer Online-Partizipation zu einem religiösen Engagement offline, also in traditionellen Kirchengemeinden. Denn die meisten Internetnutzer haben ganz schlagende Gründe dafür, dass sie zusätzlich oder ausschließlich ihre Religiosität im Internet leben: Zum Teil sind dies ganz pragmatische Gründe, etwa wiederholte Ortswechsel und damit verbunden häufige Gemeindewechsel – bis irgendwann Zeit oder Lust fehlen, wieder eine enge Bindung zu einer Gemeinde vor Ort aufzubauen. Oft sind es aber auch einschneidende Erlebnisse, die zu einem Bruch mit der Gemeinde vor Ort führen; negative Erfahrungen, die dafür sorgen, dass man Abstand zu Pfarrer oder anderen Gemeindemitgliedern sucht, und die in ihrer Konsequenz die gesamte religiöse Verortung des Einzelnen in Frage stellen können. Und zuletzt ist es oftmals die zusätzliche Suche nach dem „Blick über den Tellerrand“ – das Interesse an anderen religiösen Traditionen oder Konfessionen oder weitergehend die Suche nach religiöser Heterogenität, die man in der eigenen Gemeinde vermisst. Diese Heterogenität, so zeigt sich in der Online-Kommunikation, kann gewinnbringend genutzt werden, um die eigene (religiöse) Identität zu schärfen – eine Gelegenheit, die von den Nutzern im Kontext homogenerer Gemeinden so nicht gesehen wird. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sollen dabei auch für allgemeinere Theorien von Religion in der Gegenwart relevant werden. Sie lassen sich eingliedern in die umfassendere Debatte um Säkularisierung, um Sichtbarkeit oder Unsichtbarkeit von Religion in der Moderne. Diese wird in der Religionswissenschaft wie in der Öffentlichkeit gleichermaßen geführt: Wie verhält sich Religiosität zur Moderne? Nimmt Religiosität ab oder verschwindet sie im Bereich des Privaten? Oder transformiert sie sich und wird aber in anderen, neuen Bereichen der Öffentlichkeit wieder sichtbar? Religiosität, die im Internet ausgelebt wird, ist ein Beispiel, das zu diesen Themen Stellung nehmen kann – denn das Internet bietet hier ein neuartiges Angebot für Gläubige, oder solche, die auf der Suche nach Religion oder Austausch darüber sind. Dabei kann es spezifische Bedürfnisse befriedigen, wie sie in der Diskussion um Religiosität in der Moderne immer wieder aufgeworfen werden: Auf besonders ausgeprägte Weise kann sich der Nutzer im Internet vorrangig an seinen individuellen Bedürfnissen orientieren, dabei aber gleichzeitig in einer religiösen

Gemeinschaft verbleiben, auf die auf unvergleichlich zwanglose Weise immer zurückgegriffen werden kann, wenn es dem einzelnen Nutzer erforderlich scheint.

LOST IN HYPERTEXT?! CROSSING THE LINE WITH A NEW CONCEPT OF NARRATION?

Daniela Olek/Christine Piepiorka

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: daniela.olek@rub.de; christine.piepiorka@rub.de Evoked by the emergence of new media like the internet and the convergence of established media, an aesthetic transformation has occured in the last decade and a new kind of audiovisual narration, emanating in particular from television and film and indicated by an increasing transgression of media borders, has been formed. Following the advances in technology and media, more and more narrations nowadays are conceived in the tradition of complex fictional worlds like the Star Wars universe, for example. This means that those narrations are not only limited to a single medium, but are distributed over several connected media like television, comics, video games etc. Henry Jenkins (2006, 95) called this transmedia storytelling. Such narrations are no longer linearly and causally arranged, but develop their story over these diverse media. With such a presentation the viewers do more than simply watch: instead they must actively seek out the fragments, crossing the borders of widely-varying media platforms, and construct them into a coherent story. Consulting Wulf fs (2007, 42) premise, that the diegesis is the condition for a narration, we ask whether and how the narrative and structural divergence exceed the diegetic borders of the audiovisual text. Is Sour r ieau’s t e rm “diegesis”, hitherto used, sufficient to describe these specific phenomena, or are new concepts like Matt Hi l l s ’ (2002, 147) “hyperdiegesis” needed? In fact, we would like to discuss whether a transgression of the term diegesis itself can be seen, and if so, whether it has occured and how could it be understood. Furthermore we want to consider the implications for existing concepts of the ‘viewer’, because we argue that the innovations of narration are always accompanied by new cultural and social forms of media usage, which supersede existing forms. With the help of contemporary US television series, we want to analyse these issues, because such series lend themselves to a diversified spectrum of transmedial extensions. Furthermore this range of topics allows the borders of media studies to be crossed and an interdisciplinary perspective to be reached. References: Hills, Matt (2002): Fan Cultures. London: Routledge. Jenkins, Henry (2006): Convergence Culture. Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York Univ. Press. Wulff, Hans J. (2007): Schichtenbau und Prozesshaftigkeit des Diegetischen. Zwei Anmerkungen. In: Montage/AV 16,2, S. 39-51.

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AETHERMAGIC. THE BROADCAST WORK OF HANS FLESCH AND ERNST SCHOEN (1924-33).

Solveig Ottmann

Institute for Media Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: solveig.ottmann@rub.de Based within the field of media studies this project concentrates on the broadcast work of Hans Flesch and Ernst Schoen. Both are important figures of the first ten years of German broadcasting and German radio history in general. The central aim of the thesis is to lay open their outstanding vanguard ideas, practices and achievements and thus to describe their media theory in detail, review their role in the intellectual history and work out the impulses they gave to German culture. Although both are understood as German broadcast pioneers they haven‘t yet received detailed scientific attention covering their whole work, showing their whole importance or using all preserved and provided material. Up to now historiography concentrated mainly on programme history and institutional history and was thereby neglecting their contribution to theory (e.g. of perception, of the medium) and how they influenced other important theorists (e.g. B. Brecht and W. Benjamin). Considering the radio as an ‘epistemic thing’ I try to approach Flesch and Schoen, their work and the medium itself from various angles: media studies, technology, zeitgeist, intellectual history, biography and positioning, art and literature, musicology etc. to enlighten the subject. Used sources are mainly scientific literature, contemporary broadcast magazine articles as well as unpublished archive material like personal estates or records of relevant broadcast stations.

WOMEN IN THE ARMED UKRAINIAN UNDERGROUND, 1942-1954

Olena Petrenko

Fakultät für Geschichtswissenschaft, Lehrstuhl für osteuropäische Geschichte; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: olena.petrenko@rub.de This dissertation seeks to contribute to the discussion of a contested chapter of Soviet history, which has taken a central place in “the struggle for history” of post-socialist Ukraine. Since Ukraine’s emergence as a sovereign state in 1991, the story of the armed underground in West-Ukrainian territories between the 1930s and the 1950s has become a major political issue. The public debate around the place of the nationalist resistance movement in Ukrainian history is inseparable from Ukraine’s highly mythologized collective cultural memory, which is developing in divergent trajectories in the pro-Russian Ukrainian East and the pro-Western Ukrainian West. While the participants of the armed underground, and above all, the members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the soldiers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) still fall under the category of Nazi-collaborators and “bandits” in the East, West Ukrainian population celebrates the resistance fighters as national heroes, which first fought against the German occupiers and then turned against the Red Army. Within this framework of ever-increasing volume of scholarship regarding the history of OUN-UPA, this study will seek to explore the hitherto ignored female presence in the armed underground of the 1940s and 50s. Memories of that role are still present in public culture, which, as a rule, highlights their peerless heroism as an extension of the Ukrainian people’s collective martyrdom. The representations of women’s lives are thus often frozen into predetermined patterns. In this context, women appear generally as icons and their lives as allegories of heroism rather than individual, multi-faceted experiences. Herein lies the intervention of this dissertation. Operating outside of the East-West ideological framework and without these and other conventional blinders, it will seek to reconstruct their contribution to the armed Ukrainian underground. What motivations and circumstances led them to join the armed resistance? Did patriotism really play a central role in their decisions? What kind of assignments were given to those women and were they subject to modification? To what extent were these women used by the Soviet security apparatus in the defeat of UPA? Finally, how do we explain the obvious contradiction between the selective and superficial celebration, on the one hand, and the silencing of women’s participation, on the other?

THE IMPACT OF NATURAL RESOURCE ABUNDANCE ON INSTITUTIONAL TRANSITION

AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Elkhan Sadikhzadeh

Institute of Development Research and Development Policy; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany e-mail: sadikebd@rub.de There is a broad consensus that the resource curse does not lie in resource richness per se, but in the combination of inefficient institutions and resource abundance. But there is not enough empirical evidence which institutions are the primary transmission channels of resource curse and how they impact other institutions that strengthen or weaken the symptoms of resource curse. The theoretical analysis on the basis of a self-developed mathematical model of rent-seeking shows that an increase of the natural-resource revenues impacts negatively institutional quality. In the framework of theoretical analysis it has been prooven that a higher level of diversification of economy and especially a large manufacturing sector alleviates the level of rent-seeking of a resource abundant economy. The main finding of the dissertation project is that the structure of the economy before and during resource-boom and the planing horizon of the government are the pivotal factors in explaining why natural resource abundance sometimes causes higher long-run economic growth and sometimes deindustrialization accompanied by relatively low economic growth. In the next step the findings of the theoretical analysis should be tested empirically with special attention to the oil and gas-rich post-Soviet republics like Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Russia. The majority of the existing studies about the institutional transmission mechanisms of resource curse are dedicated to the experiences of resource‐rich African, Latin American and Middle Eastern countries, Norway, Australia and Canada. But there was no serious attempt to survey the quality and dynamics of institutional change in the resource abundant post‐Soviet republics. Because of their unique historical and socio‐economic features it is of a great theoretical interest to understand the impact of resource‐richness on the institutional transition processes of resource-based post-Soviet Republics.

DAS VERHÄLTNIS VON SPRACHE, KULTURELLER IDENTITÄT UND IHRER VERMITTLUNG IM 18.

JAHRHUNDERT AM BEISPIEL JAKOB MICHAEL REINHOLD LENZ

Judith Schäfer

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: judith.schaefer@rub.de Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751-92) beschäftigt sich in seinem literarischen Werk schon früh mit der Frage, wie individuelle und kollektive Identität über Sprache vermittelt und verfestigt (d.h. umgrenzt) werden. Der soziale Ort, der jedem Mitglied einer Gesellschaft durch seine Herkunft zugewiesen wird, enthält einen sprachlichen Code, den der Mensch sich aneignen muss. Doch nur die Beherrschung der kommunikativen wie der sozialen Codes insgesamt, d.h. grenzübergreifend aller Schichten ermöglicht es dem Einzelnen, mündiger Teil der Gesellschaft bzw. seiner Gesellschaftsschicht zu sein. Lenz interessiert, was geschieht, wenn diese Codes entweder nicht erkannt, nicht beherrscht oder aber bewusst unterwandert werden. Er findet in seinen Dramen dafür verschiedene Szenarien. Auf die jeweilige Schicht, in der sie sich abspielen, wirkt dies Unvermögen oder Fehlverhalten eines Einzelnen höchstens als eine milde Erschütterung. Vielleicht erleidet eine involvierte Familie dadurch die Unannehmlichkeit eines vorübergehenden schlechten Rufes; der unzulänglich oder missbräuchlich Sprechende aber verliert zumeist seinen Platz in der Gesellschaft – mitunter sogar sein Leben: So endet die Bürgerstochter Marie Wesener aus dem Drama Die Soldaten als Bettlerin, die von ihrem Vater auf der Straße aufgelesen wird. Ihre mangelnde Sprachkompetenz gegenüber einer vom Adel gesprochenen höfischen Verführungssprache hat ihren Blick auf ihre reale Situation verstellt und sie in den gesellschaftlichen Abstieg geführt. Die Fähigkeit zum reflektierten Sprachgebrauch ist Lenz Zeichen eines mündigen Charakters. Sprechen und Handeln sind eng miteinander verwoben: Nur wer das Sprechen reflektiert, wird auch angemessen handeln und die Begrenztheit der ihm zugewiesenen Rolle nutzen oder gar erweitern können. Bewusstsein und Selbstbewusstsein setzt der Autor so in ein komplexes Wechselverhältnis. Autonomie des Menschen ist für den Aufklärer Lenz auch in theoretischen Auseinandersetzungen und in seinen (sozialen) Reformprojekten ein großes Anliegen. Ein Weg dieser Auseinandersetzung führt über das Projekt einer Deutschen Sprachgesellschaft, die er 1775 in Straßburg gründet und die dabei helfen soll, den zersplitterten deutschen Sprachraum über ein gemeinsames Hochdeutsch zu vereinen. Dabei geht es Lenz nicht vorrangig um das Großprojekt einer ‚Deutschen Nation‘, sondern um die Abwendung einer latenten Gefahr: Fehlt den Menschen eine gemeinsame Sprache, wird es immer zu Missverständnissen, Vorurteilen und Feindseligkeiten kommen. Der Abbruch der Kommunikation, die für alle Beteiligten elementar ist, wäre die Folge. Solange diese Bedrohung schwelt, kann es keinen andauernden Frieden geben. In seinem Prosatext Ueber

Delikatesse der Empfindung setzt Lenz diesen Gedanken literarisch um und spielt anschaulich die Folgen misslingender Kommunikation durch. Sowohl das Individuum als auch die Gesellschaft, in der es sich bewegt, geraten durch den Abbruch der Kommunikation in eine prekäre Lage: Der Einzelne, der die kommunikativen Regeln nicht befolgt, wird isoliert und gilt als Fremder – als solcher ist er stigmatisiert und erfährt eine gewaltvolle Einschränkung seiner Autonomie und Handlungsmöglichkeiten. Die Gesellschaft aber, die dies mit verursacht hat, beschneidet sich über die Verweigerung des Austauschs mit dem ‚Fremden‘ selbst. Sie verarmt und verhärtet sich, wo sie in Bewegung, d.h. lebendig bleiben sollte. Im Bestreben, ihre Identität vor unvorhersehbaren Einflüssen zu schützen, zementieren der Einzelne und die Gesellschaft soziale und kulturelle Grenzen und letztlich einen menschenunwürdigen Zustand. Der Angst vor dem ‚Anderen‘ und dem ‚anderen‘ Sprechen muss, so Lenz, offen und reflektiert begegnet werden, damit diese Grenzen eines Tages überwunden werden können.

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THURINGIAN STUDENTS ATTENDING GRADE ELEVEN AND THEIR THE GDR-REPRESANTATION

- CONCEPTS, CAUSES UND CONSEQUENCES OF HISTORY TEACHING -  

Kathrin Schröter

Fakultät für Geschichtswissenschaft/Didaktik der Geschichte; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: kathrin.schroeter@rub.de This thesis project is a replication study to Monika Deutz-Schroeder’s and Klaus Schroeder’s investigation „Soziales Paradies oder Stasi-Staat? Das DDR-Bild von Schülern – ein Ost-West-Vergleich“1. Schroeder et al. stated that East German pupils glorify the GDR and feature deficit knowledge with regard to the GDR. Although Schroeder's investigation was criticised by scientific side for methodical defects, it had crucial educational consequences. The aim of this project is to certify Schroeder’s study regionally on the basis of Thuringian pupils. By a quantitative survey, students’ concepts and attitudes about the GDR can be determined. Furthermore reasons for different representations of History should be ascertained. The focus will be placed on the teaching of history. In a comparative analysis it will be examined whether specific effects of intensity or form of curricular dealing with the GDR can be identified so that didactical consequences can be formulated.

1 DEUTZ-SCHROEDER, MONIKA/ SCHROEDER, KLAUS: Soziales Paradies oder Stasi-Staat? Das DDR-Bild von Schülern - Ein Ost-West-Vergleich. Stamsried 2008.

PEDAGOGICAL INNOVATICS AS A NEW BRANCH OF EDUCATION SCIENCE

Alena Schulz-Fiodarava

Institute of Education; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: alena.fiodarava@rub.de Pedagogical Innovatics is a new advanced scientific trend in the Russian-speaking culture area, practically unknown beyond its bounds. One of the reasons for the rapid development of the innovation approach in Education Science is the world-spread education crisis in general. At that systematical innovation should help to find the most effective problem decisions. This phenomenon got especially crucial for the Russian-speaking world after the disruptive changes in education system during the Perestroika and the collapse of the USSR. As a result Pedagogical Innovatics was established. Pedagogical Innovatics is a meta-science. It possesses an own methodological apparatus and wide transfer properties. It presumes the realization of pedagogical innovations not by the trial-and-error method, but rational, resting upon knowledge and methodology. Pedagogical Innovatics leads the pedagogical work out of the state of ordinary functioning and transfers it into the state of sustainable developing. It makes possible to take under control the inevitable renewal and change processes, under the condition that teachers and educators possess the necessary knowledge, skills and experience. That’s why one of the most significant focuses of this approach underlies the importance of introduction of some special innovation theoretical and practical training during the teacher education in order to build up respective innovation competencies. Selected References: [1] Jusufbeckova, N.R. (1991): Obschije osnovy pedagogicheskoj innovatiki. [General Basics of Pedagogical Innovatics], Moscow: Academy of pedagogical sciences of the USSR. [2] Karpovich, E.I.; Tsyrkun, I.I. (2006): Pedagogicheskaja Innovatka [Pedagogical Innovatics], Minsk: M.Tank-BSPU. [3] Kchutorskoy, A.V. (2008): Pedagogicheskaja Innovatka [Pedagogical Innovatics], Moscow: publishing centure “Academia”. [4] Tsyrkun, I.I. (2000): Sistema innovationnoi podgotovki specialistov gumanitarnoi sfery. [The System of innovation training for the specialists of the humanities], Minsk: Technologia.

TOWARDS A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF BORDERS: BEYOND TERRITORIAL BORDERS, FROM

BORDERS TO BORDERING

Bastian Sendhardt Universität der Bundeswehr München e-mail: bastian.sendhardt@gmx.de This paper aims to contribute to the discussion on borders by addressing rather theoretical aspects concerning the ‘nature’ or the ‘character’ of borders. More precisely, this paper departs from the almost banally sounding question “What is a border”? Intuitively, when thinking of borders, one would probably think of state borders or boundaries as political geographers call them, meaning “the lines that enclose state territories” (Newman 2003: 123). Following this understanding, borders have a rather closed character and their main function is to separate different entities, e.g. states. More precisely, in this case, one should speak of territorial borders. However, territorial borders (such as state borders) are but one type of border. Other types include, for example, functional or symbolic borders (Stetter 2005b; Ferrer-Gallardo 2008). “Functional borders separate different functional systems, such as politics, law, science, economy, sports, love or the health system” (Stetter 2005b: 5), whereas symbolic borders “constitute collective identities and allow to differentiate between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’. Through the marking of symbolic borders[,] forms of political, ethnic or religious identity emerge” (Bonacker as cited in Stetter 2005b: 5; see also Stetter 2005a: 335; Paasi 1996: 12–5). These three types of borders, however, do not necessarily coincide. Therefore, territorial borders are in a “complex relationship with cross-cutting functional (and, at times symbolic) borders” (Stetter 2005b: 5). In a nutshell, instead of clear-cut lines separating different (state) territories, borders have a rather ‘fuzzy’ character which is a consequence of the interplay of the three aforementioned border types (see Christiansen et al. 2000). From this perspective, it seems more promising to shift the focus from an understanding of borders as fixed and static entities to an analytical concept that emphasizes the ‘process-like’ and socially constructed character of borders, as for instance, the concept of debordering and rebordering. Within this concept, debordering “is understood as an increasing permeability of [territorial] borders together with a decreasing ability of states to shut themselves off” from all kinds of cross-border activities (Albert and Brock 2000: 20). In other words, debordering refers to the transgression of territorial borders, for example by functional systems (e.g. economy) or symbolic systems (e.g. cross-border identities) and can be described as “the dissolution of the territorial congruence of state, economy and society” (Brock 2004: 89). The affected political entities – mostly states but also other political entities such as the European Union – have to react to these challenges posed by debordering processes. One state “response to this increasing permeability of borders” is the “adaptation of statehood” and the adjustment of policies to debordering processes. Adaptation can result “in the emergence of new political spaces that transcend territorially defined spaces [i.e. state borders] […], e.g. in

the ―emergence of multilevel systems of governance in transstate contexts” such as the European Union (Albert and Brock 2000: 20). At the same time, processes of debordering are accompanied (and seemingly contradicted) by rebordering processes, such as a tightening of (new) borders, an increase in border controls and the re-territorialization of space (Albert and Brock 2000: 39-40). But the simultaneity of debordering and rebordering processes does not necessarily have to be considered a contradiction. Instead, processes of rebordering can be described “as social phenomena within the framework of an overall debordering of the world of states[,] […] as a specific reaction to the debordering processes that are actually taking their course within the framework of globalization. Viewed in this light, demarcation (rebordering) would be, first and foremost, a way of regulating the process of transformation, not of arresting it” (Albert and Brock 2000: 42–3). References: Albert, Mathias and Lothar Brock (2000), ‘De-bordering the world of states. New spaces in international relations’, pp. 19–43 in Mathias Albert (ed), Civilizing world politics. Society and community beyond the state. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publ. Brock, Lothar (2004), ‘World society from the bottom up’, pp. 86–102 in Mathias Albert and Lena Hilkermeier (eds), Observing international relations. Niklas Luhmann and world politics. London: Routledge. Christiansen, Thomas, Fabio Petito and B. E.N. Tonra (2000), ‘Fuzzy Politics Around Fuzzy Borders: The European Union's 'Near Abroad’, Cooperation and Conflict 35(4): 389–415. Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier (2008), ‘The Spanish-Moroccan border complex: Processes of geopolitical, functional and symbolic rebordering’, Political Geography 27(3): 301–21. Newman, David (2003), ‘Boundaries’, pp. 123–37 in John A. Agnew, Katheryne Mitchell and Gearóid Ó Tuathail (eds) A companion to political geography. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publ. Paasi, Anssi (1996), Territories, boundaries, and consciousness. The changing geographies of the Finnish-Russian border. Chichester: Wiley. Stetter, Stephan (2005b), Theorising the European Neighbourhood Policy: Debordering and Rebordering in the Mediterranean. San Domenico di Fiesole: EUI Working Papers RSCAS (34). Stetter, Stephan (2005a), ‘The Politics of De-Paradoxification in Euro-Mediterranean Relations: Se-mantics and Structures of 'Cultural Dialogue'’, Mediterranean Politics 10(3): 331–48.

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HARRY POTTER AND TWILIGHT AS TRANSGRESSIVE PHENOMENA

Maria Verena Siebert

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: maria.siebert@rub.de What Harry Potter and Twilight most obviously have in common is their commercial success as mass entertainment. This is, in large part, due to the conservative nature of these texts. Why then, should they be labelled “transgressive”? These works of fiction transgress boundaries in three ways: Harry Potter and Twilight both have transgressed the border of the medium, multiplying the literary text into a multitude of texts dispersed across different media and thus building a franchise. They have also transgressed the borders of nations with their international success stories. Last but not least, they have transgressed the border between children’s and adult’s literature. This last transgression is the one that has received most critical attention and has helped the proliferation of the term “kidult”. Though children’s literature had always addressed both children and their parents, the adult consumption of children’s literature in the cases of Harry Potter and Twilight has added fuel to the flames of the discussion about the infantilization of adults through consumer capitalism. The dissertation project will focus on the adult/child distinction in these works of fiction and in the meta-discourse about them. The startling paradox between the clear-cut distinction of children and adults in these fictions and the fears about the blurring of this distinction voiced in real life will be the subject of analysis.

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VOM COMIC ZUM FILM – (RE)MEDIALISIERUNGSSTRATEGIEN UND DIE KONSTRUKTION VON GENDER IM PHÄNOMEN

COMICVERFILMUNG

Véronique Sina Institut für Medienwissenschaft; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44870 Bochum, Germany e-mail: veronique.sina@rub.de

Das hier vorgestellte Dissertationsprojekt beschäftigt sich mit der Frage nach der medialen Inszenierung bzw. Konstruktion von Geschlecht in Comicverfilmungen. Dabei soll vor allem der intermedialen Beziehung von Comic und Film besondere Beachtung geschenkt werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der wechselseitigen Beziehung der Performativität von Gender und der Medialität des Performativen sowie dem Rückgriff auf aktuelle Theorien der Gender- und Queer Studies wird der übergeordneten Fragestellung nachgegangen, wie die mediale Präsentationsform die Repräsentation von Gender in Comicverfilmungen verändert bzw. beeinflusst.

Während die Comicforschung in den letzten Jahren sowohl im deutschen als auch im internationalen medienwissenschaftlichen Diskurs zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen hat, haben sich nur wenige wissenschaftliche Werke mit der intermedialen Beziehung der beiden Medien Comic und Film auseinander gesetzt. Betrachtet man den aktuellen Stand der Forschungsliteratur, wird deutlich, dass sich die wenigen Werke, die sich (ausschließlich) mit dem Phänomen Comicverfilmung beschäftigen, in der Regel damit begnügen, ihren Lesern einen historischen Überblick über die Entwicklung von Comicverfilmungen zu liefern bzw. die Wechselbeziehung der beiden Medien Comic und Film zu untersuchen, ohne eine treffende Antwort auf die Frage zu geben, was eine Comicverfilmung überhaupt erst zu einer Comicverfilmung macht. Neben mangelnder Definitionsversuche wird in der vorhandenen Forschungsliteratur auch die Frage nach der Repräsentation von Gender in Comicverfilmungen meist nur beiläufig oder überhaupt nicht behandelt. In den seltenen Fällen, in denen der Gender-Frage Beachtung geschenkt wird, wird in der Regel davon ausgegangen, dass die Repräsentation von Gender im Comic bzw. in Comicverfilmungen von Gender-Stereotypen geprägt ist, die sich vor allem im Superhelden-Genre vorfinden lassen. Infolgedessen haben Comicverfilmungen, genau wie z.B. der Horrorfilm, mit dem Vorwurf zu kämpfen, dass sie ihren Zuschauern ein ganz bestimmtes stereotypes Männlichkeits- bzw. Weiblichkeitsbild präsentieren. Bereits dieser kurze Überblick verdeutlicht, dass innerhalb des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses nicht nur in Bezug auf das Medium Comicverfilmung, sondern insbesondere im Hinblick auf die mediale Konstruktion von Geschlecht in Comicverfilmungen erheblicher Forschungsbedarf besteht.

Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die durch den Prozess der Remedialisierung beschriebene Performativität der Medien in einen direkten Zusammenhang mit der Repräsentation von Gender in Comicverfilmungen zu bringen. Innerhalb der Gender- und Queer Studies wird der Begriff der Performativität als gesellschaftlich sanktionierte Aufführung bzw. Wiederholung geschlechtlicher Identitäten verstanden1. Geht man nun – dem aktuellen Forschungsstand folgend – von der wechselseitigen, diskursiven Hervorbringung von Gender und Medien aus2 so stellt sich die Frage, wie die beiden Medien Comic und Film sich im Falle einer Comicverfilmung generieren und was dies für Auswirkungen auf die mediale Inszenierung von Gender hat. Lässt sich überhaupt eine allgemein gültige Aussage über die Repräsentation von Gender im Medium Comic bzw. in Comicverfilmungen formulieren? Wenn ja, wodurch zeichnet sich diese aus? Ist diese Repräsentation in erster Linie von Gender-Stereotypen durchzogen oder ist hier subversives Potential vorzufinden? Und welche Rolle übernimmt hierbei die Technik? Anders formuliert: Wie verändert bzw. beeinflusst die mediale Präsentationsform die Repräsentation von Gender?

Bibliografie Bolter, David/Grusin, Richard (2000): Remediation. Understanding New Media. London: MIT. Rajewsky, Irina O. (2002): Intermedialität. Tübingen: A. Francke. Seier, Andrea (2005): Remedialisierungen. Zur Performativität von Gender und Medien. Dissertation.Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Seier, Andrea (2006): Von „Frauen und Film“ zu „Gender und Medium“? – Überlegungen zu Judith Butlers Filmanalyse von Paris is Burning. In: Wie der Film den Körper schuf. Ein Reader zu Gender und Medien. Hg. v Annette Geiger (u.a.). Weimar: VDG, S. 81-95.

1 Vgl. Seier, Andrea (2005) 2 Vgl. Seier, Andrea (2006)

A LATE MEDIEVAL PERSIAN FROM AN ANGLE: DISCOVERING PERSPECTIVES ON MAÉD AL-DÏN

AL-FÏRØZÀBÀDÏ

Vivian Strotmann Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: Vivian.Strotmann@rub.de My subject of enquiry is a Persian scholar on the threshold to Early Modernity. MaÊd al-DÐn al-FÐrÙzÁbÁdÐ (1329-1415) - protected traveller, revered religious authority, powerful politician, celebrated scholar and controversial lexicographer – has now lain buried in the sands of the Yemeni desert for over half a millennium. At first sight, we are therefore faced with a man long dead, whose scholarly endeavours seem of interest and relevance merely for those involved in this field of enquiry. The fact most striking about this scholar seems the almost complete lack of established facts. His great lexicon, the QÁmÙs al-muÎÐÔ, brought him fame beyond death, but detailed information is largely wanting and – when extant – contradictory. Besides collation of what little we know, what can be expected from examinations of this man? It is at this point that my thesis makes its departure. For the field of Oriental and Middle Eastern Studies, clarification of his vita and establishment of his oeuvre presents a gain in itself. They are, however, not goals in themselves. More important still than the erudition of biographical and scholarly fact about the ÑÁÎib al-QÁmÙs are the issues which surface in the process. Above all else, al-FÐrÙzÁbÁdÐ is remembered as a luÈawÐ and what examinations we have of him are predominantly centred on this facet of his scholarly profile. As indicated above, however, there is much more to this scholar than initially meets the eye. These aspects of the famous scholarly personality are imbedded in – and therefore have to be studied against – a variety of backgrounds both within and beyond Oriental sciences. Ultimately, there emerges the mosaic of a Late Medieval Persian scholar whose life had repercussions beyond the borders of his time and the reaches of his travels, whose scholarship gained influence even unto the emancipation of a philological discipline. Sketching these interconnections of backgrounds is the incentive of my proposed presentation.

ENTWICKLUNG UND EVALUATION DES FRAGEBOGENS PRISCUS-PAQ ZUR ERFASSUNG

DER KÖRPERLICHEN AKTIVITÄT VON PERSONEN IM ALTER VON 70 JAHREN UND ÄLTER

Ulrike S. Trampisch

Faculty of Sport Science; Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: ulrike.trampisch@rub.de In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland leben ca. 16 Millionen Menschen im Alter von 65 Jahren und älter (19% der Gesamtbevölkerung). Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels ist davon auszugehen, dass die Anzahl der Älteren bis zum Jahr 2050 auf ca. 23 Millionen (33%) ansteigen wird [1]. Der körperlichen Aktivität im Alter sind nach einhelliger Meinung der Wissenschaft vielfältige positive Wirkungen im Sinne einer gesund erhaltenden Lebensweise zuzuschreiben [z.B. 2,3-5]. Obwohl diese positiven Effekte körperlicher Aktivität bekannt sind, existieren bisher weltweit erstaunlich wenige Daten über das Aktivitätsverhalten von Personen im Alter von 65 Jahren und älter. In Deutschland fördert das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung seit 2008 Forschungsvorhaben zum Thema „Gesundheit im Alter“. Unterstützt wird auch das Projekt PRISCUS („Prerequisites for a new health care model for elderly people with multimorbidity“, http://www.priscus.net), bei dem der Lehrstuhl für Sportmedizin und Sporternährung der Ruhr-Universität Bochum ein Teilprojekt betreut. Dieses ermöglichte bereits die Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität älterer Personen in einer großen epidemiologischen Studie: der seit dem Jahr 2000 laufenden Studie „German epidemiological trial on ankle brachial index“ (getABI) [6]. In der Verlaufsuntersuchung nach etwa sieben Jahren sollte die Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität von ca. 1.800 Personen im Alter von 70 Jahren und älter im Telefoninterview ermöglicht werden. Hierfür wurde ein valides Erfassungsinstrument gesucht. Daher wurde in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit zunächst eine systematische Literaturrecherche für einen geeigneten Fragebogen zur Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität von älteren Personen zum Einsatz in einer epidemiologischen Studie im Telefoninterview durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden fünf Fragebögen für Personen im Alter von 70 Jahren und älter gefunden: Modified Baecke Questionnaire for Older Adults [7], Zutphen Physical Activity Questionnaire [8-9], Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [10], Yale Physical Activity Survey [11] und CHAMPS Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults [12]. Diese wurden vergleichend dargestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für den Einsatz in epidemiologischen Studien begutachtet. Keiner der beschriebenen Fragebögen erschien jedoch hinreichend geeignet, um die körperliche Aktivität älterer Personen zu erfassen. Somit stellte sich heraus, dass es zum Zeitpunkt der Analyse keinen Fragebogen gab, der sich zur Erfassung des Aktivitätsverhaltens von älteren Personen eignete. Daher wurde ein neuer Fragebogen speziell für diese Altersklasse entwickelt und seine Testgüte bestimmt. Eine sehr

umfangreiche Vorversion des Fragebogens wurde zunächst in einer Voruntersuchung an Teilnehmern der Studie getABI eingesetzt. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse dieser Voruntersuchung wurde der finale, deutlich gekürzte Fragebogen PRISCUS-PAQ entwickelt. Die Güte des neuen Fragebogens hinsichtlich Retest-Reliabilität und kriterienbezogener Validität wurde abschließend in der Hauptstudie der vorliegenden Arbeit ermittelt und bewertet. Die Voruntersuchung wurde an 136 Teilnehmern der Studie getABI durchgeführt. Die Auswertung der deskriptiven Statistik und einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse sowie qualitative Aspekte der langen Fragebogen-Vorversion führten zu der Auswahl von zehn Hauptfragen zu sitzenden Tätigkeiten, zum Tagschlaf, zum Putzen, zur Hausarbeit, zum Fahrrad fahren, zur Gymnastik, zu Sport in Gruppen, zu sonstigem Sport, zu Wegen zu Fuß und zur Gartenarbeit für den finalen Aktivitäts-Fragebogen PRISCUS-PAQ. Dieser sollte eine valide Darstellung des Aktivitätsverhaltens und die Ermittlung des wöchentlichen Energieverbrauchs ermöglichen. Die Testgütekriterien des PRISCUS-PAQ wurden an 137 Teilnehmern ermittelt. Die Retest-Reliabilität lag für den PRISCUS-PAQ-Gesamtscore bei ICC = 0,59 (95% KI: 0,43-0,71) und die kriterienbezogene Validität, ermittelt durch Akzelerometrie, bei r = 0,28 (95% KI: 0,10-0,44). Aufgrund allgemein bestehender Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität sowohl mittels Fragebögen als auch mittels Akzelerometrie können diese Ergebnisse als insgesamt akzeptabel bezeichnet werden. Dies gilt insbesondere im Vergleich zu internationalen Fragebögen für diese Altersgruppe. Zusammenfassend wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit mit dem PRISCUS-PAQ ein ausreichend valider Fragebogen zum Einsatz im Telefoninterview für große epidemiologische Studien, der die Häufigkeit und Dauer der körperlichen Aktivitäten der vergangenen Woche von Personen im Alter von 70 Jahren und älter erfasst und die Darstellung des wöchentlichen Energieverbrauchs ermöglicht, entwickelt und evaluiert. References [1] Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. Demografischer Wandel in Deutschland, Heft 1: Bevölkerungs- und Haushaltsentwicklung im Bund und in den Ländern. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt; 2007 [2] Fries JF. Physical activity, the compression of morbidity, and the health of the elderly. J R Soc Med 1996; 89: 64-68 [3] Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Singh MAF, et al. Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 1510-1530 [4] Manini TM, Everhart JE, Patel KV, et al. Daily activity energy expenditure and mortality among older adults. JAMA 2006; 296: 171-179 [5] Taylor AH, Cable NT, Faulkner G, et al. Physical activity and older adults: a review of health benefits and the effectiveness of interventions. J Sports Sci 2004; 22: 703-725 [6] Diehm C, Schuster A, Spengel FA, et al. Get ABI: German epidemiological trial on ankle brachial index for elderly patients in family practice to dedect peripheral arterial disease, significant marker for high mortality. Journal of Vascular Diseases 2002; 31: 241-248 [7] Voorrips LE, Ravelli ACJ, Dongelmans PCA, Deurenberg P, Vanstaveren WA. A Physical-Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 974-979 [8] Westerterp KR, Saris WHM, Bloemberg BPM, et al. Validation of the Zutphen Physical Activity Questionaire for the elderly with doubly labeled water. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 68

[9] Caspersen CJ, Bloemberg BPM, Saris WHM, Merritt RK, Kromhout D. The Prevalence of Selected Physical Activities and their Relation with Coronary Heart-Disease Risk-Factors in Elderly Men - the Zutphen Study, 1985. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 1078-1092 [10] Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The Physical-Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) - Development and Evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46: 153-162 [11] DiPietro L, Caspersen CJ, Ostfeld AM, Nadel ER. A survey for assessing physical activity among older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 628-642 [12] Stewart AL, Mills KM, King AC, et al. CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: outcomes for interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1126-1141

DIE AUSEINANDERSETZUNG MIT DEM APARTHEIDREGIME IM WESTDEUTSCHEN

PROTESTANTISMUS, 1959-1994

Sebastian Tripp

DFG-Forschergruppe 621:Transformation der Religion in der Moderne; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: sebastian.tripp@rub.de@rub.de As early as in the 1950s the moral challenge of apartheid led to the formation of anti-apartheid movements in the Western world. From the very beginning, Christian groups and initiatives played an important role in this transnational movement. Although the anti-apartheid movement included many non-religious groups most of the leading members were church people. In Germany, however, anti-apartheid activism started only in the 1970s in the wake of students’ protests and the continuous discourse on ‘Vergangenheitsbewältigung’. Although Christian, and especially Protestant, groups played a leading role in the anti-apartheid movement in Germany, too, this participation was highly contested. Despite an almost unanimous agreement on the moral flaws of the apartheid regime, the question in how far Christian groups and the churches themselves should take part in public protest against apartheid was one of the major issues discussed in West German Protestantism. In my thesis I analyse these debates consulting various published and unpublished sources. In order to reconstruct the fullest possible picture I will look at protestant newspapers (e.g. Deutsches Allgemeines Sonntagsblatt, Lutherische Monatshefte, Evangelische Kommentare, Junge Kirche) as well as at records and minutes of Church Boards of several regional Churches (‘Landeskirchen’). Furthermore, documents of associations arguing either for (e.g. Evangelische Frauenarbeit in Deutschland) or against (e.g. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Christen für Partnerschaft statt Gewalt) direct political action of Church organisations, such as call for boycotts. I argue that the significance of this discourse arises from the fact that most of the current theological, political and societal debates, e.g., gender roles, post-colonial responsibilities, anti-communism vs. critique of capitalism, intermingled and were discussed using the subject of ‘apartheid’ as a foil. In times when Christianity underwent a “marking rupture as profound as the Reformation” (Hugh McLeod), the discourse on ‘apartheid’ was used to dispute the future role of the churches and religion in a transforming society. One of the major questions discussed was that of political responsibility of the churches. How must the relation between churches and political authorities be shaped? Should or even must churches interfere in political questions? Under which circumstances should this be the case? Where should the line be drawn between politics and religion? In these debates not only present and future developments of the Protestant Churches in Germany were disputed. They also represented an act of ‘Vergangenheitsbewältigung’ for the churches as the responsibility of the Protestant Church in the Third Reich and the heritage of the ‘Kirchenkampf’ and the ‘Bekennende Kirche’ were constantly referred to in this discourse.

DIFFERENZERFAHRUNGEN UND UMGANGSSTRATEGIEN BEI DEUTSCHEN

JUGENDLICHEN UND JUGENDLICHEN MIT MIGRATIONSHINTERGRUND

Astrid Utler

Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Sektion Sozialtheorie und Sozialanthropologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Deutschland e-mail: astrid.utler@rub.de Die aktuelle Debatte um die Integration von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland fokussiert fast ausschließlich auf gescheiterte Integrationsverläufe und postuliert zudem eine generelle und fast unüberwindbare kulturelle Distanz. Die Thesen stützen sich auf Extrembeispiele misslungener Integration und vernachlässigen dabei nicht zuletzt die Wechselseitigkeit des Integrationsprozesses. In meiner Dissertation setze ich an der häufig unbeachteten Mikroebene an: Ich untersuche das Zusammenleben von deutschen Jugendlichen und Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund und versuche herauszufinden, ob kulturelle Differenzen eine Rolle in den täglichen Interaktionen spielen und wenn ja, wie Jugendliche mit derartigen Erfahrungen umgehen. Als theoretische Grundlage dient das Konzept der Differenzerfahrungen [1 u. 2]; diese bilden ein nicht untypisches Phänomen milieuüberschreitender Interaktionen, d.h. Differenzerfahrungen können sich zwischen den Angehörigen von Generationen, Geschlechtern oder Kulturen, usw. ereignen. Differenzerlebnisse stellen für alle Beteiligten eine Herausforderung dar, in ihrer erfolgreichen Bewältigung liegt jedoch eine Chance für die Überwindung eben dieser Differenzen – daher kommt den Differenzerfahrungen auch im Migrationskontext eine wichtige Bedeutung zu. Bohnsack [1] und Nohl [2] unterscheiden zwei Arten der Fremdheits- bzw. Differenzerfahrung: die erste bildet die (Fremd-) Konstruktion sozialer Identität, bei der es sich insbesondere um Erlebnisse der Ethnisierung durch Dritte handelt. Die zweite bezieht sich auf eine habitualisierte Alltagspraxis, also auf Erfahrungen, die implizit im Rahmen alltagspraktischen Handelns gesammelt werden. Neben den explizit geäußerten Differenzen sind für mich v.a. auch diese impliziten Erfahrungen kultureller Differenz von Interesse, welche die Jugendlichen möglicherweise zwar erleben, aber unter Umständen gar nicht als solche deuten. Um der Wechselseitigkeit des Integrationsprozesses Rechnung zu tragen, gehe ich zudem nicht ausschließlich auf die Perspektive der Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund ein, sondern beziehe auch die deutsche Seite mit ein. Folgende Forschungsfragen leiten dabei mein Vorgehen: Wie konstituiert sich die Beziehung in Milieus, an denen Jugendliche mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund teilhaben? Welche Differenzerfahrungen machen Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund und deutsche Jugendliche in der Interaktion miteinander? Wie werden diese Erfahrungen attribiuert und wie wird damit kollektiv und individuell umgegangen? Als methodologischen Ansatz wähle ich eine rekonstruktive Herangehensweise, da diese mir gewährleistet, Antworten über das wie des Zusammenlebens zu erhalten. Methodisch basiert

mein Herangehensweise auf einer Triangulation aus Gruppendiskussionen und narrativen Einzelinterviews. Gruppendiskussionen haben angesichts meiner Fragestellung folgenden Vorteil: Die Jugendlichen haben die Möglichkeit aufeinander Bezug zu nehmen, sie steigern sich gegenseitig in der Bearbeitung des Themas, so dass die Jugendlichen in der Interaktion auch ihren sozialen Kontext herstellen [3], der für meine Arbeit von besonderem Interesse ist. Im Fokus meiner Untersuchung stehen dabei Gruppen Jugendlicher im Alter von 13-15 Jahren und 16-18 Jahren und zwar sowohl aus dem schulischen, als auch aus dem Freizeitbereich. Meine Arbeit soll Aufschlüsse über kollektive und individuelle Umgangsstrategien mit Differenzerfahrungen in Familie und Peer-Gruppen leisten und damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Beziehungen zwischen Mehrheitsgesellschaft und Migranten leisten. Darüber hinaus soll meine Dissertation wichtige Impulse für die psychologische Theorienbildung in diesem Forschungsfeld liefern, das bislang vor allem auf quantitativer Forschung basiert. Bibliografie: [1] Bohnsack, Ralf (2003). Differenzerfahrungen der Identität und des Habitus. Eine empirische Untersuchung auf der Basis der dokumentarischen Methode. In Burkhard, Liebsch & Jürgen, Straub (Hrsg.). Lebensformen im Widerstreit. Integrations- und Identitätskonflikte in pluralen Gesellschaften (S.136-160). Frankfurt: Campus [2] Nohl, Arnd-Michael (2001). Migration und Differenzerfahrung. Junge Einheimische und Migranten im rekonstruktiven Milieuvergleich. Opladen: Leske + Budrich. [3] Bohnsack, Ralf (2008). Rekonstruktive Sozialforschung. Einführung in qualitative Methoden. (7.Auflage). Opladen: Barbara Budrich.

HSS_13

VISUAL POETRY: HYBRID LITERARY FORMS FOR THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM

Victoria del Valle Luque

Romanisches Seminar, Didaktik der romanischen Sprachen und Literaturen; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: victoria.delvalle@rub.de Poesía Visual is a contemporary form of experimental poetry throughout the Spanish-speaking world. Its position remains somewhere between fine art and literature, or according to Bohn: ‘‘We can define visual poetry as poetry meant to be seen. Combining painting and poetry, it is neither a compromise nor an evasion but a synthesis of the principles underlying each medium.”1 The intermediality and hybridity characteristics of this genre are based on the relation between text and image. Nonetheless, the concept ‘visual poetry’ originated within the theory of literature – developed by the Concrete Poetry literary movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The term was coined and systematized by scientific discourse in the 1970s and is the starting point of this research which strives to analyze contemporary Spanish visual poetry – a vivid and culturally exciting phenomenon in Spain. This technical analysis will generate discussion about the didactic potential of visual poetry in the foreign language classroom. It is obvious that a maximum reduction of language material – a very typical attribute of visual poetry, implies a reduction of the reception process thus allowing more time for language production, which is of the utmost importance in the foreign language classroom. References: [1] Adler, Jeremy; Ernst, Ulrich: Text als Figur. Visuelle Poesie von der Antike bis zur Moderne, 3. Aufl. Aufl., Weinheim 1990. [2] Bohn, Willard: “Theory and Practice of Visual Poetry.” Neohelicon, 17/2 (1990), S. 229-237. [3] Cózar, Rafael de: Poesía e imagen. Formas difíciles de ingenio literario. Univ., Diss.--Sevilla, 1984., Sevilla 1991. [4] Fernández Serrato, Juan Carlos: ¿Cómo se lee un poema visual? Retórica y poética del experimentalismo español (1975 - 1980), Sevilla 2003. [5] Higgins, Dick: Pattern Poetry, New York 1987. [6] Lanza Rivera, Juan José: “La poesía experimental en España: historia y reflexión teórica.“ Iberoamericana, Vol. 16 (1992), S. 52–70.

1 Bohn, Willard: “Theory and Practice of Visual Poetry.” Neohelicon, 17/2 (1990), S. 229-237.

TWO PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES OF THE MORAL SIGNIFICANCE OF STATE BORDERS

Thomas Weitner

Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: thomas.weitner@rub.de Most people, especially politicians, attach great moral weight to state boundaries. Concerning issues of economic, foreign or immigration policy, it is taken for granted that the interests of our compatriots take priority in comparison to the interests of foreigners. Following this maxim, foreigners are excluded from the territory of a state, the scope of social security systems like health care and unemployment insurance is limited to fellow countrymen and the right to vote is denied to non-citizens, to name only a few examples. Philosophers usually invoke two conflicting theories in order to justify the moral significance of state borders and the priority for compatriots, respectively. The theory of instrumental value says, that state borders carry moral weight only in a derivative sense. According to this approach, the state-system, ideally conceived, is a better means to protect the basic human rights of every person globally than any other political system (e.g. a world state). All special duties to compatriots can therefore be reduced to general moral duties, which we owe in principle to anyone in the world. On the other hand the theory of intrinsic value argues, that the relationship between the members of a state is of moral importance. Since we do not share this relationship with foreigners, there are special duties to fellow citizens, which are not reducible to general duties. I try to resolve the dispute between the two views by demonstrating, that neither of them is sufficient to give us a plausible justification of the moral significance of state borders by itself. While the theory of instrumental value is well-suited in the field of human rights, the theory of intrinsic value is more useful when it comes to the field of justice. Therefore, both of them have to be combined, in order to yield a robust philosophical theory, which can justify at least some degree of national partiality.

TEMPORALLY GRADED MEMORY RECONSOLIDATION IN HUMANS

Sonja Wichert 1,2, Oliver T. Wolf 1,2, Lars Schwabe 1

1 Department of Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany 2 International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: sonja.wichert@rub.de Background: The phenomenon of memory reconsolidation has made researchers question the traditional view that consolidated memories are safely stored in the brain, being resistant to disruptions. According to the concept of memory reconsolidation, the retrieval of a consolidated, apparently stable memory can return it to a labile state, necessitating another period of stabilization, named reconsolidation [1-3]. Memory reconsolidation suggests that modifications during or shortly after retrieval may provide a means of changing unwanted emotional or traumatic memories.

Indeed, recent studies indicate that psychological and pharmacological manipulations shortly after the reactivation of a conditioned fear memory reduce the fear significantly and lastingly in healthy participants [4, 5]. These promising findings raise the question whether there is a critical time window for such manipulations: Are younger and older memories likewise sensitive to modifications during reconsolidation?

Evidence from rodent studies shows that older memories are less susceptible to post-reactivation manipulations than younger ones and that the vulnerability of memories decreases as the time interval between initial learning and memory retrieval increases [6, 7]. However, these findings remain controversial, as other animal studies did not find an effect of memory age [8, 9]. Evidence for a temporal gradient in human memory reconsolidation is missing. Methods: To assess whether recent and older memories are likewise susceptible to alterations after reactivation, healthy participants learned a set of pictures and reactivated it 1, 7, or 28 days later. Immediately after retrieval of the previously learned pictures, participants learned a second set of pictures, a manipulation that altered memory performance in earlier studies [10, 11]. Twenty-four hours later, participants completed a free recall test for the pictures they had initially learned. Memory performance was expressed as (i) the number of remembered pictures and (ii) the number of remembered details. Results: New learning after memory reactivation reduced memory performance when there was a 1-day-interval between initial learning and reactivation. After an interval of 7 days, the effect of

new learning after reactivation was less pronounced than after a 1-day-interval but still present for the number of pictures that were recalled. The impairing effect of new learning after memory reactivation disappeared when the interval between initial learning and reactivation was 28 days. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that older memories are less susceptible to reconsolidation effects than recent memories. The present pattern of results is consistent with findings from animal studies showing that as the time interval after initial learning increases, memories become increasingly resistant to post-reactivation interfering disruptions [6, 7, 12]. These findings represent the first evidence of a temporal gradient in memory reconsolidation of humans.

Why are older memories less susceptible to the disruptive effects of new learning after their reactivation than younger memories? Initial information encoding and storage depends on the hippocampus. With the passage of time, these memories become consolidated in neocortical structures and completely [3, 13] or partially [14] independent of the hippocampus. Reactivation of recent, not completely consolidated memories may result in reengagement of those neural circuits that are involved in encoding and short-term storage, with the effect that “the initial memory is partially overwritten in the interest of storing more recently acquired information” [15]. Older memories, however, are stored in neocortical brain areas that are different from the encoding circuits and are therefore less readily modifiable.

In this study we showed that the temporal dynamics of memory reconsolidation in humans are dependent on the age of the memories, such that older memories are less sensitive to modifications after their retrieval (i.e. during reconsolidation) than recent memories. These findings may have important implications for the potential use of reconsolidation manipulations as a treatment for anxiety disorders, such as PTSD [5, 16]. They suggest that the possibility for therapeutic interventions after the reactivation of a memory of a traumatic event may be most promising within a short time window after this event has happened. References: [1] Sara, S.J., Retrieval and reconsolidation: Toward a neurobiology of remembering.

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[10] Hupbach, A., et al., Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information. Learning & Memory, 2007. 14: p. 47-53.

[11] Schwabe, L. and O.T. Wolf, New episodic learning interferes with the reconsolidation of autobiographical memories. PLoS ONE, 2009. 4(10): p. e7519.

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HSS_14

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF EASTERN SHOWA ZONE,

ETHIOPIA

Beneberu Assefa Wondimagegnhu International Development Studies, IEE; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail: benassefa2006@gmail.com

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is not only an epidemiological problem but also one of the developmental challenges in developing countries. The epidemic is affecting severely the productive part of the population (15 to 49 age range), that is believed to be ‘the motor of development’. Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan African countries whose economy is affected by the epidemic. The country is assigned along with India, China, Nigeria and Russia as the ‘next wave of HIV/AIDS’ for having a large population at risk of HIV/AIDS that will overtake the current epidemic prevalence rate in central and southern Africa. The epidemic is also among the challenges of the agriculture sector of the country where half of the GDP is derived out of it. Although agriculture is the backbone of the economy, little effort is done in estimating the impact of the epidemic and many existing studies focus on urban areas. Therefore, this research has its own contribution in assessing the extent and channels of the impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural production. The research measured the extent of the impact of the epidemic on factors of production such as labor, capital stock and land use, which are the determinants of agricultural production. The research has been conducted in Ada’a district in Eastern Showa province, in Ethiopia which is one of the highly agricultural production areas of the country and also one of the vulnerable areas for HIV/AIDS. Two stages of ordinary least square (OLS) estimation were done. The first stage was to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on production factors whereas the second stage estimation was done to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on output (income) of farmers via the impacts on factors of production. The findings of the analysis indicated that HIV/AIDS has been affecting the production and income of farmers via its effect on factors of production, i.e. by reducing labor-hours, depleting the capital stock of farmers and by its impact on the use of land. According to the finding, on average, the affliction of an individual by HIV/AIDS has reduced labor-hours by 0.37%. Similarly,

the affliction of an individual with HIV/AIDS has caused a reduction of capital stock by 0.53%. The prolonged morbidity nature of the epidemic has caused for requirement of much financial capital (savings). Draft animals were sold to cover medication and burial costs. The rate of investment among HIV/AIDS afflicted households on agriculture compared to non-afflicted households has been decreasing significantly. Moreover, the result has indicated that affliction of an individual in HIV/AIDS has caused a reduction in the amount of land cultivated by 0.16%. HIV/AIDS was found to decrease the area of farm under cultivation indirectly via affecting the labor-hours and capital stock of farmers. Labor intensive cereal crops such as Teff have a higher price and bring higher income for the farmers. However, HIV/AIDS afflicted households produce Teff in poor management resulting poor yields and low income. The overall income estimation shows that 79.9 % of change in income level is explained by the change in labor, capital stock and land use. According to the calculations made, on average HIV/AIDS affliction has reduced income of farmers by 11.98% This research has been further extended and the implications of the epidemic on poverty levels of households are being investigated to see the overall effects of HIV/AIDS with respect to alterations in factors of production and what it looks like among the poor groups of the community. Key words HIV/AIDS, impact, agriculture, production, income, land, labor, capital stock, morbidity, Ada’a district, Eastern Showa province, Ethiopia.

Participants

Natural Sciences and Engineering Name Abstract Poster Email Alexander Meurer alexander.meurer@rub.de Alexandra Becker yes NSE_02 alexandra.becker@bci.tu-dortmund.de Anas Showk yes NSE_19 anas.showk@is.rub.de Anastasia Shchegolikhina yes NSE_18 anastasia.shchegolikhina@rub.de Bernhard Roth yes NSE_17 bernhard@ep1.rub.de Brankica Sikimic yes NSE_20 Brankica.sikimic@rub.de Carlo Vinci yes NSE_25 vinci@lkm.rub.de Dirk Ribbrock yes NSE_16 dribbrock@gmail.com Felix Mackel yes NSE_10 felix.mackel@ep5.rub.de Helma Kleinhorst yes NSE_07 helma.kleinhorst@rub.de Henrik Bahre yes NSE_01 hendrik.bahre@rub.de Ihor Petrov ihor.petrov@yahoo.de Jan Schulze jan.schulze@rub.de Jennifer Hold yes NSE_05 jennifer.hold@web.de Jens Oberrath yes NSE_13 oberrath@tet.rub.de Julia Lorke julia.lorke@rub.de Katharina Stapelmann yes NSE_23 stapelmann@aept.ruhr-uni-bochum.de Kathrin Faak yes NSE_04 kathrin.faak@rub.de Ke Xu yes NSE_26 cocoxuke@hotmail.de Lanying Jin yes NSE_06 lanying.jin@rub.de Mahmoud Ashour Sliem yes NSE_21 mahmoud.ashour@rub.de Marina Prenzel yes NSE_14 marina.prenzel@rub.de Meike Mischo yes NSE_11 meike.mischo@rub.de Mengmeng Zhou mengmeng.zhou@rub.de Michael Leyhe michaell@ep1.rub.de Olesia Vreshch olesia.vreshch@rub.de Patrick Kurzeja yes NSE_08 patrick.kurzeja@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Patrick-B. Bök yes NSE_03 patrick.boek@iis.rub.de Philipp Junker philipp.junker@rub.de Rüdiger Reuter yes NSE_15 ruediger.reuter@rub.de Sarah Müller yes NSE_12 sarah.mueller@ep5.rub.de Stefan Lier yes NSE_09 stefan.lier@fluidvt.rub.de Stefan Spitz yes NSE_22 stefan.spitz@rub.de Teodor Toader yes NSE_24 teodor.toader@rub.de Tobias Simon tobias.simon@rub.de Usama Al-Anbaki usama.al-anbaki@rub.de Vinay Sharma vinay.sharma@rub.de

Life Sciences Name Abstract Poster Email Ashti Baghaei Kaveh kavehbaghai@gmail.com Anna Christina Sondersorg yes LS_14 Anna-Christina.Sondersorg@ruhr-uni-

bochum.de Annika Cimdins yes LS_3 annika.cimdins@rub.de Arndt Manzel yes LS_9 arndt.manzel@t-online.de Arne Buschler yes LS_1 a.buschler@gmx.de Bastian Molitor bastian.molitor@rub.de Christiane Reick yes LS_12 Christiane.Reick@gmx.de Daniela Busse yes LS_2 daniela.busse@rub.de Delia Saffian aska-sheda@gmx.de Eva Margarethe Wrobel yes LS_19 Eva.Wrobel@rub.de Honghong Yang yes LS_20 yanghonghong@gmail.com Jan Terhag yes LS_16 jan.terhag@rub.de Jana Kenney yes LS_4 jkenney@biomed.cas.cz Janina Wolf Janina.Wolf@rub.de Katja Steinke yes LS_15 katja.steinke@rub.de Lars Roll yes LS_13 Lars.Roll@rub.de Laven Mavarani mavarani@bph.rub.de Maren Geissler maren.geissler@rub.de Marion Andre marionandre@hotmail.com Matthias Lübbert yes LS_7 matthiasluebbert@gmx.de Matthias Tuma yes LS_17 matthias.tuma@rub.de Michael Storcksdieck Michael.storcksdieckgenanntbonsmann@rub.deNils Kasties nils.kasties@gmx.de Stefan Kobza yes LS_5 Stefan.Kobza@rub.de Stefanie Krajewski yes LS_6 stefanie.krajewski@rub.de Steffen Pahl yes LS_11 steffen.pahl@rub.de Svenja Pacherneggg yes LS_10 Svenja.Pachernegg@rub.de Valentina Wieschollek yes LS_18 valentina.kopp@rub.de Veronika Luft yes LS_8 Veronika.Luft@rub.de

Humanities and Social Sciences Name Abstract Poster Email Akhmad Solikin a_solikin@yahoo.com Alena Schulz-Fiodarava yes alena.schulz-fiodarava@email.de Anna Moschny yes anna.moschny@rub.de Anna Neumaier yes anna.neumaier@rub.de Astrid Utler yes astrid.utler@web.de Bastian Sendhardt yes Beneberu Wondimagegnhu yes HSS_14 beneberu.wondimagegnhu@rub.de Bernd Leiendecker yes Bianca Häberlein yes HSS_05 bianca.haeberlein@rub.de

Charlton Tsodzo charlton.tsodzo@rub.de Christine Piepiorka yes Claudio Bucchi yes HSS_03 claudio.bucchi@rub.de Corinna Koch yes/Talk HSS_07 corinna.koch-3@rub.de Daniel Kallweit yes/ Talk daniel.kallweit@rub.de Daniela Olek yes/Talk bibzi-medien@rub.de David Freis david.freis@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Dennis Mischke yes Dennis.Mischke@rub.de Elias Fanta yes eliasgsf@yahoo.com Elkhan Sadikhzadeh yes elkhan82@hotmail.com Farah Asna Ashari yes HSS_01 farahesnaashari@yahoo.com Florian Bock yes florian.bock@rub.de Frederik Elwert yes frederik.elwert@rub.de Jacob Lange yes Jan Clauß jan.clauss@rub.de Jan-Frederik Kremer yes jan-frederik.kremer@rub.de Jens Königer yes Jens.Koeniger@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Johanna Maria Gelberg yes johanna.gelberg@rub.de Johannes Lange yes Johannes.Lange@rub.de Judith Kittler Judith.Kittler@rub.de Judith Schäfer yes/Talk juschaefer@ymail.com Julia Eckel yes HSS_04 julia.eckel@online.de Julia Fisahn yes julia.fisahn@rub.de Karin Bastian yes HSS_02 Karin.bastian@rub.de Katarzyna Meyer-Hubbert yes/Talk katarzyna.meyer-hubbert@rub.de Kathrin Schröter yes HSS_10 kathrin.schroeter.jena@gmx.de Lars Banhold lars.banhold@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Madlen Krüger yes madlen.krueger@rub.de Maria Verena Siebert yes/ Talk HSS_11 maria.siebert@rub.de Martina Lembani yes HSS_08 martina_lembani@yahoo.co.uk Nelly Joppich yes nelly.joppich@rub.de Olena Petrenko yes olena.petrenko@yahoo.de Rabea Bockwyt rabea.bockwyt@rub.de Ruth Hoekstra yes ruth.hoekstra@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Sebastian Tripp yes sebastian.tripp@rub.de Shafaq Hussain yes HSS_06 shafaq74@yahoo.com Simone Heinemann yes Simone.Heinemann@rub.de Sina Katharina Borutta SI-KA.BORUTTA@WEB.DE Solveig Ottmann yes HSS_09 solveigottmann@online.de Sonja Wichert yes sonja.wichert@rub.de Sophie Einwächter yes/Talk sophie.einwaechter@rub.de Thomas Weitner yes/Talk Thomas.Weitner@rub.de Tim Peters Tim.Peters@rub.de

Tobias Starzak tobias.starzak@rub.de Ulrike Trampisch yes ulrike.trampisch@rub.de Veronique Sina yes HSS_12 veronique.sina@rub.de Victoria del Valle yes HSS_13 victoria.delvalle@rub.de Vivian Strotmann yes/ Talk Vivian.Strotmann@rub.de