ABSTRACT BOOK August 31-September 03,...

IBCESS

1st INTERNATIONAL

BLACK SEA CONGRESS ON

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

(1st IBCESS)

ABSTRACT BOOKAugust 31-September 03, 2016

1st INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA CONGRESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (IBCESS)Giresun, Turkey • August 31 - September 03, 2016

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TABLE OF CONTENTS - ORAL PRESENTATIONS PAGE NUMBER

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND IMPACTS ASSESSMENT WITH AHP Cansu DAĞSUYU, Ulviye POLAT and Ali KOKANGÜL..........................................................................................................2

EFFECTS OF GENETIC MODIFICATION ON FATTY ACID AND CARBOHYDRATE PROFILES OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAINSTuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar, Oksal Macar, Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu and Emine Yalçın .................................................3

DETAILED SURVEY ON AGRICULTURE LAND POLLUTION IN KOSOVOValdet Gjinovci1, Alush Musaj and Kujtim Uka ..............................................................................................................................4

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF SCRAP TIRES IN SOIL IMPROVEMENT APPLICATIONSErtuğrul ORDU, Perihan BİÇER, Şeyma ORDU and Emine G. ABANOZOĞLU .................................................5

MANAGEMENT MODEL OF LAKES AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING THE REMEDIATION OF SUAT UĞURLU LAKEBilge Aydın Er, Tolga Ayeri, Fulya Aydın Temel, Nurdan Gamze Turan and Yüksel Ardalı ......................6

COLORIMETRIC AND FLUORESCENCE “TURN ON” CHEMOSENSOR FOR AcO- AND F- ANIONSÖnder ALICI ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................7

FORESTRY PRACTICES AROUND RIPARIAN AREAS FOR WATER QUALITY, WILDLIFE, AND BIODIVERSITYMustafa YILMAZ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................8

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) LEVELS IN INDOOR DUSTMerve Kara, Bilgehan Basaran and Mihriban Civan ......................................................................................................................9

LEVELS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE SOILS, BURSA: SUMMER SEASONMelis Hatipoğlu and Gizem Karaca ..........................................................................................................................................................10

SLAUGHTERHOUSE PRODUCTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTDuygu Balpetek Külcü and Ümit Gürbüz ..........................................................................................................................................11

TREND ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGE AT EAST MEDITERRANEAN RIVER BASIN IN TURKEYMurat AY .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................12

A PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF PSEUDEVERNIAFURFURACEA AFTER EXPOSURE TO Cr+6 HEAVY METALSinem Özenoğlu Aydınoğlu, Hatice Yıldızhan, Duygu Özel Demiralp and Demet Cansaran Duman ...................................................................................................................................................................................13

1st INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA CONGRESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (IBCESS)

Giresun, Turkey • August 31 - September 03, 2016

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THE EFFECT OF PUMICE DUST AND MARBLE DUST ON SOIL STABILIZATIONMustafa Vekli, Cenk Cuma Çadir and Ferhat Şahinkaya .......................................................................................................14

RISK ESTIMATION OF HALOGENATED POPS IN INDOOR DUST IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED CITYMihriban Civan, Merve Kara and Bilgehan Basaran ...................................................................................................................15

CHROME, LEAD POLLUTION IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS IMPROVEMENT BY PHYTOEXTRACTION METHODSevinç Adiloğlu ............................................................................................................................................................................................................16

USE OF BIO WASTE ACTIVE CARBON-ALKALI PELLETS IN FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION CHAMBERS FOR EMISSION CONTROLYıldırım İsmail TOSUN .........................................................................................................................................................................................17

OPTIMIZING DYE ADSORPTION USING COTTONSEED CAKE, ULTRASOUND, BOX-BEHNKEN, NEURAL NETWORKS AND REGRESSIONSMusa Buyukada, Fatih Evrendilek and Nusret Karakaya .......................................................................................................18

OLEFIN HYDROGENATION WITH NEW THIOPHENE-2,5-BIS (N-ACYLBENZOTRIAZOLE) PALLADIUM COMPLEX IN IONIC LIQUID MEDIAHakan Ünver and Filiz Yılmaz ........................................................................................................................................................................19

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FROM HYDROCARBURES IN GJANICA RIVER, IN PATOS-MARINEZ REGION, ALBANIAAlma Shehu, Seit Shallari and Alfred Mullaj .....................................................................................................................................20

FRESHWATER MULTISTATISTICS: FACTOR ANALYSIS IN PORSUK STREAM BASIN (TURKEY)Cem Tokatli, Esengül Köse, Özgür Emiroğlu and Arzu Çiçek ...........................................................................................21

NICKEL PHYTOEXTRACTION POTENTIAL OF TAGETES PATULAHatice DAĞHAN.......................................................................................................................................................................................................22

PRODUCTION OF NANOSTRUCTURED ACTIVATED CARBON WITH HIGH MESOPOROSITY: EFFECT OF IMPREGNATION RATIOHasan Sayğılı and Fuat Güzel..........................................................................................................................................................................23

SULFATE IONS REMOVAL FROM ANODIZING WASTEWATEREcem Muge Andoglu and Moiz Elnekave ..........................................................................................................................................24

FUNGAL OIL AS A FEEDSTOCK OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTIONHavva Duygu Ozsoy and Canan Cinkir .................................................................................................................................................25

EVALUATION OF LAND LOSS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTS: THE ATASU DAM EXAMPLEOsman Tuğrul Baki, Egemen Aras and Banu Yılmaz .................................................................................................................26


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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AT THE WESTERN BLACK SEA ATMOSPHEREDeniz G. Tokgöz, İlker Balcılar, Güray Doğan, Ali İhsan İlhan, Tulay Balta and Gürdal Tuncel ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................27

REMEDIATION OF BORON POLLUTION WITH POPLAR AND GENE REGULATION NETWORK BEHIND BORON TOXICITY TOLERANCEKubilay Yıldırım ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................28

BIOPLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENTEzgi Bezirhan Arikan and Havva Duygu Ozsoy ..............................................................................................................................29

DYE ELIMINATION CAPACITY OF A NOVEL PHYCO-COMPOSITE BIOSORBENT FROMAQUATIC MEDIUMFatih DENİZ and Elif TEZEL ERSANLI .....................................................................................................................................................30

BIOPLASTIC AS A NEW GENERATION BIOMATERIALH. Duygu Ozsoy and Selin Sarıca ................................................................................................................................................................31

ESTIMATION OF DAILY SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD WITH AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKBanu Yılmaz, Egemen Aras and Sinan Nacar ...................................................................................................................................32

TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF EASTERN BLACK SEA AEROSOLİlker Balcılar, Abdullah Zararsız, Yakup Kalaycı, Güray Doğan and Gürdal Tuncel .......................................33

NOISE MAPPING OF SHOPPING CENTERS IN TRABZONAhmet Alci, Miraç Murat, Şükrü Özsahin and Coşkun Hamzacebi ...........................................................................34

EFFECT OF CHESTNUT AND GLASS POWDER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER COMPOSITESGokdai Duygu, Akpinar Borazan Alev and Acikbas Gökhan ............................................................................................35

DATA-DRIVEN SIMULATIONS OF STREAM METABOLISM USING DIEL OXYGEN TECHNIQUEMiraç Eryiğit, Nusret Karakaya and Fatih Evrendilek ................................................................................................................36

APPLICATION OF A LOCAL FUNGAL AGENT ON MAIZE SEEDLINGS TO IMPROVE DROUGHT STRESS TOLERANCENecla Pehlivan, Neslihan Saruhan Guler, Sengul Alpay Karaoglu, Sule Guzel and Arif Bozdeveci ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................37

THE EFFECTS ON MISUSE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS ON ENVIRONMENTErdal Dağistan, Aybüke Kaya and Dilek Bostan Budak ...........................................................................................................38



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DISTRIBUTIONS AND AIR-SOIL EXCHANGE OF PAHS AND PCBS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF ISTANBULBanu Çetin, Fatma Öztürk, Melek Keleş and Sema Yurdakul ..........................................................................................39

DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL SUCCESSION OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY IN PAZARSUYU STREAM (GIRESUN) TURKEYBengü TEMİZEL and Elif Neyran SOYLU .............................................................................................................................................40

EXTRACTION OF RUBIDIUM FROM BORON WASTESBengü Ertan1 and Yunus Erdoğan .............................................................................................................................................................41

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF ZINC CONTAMINATED WATER USING PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum salicaria L.)Nüket A. Bingol, Onur Meseli and Betül Akin ................................................................................................................................42

CONDUCTING POLYMERS AS CATALYST SUPPORTS FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONSMutlu Sönmez Çelebi ...........................................................................................................................................................................................43

DROUGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMAlaeddin BOBAT .......................................................................................................................................................................................................44

TEMPORAL TRENDS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS IN ISTANBUL ATMOSPHERESema Yurdakul, Banu Çetin and Fatma Öztürk ............................................................................................................................45

USE OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE IN ROAD PAVEMENTS AS POLLUTION REDUCERSErol İskender, Atakan Aksoy and Cansu İskender and Aytuna Sayın ........................................................................46

THE SWOT ANALYSIS FOR SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY AND MINIMIZATION PRACTICES FOR CLEANER EMISSIONSFulya Aydın Temel, Nükhet Konuk, Tolga Ayeri, Nurdan Gamze Turan and Yüksel Ardalı ................47

NANOSTRUCTURED IRON(III)-COPPER(II) BINARY OXIDE: A NOVEL MATERIAL FOR ENHANCED SAFRANIN AND CRYSTAL VIOLET REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSUlker Asli Guler and Eliza Tuncel ...............................................................................................................................................................48

“SUSPENDED SOLID INDICATOR” BASED MEMBRANE FOULING MODELINGTurgay Dere ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................49

EVALUATION OF “SLOW CITY” MOVEMENT IN TURKEY INTEGRATED WITH ENVIRONMENT ON THE BASIS OF THE CRITERIA OF PROTECTING AND SUPPORTING LOCAL PRODUCTIONOnur Tekoğlu and A. Yildirim .......................................................................................................................................................................50


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COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF SAHARAN DUST TRANSPORT TO CITIES LOCATED ON BLACK SEA AND MEDITERRANEAN COASTS OF TURKEYAhmet Mustafa Tepe and Güray Doğan ............................................................................................................................................51

CITTASLOW APPLICABILITY FOR SAMSUNTolga Ayeri, Fulya Aydın Temel, Nurdan Gamze Turan and Yüksel Ardalı .........................................................52

EFFECT OF ACTIVATED CARBON PARAMETERS ON THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF WHEAT STRAW RESIDUEYunus Emre Şimşek .................................................................................................................................................................................................53

SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION OF U(IV) BY BACILLUS VALLISMORTIS IMMOBILIZED ON MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBE (MWCNT) USING UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRYM. Kadir Oduncu, Ersin Kılınç, Sadin Özdemir and Mustafa Soylak ..........................................................................54

DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR MAGNESITE ENRICHMENT BY LACTOCOCCUS SP.Derya Yanmis, Furkan Orhan, Medine Gulluce and Fikrettin Sahin ..........................................................................55

OLIVE OIL PROCESSING: FROM ENVIRONMENTAL RISK TO BENEFICIAL SUBSTANCESEvren ALTIOK ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................56

DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTEL COMPOSITION OF WINTER SEASON PARTICULATES IN ANTALYA URBAN ATMOSPHEREAhmet Mustafa Tepe, İlker Balcılar and Güray Doğan ...........................................................................................................57

INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL VARIATION ON SKIN SURFACE DUE TO GSM AND WI-FI ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONYasin Karan and Nilüfer As ...............................................................................................................................................................................58

3D NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE FRESH WATER QUALITY IN ISLAND AQUIFERSMurat Kilit .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................59

MAGNETIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE WASTEWATER TREATMENTGülbahar Akkaya Sayğılı ......................................................................................................................................................................................60

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SOME AZACHALCONE PYRAZOLESCanan Albay...................................................................................................................................................................................................................61

EVALUATION OF HAZELNUT GARDENS IN TERMS OF GRAZINGYavuz Selim Karakuş, Metin Deveci and Gürkan Demirkol ...............................................................................................62

REGRESSION MODELLING OF HOURLY OZONE CONCENTRATION IN GIRESUNYılmaz Yıldırım and Eren Karakavuz ........................................................................................................................................................63



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TWO HIGHLY EFFECTIVE LOCAL NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS ISOLATES AGAINST MALACOSOMA NEUSTRIA LARVAEDönüş GENÇER, İsmail DEMİR, Remziye NALÇACIOĞLU and Zihni DEMİRBAĞ ......................................64

RESPONSE OF THE OSMOREGULATION SYSTEMS OF FRESHWATER FISH (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) FOLLOWING METAL EXPOSURES IN DIFFERING CALCIUM LEVELSAli Eroglu and Mustafa Canli ..........................................................................................................................................................................65

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF PSf- GO/Fe3O

4 COMPOSITE

MEMBRANEIlker Akin, Erhan Zor and Haluk Bingol .................................................................................................................................................66

INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH AND BALST FURNACE SLAG ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETEKadir Kılınç and Saadet Gökçe Gök .........................................................................................................................................................67

NEED OF CLEAN AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS IN AGRICULTUREKasım Eren Tuna and Dilek Bostan Budak .........................................................................................................................................68

MONITORING THE CHANGES OF TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL PAH LEVELS BY OLIVE SAMPLESBetül Yıldırım, Fatma Esen and Yücel Taşdemir ...........................................................................................................................69

DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF DIATOMS FROM MELEN STREAM (WESTERN BLACKSEARIVER CATCHMENT), TURKEY Tülay ÖZER, Cüneyt Nadir SOLAK, İlkay AÇIKGÖZ ERKAYA, Kazım YILDIZ and Abel Udo Udoh ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................70

PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY OF BROOK TEKELI İÇIEkrem Mutlu, Telat Yanık and Nicoleta Anca Sutan ...............................................................................................................71

NOVEL MAGNETITE LOADED CHITINOUS MICROCAGES PRODUCED FROM MICROCRUSTACEAN (DAPHNIA LONGISPINA; WATER FLEA) EPHIPPIA FOR HEAVY METAL REMOVALİdris Sargın, Gülşin Arslan and Murat Kaya .......................................................................................................................................72

PET WATER BOTTLE: A CARBON FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENTSevde Ustun Odabasi and Hanife Buyukgungor ..........................................................................................................................73

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE: THREATS AND WAY OUTUfuk GÜLTEKİN and Tuğçe UĞUR .........................................................................................................................................................74

PAH DETERMINATIONS BY THE PASSIVE AIR SAMPLER AND PINE COMPONENTS IN BURSANihan Durak, Fatma Esen, Yücel Taşdemir and Ahmet Egemen Sakın ...................................................................75


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THE EFFECTS OF A SECONDARY METABOLITES MIXTURE ON FEEDING PREFERENCE AND LARVAL GROWTH OF LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAENurver ALTUN ............................................................................................................................................................................................................76

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COPPER ON WHEAT CULTIVARSHande Otu, Veli Çeliktaş, Sema Düzenli, Gülden İlbuğa and Mediha Avcı .........................................................77

COMPARISON OF ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF RAW, THERMAL TREATED AND PYROLIZED BIOLOGICAL WASTE SLUDGEAli Rıza Dincer, Yalçın Gunes and Atakan Öngen ......................................................................................................................78

SOLID WASTE POLLUTION ON TRABZON COASTS Coşkun ERÜZ, Koray ÖZŞEKER and Gökhan CEVAHİROGLU ......................................................................................79

NEW APPROACHES FOR UTILIZATION OF FRUIT PROCESSING WASTES AND BY-PRODUCTSDuygu Altiok .................................................................................................................................................................................................................80

CHARACTERIZATION OF COMMERCIAL DIESEL PARTICLE FILTERYiğit Türe, Emre Gürlek, NURCAN ÇALIŞ AÇIKBAŞ and Şeref Soylu .......................................................................81

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES AND CHEMICAL CONTENTS OF POLLENS COLLECTED FROM TURKEYEmel Uzunoglu, Ilginc Kizilpinar Temizer, Aytac Guder, Omur Gencay Celemli and Zafer Turkmen.............................................................................................................................................................................................................82

ECOTOXICOLOGICAL PRACTICES OF ENVIRONMENT SEDIMENTOLOGYArife ŞİMŞEK and Gülfem BAKAN ...........................................................................................................................................................83

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE SEDIMENT FROM SOUTHEASTERN BLACK SEA LAKESKoray OZSEKER and Coskun ERUZ .........................................................................................................................................................84

GREEN MARKETING PRACTICES AT THE HOSPITALITY BUSINESSES: NEW JASMIN HOTEL SAMPLESalih MEMİŞ and Hakan BENEK ..................................................................................................................................................................85

PLANT-ORIGINATED BACILLUS SP. 9D STRAIN’S BIOREMEDIATION FEATURES AND EFFECT ON GROWTH OF ZEA MAYS IN THE PRESENCE OF LEADŞengül Alpay Karaoğlu, Emel Uzunalioğlu, Ülkü Zeynep Üreyen, Şule Güzel, Arif Bozdeveci and Ali Bilgin .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................86

TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF AEROSOLS IN ANKARA ATMOSPHERETayebeh Goli, İlke Çelik, Seda Arslan, İpek İmamoğlu and Gürdal Tuncel ...........................................................87



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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILICA BASED ACIDIC CATALYSTS WITH THE IMPREGNATION METHODSVeli SIMSEK, Zerrin PAT and Kirali MURTEZAOGLU ............................................................................................................88

TOXIC EFFECTS OF CARBARYL ON THE PANCREAS OF PELOPHYLAX BEDRIAGAE (ANURA: RANIDAE)Özlem ÇAKICI ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................89

ADSORPTION OF TEXTILE DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ONTO CHITOSAN-COATED PERLITE BEADSDeniz Akin Sahbaz, Caglayan Acikgoz and Burak Tasdelen ...............................................................................................90

VERTICAL GARDENS TO CREATE NATURAL EFFECTS IN INDOOR LANDSCAPESNermin Başaran and Engin Eroğlu .............................................................................................................................................................91

POLYESTER COMPOSITE MATERIAL PRODUCTION USING WASTE OF PET WATER BOTTLES AND PINEAlev AKPINAR BORAZAN, Duygu GOKDAI, Gökhan ACIKBAS and Handan CATIR.............................92

PM2.5 BOUND PAH SPECIATION METHODS AND EVALUATION OF SEASONAL

CONCENTRATIONSEbru Koçak, Seda Aslan Kılavuz, İpek İmamoğlu and Gürdal Tuncel ........................................................................93

EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WIND POWER PLANTS BY THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THAT REGIONNermin Bahşi and Dilek Bostan Budak ..................................................................................................................................................94

DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN DRINKING WATERS BY DISPERSIVE MICROSOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION USING MODIFIED MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES COMBINED WITH TOTAL REFLECTION X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRYZekeriyya Bahadır, Volkan Numan Bulut, Manuel Hidalgo, Mustafa Soylak and Eva Marguí.............95

INVESTIGATION OF THE KINETICS ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING HOSAP CLAYAdnan YILDIZ and Aycan GÜR ...................................................................................................................................................................96

SYNTHESIS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE BLOCK COPOLYMERS BY “CLICK” CHEMISTRYTemel Öztürk and Ergül Meyvacı ..............................................................................................................................................................97

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS EFFLUENT AS A SOURCE OF SMALL HYDROPOWER: CASE STUDY OF GÜMÜŞHANE WWTPRahim Şibil and Egemen ARAS .....................................................................................................................................................................98


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SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF VOCS IN METU CAMPUS THROUGH FACTOR ANALYSISElif Sena Uzunpınar, Ezgi Sert, Seda Aslan Kılavuz, İpek İmamoğlu and Gürdal Tuncel ...........................99

EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF ENTERPRISES WITHIN ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING IN TERMS OF PERSONALITY CONCEPTEray ÇETİN....................................................................................................................................................................................................................100

THREE DIMENSIONAL EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USE IN DENSE JET ANALYSISSemih NEMLIOGLU ............................................................................................................................................................................................101

THE DETECTION MICROBIOLOGYCAL QUALITY GROUND WATER IN SIVASÖzlem Pelin CAN ...................................................................................................................................................................................................102

TREATMENT OF SUNSET YELLOW FCF DYE BY UV/K2S2O8 PROCESSSevil ÇALIŞKAN ELEREN and Ebru Garip .........................................................................................................................................103

THE EFFECT ON SEED QUALITY AND LEVELS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF WHEAT SEEDS TO VARIOUS PRIMING METHODMalvina Chitilova and Nilgün Yücel .....................................................................................................................................................104

PARENT’S KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES TO PROTECT THEIR CHILDREN FROM SECONDHAND AND THIRDHAND TOBACCO SMOKECemile Dede, Nursan Cinar, Dilek Menekse and Engin Menekse ..............................................................................105

THE IMPORTANCE OF WHOLE WATER APPROACH IN ESTABLISHING THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS OF WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVEMerve Özkaleli, Kadir Gedik and Ayça Erdem.............................................................................................................................106

EFFECT OF TiO2 AND ZnO NANOPARTICLES ON BARLEY PLANT

Zeynep Gorkem Dogaroglu and Nurcan Koleli .........................................................................................................................107

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY AND GENETIC ALGORITHM TO MODELING OF REMOVAL OF Co(II) FROM AQUEOUS MEDIA USING DRINKING WATER TREATMENT SLUDGENurcan ÖZTÜRK, Hasan Basri ŞENTÜRK, Ali GÜNDOĞDU and Celal DURAN .......................................108

THE INVESTIGATION OF THERMODYNAMICS PARAMETERS AND ADSORPTION KINETICS OF CATALASE ENZYME FROM BOVINE LIVER ON GREEN CLAYAycan GÜR, Mehmet Salih NAS and Özkan DEMİRBAŞ ..................................................................................................109

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT ON LOCOMOTIVE INDUSTRYAsude Ateş and Hülya Demirel .................................................................................................................................................................110



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EMISSION INVENTORY OF SHIPS IN SAMSUN PORTFatih Alver, Betül Saraç and Ülkü Alver Şahin .............................................................................................................................111

BUILDING AUDIT IN CONSTRUCTIONS AND AFYONKARAHISAR EXAMPLERecep KURAL and Osman ÜNAL ..........................................................................................................................................................112

FACTORS EFFECTING THE ECOTOXICITY OF TiO2 NANOPARTICLES ON GREEN AGAE RAPHIDOCELIS SUBCAPITATAAyca Erdem and Merve Ozkaleli ..............................................................................................................................................................113

REUSE OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER IN DISPERSE DYEING PROCESS USING ADSORPTION PROCESSGül Kaykıoğlu, Rıza Atav, Yalçın Güneş, Elçin Güneş ............................................................................................................114

THE INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBILITY OF FLOODING AND PEAK FLOWS IN SORGUN BASIN AND ITS SUBBASINS USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMÜmit Yıldırım and Cüneyt Güler .............................................................................................................................................................115

PERCEPTIONS OF WORKERS ON ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND CHEMICAL APPLICATION FOR GREENHOUSE PRACTICESİbrahim Alpay Sakartepe, Çiğdem Kıvılcımdan Moral and Kadir Gedik ..............................................................116

FORECASTING THE AMOUNT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10) IN THE AIR BY GREY PREDICTION METHOD FOR TRABZONAhmet ALÇI, Miraç MURAT and Coşkun HAMZAÇEBİ ..................................................................................................117

A GROUND INVESTIGATION STUDY AT SAKARYA, ÇAMLICA USING GEOELECTRICAL METHODSGökçen Eryılmaz Türkkan and Serdar Korkmaz ........................................................................................................................118

Fe(III) SELECTIVE PVC-MEMBRAN POTENTIOMETRIC ELECTRODE BASED ON A NOVEL SENSING MATERIALNezaket Sarıboğa ....................................................................................................................................................................................................119

APPLICATION OF FENTON REAGENT AND ADSORPTION AS ADVANCED TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR REMOVAL OF MAXILON RED GRLFehiman Çiner ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................120

SPATIAL AND SEASONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS IN ARMAĞANKÖY DAM WATERS, THRACE REGIONFüsun Ekmekyapar and Ahmet Serhat Akar .................................................................................................................................121

THE DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON NOSEMOSIS INFECTION CAUSING HONEY BEE COLONY DEMISE IN GIRESUNOnur Tosun and Hilal Baki ............................................................................................................................................................................122


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MODELING OF PARTICULATE MATTER AND SULFUR DIOXIDE DISTRIBUTION IN THE REGION OF KOCAELI - DILOVASI BY USING THE ISCST

3Bahar Tuncel, Pınar Ergenekon, Ülkü Alver Şahin and Burcu Onat .........................................................................123

DETERMINATION OF NEW DICARBOXYLIC ACID AND THEIR DERIVATES AS POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTSBahtiyar Sarıboğa ....................................................................................................................................................................................................124

DETERMINATION WITH ALLIUM CEPA L. TEST OF THE INFLUENCES OF NIGELLA SATIVA L. SEED EXTRACT ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL PARAMETERS UNDER SALT STRESSDilek ÇAVUŞOĞLU, Kürşat ÇAVUŞOĞLU and Selma TABUR ..................................................................................125

THE INVESTIGATION COLIFORMS AND E. COLI IN DRINKING AND USING WATERS OF KONYA AND REGIONTufan AKYÜZ and Emine ARSLAN ......................................................................................................................................................126

A NOVEL FLOATING COMPOSITE PHOTOCATALYST BASED ON TiO2 NANO PARTICLES INVOLVED FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF ATRAZINECan Demirer, İdil Ipek, Nalan Kabay and Mithat Yüksel ....................................................................................................127

EFFECTS OF AFFORESTATION ACTIVITIES IN THE MINING AREA ON SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (ARTVIN MURGUL EXAMPLE)Mehmet KÜÇÜK and Ahmet DUMAN ...........................................................................................................................................128

OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION AS A KEY FACTOR FOR RESPIRATORY HEALTHSibel Menteşe, N. Arzu Mirici, Coşkun Bakar, Müşerref Tatman Otkun, Deniz Taşdibi, Elif Palaz, Osman Çotuker and Sibel Cevizci ..........................................................................................................................................................129

THE USAGE POSSIBILITY OF NATURAL STONE MATERIAL IN SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNÖzgür Yerli, Sertaç Kaya and Deniz Dedeoğlu .............................................................................................................................130

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL EFFECTS OF ROYAL JELLY IN ALLIUM CEPA L. SEEDS EXPOSED TO NACL STRESSDilek Çavuşoğlu, Selma Tabur and Kürşat Çavuşoğlu ..........................................................................................................131

REMOVAL OF LEAD IONS (Pb) WITH ACORN SHELL BASED ADSORBENTHakan Çelebi and Oğuzhan Gök .............................................................................................................................................................132

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND TEMPORAL TRENDS IN POLLUTION IN THE GÖKSU DELTA SHORT-TERMEsra Deniz Güner and Galip Seckin .......................................................................................................................................................133



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THE USING OF CANADIAN WATER QUALITY INDEX MODEL FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN AKSU STREAM, GIRESUNÖzlem TUNÇ DEDE and Melike SEZER ............................................................................................................................................134

3D SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN KARACAÖREN-II DAM RESERVOIRFirdes Yenilmez ........................................................................................................................................................................................................135

GREEN CULTURAL STUDIES AND COMPARATIVE ECOCRITICISMŞirin DİLLİ .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................136

A TOXICITY STUDY OF α-Fe2O3 NANOPARTICLES IN RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) : HISTOPATHOLOGY and HEMATOLOGYMert Gürkan, Hasan Kaya, Sevdan Yılmaz and Mehmet Ateş .....................................................................................137

ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING GRAPHENE OXIDE DOPED ALGINATE BEADS PREPARED BY A NOVEL METHODNilay Kahya, Hakan Kaygusuz, F. Bedia Berker, Gizem Balkız and Evridiki Pingo ..........................................138

EXOGENOUS GENE INSERTION ALTERS SOME ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN MAIZE KERNELSTuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar, Oksal Macar, Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu and Emine Yalçın ...........................................139

SOME IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT NEGATIVELY AFFECT THE TICK CONTROL IN SOME PARTS OF TURKEYHandan Türkmen and Mücahit Turgut Özdemir ...................................................................................................................140

NEGATIVE EFFECT OF E-WASTE ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND RECYCLINGSevtap Dogru, Yusuf Alparslan Argun, Züleyha Bingul and Aysun Altikat .......................................................141

FACTORS THAT THREATEN THE CAUCASUS VIPER [VIPERA(PELIAS) KAZNAKOVI]Murat AFSAR, Cemal Varol TOK and Kerim ÇİÇEK ..............................................................................................................142

ANTROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT IN ASARTEPE DAM LAKE SEDIMENTEsra Üçüncü Tunca and Bedri Kurtuluş ............................................................................................................................................143

PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF HEAVY METAL IONS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH POLYMERIC BEADSAli Kara and Sibel Han .......................................................................................................................................................................................144

CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE IN DUMPING SITE OF TUNCELI DURING SPRING MONTHSNuran Cikcikoglu Yildirim, Deniz Demirbilek, Gokhan Onder Erguven, Rahime Kayar, Senay Basaran and Dilan Tulpar ...............................................................................................................................................................145


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ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM ORGANIC WASTEAysun Altikat, Sevtap Dogru, Yusuf Alparslan Argun and Züleyha Bingul .......................................................146

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SALOPHEN TYPE SCHIFF BASE FOR ANALYTICAL MONITORING OF COPPER ION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLESSerkan Demir, Maowulidan Dilimulati, Könül Babayeva and Muberra Andac .............................................147

WATER DEFICIT ADVERSELY AFFECTED PSII PHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF WHEAT SEEDLINGSÖzlem ARSLAN .......................................................................................................................................................................................................148

HEPATOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF BORIC ACID, BORAX, COLEMANITE AND ULEXITE AGAINST 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN IN CULTURED RAT HEPATOCYTESHasan Türkez .............................................................................................................................................................................................................149

BIOSORPTION OF AZO DYE ON TO WASTE SLUDGE M. Sarioglu Cebeci and M. Aşkal .............................................................................................................................................................150

EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOMATERIALS ON PLANT DEVELOPMENTÖzgür Nazikcan, Elif Kaynak , Semra Malkoç and Ender Suvacı ................................................................................151

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DAIRY SECTORZüleyha Bingül, Aysun Altıkat, Sevtap Doğru and Yusuf Alparslan Argun .......................................................152

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SAMPLING SYSTEM THAT CAN COLLECT PM10, PM2.5 AND PM1 SAMPLES SIMULTANEOUSLY FROM ATMOSPHEREÖmer Ateş, İlker Balcılar and Gürdal Tuncel .................................................................................................................................153

THE EFFECT ON BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION OF ANAEROBIC INOCULUM ADDITIONSenturk Ilknur and Buyukgungor Hanife ..........................................................................................................................................154

GENOME WIDE IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF SALINITY RESPONSIVE DOF FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN COMMON BEANIlker Büyük and Sümer Aras .........................................................................................................................................................................155

INVESTIGATION OF TANNERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY ELECTROFENTONSeval Yılmaz, E. Esra Gerek, Filiz Bayrakçı Karel and A. Savaş Koparal .....................................................................156

CALIXARENE DOPED POLYANILINE-rGO/MOS2 NANOCOMPOSITE HYBRID ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SUPERCAPACITORDipalee D. Malkhede and Babasaheb J. Waghmode ..............................................................................................................157



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SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES IN SIZE-FRACTIONED PRIMARY PRODUCTION WITHIN PHOTIC ZONE: SOUTH-EASTERN BLACK SEAErtugrul Agirbas, Ahmet Sahin and Ulgen Aytan .....................................................................................................................158

AMMONIA EMISSIONS IN FOUR TURKISH SHEEP BARNS IN AUTUMN SEASONIlker Kilic and Nesli Kocaalili .........................................................................................................................................................................159

THE FINANCING OF TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS EUROPEAN UNION PRACTICES AND TURKEYAbdullah YİNANÇ ................................................................................................................................................................................................160

AN ASSESSMENT OF POLLEN FEATURES AND HEAVY METALS OF CHESNUT HONEYIlginç Kizilpinar Temizer ...................................................................................................................................................................................161

REMOVAL OF METHYL ORANGE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY FENTON-ULTRASONIC FENTON-ELECTRO FENTON OXIDATIONGamze Koyuncu Türkay, Habibe Elif Gülşen, Ceyhun Akarsu, Ümit Elyiğit and Halil Kumbur ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................162

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTITYROSINASE ACTIVITIES AND ATRANORIN CONTENTS OF SOME CLADONIA SPECIESKadir KINALIOĞLU, Aytaç GÜDER and Sinem AYDIN .....................................................................................................163

COLOR REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER BY USING TWOSTEP (BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL) AEROBIC FILTER REACTORSYağmur Uysal and Mehmet Bilgiç ..........................................................................................................................................................164

STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COMMERCIAL CATALYTIC CONVERTERYiğit Türe, Emre Gürlek, Nurcan Çalış Açıkbaş and Şeref Soylu ..................................................................................165

A PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETER IN SIDIKLI KÜÇÜKBOĞAZ DAM LAKE (KIRŞEHIR), TURKEYTamer AKKAN, Okan YAZICIOĞLU, Ramazan YAZICI and Mahmut YILMAZ ........................................166

DETERMINATION OF LEVELS HEAVY METAL IN SOME POMEGRANATEZ SYRUP AND POMEGRANATE TYPES INDIGENOUS HATAY REGIONSevim ÇİFTÇİ YEGİN ...........................................................................................................................................................................................167

REMOVAL OF Cd(II) FROM WATER SAMPLES USING A NOVEL ION IMPRINTING ITACONATE POLYMERZuhal Yolcu .................................................................................................................................................................................................................168


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IN VITROASYMBIOTIC GERMINATION AND PLANTLET FORMATION OF DACTYLORHIZAURVILLEANAErsan Bektas .................................................................................................................................................................................................................169

SELECTIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE COPPER(II) IN ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLESBerrin TOPUZ and Gizem OKUR ...........................................................................................................................................................170

INVESTIGATION OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF PAHS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF DILOVASIBanu Çetin, Işıl Çelik, Cevdet Doğan, Melek Keleş, Sema Yurdakul and Fatma Öztürk ........................171

APPORTIONMENT OF POLLUTION SOURCES OF SAKARYA RIVER USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUESRabia KOKLU .............................................................................................................................................................................................................172

LETHAL EFFECTS OF THE FERTILIZER POLLUTION IN THE FRESHWATER HABITATS OF EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION ON SOME AMPHIBIANSHandan KARAOGLU .........................................................................................................................................................................................173

POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF COMMON IONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES USING MICROSENSORSMurat Yolcu................................................................................................................................................................................................................174

METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION ONTO HAZELNUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION AND CHEMICAL ACTIVATIONMurat KILIÇ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................175

MONITORING OF SEASONAL ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLLUTION AT THE MID-BLACK SEA OF COASTLINE OF TURKEYSevde Ustun Odabasi, Bareera Maryam, Ilknur Şenturk, Feryal Akbal, Gulfem Bakan and Hanife Buyukgungor ...........................................................................................................................................................................................176

A GEOGRAPHICAL ASSESSMENT FOR KARSTIC GROUNDWATER POLLUTION IN SIVAS, TURKEYHalil İbrahim Zeybek and Hasan Dinçer ...........................................................................................................................................177

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND ASSOCIATED ECOLOGICAL RISK IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF HARŞIT STREAM IN GIRESUNCengiz Mutlu, Buse Eraslan Akkan and Bülent Verep ..........................................................................................................178

TREATMENT OF SYNTHETIC TEXTILE WASTEWATER BY HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS FENTON OXIDATION PROCESSESYeliz Aşçı ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................179



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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER, COMPOST AND ZEOLITE ON GREEN BEAN YIELD AND SOILAysun Türkmen and Yalçın Kütük ........................................................................................................................................................180

IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT ECOSYSTEMS IN TERMS OF BIODIVERSITY IN GÜZELCEHISAR(BARTIN) COASTAL LANDSCAPE(WESTERN BLACK SEA, TURKEY)Yeliz Sarı Nayim and B. Niyami Nayim ...............................................................................................................................................181

BACTERIAL BIO-PLASTIC PRODUCTION AND USE OF POSSIBILITIESSelin KALKAN ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................182

STREAM BANK SOIL LOSSES FROM SEMIARID SUB-WATERSHEDMustafa TÜFEKÇİOĞLU, Musa DINC and Ahmet DUMAN........................................................................................183

ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LEATHER INDUSTRY WASTEWATEREmine Esra Gerek, Seval Yılmaz, Filiz B. Karel and Ali Savaş Koparal ........................................................................184

CATALYTIC UPGRADING OF FAST PYROLYSIS BIOMASS VAPORS OVER COBALT PROMOTED ZSM-5 CATALYSTEsin APAYDIN VAROL, Murat KILIÇ, Elif SARAÇOĞLU and Başak Burcu UZUN ....................................185

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DESALINATION PLANT INTAKES AND DISCHARGES AND HYDRAULIC PLANNINGMehmet Berkün and Ümmükülsüm Özel Akdemir..............................................................................................................186

MODELING OF PM10 DISPERSION IN RIZE CITY CENTERNilay Akçay, Özgür Zeydan, Murat Karayilan, Ülkü Alver Şahin, Fatih Alver and Burcu Onat ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................187

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ECONOMICAL HYBRID POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESNurcan Calis Acikbas and Gokhan Acikbas ...................................................................................................................................188

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS, AN ESTIMATED DESIGN OF WIND TURBINE WITH SOLAR PANELSNecla Çağlarırmak and Fatih Burçin Gürarslan ...........................................................................................................................189

BIOREMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ONTO HAZELNUT HUSKMurat KILIÇ, Elif SARAÇOĞLU and Esin APAYDIN VAROL .........................................................................................190

MEDIA CAN WARN PEOPLE ON ENVIRONMENTAL DANGERS: WARNING PRODUCTIONSSedat CERECİ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................191


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THE EFFECT OF HAZELNUT HUSK WASTE ON SOIL MOISTURE: AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACHTayfun Aşkın and Selahattin Aygün .....................................................................................................................................................192

DETECTING IRREGULAR SOLID WASTE ALONG BARTIN-MUGADA HIGHWAY CORRIDOR IN WESTERN BLACK SEA REGIONB. Niyami Nayim and Yeliz Sarı Nayim ...............................................................................................................................................193

TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES OF LANDFILL LEACHATE Melike YALILI KILIÇ .............................................................................................................................................................................................194

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SMART D-STATCOM IN SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINESKenan Yanmaz, Onur Özdal Mengi and İsmail Hakkı Altaş ...........................................................................................195

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SOME HONEY, POLLEN AND PROPOLIS SAMPLESAytaç GÜDER ............................................................................................................................................................................................................196

EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON METALLOTHIONEIN AND MINERAL ELEMENT LEVELS IN TOMATODursun KISA ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................197

REMOVAL OF COLOR USING PEPPER RESIDUAL AS BIOSORBENT MATERIALLevent GÜREL ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................198

PREPARATION OF ADSORBENTS FROM HAZELNUT SHELL AND APRICOT SEED SHELL AND THEIR ADSORPTION BEHAVIORS FOR REMOVAL OF Cu(II)Bircan KÖSE and Saliha ERENTÜRK .....................................................................................................................................................199

THE USING OF DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS(DESS) IN SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CURCUMINFunda Aydın, Erkan Yılmaz and Mustafa Soylak .......................................................................................................................200

HEAVY METAL BIOSORPTION OF COPPER IONS BY IMMOBILIZED BIOMASS OF STICHOCOCCUS SUBTILISDilek YALÇIN, Tülay ÖZER, İlkay AÇIKGÖZ ERKAYA, Ahmet Furkan KAYIŞ, and Özcan YALÇINKAYA .........................................................................................................................................................................................201

INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE ESTIMATIONS IN THE INDUSTRIAL REGION USING DIFFERENTIAL ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS METHODSAndaç Akdemir, Bora Filiz and Ümmükülsüm Özel Akdemir ......................................................................................202



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STABLE ISOTOPE VALUES OF INVERTEBRATES INDICATE ANTHROPOGENIC NUTRIENT INPUTS TO AQUATIC SYSTEMSNehir Kaymak¹, Senol Akin¹, Zekeriya Altuner, Bulent Verep, Ahmet Mutlu Gozler, Fatih Polat, Ayse Olmez and Evren Cetin ........................................................................................................................................203

SONOLYTIC, PHOTOCATALYTIC AND SONOPHOTOCATALYTIC DISINFECTIONTuba Yetim ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................204

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM HARŞIT STREAM, GIRESUNBülent VEREP, Cengiz MUTLU and Buse ERASLAN AKKAN ........................................................................................205

EFFECT OF CLINOPTILOLITE AND BROWN SEAWEED LIQUID FERTILIZER ON GREEN BEAN AND SOILŞehnaz Dede and Mustafa Türkmen ...................................................................................................................................................206

PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESEARCH FOR ADSORPTION OF PESTICIDES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH POLYMER MICROSPHERESAli Kara, Gökhan E. Üstün and Ebna Ceyhan ...............................................................................................................................207

RECLAMATION OF GREY WATER USING ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESSYasemin Çalışkan, Hülya Öztürk, Nihal Bektaş and Huseyin Cengiz Yatmaz ..................................................208

TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLIC DRINK INDUSTRY WASTEWATER BY ELECTRO-FENTON OXIDATION PROCESSHüseyin Cüce .............................................................................................................................................................................................................209

EFFECT OF BROWN ALGAE COMPOST AND CLINOPTILOLITE ON GREEN BEAN AND SOIL PROPERTIESCanan Büşra Demir and Mustafa Türkmen ...................................................................................................................................210

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Mn(II), Co(II) AND Cu(II) COMPLEXES OF A NEW N2O TRIDENTATE SCHIFF BASEM. Soner ENGİN, Serkan DEMİR, Şahin DİREKEL, Serkan EYMUR, Seydahmet ÇAY and Aytaç GÜDER ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................211

PRECONCENTRATION OF MERCURY(II) FROM WATERS USING GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE–METHYLMETHACRYLATE– DIVINYL BENZENE TERPOLYMER WITH DIETHYLENETRIAMINE TETRA ACETIC ACID FUNCTIONS PRIOR TO INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATIONOnur Yayayürük ......................................................................................................................................................................................................212

REMOVAL OF MALACHITE GREEN FROM AQUATIC SOLUTIONS BY USING MODIFIED WALNUT SHELLErkan KALIPCI ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................213


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FLY ASH FINENESS EFFECT ON COMPACTION PARAMETERS AND ATTERBERG LIMITS IN SOIL STABILIZATIONFatih YILMAZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................214

THE INVESTIGATION OF LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION BY PHYSICAL ADSORPTION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ONTO DIATOMITE CLAYTuğba Gür, M. Salih NAS and Vahap Yönten ..............................................................................................................................215

ADSORPTIVE PERFORMANCE OF NANOSIZED ZEROVALENT IRON FOR PENTAVALENT VANADIUM REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSAslı Erdem Yayayürük ........................................................................................................................................................................................216

OXIDATIVE COLOR REMOVAL VIA POTASSIUM FERRATESerkan Şahinkaya ....................................................................................................................................................................................................217

DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN VARIOUS PLANT LEAVES USED AS BIOMONITORS IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, ERGENE BASINCemile OZCAN, ......................................................................................................................................................................................................218

THE USE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR TREATING DOMESTIC WASTEWATER: A CASE STUDYFulya Aydın Temel, Yüksel Ardalı and Esin Avcı ........................................................................................................................219

SIMULTANEOUS PRECONCENTRATIONS OF Co, Cr, Hg AND Pb ONS BY BACILLUS ALTITUDINISIMMOBILIZED NANODIAMOND PRIOR TO THEIR DETERMINATIONS IN FOOD SAMPLES BY ICP-OESSadin Özdemir, Ersin Kılınç, Veysi Okumuş, Kadir Serdar Çelik and Mustafa Soylak ...............................220

DIFFERENT SALTS (NACl, Na2SO

4 AND CaCl

2) EFFECTS ON CD INTAKE AT DURUM WHEAT

Faruk OZKUTLU, Halil ERDEM, Metin TURAN and Mehmet AKGUN .............................................................221

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER BY USING FLY ASH OF POWER PLANTSBünyamin Şengül and Ümit Şengül ......................................................................................................................................................222

DETERMINATION OF TOXIC HEAVY METAL IONS THROUGH WATER SOLUBLE FLUORESCENT MOLECULESSait Malkondu ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................223

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AT ICT-ENABLED SMART HOMESÖmer Emin DEDE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................224

COMPARISON OF EDTA AND TEA SAPONIN ENHANCED PHTOEXTRACTION OF CADMIUM CONTAMINATED SOIL BY ASTER AMELLUSSeydahmet ÇAY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................225



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ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF YAĞLIDERE STREAM IN GIRESUNArzu Aydın Uncumusaoğlu, Tamer Akkan ....................................................................................................................................226

INVESTIGATION OF Cr(VI)/As(V) EXTRACTION CAPABILITIES OF CALIX[4]ARENE-BASED NATURAL POLYMERSSerkan Sayin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................227

ASSESSMENT OF POINT SOURCE POLLUTION IMPACT FROM SBR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ON THE RECEIVING BODYBaşak K. Taşeli ............................................................................................................................................................................................................228

TABLE OF CONTENTS - POSTER PRESENTATIONS

AN INFECTION RATES AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF NEW NEOGREGARINE (APICOMPLEXA: NEOGREGARINIDAE) WHICH ISOLATED FROM ANISOPLIA SEGETUM (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN TURKEYÇağrı BEKİRCAN, Mustafa CÜCE and Tuba BEKİRCAN.....................................................................................................230

NEW AMINOGLYOXIME DERIVATIVES: SYNTHESIS AND BACTERIAL APPLICATIONİbrahim Karataş and Önder Alıcı .............................................................................................................................................................231

FOREST AND ENVIRONMENTTuğçe Uğur ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................232

MICROPLASTICS IN EASTERN BLACK SEA COASTAL WATERSSerhat Öge, Coşkun Erüz and Koray Özşeker ..............................................................................................................................233

EFFECT OF FEEDING WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE DURING TWO GENERATIONS ON WEIGHT GAINÇavuşoğlu K, Yalçın E, Çiçek F, Seven B and Yapar K ...........................................................................................................234

MICRONUCLEUS TEST ON RABBITS FED OVER TWO GENERATIONS WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZEÇavuşoğlu K, Yalçın E, Demirtaş G and Acar A ..........................................................................................................................235

THE EVALUATION OF FISH WASTE AS BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZERTugba BAYRAK OZBUCAK, Bengisu ELLIBES, Oznur ERGEN AKCIN, Dondu KABUL and Dogus YILMAZ ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................236

THE COMPARISION OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL SOILSTuğba B. Özbucak, Gülaycan Polat, Öznur E. Akçin, Tümay Karataş and Selahattin Özbucak ..............................................................................................................................................................................................237

ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACITIVITY OF HERACLEUM PLATYTAENIUM BOISSRamazan Erenler ......................................................................................................................................................................................................238


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SEPARATION OF ORGANIC VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM WATER BY USING STARCH/PVA MEMBRANESEsra Guler and Gülsen Asman ....................................................................................................................................................................239

SYNTHETIC HOSPITAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY USING ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS WITH DIFFERENT CURRENT DENSITYÖzgür Nazikcan and Ali Savaş Koparal...............................................................................................................................................240

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIALAND ANTI-UREASE ACTIVITY OF FLAVOPARMELIA CAPERATA AND XANTHOPARMELIA STENOPHYLLA LICHENSBahar Bilgin Sökmen, Kadir Kınalıoğlu and Sinem Aydın ..................................................................................................241

A STUDY ON BIOCATALYTIC HYDROLYSIS OF WASTE EDIBLE OIL Fatma Güler, Neşe Karasungur, Togayhan Kutluk, Başar Uyar and Nurcan Kapucu ..............................242

DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS: A GREEN SOLVENT SYSTEM FOR DIGESTION AND ULTRASOUND ASSISTED LIQUID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION OF COPPER IN LIVER SAMPLES Gülsah Saydan Kanberoglu, Erkan Yilmaz and Mustafa Soylak ...................................................................................243

HYDROTHERMAL AND ACID PRETREATMENT OF WASTE BIOMASS TO ENHANCE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PYROLYSIS PRODUCTSMurat KILIÇand Başak B. UZUN AKINLAR ....................................................................................................................................244

PYROLYSIS KINETICS AND THERMOGRAVIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUDE OIL SLUDGE USING TG-FTIR-MSMurat KILIÇ, Gamzenur ÖZSİN, Ersan PÜTÜN, Esin APAYDIN VAROL and Ayşe E. PÜTÜN.........................................................................................................................................................................................................245

THERMAL DEGRADATION AND PYROLYSIS BEHAVIOR OF BREWED TEA WASTE BY TG-FTIR-MS: KINETICS AND EVOLVED GAS ANALYSISMurat KILIÇ, Gamzenur ÖZSİN, Elif Saraçoğlu and Esin APAYDIN VAROL ...................................................246

MICROPROPAGATION OF VACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM L. (BOG BILBERRY) NATURALLY GROWING IN THE TURKISH FLORAMustafa Cüce, Tuba Bekircan and Atalay Sökmen .................................................................................................................247

EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CHANGES ON NEOGREGARINE INFECTION DETERMINED ANISOPLIA SEGETUM HERBST.Çağrı BEKİRCAN, Mustafa CÜCE and Tuba BEKİRCAN.....................................................................................................248

COLORIMETRIC AND FLUOROMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SCHIFF BASES INCLUDING IMIDAZOLEMeliha Kutluca Alıcı ............................................................................................................................................................................................249



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ANTIOXIDANT ACITIVITY OF SOME GREEN ALGAETünay Karan and Ramazan Erenler ........................................................................................................................................................250

SIMULTANEOUS BIOSORPTION OF TWO DIFFERENT DYES FROM AQUATIC MEDIUMFatih DENİZ and Elif TEZEL ERSANLI ..................................................................................................................................................251

DETERMINATION OF SOME BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OF THE NEST PAPER MATERIALS FROM TRABZON VESPA CRABRO GERMANA CHRIST, 1791 (HYMENOPTERA: VESPINAE) in TurkeyÖmer ERTÜRK and Duygu ODABAŞ..................................................................................................................................................252

DETERMINATION OF SOME STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NEST PAPER FROM TRABZON MATERIALS DOLICHOVESPULASAXONICA (FABRICIUS,1793) (HYMENOPTERA: VESPINAE) INTURKEYÖmer Ertürk and Duygu Odabaş ............................................................................................................................................................253

CLIMATE CHANGES AND ITS SOCIAL EFFECTSUfuk Gültekin ............................................................................................................................................................................................................254

COVERING IRRIGATION CHANNELS WITH SOLAR PANELSKasım Eren Tuna .....................................................................................................................................................................................................255

INVESTIGATION OF ANTICARCINOGEN PROPERTIES OF HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS ON HUMAN COLON CANCERAyşegül Yaman, Gülşin Arslan and Serdar Karakurt ..............................................................................................................256

Cu2+ AND I- SELECTIVE CALIX[4]ARENE DERIVATIVE APPENDED WITH NAPHTHALENE AS FLUORESCENT PROBEMehmet Oguz,Asif Ali Bhatti, Shahabuddin Memon and Mustafa Yilmaz .....................................................257

REMOVAL OF REACTIVE BLACK 5 (RB5) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY AGRO-WASTEÇiğdem Ay ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................258

THE CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOSORPTION BEHAVIOR OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED AGRO-WASTEÇiğdem Ay ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................259

POSSIBLE ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THREE DAMS (ALADEREÇAM, GÖKÇEBEL, YAŞMAKLI) AT HIGH ALTITUDES IN GIRESUNMustafa YILMAZ....................................................................................................................................................................................................260

SYNTHESIS OF BENZIMIDAZOLE SCHIFF BASE DERIVATIVES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXESCennet ARSLANER and Ziya Erdem KOÇ ......................................................................................................................................261


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THE SYNTHESIS OF BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE AND INVESTIGATION OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXESEsra KAPLAN and Ziya Erdem KOÇ .....................................................................................................................................................262

EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON ENVIRONMENT Aybüke Kaya and Erdal Dağıstan .............................................................................................................................................................263

COMPARISON OF PINE CONE POWDER/MICA CONTENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER COMPOSITESAlev Akpınar Borazan, Gökhan Açıkbaş, DuyguGökdai and Sevcan Yılmaz ...................................................264

EFFECTS OF LAND USE DIFFERENCES ON NITROGEN MINERALIZATION AND SOIL FERTILITY IN RIZEMehmet KÜÇÜK ..................................................................................................................................................................................................265

PRICING POLICY OF AGRICULTURAL WATER USE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND TURKEYZeynep Zaimoglu ...................................................................................................................................................................................................266

URANIUM(IV) TOLERANCE, REMOVAL AND BIOACCUMULATION BY USING THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS MOJAVENSIS AND ITS UV- SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATIONSadin Özdemir, M. Kadir Koyuncu and Ersin Kılınç ...............................................................................................................267

SEED PRIMING TO OVERCOME EXTERNAL STRESS CONDITIONS UNDER CHANGING ENVIRONMENTMuhittin KULAK ....................................................................................................................................................................................................268

POLLUTION EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES OVER THE BLACK SEA Aysel Kekillioğlu .......................................................................................................................................................................................................269

ENERGY DIVERSITY & POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF TURKEY Aysel Kekillioğlu .......................................................................................................................................................................................................270

ECOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS ON RAPID HABITAT LOSSES OF GIRESUN ISLAND (ARETIAS)Ümit İncekara ............................................................................................................................................................................................................271

APPLICATION OF ISO 14001 IN HEALTH SERVICE SECTOR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT Asude Ateş and Hülya Demirel ...............................................................................................................................................................272

SOME BIOLOGICAL RESULTS FOR THE MIRIDAE (HEMIPTERA) IN THE HABITATS OF TIRANAEltjon Halimi and Anila Paparisto ...........................................................................................................................................................273

INVESTIGATION OF p(EPMA-CO-AMPS) BASED HYDROGEL AS A DRUG CARRIERPinar Ilgin, Tuğba Gür, Necdet Karakoyun and Aycan Gür .............................................................................................274



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THE COP21 PARIS AGREEMENT AND TURKEY Fuat Budak and Sevgi Yılmaz ......................................................................................................................................................................275

SYNTHESIS OF ECO-FRIENDLYGRAFT COPOLYMERS BY “CLICK” CHEMISTRYHıdır Ayyıldız, Ergül Meyvacı and TemelÖztürk ........................................................................................................................276

INVESTIGATION OF CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF HALOXYFOP METHYLESTER HERBICIDE WITH THE ALLIUM TESTMehmet Cengiz Karaismailoğlu ...............................................................................................................................................................277

EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF THE TEPRALOXYDIM HERBICIDEMehmet Cengiz Karaismailoğlu ...............................................................................................................................................................278

PRESORPTION IN CASTANEA SATIVA MILLER (SWEET CHESTNUT)Şule Güzeland Ali Bilgin....................................................................................................................................................................................279

COMPARISON OF SEX AND SIZE STRUCTURE OF CAPOETA TRUTTA POPULATIONS IN ATATURK AND KARAKAYA DAM LAKESAyse Gul SAHIN, Unal ISPIR and Rıdvan TEPE ............................................................................................................................280

HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN RAINBOW TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, AFTER EXPOSURE TO IBUPROFENUnal ISPIRand Ayse Gul SAHIN ................................................................................................................................................................281

ENDEMIC PLANTS OF ORDUÖznur ERGEN AKÇİN and Tuğba ÖZBUCAK ............................................................................................................................282

THE MORPHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL AND MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF LEAF OF ALNUS GLUTINOSA SUBSP. BARBATA ALONG AN ELEVATION GRADIENTÖznur ERGEN AKÇİN, Uğur YILDIZ, Gülcan ŞENEL and TUĞBA ÖZBUCAK ..............................................283

THE SOME BOTANICAL CHARACTERS OF CYCLAMEN (CYCLAMENCOUMSUBSP.COUMMILL.) Tuğba Bayrak Özbucak, Döndü Kabul, Gülaycan Polat, Öznur Ergen Akcin and Sevda Turkis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................284

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID APPLICATIONS ON YIELD OF POTATOAyşegül KIRLIand Özbay DEDE .................................................................................................................................................................285

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY FOR LOCAL CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GENOTYPESMehmet Akgünand Kürşat Korkmaz ..................................................................................................................................................286


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BIOSORPTION OF Ni(II) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY LYTHRUM SALICARIA L.Ferda ÖZMAL, Nüket A. BİNGÖL and Betül AKIN ................................................................................................................287

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CONDITIONS OF LITHIUM EXTRACTION FROM BOROGYPSUMFerda ÖZMAL and Yunus ERDOĞAN ..............................................................................................................................................288

DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY IN SOME MICROALGAE USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPYİlkay Açıkgöz Erkaya, Tülay Özer, Dilek Yalçın and Abel Udo Udoh ......................................................................289

SYNTHESIS OF VARIABLE POINTED MACROMOLECULES AND INVESTIGATION OF METAL COMPLEXES BY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODSMustafa Sahin, Hilal Ay, Nuriye Kocak and Ozlem Sahin ..................................................................................................290

A STUDY OF ENDOHELMINTHES IN SOME FISH SPECIES CAUGHT BETWEEN KUMLUTARLA-GEMICI REGIONS OF KARAKAYA DAM LAKEAbdulselam GUN and Mustafa DORUCU.....................................................................................................................................291

DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF EPILITHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY IN BATLAMA STREAM (GIRESUN) TURKEYSibel ALTÜRK and Elif Neyran SOYLU ...............................................................................................................................................292

INVESTIGATION OF ENZYME PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES IN BACILLUS SP. STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCEBurak Akaydın, Hüseyin Yılmaz, Reyhan Asar, Sultan Kaya and Hatice Katı ....................................................293

ORGANIC FARMING AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURENermin BAHŞİ ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................294

SEPARATION OF MINERAL MATTER FROM SEYITOMER-KUTAHYA LOW RANK LIGNITECaglayan Acikgoz and Senay Balbay .....................................................................................................................................................295

TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR(MBR)Caglayan Acikgoz and Kadir Özan .........................................................................................................................................................296

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND BUSINESS; WITH THE FRAMEWORK OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY OF BUSINESSEray ÇETİN....................................................................................................................................................................................................................297

EFFECTIVE Co(II) AND Cu(II) CATALYSTS FOR THE DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTSEce Tuğba SAKA and Yasemin ÇAĞLAR .........................................................................................................................................298



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SOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BACILLUS SPP. ISOLATED FROM SOIL FOR PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES Cumhur AVŞAR and Hilal Koyuncu .....................................................................................................................................................299

ANALYSES OF PARC AND GYRA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHODCumhur AVŞAR and E. Sümer ARAS ..................................................................................................................................................300

SEPARATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE/WATER MIXTURES USING MAGNETITE-POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) MEMBRANES BY EVAPOMEATIONGülsen Asman, Ebru Kondolot Solak and Nawash Al-ghezawi ...................................................................................301

CONTROLLED RELEASE OF INSECTISIDE DIAZINON FROM BIODEGRADABLE MICROSPHERESEbru Kondolot Solak, Gülsen Asman, Seçil Akgül and Nurcan Çiçek Kırkayak ............................................302

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGNETITE IN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) MATRIX MEMBRANESSinan Mithat Muhammetand Ebru Kondolot Solak .............................................................................................................303

INVESTIGATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ENZYME INHIBITORY PROPERTIES OF SOME PLANTS USED TO DIABET IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINEGokhan Zengin ........................................................................................................................................................................................................304

PHTHALATES AND HUMAN HEALTHRamazan Ceylan and Abdurrahman Aktümsek ........................................................................................................................305

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS FROM POTENTILLA REPTANSSengul UYSAL and Abdurrahman AKTUMSEK ........................................................................................................................306

ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF ONOSMA BOURGAEI BOISS.Ozkan Sen .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................307

CONSERVATION OF SOME BATS IN AN ARTIFICIAL UNDERGROUND ROOST IN KIRIKKALE PROVINCENursel Aşan Baydemir, Merve Şimşek Gür, Ayten Çelebi Keskin and Meryem Genç.............................308PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND REJECTION STUDIES OF POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE TERPOLYMER BLENDED POLYSULFONE MEMBRANESAdem Sarihan and Erdal Eren .....................................................................................................................................................................309

THE EFFECT OF LYTHRUM SALICARIA L. EXTRACTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF EPILOBIUM HIRSUTUM L.Nüket A. BİNGÖL, Betül AKIN and Sema LEBLEBİCİ.............................................................................................................310


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A NOVEL Ni(II) COMPLEX BASED-ON BODIPY-SALOPHEN AND ITS ELECTRONIC SPECTRAAhmed Nuri Kurşunlu and Ersin Güler ..............................................................................................................................................311

INTEGRATE CROP MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAli Turan, Hasan Karaosmanoglu, Nebahat Sule Ustun and Ali Islam ..................................................................312

EXAMPLE USING DIFFERENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF TEACHING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSLütfiye ÖZALEMDAR ........................................................................................................................................................................................313

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE(CA) INHIBITORS AS POLLUTION BIOMARKERS: INVESTIGATION OF ENZYME INHIBITION BY USING ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS Ayla Balaban Gündüzalp, Demet Uzun, Ümmuhan Özdemir Özmen and Ebru Erdoğdu .............................................................................................................................................................................................................314

POTENT HEAVY METAL REMOVER: SCHIFF BASE CONTAINING THIOPHENE RING AND ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIORDamla Akkaya, Naki Çolak, Ayla Balaban Gündüzalp and Serhat Mamaş.........................................................315

CHITOSAN-ULVA SP (GREEN ALGA) COMPOSITE MICROBEADS AS A SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR PALLADIUM CATALYSTAyfer Menteş, Talat Baran, İdris Sargın and Murat Kaya ....................................................................................................316

DETECTION OF ANION POLLUTANTS IN WATER WITH NEW SCHIFF BASE CHEMOSENSORÜmmühan Özdemir Özmen, Ömer Şahin, Burcu Aydıner and Zeynel Seferoğlu......................................317

DETECTION OF CYANIDE ANION POLLUTANTS WITH NEW COUMARIN-BASED CHEMOSENSORÜmmühan Özdemir Özmen, Ömer Şahin, Esra Bakan, Burcu Aydıner and Zeynel Seferoğlu ......................................................................................................................................................................................................318

OTOLITH ASYMMETRY OF MEDITERRANEAN HORSE MACKEREL TRACHURUS MEDITERRANEUS, (STEINDACHNER, 1868) IN THE MIDDLE BLACK SEA Derya BostancıI, Serdar Yedier, Gülşah Kurucu and Nazmi Polat ..............................................................................319

DISSOLUTION KINETICS OF CALCINED ULEXITE IN AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS AT HIGH SOLID-TO-LIQUID RATIOSGur Aycan .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................320

INVESTIGATION OF BLACK SEA WITHIN THE GEOPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK Hatice Evrim Tütünsatar and Mustafa Nuri Dolmaz ............................................................................................................321

RHIZOFILTRATION OF NICKEL CONTAMINATED WATER USING PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (LYTHRUM SALICARIA L.)Nüket A. BİNGÖL, Betül AKIN and Ferda ÖZMAL ................................................................................................................322



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THE EFFECT OF LYTHRUM SALICARIA L. EXTRACTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF EPILOBIUMHIRSUTUM L.Nüket A. Bingol, Betül Akin and Sema Leblebici .......................................................................................................................323

SHALLOW RECEIVING WATERBOUNDARY EFFECTS ON INITIAL DILUTION OF HORIZONTAL HEATED WATER JETSFatma DJAMAA and Semih NEMLİOGLU .....................................................................................................................................324

METAL LEVELS IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE AREA WHERE EFFLUENTS OF WWTP OF ELAZIĞ DISCHARGING INTO THE KEBAN DAM LAKEMemet Varol and Muhammet Raşit Sünbül ................................................................................................................................325

REMOVAL OF ARSENIC FROM SURFACE WATER BY ION EXCHANGE RESINSSevtap Karakurt, Serdar Karakurtand Erol Pehlivan ................................................................................................................326

INVESTIGATION OF SOME ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN CYPRINUS CARPIO FROM BÜYÜK MENDERES RIVER, TURKEYGokalp Ozmen Guler, Abdurrahman Aktumsek and Bunyamin Kiztanir .........................................................327

NATURALLY OCCURING FLAVANOID, RUTIN REGULATES TOXIC COMPOUND METABOLISMSerdar KARAKURT ...............................................................................................................................................................................................328

RESEARCH ABOUT THE REFORMATION OF SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATERS WITH VESICULARIA DUBYANA (BROTHERUS) Ustunol S. G.l, Karadag A. and Sivaci E.R. ..........................................................................................................................................329

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY OF DEREPAZARI STREAM, RIZE, TURKEYTanju MUTLU, Bülent VEREP, Tamer AKKAN, Vildan ÇAKIR, and Cengiz MUTLU ...............................330

INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT ON GOOD KERNEL OF CERTAIN PREPARATES IN HAZELNUTAli TURAN, Mine RUŞEN, Kibar AK and Celal TUNCER ...................................................................................................331

REMOVAL OF NICKEL FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER BY ELECTROCOAGULATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION PROCESSMerve Dönmez Öztel and Ferya Akbal .............................................................................................................................................332

COLOR AND COD REMOVAL FROM TREATED TEXTILE INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS WITH VARIOUS ADSORBENTSGül KAYKIOĞLU, Elçin GÜNEŞ, Yalçın GÜNEŞ and Suna Özden ÇELİK ...........................................................333

THE INVESTIGATION COLIFORMS AND E. COLI IN DRINKING AND USING WATERS OF KONYA AND REGIONTufan AKYÜZ and Emine ARSLAN .....................................................................................................................................................334


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ADSORPTION OF DYESTUFF FROM AQUA SOLUTIONS BY BIOCHAR Nahide Narin and Gülce Çakman ...........................................................................................................................................................335

THE SELECTION CRITERIA OF VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS FOR THE NOISE EXPOSURE LEVEL DETERMINATIONSerden Basak and K. Onur DEMİRARSLAN ..................................................................................................................................336

SHORT AND LONG TERM EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON ALGAESerden Basak, Dilek Ozgun and Ozer Cinar ...................................................................................................................................337

PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESEARCHES OF HAZARDOUS DYES REMOVAL FOR THE ENVIRONMENT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSAli Kara and Sibel Han .......................................................................................................................................................................................338

REMOVAL OF BORON FROM GEOTHERMAL WATER BY A NOVEL CHELATING FIBER Yaşar Kemal Recepoğlu, Nalan Kabay, İdil Yilmaz İpek, Müşerref Arda, M.Yuksel, Kazuharu Yoshizuka and Syouhei Nishihama ........................................................................................................................................................339

PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESEARCH FOR EFFECTIVE ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING MAGNETIC POLYMER MICROSPHERESAli Kara and Ebna Ceyhan..............................................................................................................................................................................340

MASS BALANCE FOR NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LOADS IN LAKE SAPANCASeda Tunay, Bulent Sengorur and Rabia Koklu...........................................................................................................................341

THE TOXICOLOGICAL IMPACT LEVELS OF Hg FOUND IN HYDRODROMADESPICIENS (MÜLLER, 1776) (ACARI, HYDRACHNIDIA), A COMMON ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES Gülderen Uysal Akkus, Ferruh Asci and İrem Yaman ...........................................................................................................342

PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESEARCH FOR ADSORPTION OF DYES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING POLYMER ADSORBENTSAli Kara and Nilay Turan .................................................................................................................................................................................343

ADSORPTION OF Cr(VI) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY SYNTHESIS MAGNETIC POLYMERSAli Kara and Nilay Turan .................................................................................................................................................................................344

A NOVEL REACTION-BASED “TURN ON” PYRENE DERIVATIVE FOR FLUORESCENT SENSING OF FLUORIDE Sait Malkondu, Ahmet Koçak, Nuriye Koçak and Neslihan Şahin ............................................................................345

ENHANCED BIOSORPTION OF COBALT (II) ONTO PLANT BASED IMMOBILIZED BIOMASS: BATCH STUDIESFatih Sayın, Sibel Tunalı Akar, Dilek Yılmazerand Tamer Akar .....................................................................................346



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MODELLING AND MULTIVARIATE OPTIMIZATION OF SYNTHETIC DYE BIOSORPTION BY SURFACE MODIFIED PLANT BASED BIOSORBENTSibel Tunali Akar, Fatih Sayin, Serpil Turk Yilmaz and Tamer Akar ..........................................................................347

INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT LOADS DERIVED FROM MUNICIPAL WATER AND AQUACULTURE ON WATER QUALITY AND PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY IN RESERVOIRSNehir Kaymak, Senol Akin, Zekeriya Altuner, Bulent Verep, Ahmet Mutlu Gozler, Fatih Polat, Ayse Olmez and Evren Cetin ........................................................................................................................................348

PHOTOSYNTHETIC MACHINERY STATUS OF DROUGHT TREATED MAIZE Özlem ARSLAN .......................................................................................................................................................................................................349

DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY IN HARŞIT STREAM, GIRESUNCengiz MUTLU, Buse ERASLAN AKKAN and Bülent VEREP ........................................................................................350

EVALUATION OF EXPANDED PERLITE AS A SORBENT FOR PRECONCENTRATION OF COPPER(II) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION Rukiye Saygılı, Orhan Murat Kalfa and Yunus Erdoğan ......................................................................................................351

A SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION BY RAMBUTAN (NEPHELIUMLAPPACEUM) PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF Cu(II)Ümran Zeren, Fatma Kurun, Merve Dağcı, Rukiye Saygılı and Orhan Murat Kalfa ..................................352

PRECONCENTRATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF Cu(II) IONS BY MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA)Gülşah Dinç, Enis Günay, Merve Dağcı, Rukiye Saygılı and Orhan Murat Kalfa ...........................................353

INVESTIGATION OF ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF TETRACYCLINE WITH SODIUM ALGINATEMehtap Erşan, Feride Düğenci, Aysun Karasu, Meryem Bayalan, Büşra Kırkgöz, and Özge Kendir ................................................................................................................................................................................................................354

A SEQUENTIAL MODELING FOR THE TRANSPORT OF ALAZRINE YELLOW ACROSS POLYMER INCLUSION MEMBRANE USING CALIXARENE DERIVATIVEFozia T. Minhas, Gulsin Arslan and Mustafa Ersoz ..................................................................................................................355

ASSESSING POTENTIAL OF PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENTGulsun Akdemir Evrendilek, Musa Buyukada, Fatih Evrendilek and Nusret Karakaya ...........................356

USING OF A NEW ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM PLANT WASTES FOR SEPARATION/PRECONCENTRATION OF Cr(VI) IONS IN VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MATRICESHarun Ciftci, Cigdem Er, Ergin Kariptas, Esin Kirayand Mehmet Erdem..............................................................357


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OPTIMIZATION OF SEPARATION PARAMETERS OF NICKEL (II) IONS ON ACTIVATED CARBON FROM VINE SHOOTS Cigdem Er, Harun Ciftci, Esin Kiray, Ergin Kariptas, Mehmet Yetis and Mehmet Erdem ....................358

A BIOSEPARATION PROCESS ON COLUMN SPE TECHNIQUE WITH RHODOCOCCUS RUBER DRY BIOMASS FOR DETERMINATION OF TRACE COBALT IONS IN WATER AND URINEErgin Kariptas, Esin Kiray, Cigdem Er and Harun Ciftci ........................................................................................................359

RHODOCOCCUS RUBER DRY BIOMASS AS A NEW SOLID PHASE EXTRACTOR FOR PRECONCENTRATION AND/OR SEPARATION OF CD(II) IONS IN VARIOUS WATER SAMPLESEsin Kiray, Ergin Kariptas, Mehmet Yetis, Cigdem Er and Harun Ciftci ................................................................360

ASSESMENT OF SEDIMENT QUALITY OF PAZARSUYU STREAM (BULANCAK, GIRESUN)Fikret Ustaoğlu and Yalçın Tepe ..............................................................................................................................................................361

DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION LEVEL OF PAZARSUYU STREAM (BULANCAK, GIRESUN)Fikret Ustaoğlu and Yalçın Tepe ..............................................................................................................................................................362

REMOVAL OF SURFACTANT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTE MODIFIED BENTONITE CLAYNevin ÖZTEKİN ......................................................................................................................................................................................................363

REMOVAL OF NITRITE (NO2-) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ANION EXCHANGE

RESINSBetül Aşçı, Eda Kövenç, Özgür Arar and Müşerref Arda ....................................................................................................364

RECOVERY OF ZINC FROM FEED PRODUCTION PLANTS`WASTES BY CHELATING RESINSCeren Okuyucu, Ayça Aksoy, Özgür Arar and Müşerref Arda .....................................................................................365

COMPARISON OF LIQUID, GAS CHLORINE AND ON-SITE CHLORINE GENERATION IN DRINKING WATER FACILITIES: IN TERMS OF TECHNICAL, ECONOMICAL AND PROPER PLACE USAGEEprar Özel Çelik, Hakan Çelik and Ümmükülsüm Özel Akdemir ..............................................................................366

DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION BY SOLAR RADIATIONArzu TEKSOY and Sevil ÇALIŞKAN ELEREN .................................................................................................................................367

FACILE SYNTHESIS OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE/NANODIAMOND/PALLADIUM NANOCOMPOSITES WITH ENHANCED CATALYTIC ACTIVITYErkan Yilmaz and Mustafa Soylak ...........................................................................................................................................................368



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OIL/ORGANIC SOLVENTS CLEANUP FROM WATER SURFACE BY CROSS-LINKED SORBENT MATERIALSSoner Kızıl and Hayal Bülbül Sönmez ..................................................................................................................................................369

THE INVESTIGATION OF KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS PROPERTIES OF CATALASE ONTO DIATOMITEÖzkan DEMİRBAŞ, Mehmet Salih NAS and Aycan GÜR ..................................................................................................370

HEAVY METALS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY THERMALLY DEHIDRATED HOSAP CLAYAdnan YILDIZ and Aycan GÜR ................................................................................................................................................................371

PYRIDINE-BASED DIPODAL SCHIFF BASE SENSORS AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TOWARDS COPPER(II) AND LEAD(II) METALSAslihan Yilmaz Obali, Halil Ismet Ucan ..............................................................................................................................................372

ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF CATIONIC DYES BY ACTIVATED CARBONÜnal Geçgel, Osman Üner and Yüksel Bayrak .............................................................................................................................373

ADSORPTION OF MALACHITE GREEN BY ACTIVATED CARBON OBTAINED FROM ELAEAGNUS STONEYüksel BAYRAK, Ünal GEÇGEL and Osman ÜNER................................................................................................................374

REMOVAL OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM WATERMELON RINDOsman Üner, Ünal Geçgel and Yüksel Bayrak .............................................................................................................................375

PIGMENTS CONTENT OF SEA LETTUCE (ULVA RIGIDA C. AGARDH)Beyhan Taş and Burcu İncu ..........................................................................................................................................................................376

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN SOME RIVERS OF SAMSUN PROVINCE IN THE BLACK SEA DISCHARGEBeyhan Taş and Zeynep Kolören .............................................................................................................................................................377

EFFECTS OF MERCURY IN SALINITY INCREASED FRESHWATERS ON THE OSMOREGULATION SYSTEMS OF THE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)Alper Dogan and Mustafa Canli ...............................................................................................................................................................378

EFFECT OF CORN, PEA AND WHEAT PLANTS ON LEACHING AND UPTAKE OF NICKEL IN SOIL-PLANT SYSTEMNurcan Koleli, Zeynep Gorkem Dogaroglu and Aydeniz Demir ................................................................................379

UTILIZATION OF CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ENCAPSULATED LIPASE WITH ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MATERIAL SPOROPOLLENINElif OZYILMAZ and Serkan SAYIN ........................................................................................................................................................380


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ENERGY USAGE AND CARBON EMISSIONS AT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGSÖmer Emin DEDE and Özlem TUNÇ DEDE .................................................................................................................................381

COPPER(II) AND LEAD(II) SENSITIVITY OF NOVEL DIPODAL SCHIFF BASE LIGANDHalil Ismet Uçan and Aslıhan Yılmaz Obalı ..................................................................................................................................382

LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS IN RICE GROWN AROUND ERGENE- MERIÇ BASINAyşe Handan Dökmeci .....................................................................................................................................................................................383

NOVEL BISPHENOL-A-RHODAMINE CONJUGATE CHEMOSENSOR FOR Zn AND Hg IONS Mesut Yuksekogul, Ozcan Kocyigit and Serkan Erdemir ..................................................................................................384

INVESTIGATION OF CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF CLOTHIANIDIN USING MICRONUCLEUS TESTZülal Atlı Şekeroğlu, Vedat Şekeroğlu, Ebru Uçgun, Seval Kontaş Yedier and Büşra Güneş ................................................................................................................................................................................................................385

THE DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDES IN RICE GROWN IN THE IPSALA/EDIRNE Taner Atabey and Temine Sabudak .....................................................................................................................................................386

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BRAIN OF RANA MACROCNEMIS TADPOLES EXPOSED TO AMMONIUM SULFATENurhayat Özdemir, Tuğba Ergül Kalaycı, Büşra Karaca, Yıldıray Kalkan and Levent Tümkaya......................................................................................................................................................................................................387

ZINC RESPONSE OF THE SHOOT CULTURE OF THE MEDICINAL SPECIES PRUNELLA VULGARIS L. Burcu ÇETİN and Çiğdem AY ....................................................................................................................................................................388

CADMIUM ACCUMULATION IN PRUNELLA VULGARIS L. IN IN VITRO TISSUE CULTURE CONDITIONSBurcu ÇETİN and Çiğdem AY ....................................................................................................................................................................389

CONTENTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN WILD CHESTNUT FROM GIRESUN/TURKEY ORIGINÜmit Şengül, Elif Apaydın, Rıdvan İlgün and Bünyamin Şengül .................................................................................390

INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION ON CAUSED FROM VEHICLES IN BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. SABELLICA (BLACK CABBAGE)Elif APAYDIN, Rıdvan İLGÜN and Ümit ŞENGÜL ...................................................................................................................391

ACUTE TOXIC EFFECT OF THE ANTIFREEZE (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) ON RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS)Fikri BALTA, Bülent VEREP and Ertuğrul TERZİ .........................................................................................................................392



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ANTROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT IN ASARTEPE DAM LAKE SEDIMENTEsra Üçüncü Tunca and Bedri Kurtuluş ............................................................................................................................................393

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF ZINC ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY AND LIPID PEROXIDATIONMustafa Coskun, Tamer Kayis and Iskender Emre ..................................................................................................................394

DETERMINATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME TANACETUM L. (ASTERACEAE) TAXONS Ayşe Gül Caniklioğlu, Zafer Türkmen and Ali Acar ................................................................................................................395

DETERMINATION OF SOME ANIONS IN HERBAL TEA BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESISBehice YAVUZ ERDOĞAN and A. Nur ONAR ..........................................................................................................................396

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRIBENURON METHYL ON LIVER TISSUE OF ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio)Cansu AKBULUT, Burcu ÖZTÜRK, Ceyda ÖZTÜRK and Nazan Deniz YÖN ...............................................397

INVESTIGATION HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRIBENURON METHYL ON ZEBRAFISH HEART TISSUE (Danio rerio)Cansu AKBULUT, Ceyda ÖZTÜRK, Burcu ÖZTÜRK and Nazan Deniz YÖN .............................................398

NOVEL FLUOROMETRIC AND COLORIMETRIC SENSOR BASED ON TRIAZOLE-RHODAMINE FOR Hg IONSerkan Erdemir, Ozcan Kocyigit and Sait Malkondu .............................................................................................................399

SYNTHESIS AND DICHROMATE ANION EXTRACTION ABILITY OF BIPHENYL DERIVATIVE OF CALIX[4]ARENE Ozlem Sahin, Mustafa Sahin, Ezgi Akceylan andMustafa Yilmaz ...............................................................................400

THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION ON MARSH FROGS (PELOPHYLAX RIDIBUNDUS) LIVING AROUND KARASU RIVER, TURKEY

Turgay Şişman, Suat Çolak and Ümit İncekara ...........................................................................................................................401

ASSESMENT OF HEAVY METAL BIOACCUMULATION IN SOME TISSUES OF KAPWAETI (CAPOETA UMBLA HECKEL, 1843) FROM KARASU RIVERTurgay Şişman and Mucip Genişel ........................................................................................................................................................402

THE GENO-PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PROPOLIS ON ALUMINUM SULPHATE-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTESHasan Türkez .............................................................................................................................................................................................................403


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ULTRASONIC ASSISTED-CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION: AN EFFICIENT AND SIMPLE APPROACH FOR THE PRECONCENTRATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS FOR DETERMINATION BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRYNail Altunay, Ramazan Gürkan, Sema Korkmaz and Nimet Aydın .........................................................................404

A NEW METHOD FOR THE INDIRECT FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BISPHENOL A IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES Nail Altunay, Ramazan Gürkan, Emre Yıldırım and Nimet Aydın .............................................................................403

DETERMINATION OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PEPINO SEEDLINGS UNDER LEAD (Pb) STRESSMustafa TEKTAŞ and Aysel SIVACI ......................................................................................................................................................406

LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS IN RICE GROWN AROUND ERGENE- MERIÇ BASIN Ayşe Handan Dökmeci .....................................................................................................................................................................................407

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS WASTEWATER IN SHOOT CUTTINGS OF PEPINOKübra BABA and Aysel SIVACI ..................................................................................................................................................................408

IN VITRO MULTIPLICATION AND ROSMARINIC ACID ACCUMULATION OF THYMUS LEUCOTRICHUS HAL.Tuba BEKİRCAN, Mustafa CÜCE, Sercan YILDIRIM and Atalay SÖKMEN ......................................................409

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON POLYESTER MATRIX COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH CHESTNUT WASTEAkpinar Borazan Alev, Acikbas Gokhan and Gokdai Duygu ........................................................................................410

ALTERNATIVE USES OF WASTES OF FRESH HAZELNUTS AND HAZELNUT PROCESSINGN. Şule ÜSTÜN and Sanem BULAM ....................................................................................................................................................411

EVALUATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING INDUSTRY WASTESN. Şule ÜSTÜN and Sanem BULAM ....................................................................................................................................................412

EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER WASTE CONTENT ON POLYESTER MATRIX COMPOSITES Gökhan AÇIKBAS and H. GÖÇMEZ ....................................................................................................................................................413

ADSORPTION KINETICS BEHAVIOUR OF METHYLENE BLUE ONTO AGRICULTURAL WASTEFatih KILIÇ1 and Çiğdem SARICI ÖZDEMİR ................................................................................................................................414

EXAMINATION OF METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES WITH INTRAPARTICLE ADSORPTION KINETICSFatih KILIÇ and Çiğdem SARICI ÖZDEMİR ...................................................................................................................................415



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MOBILE SOLID WASTE INCINERATION PROJECT FOR THE CASE STUDY OF ŞIRNAK - TRASH, ANIMAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTE-MOBILE CO-INCINERATION Yıldırım İsmail TOSUN ......................................................................................................................................................................................416

ARTVIN INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTPelin ARAS and Ayşe KULEYİN .................................................................................................................................................................417

EFFECTS OF GENETIC MODIFICATION ON FATTY ACID AND CARBOHYDRATE PROFILES OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAINS Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar, Oksal Macar, Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu and Emine Yalçın ..........................................418

PACKAGING MATERIALS USED IN FOODSTUFFS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHDuygu Balpetek Külcü .......................................................................................................................................................................................419

THE PRODUCTION OF GOOD QUALITY SOLID FUEL FROM LOW GRADE LIGNITE AND WASTE TYRE CO-CHEMICAL PROCESSSenay BALBAY and Caglayan Acıkgoz ................................................................................................................................................420

THE INVESTIGATION OF LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION BY PHYSICAL ADSORPTION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ONTO DIATOMITE CLAYTuğba Gür, M. Salih NAS and Vahap Yönten ..............................................................................................................................421

THE EXPLORING OF THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETIC PARAMETERS OF IMMOBILIZED CATALASE ENZYME VIA ADSORPTION ON KRIL CLAYTuğba Gür, M. Salih NAS and Vahap Yönten ..............................................................................................................................422

LAMP DETECTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPECIES IN SURFACE WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM RIVER YESILIRMAK AND STREAM TERSAKAN (SAMSUN-AMASYA)Zeynep KOLÖREN, Beyhan TAŞand Burak K. DELİOĞLU ...............................................................................................423

INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF COMPOST ON DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETABLES CULTIVATION IN DIFFERENT REGIONSCemile OZCAN, Yunus KOC and Goksel DEMIR ...................................................................................................................424

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBONS FROM WASTE GRAPE CANE BY USING THE CHEMICAL ACTIVATION METHOD WITH ZINC CHLORIDESuat Tüysüz, Osman Üner, Ünal Geçgel and Yüksel Bayrak ...........................................................................................425

REMOVAL OF LEAD FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY USING FLY ASH OF POWER PLANTSÜmit Şengül and Bünyamin Şengül ......................................................................................................................................................426

PHYTOPLANKTON COMPOSITION AND SEASONALITY OF SERA LAKE, TRABZON, TURKEYArif AKSOY and Elif Neyran SOYLU ....................................................................................................................................................427


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WATER FOOTPRINT AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENTOZKOC H.B., TAYLAN Z.S. ...........................................................................................................................................................................428

ADSORPTION OF CHROMATE BY MAGNETIC POLYSULFONE MICROCAPSULES CONTAINING CYANEX 923Ilker Akin ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................429

REMOVAL OF CRYSTAL VIOLET DYE BY SORPTION ONTO NATURAL DIATOMITE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSAdem Karadağ and Özkan Demirbaş ..................................................................................................................................................430

ADSORPTION OF NEUTRAL RED DYE ONTO BENTONITE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSÖzkan Demirbaş and Adem Karadağ ..................................................................................................................................................431

ADSORPTION OF DYESTUFF FROM AQUA SOLUTIONS BY BIOCHAR Nahide Narin and Gülce Çakman ...........................................................................................................................................................432

THE DISINFECTION OF BACTERIA BY ULTRAVIOLET INTENSITY AND ULTRASOUND POWER Tuba Yetim and Arzu Gormez ..................................................................................................................................................................433

DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT QUALITY IN YAĞLIDERE STREAM (GIRESUN)Arzu Aydin Uncumusaoğlu, İlhami Kayiş and Cengiz Mutlu ........................................................................................434

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF POLLUTION INDICES WITH PLANT YIELD, PH AND EC UNDER ENRICH SOIL WITH HEAVY METALS D. Papaioannou, I.K. Kalavrouziotis, P.H. Koukoulakis and F. Papadopoulos ...................................................435

POLLUTED SOILS MICRO-ELEMENTS OF IRON THE INTERACTION WITH SOME HEAVY METALSSevinç ADİLOĞLU ................................................................................................................................................................................................436

NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN AGRICULTUREHatice DAĞHAN and Nurcan KÖLELİ ...............................................................................................................................................437

ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE FACTORS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM PETROLEUM OIL CONTAMINATED SLUDGEBelgin Erdem and Zeynep Karakaş .........................................................................................................................................................438

BACTERIAL BIOSENSORSBelgin ERDEM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................439

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS OBTAINED FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSSelin KALKAN ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................440



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OLEANDER (NERIUM OLEANDER) SEED AS A SOURCE FOR FUNGAL AEROSOLSAdem IMALI and Ferudun KOCER .......................................................................................................................................................441

AN EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON AIR POLLUTION IN AFYONKARAHISAR Arzu Yakar and Metin Aydoğan .............................................................................................................................................................442

MONTHLY VARIATION OF AIRBORNE MOLDS IN ÇANAKKALE CITY, TURKEYSibel Mentese, Elif Palaz and Muserref Tatman Otkun .......................................................................................................443

ASSESSMENT OF AIRBORNE HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN SOIL IN MERIC-ERGENE BASIN, TURKEYAsude Hanedar .......................................................................................................................................................................................................444

CONCENTRATION OF OCPS IN SOIL, LICHEN AND PINE NEEDLES IN MERIC-ERGENE BASIN, TURKEYAsude Hanedar, Elçin Güneş, Gül Kaykioğlu and Suna Özden Çelik ......................................................................445

THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIONIlker Kilic and Nesli Kocaalili .......................................................................................................................................................................446

SYNTHESIS AND Cr(VI) EXTRACTION EFFICACY OF MERCAPTOALKYL-SUBSTITUTED CALIX[4]ARENE DERIVATIVES Serkan Sayin, Huseyin Bekir Yildiz and Serkan Eymur ...........................................................................................................447

DECOLORIZATION OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUATIC SOLUTION BY USING MODIFIED HAZELNUT SHELLErkan KALIPCI ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................448

ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL BIOMAGNETIC COMPOSITE FOR THE REMOVAL OF CONGO RED FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONGülbahar Akkaya Sayğılı ...................................................................................................................................................................................449

NICKEL NANOPARTICLES ENCAPSULATED IN CALIXARENE FUNCTIONALISED GRAPHENE/MoS2 AS A SYNERGESTIC CATALYST FOR OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTIONBabasaheb J. Waghmode, Sanhita V. Patil and Dipalee D. Malkhede ...................................................................450

REDUCTION OF COD IN WASTEWATER FROM INDUSTRIAL METAL CUTTING BY ELECTRO-FENTON PROCESSHüseyin Cüce .............................................................................................................................................................................................................451

ADSORPTION KINETICS OF TETRACYCLINE-ANTIBIOTIC TOWARD NANOPOROUS CARBON DERIVED FROM GRAPE (VITIS VINIFERA) PROCESSING WASTEHasan Sayğılı and Fuat Güzel.......................................................................................................................................................................452


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ASSESSMENT OF THE BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF HARŞIT STREAM IN GIRESUN, TURKEYBülent Verep, Buse Eraslan Akkan and Cengiz Mutlu ..........................................................................................................453

REMOVAL OF MICROPOLLUTANTS IN WATER WITH ADVANCED TREATMENT PROCESSESSevde Ustun Odabasi and Hanife Buyukgungor .......................................................................................................................454

POLLEN ANALYSIS AND HEAVY METALS DETECTION IN PROPOLIS SAMPLESSevim ÇİFTÇİ YEGİN, İlginç KIZILPINAR TEMİZER, Ömür GENCAY ÇELEMLİ, Elif APAYDIN, Zafer TÜRKMEN and Aytaç GÜDER ...................................................................................................................................................455

MICROBIAL WATER QUALITY OF THE GIRESUN COASTAL ZONE OF THE BLACK SEANazmi POLAT and Tamer AKKAN .......................................................................................................................................................456

A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT’S COOLING TOWER TO ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATUREEmre Aşkın Eliboland Ferdi Özbilgin ....................................................................................................................................................457

EFFECT OF CHARA CONTRARIA (BRAUNEX. KÜTZING) IN REMOVING OF THE SYNTHETIC AND ORGANIC TEXTILE DYESTanriverdi Baris, Koc Dilek, Karadag Aslihan, Ustunol Seyda Gul and Sivaci Erdal Ridvan .................................................................................................................................................................................................458

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PREFERENCES FOR DRINKING WATER AT THEIR HOMES AND DORMITORIESCemile Dede, Nursan Cinarand Tijen Nemut ..............................................................................................................................459

URANIUM(IV) RESISTANCE AND BIOACCUMULATION BY THERMOTOLERANT BACILLUS VALLISMORTISM. Kadir Oduncu, Sadin Özdemir and Ersin Kılınç .................................................................................................................460

PRECONCENTRATION OF U(IV) BY BACILLUS MOJAVENSIS LOADED AMBERLITE XAD-4 AS A SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION COLUMN USING UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRYM. Kadir Oduncu, Sadin Özdemir and Ersin Kılınç .................................................................................................................461

IMMOBILIZED THERMOPHILIC ANOXYBACILLUS KESTANBOLIENSIS AS A SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION COLUMN OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF Co(II) IN VARIOUS FOOD SAMPLESErsin Kılınç and Sadin Özdemir .................................................................................................................................................................462

THE RESPONSES OF SOME BASIL GENOTYPES TO CADMIUM TOXICITYM. Muharrem ÖZCAN, Kürşat KORKMAZ, Ş. Metin KARA, Faruk ÖZKUTLU, Özbay DEDE, Ayşegül KIRLI and Mehmet AKGÜN ..................................................................................................................................................463



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EFFECT OF OLIVE OIL CAKE ON THE QUALITY OF COMPOST AND VERMICOMPOSTAlev Akpinar Borazan and Levent Degirmenci ...........................................................................................................................464

EFFECT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE ON SELECTED MACRO ELEMENTS LEVELS IN NEW ZEALAND RABBITSYalçın E., Çavuşoğlu K., Taşlı B. and Demirtaş G. ........................................................................................................................465

EFFECTS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS PARAMETERS IN NEW ZEALAND RABBITYalçın E., Çavuşoğlu K., Taşlı B. and Seven B. ..................................................................................................................................466

DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF BLACK SEAKoray OZSEKER, Coskun ERUZ, Ilknur YILDIZ and Muhammet BORAN ........................................................467

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION ON ENVIRONMENT IN TURKEYDilek Bostan Budak...............................................................................................................................................................................................468

REMOVAL OF MANGANESE(II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ADSORPTION ON CARBONIZED WALNUT SHELLBircan KÖSE and Saliha ERENTÜRK .....................................................................................................................................................469

PREDICTING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ORIGANUM SACCATUM P. H. DAVIS USING MAXENT MODELINGCanan DÜLGEROĞLU, Ahmet AKSOY and Orhan ÜNAL ............................................................................................470

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN NEW ZEALAND RABBIT FED WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZEÇiçek F,Yalçın E, Çavuşoğlu K and Acar A .......................................................................................................................................471

TREATMENT OF LEACHATE BY ELECTROCOAGULATION USING THREE DIFFERENT ELECTRODESZürriye Gündüz and Yeliz Süzen..............................................................................................................................................................472

APPLICABILITY OF Ca(OH)2 SOLUTION FOR MEMBRANE CO

2 SEPARATION

Bahtiyar Öztürk, Barbaros Durmuş, Nilüfer Nacar Koçar and Hülya Aykaç Özen ......................................473

INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF PRUNUS LAUROCERASUS (KARAYEMIŞ)Şahin Direkel, Aytaç Güder and Mehmet Soner Engin .......................................................................................................474

THE DIFFERENT HABITATS IN TERMS OF OXYGEN ALTER MUSCLE FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS.Alpaslan Dayangac, Gülender Akyildiz and Taylan Aktas .................................................................................................475


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WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF EMET STREAM BASINCem Tokatli, Esengül Köse, Naime Arslan, Arzu Çiçek, Özgür Emiroğluand Hayri Dayioğlu...........................................................................................................................................................................................................476

INVESTIGATION OF BIOSORPTION KINETICS OF AZO DYE USING ANAEROBIC SLUDGEMeltem Sarıoglu Cebeci and Caner Deniz ......................................................................................................................................477

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SECTOR IN THE TURKEYAytuğ TEKBAŞ, Mesut TEKBAŞ, and Nihal BEKTAŞ ..............................................................................................................478

THE PREPERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CALIX[4]AREN IMMOBILIZED MAGNETIC MICROCAPSULES FOR ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM THE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Seydahmet Çay, Mehmet Soner Engin, Serkan Sayin and Serkan Eymur ...........................................................479

ROLE OF ALOE VERA L. LEAF EXTRACT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL PARAMETERS IN ALLIUM CEPA L. EXPOSED TO SALINITYDilek Çavuşoğlu, Selma Tabur and Kürşat Çavuşoğlu ..........................................................................................................480

ROLE OF GINKGO BILOBA L. LEAF EXTRACT IN ALLEVIATION OF DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF SALT STRESS ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL PARAMETERSDilek Çavuşoğlu, Selma Tabur and Kürşat Çavuşoğlu ..........................................................................................................481

PROTEIN PROFILES ALTERNATION OF SAFFLOWER UNDER DROUGHT STRESSESSinem Özenoğlu-Aydınoğlu, Nil Kılıç, İlker Büyük, Sümer Aras and Demet Cansaran Duman ................................................................................................................................................................................482

LONG TERM VARIATION OF PM10 AND SO

2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF GIRESUN, ORDU AND

SAMSUN CITY IN TURKEYÜlkü ALVER ŞAHİN, Özcan AKIN, Burcu UZUN, Fatih ALVER and Nihat TAŞ ...........................................483



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COMMITTEES

Honorary Chair

Prof. Dr. Cevdet COSKUN – Rector of Giresun University

Organizing Committee

Prof. Dr. Basak TASELI (Chair) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kultigin CAVUSOGLU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine YALCIN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sait MALKONDU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serkan SAYIN Asst. Prof. Dr. Arzu AYDIN UNCUMUSAOGLU Asst. Prof. Dr. Fulya AYDIN TEMEL Asst. Prof. Dr. Ozlem TUNC DEDE Asst. Prof. Dr. Seydahmet CAY Asst. Prof. Dr. Ummukulsum OZEL AKDEMIR Asst. Prof. Dr. Yasemin CAGLAR

Congress Secretariat

Lect. Ali ACAR Lect. Figen CICEK Res. Asst. Emre Askin ELIBOL Res. Asst. Ferdi OZBILGIN Res. Asst. Halil SENOL Baran SEVEN Betul TASLI Elvan AZAP Guray DEMIRTAS

Congress Web Site Administration

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Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKSOY – Akdeniz UniversityProf. Dr. Ahmet UYANIK – Ondokuz Mayis UniversityProf. Dr. Ali TOR – Necmettin Erbakan UniversityProf. Dr. Astrid REHOREK – TH Köln (Univ. of Applied Sciences) (KNS)Prof. Dr. Ayse MUHAMMETOGLU – Akdeniz UniversityProf. Dr. Birol KILKIS – Baskent UniversityProf. Dr. Branislav D. ZIVKOVIC – University of BelgradeProf. Dr. Bulent VEREP – Recep Tayyip Erdogan UniversityProf. Dr. Cristiano POLET – Federal University of Technology – ParanaProf. Dr. David HUNTER – American UniversityProf. Dr. Dipalee MALKHEDE – Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityProf. Dr. Erol PEHLIVAN – Selcuk UniversityProf. Dr. Esengul KIR – Suleyman Demirel UniversityProf. Dr. Fritz H. FRIMMEL – Karlsruher Institut für TechnologieProf. Dr. Gonul DONMEZ – Ankara UniversityProf. Dr. Habib MUHAMMETOGLU – Akdeniz UniversityProf. Dr. Hatice PARLAK – Ege UniversityProf. Dr. Hulya YAVUZ ERSAN – Hacettepe UniversityProf. Dr. Ipek IMAMOGLU – Middle East Technical UniversityProf. Dr. Jaehong KIM – Yale UniversityProf. Dr. Mehmet BERKUN – Istanbul Kultur UniversityProf. Dr. Mehmet Emin AYDIN – Necmettin Erbakan UniversityProf. Dr. Mufit BAHADIR – Technische Universitaet BraunschweigProf. Dr. Mustafa M. ARAL – Georgia Institute of TechnologyProf. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ – Selcuk University (KNS)Prof. Dr. Nicoleta Anca SUTAN – Romania Pitesti UniversityProf. Dr. Rehber TURKER – Gazi UniversityProf. Dr. Shahabuddin MEMON – University of Sindh (KNS)Prof. Dr. Tarik KUPUSOVIC – Hydro-Engineering Institute SarajevoProf. Dr. Tayfun ASKIN – Ordu UniversityProf. Dr. Thanos SALIFOGLOU – Aristotle University of ThessalonikiProf. Dr. Ugur SUNLU – Ege UniversityProf. Dr. Victor A. DRYBAN – National Academy of Sciences of UkraineProf. Dr. Wolfgang KINZELBACH – ETH Zurich

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Prof. Dr. Yuksel ARDALI – Ondokuz Mayis University (KNS)Prof. Dr. Zekiye SULUDERE – Gazi UniversityProf. Dr. Zumriye AKSU – Hacettepe UniversityDoc.Ing. Radek CIBULKA – University of Chemistry and TechnologyAssoc. Prof. Dr. Ayse KULEYIN – Ondokuz Mayis UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Ece TUGBA SAKA – Karadeniz Technical UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Egemen ARAS – Karadeniz Technical UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Ekrem MUTLU – Kastamonu UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Gulderen Uysal AKKUS – Afyon Kocatepe UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Hidayet ARGUN – Pamukkale UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Huseyin Bekir YILDIZ – KTO Karatay UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Ioannis K. KALAVROUZIOTIS – Hellenic Open UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Levent ALTAS – Aksaray UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Meltem BOYACIOGLU – Ege UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Nihal BEKTAS – Gebze Institute of TechnologyAssoc. Prof. Dr. Nurdan Gamze TURAN – Ondokuz Mayis UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Semih NEMLIOGLU – Istanbul UniversityAssoc. Prof. Dr. Serkan SAHINKAYA – Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli Univ.Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ozlem CAKAL ARSLAN – Ege UniversityAsst. Prof. Dr. Akbar MALEKPOURE – University of IsfahanAsst. Prof. Dr. Andac AKDEMIR – Ondokuz Mayis UniversityAsst. Prof. Dr. Gulchohra ALIYEVA – ADA UniversityAsst. Prof. Dr. Erkan KALIPCI – Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli UniversityAsst. Prof. Dr. Hrissi KARAPANAGIOTI – University of Patras (KNS)Asst. Prof. Dr. Huseyin CUCE – Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli UniversityAsst. Prof. Dr. Imdadullah QURESHI – Univ. of Science & Tech. BannuAsst. Prof. Dr. Kim DOOIL – Dankook UniversityAsst. Prof. Dr. Kiramat SHAH – University of KarachiAsst. Prof. Dr. Levent COLAK – Baskent UniversityAsst. Prof. Dr. Levent GUREL – Pamukkale UniversityDr. Cheng FANG – The University of Newcastle, AustraliaDr. M. Salim ALAM – University of BirminghamDr. Muhammad Afzal KAMBOH – NCEACDr. Paweł Olaf Nowak – Warsaw University of Technology

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PREFACE

The First International Black Sea Congress on Environmental Sciences was held on the campus of Giresun University in Turkey between August 31 and September 3, 2016. The Congress attracted 400 participants from 22 countries and had many fruitful discussions and exchanges that contributed to the success of the Congress. We heard 225 oral presentations, and had the opportunity to see about 258 poster presentations. The abstracts were split almost equally between the eight main conference areas, i.e., Air Pollution and Management, Clean and Sustainable Technologies, Environmental Management, Environmental Toxicology, Soil Pollution and Management, Solid Waste Management, Noise Pollution and Management and Water Pollution and Management and the posters were distributed across the days of the conference so that approximately equal numbers of abstracts in the different areas were scheduled for each day.

There were 6 key notes covering the different areas of the conference: First key note was Profesor Mustafa Yılmaz from Department of Chemistry of Selçuk University (Calixarene Based Materials for Cations, Anions and Molecules). Second key note was Professor Astrid REHOREK (Process analytical monitoring for grey biotechnology developments and for environmental protection against micro pollutants like azo dye and quarternary ammonium transformation compounds). She is from Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Köln (University of Applied Sciences) and she is also Director of Research Institute STEPS (Sustainable Technologies for Environmental and Production Processes). Third key note speaker was Mustafa ERSÖZ from Department of Chemistry, Selçuk University, Turkey. His area of research comprises Physical Chemistry, Surface Chemistry and Nanotechnology. His topic was the Improvement of membrane performance using of nanoparticles for water treatment. He also gave special speech on EU COST “Projects and International Networks”. Fourth key note was Professor Shahabuddin MEMON, from University of Sindh, National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Pakistan (Fluorescence responsive calixarenes).Fifth key note was from Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey, Professor Yuksel ARDALI and her speech was related to submarine outfalls, especially their design and their enviromental monitoring. Our last keynote was Asst. Prof. Hrissi KARAPANAGIOTI from Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece, (Hazardous Chemicals and Plastics in the Marine Environment).

The conference and these proceedings would not have happened without the contributions of many people. We thank our Key Note Speakers, Congress Secretariat ans sponsors.

Organizing Committee



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Prof. Dr. Astrid REHOREKTH Köln (University of Applied Sciences), Germany

Presentation Title: Process analytical monitoring for grey biotechnology developments and for environmental protection against micro pollutants like azo dye and quarternary ammonium transformation compounds. Prof. Dr. Astrid Rehorek Biochemical Process Engineering, Analytical Chemistry & Processanalytical TechnologyDirector Research Institute STEPS (Sustainable Technologies for Environmental and Production Processes) www.steps.th-koeln.deFakulty for Applied Natural Sciences | F11 TH Köln University of Applied Sciences | Campus Leverkusen CHEMPARK Leverkusen | Building E39 | Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee | D-51368 Leverkusen Phone: +49-214 32831 4620 [email protected] www.th-koeln.de/angewandte-naturwissenschaften/

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PROCESS ANALYTICAL MONITORING FOR GREY BIOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGAINST MICRO POLLUTANTS LIKE AZO DYE AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM TRANSFORMATION COMPOUNDS

Astrid Rehorek1, Christoph Steiner1, Matthias Balsam1, Özlem Tunc Dede2, Benjamin Frindt1

1Cologne Technical University of Applied Sciences; Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences; TH Köln – Campus Leverkusen; CHEMPARK Leverkusen E28; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee; 51368 Leverkusen; Germany [email protected] Environmental Engineering Department, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey

Water is globally one of the most important resources. It belongs to the materials that are not produced anew but rather have to be employed carefully, managed and consistently recycled. The industry and agriculture are facing a particular challenge: On the one hand, the used raw materials and remnants must not entail risks with respect to water cycles and, hence, must not jeopardize the operation of biogas plants, landfills, sewage and drinking water purification plants. On the other hand, the material and economic efficiency of biogas production and sewage plants, which have to utilize diversely polluted process waters, sewages and leachates, should be increased by using wastes and by-products. In order to protect the environment only completely purified and uncritical waters may be fed into rivers and seas. This requires an in-situ process control of biological water treatment levels, the prediction of reaction mechanisms of anthropogenic materials relevant to the environment as well as the knowledge and control of materials and their transformation products that are difficult to degrade.


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This presentation focuses on 3 topics:1. New tools to improve efficiency and security of process development for water treatmentUsing examples of azo dyes from the synthetic industry and quaternary ammonium compounds, which stem from the use of veterinary disinfectants, classical and novel concepts of on-line and in-line monitoring will be presented [3,4,5]. Thereby experiences with fully automated coupling techniques of both complete analyzers as well with sensitive modular IC, ICP, and LC-MS-MS systems will be discussed. Examples of process optimizations resulting from the combination of sum parameters, material specific concentration measurements and function related, morphological and toxicological investigations will be shown. Not only the water ingredients but also their acute and chronic effect on fermentation cultures as well as the anaerobic and aerobic biomass will be gathered.2.Research results concerning the resource water for biotechnological process development in leachate and sewage treatment as well as in biogas production Leachate water from landfills needs to be purified because of its water-soluble contaminates. The purification of the landfill leachate is necessary, even when the landfilling has finished. In order to achieve reduction of ammonia biological processes where nitrification and denitrification by bacteria lead to conversion of ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate followed by the denitrification where nitrate is converted to elemental nitrogen. Here results obtained in a pilot leachate water treatment plant are presented which helps by process analytics to obtain a better understanding of the industrial process and to transfers lab scale results to industrial scale. The knowledge about the aqueous phase in biogas production systems is scarce. Results are presented concerning the possible action of pesticides like AMPA, the main metabolite of glyphosate, and veterinary disinfectants like quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) on the methanogenesis. The volatile fatty acid profile and the iso-fatty acids are used as indicator for acute action.

3. Reaction mechanism, kinetics and biological impact of anthropogenic substances like azo dyesWaste waters from the synthesis of azo dye C.I. Reactive Orange 107 were shown have the fastest degradation rates and the highest decolouration rate upon microbiological exposure among the 4 studied azo dyes [5]. Moreover, this dye caused the lowest toxicity before and after anaerobic/aerobic treatment. The identification of the structure of transformation products of

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the treated azo dyes could be carried out by coupling of UPLC-ICP-QQQ-MS/ESI-Q-TOF-MS for the postulated sulphonated compounds in the real matrix, i.e. the activated sludge. The identification of the transformation products was validated by product ion spectra. By means of cyclic voltammetry a correlation between the decolouration rate and the redox potentials required by the biological process could be demonstrated, which is important for running the process in sewage plants. The determination of the phytotoxicity of already decolorized waste waters was carried out by miniaturized Lemna minor growth retardation tests with automated evaluation. The results of the on-line acquisition of toxicity data in the individual treatment stages by inhibition of the bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri in real time correlated with respiratory investigations by which the effect on the biological treatment step and, hence, the environmental relevance could be assessed. For none of the investigated azo dyes amines prohibited by the European Parliament were found in the synthesis waste water or after the cost effective biological treatment. However, it became evident that during the reductive cleavage of the azo groups of certain dyes traces of 4-amino benzenesulphonic acid, 1,4-diamino benzene and 4-amino phenol were liberated that may accumulate as micro pollutant in the anaerobic stage if they are not degraded oxidatively.

Keywords: Process Analytics and Process Technology (PRA&PAT), grey biotechnology, leachate water treatment, process water treatment


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Prof. Dr. Mustafa ERSOZSelcuk University, Turkey

Presentation Title: The improvement of membrane performance using of nanoparticles for water treatment. Research Area: Physical Chemistry, Surface Chemistry, Nanotechnology EU Scientific Committee Member (SC)http://www.cost.eu/about_cost/who/profile/Scientific-Committee-biographies/Mustafa_Ersoz2 TUBA Principle Memberhttp://www.tuba.gov.tr/content/principal-uyeler/id/513/pid/23/mid/144/ Director of Advanced Technology Research & Application Center of Selcuk Universityhttp://www.selcuk.edu.tr/ileri_teknoloji_aras__uyg_mrkz_mud/en CONTACTSelcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Campus, 42075 Konya, TurkeyE-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]: (90) 332-2412484 / (90) 332-2233929- 3874Fax: (90) 332-2412499URL: http://www.selcuk.edu.tr/fen/kimya/akademik_personel/bilgi/1640/en

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THE IMPROVEMENT OF MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE USING OF NANOPARTICLES FOR WATER TREATMENT

Mustafa Ersöz

Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry,42075 Konya, Turkey [email protected]

Clean and safe drinking water is a basic human need and today, nearly 1 billion people in the world don’t have access to it. In addition around 1.5 billion people, or almost one quarter of the world’s population, face economic water shortage. Therefore the societal benefit from effective water treatment methods is significant. There are many different methods have been uset to treat contaminated water. Among the methos, the membrane filtration is the most effective and used for water teratment. However, membranes are not always cost-effective due to technical challenges such as limited flux and selectivity, membrane fouling and fixed pore size. To address these disadvantages of the membranes, the effective way is to functionalise membranes with nanoparticles to improve membrane performance. The many type of nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNT), hydrophilic metal oxides TiO

2, Al

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photocatalytic and bi-metallic nanoparticles have been used for membrane development. There are several possible methods for the functionalisation of membranes. In general, two methods is commonly preferred, they are thin film composite (TFN) and mixed-matrix membranes (MMM). For preparation thin film composites, nanoparticles can be integrated in the polyamide top layer of the membrane or applied on the surface of the membrane material. The mixed matrix membrane is consist of a polymeric membrane in which functional particles are embedded. In this presented work, the different type of developed membranes by using of nanoparticles will be discussed. The water uptake, pure water permeability, solute rejection, antibacterial, and antifouling properties and water treatment performances of the developed membranes will be presented

Keywords: Membrane, nanoparticle, water treatment

Acknowledgement: The author would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK Grant Number 114Y163) and Turkish Academy of Sciences for the financial support of this research.


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Prof. Dr. Shahabuddin MEMONUniversity of Sindh, Pakistan

Research Area: Fluorescence responsive calixarenes.E-mail: [email protected]: +92 22 9213429 Ext = 318 & 304; Fax: +92 22 9213431Address: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro-76080-Pakistan.URL: www.ceacsu.edu.pk www.ceacsu.edu.pk/Faculty/Faculty.html

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FLUORESCENCE RESPONSIVE CALIXARENES

Shahabuddin Memon

National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan [email protected]

The designing of fluorosensors for ions of biological and environmental importance requires a molecule that possesses two lobes, i.e. an ionophoric site responsible for selective binding of ions and a fluorescence responsive site responsible for signal transduction. Fluorescence sensors are excellent tools for detecting analytes due to their high sensitivity, good selectivity, high response speed and simple operation. Since calixarenes for their unique complexation tendencies are regarded as a well-known class of macrocyclic building blocks and a promising platform for the designing of new fluorescence agents. Herein, new architectural designing approaches and synthetic pathways for calixarene based fluorescence probes will be discussed.

Keywords:Fluorescence, complexation, calixarenes, supramolecular chemistry.


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Prof. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZSelcuk University, Turkey

Research Area: Synthesis of versatile fluorescent calix[4]arenes and their application in the lipase-catalyzed enantioselective reactions.E-mail: [email protected]: +90-332-2233873Address: Selcuk University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Konya/TurkeyURL: www.labome.org/expert/turkey/selcuk/yilmaz/mustafa-yilmaz-1164004.html www.selcuk.edu.tr/fen/kimya/akademik_personel/bilgi/208/en

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CALIXARENE BASED MATERIALS FOR CATIONS, ANIONS AND MOLECULES

Mustafa YILMAZ

Department of Chemistry, Selçuk University, Konya, [email protected]

The release of metallic as well as organic pollutants into the environment, either through man-made or natural processes is a topic that generates substantial scientific interest and public concern . Significant attention has been paid to chemical separation techniques that involve the design and synthesis of new sorption materials. Such attention results from environmental concerns, efforts to save energy, and reprocessing at the industrial level. Supramolecular chemistry has provided solutions in the search for molecular structures that can serve as building blocks for the production of various receptors for charged species or neutral molecules. Calixarenes are synthesized through base catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitutions via condensation of p-substituted phenols with formaldehyde an important class of building blocks. These cyclic compounds are readily available on a large scale, and have almost limitless posibilities for chemical modification. The calixarene based sorbents are generally applied in various fields such as catalyst recovery, power plant, agriculture, metals finishing, microelectronics, biotechnology processes, rare earths speciation, and potable water. Besides this, they find applications in the area of selective ion extractions, receptors, catalysis, optical devices, chemical sensor devices, the stationary phase for capillary chromatography, ion transport membranes, and biomimetics, etc.

Keywords: Calixarene, cations, anions, extraction, nanoparticles.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 111T027, for the partial financial support.


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Prof. Dr. Yuksel ARDALIOndokuz Mayis University, Turkey

Presentation Title: Submarine outfall: design and enviromental monitoring. Yuksel Ardali, Prof. Dr. Department of Environmental Engineering Ondokuz Mayıs University Kurupelit Campus, 55139 SAMSUN TURKEY e-mail: [email protected]

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SUBMARINE OUTFALL: DESIGN AND ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING

Yüksel Ardalı

OndokuzMayıs University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept., Samsun, [email protected]

Marine Outfalls are used to discharge treated liquid waste to the environment. A properly designed, constructed and operated marine outfall effectively dilutes the discharged waste which then substantially reduces the concentration of contaminants in the wastewater. Submarine outfalls need to be evaluated as part of an integrated environmental protection system for coastal areas. Although outfalls are tight with the diversity of economic activities along a densely populated coastline being effluent treatment and effluent reuse a sign of economic prosperity, precautions must be taken in the construction of these structures. Submarine outfalls must be designed so as to have the least possible impact on the environment and at the same time be economically viable. A risk assessment procedure for submarine outfall includes a cost-benefit analysis in which risks are systematically minimized or eliminated. The input for the analysis is a wide range of information and data concerning the failure probability of outfalls and the consequences of an operational stoppage or failure. Submarine outfalls, encountered in the final step of the effluent treatment, are one of the most important sanitation infrastructures used nowadays. For a variety of reasons, an outfall structure may lose its resistance, structural capacity, and/or operational capacity. This total or partial loss may take place at different speeds and be temporary or permanent. Consequently, values or target levels of these attributes should be specified in the project design phase before the structure is actually built. Evidently, the construction and maintenance costs of the outfall as well as its use and exploitation depend on all of these factors. These values make it possible to identify the principal failure modes and limit states for an outfall and its sections; minimum useful life, minimum operationality, average number of admissible technical breakdowns, and maximum duration of a stoppage mode. Another advantage is their ability to cope with seasonal variations in flow and to obtain a dilution that is generally sufficient to prevent negative effects stemming from the discharge of organic matter and nutrients coping with the European Water Framework Directive. In this sense, the structure’s operationality should be greater when the economic consequences of operational stoppage are more important.

Keywords: submarine, outfall, wastewater, risk assessment.


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Asst. Prof. Dr. Hrissi KARAPANAGIOTIUniversity of Patras, Greece

Presentation Title: Hazardous chemicals and plastics in the marine environment. Hrissi K. Karapanagioti, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry University of Patras 26500 Patra GREECE e-mail: [email protected] http://www.chem.upatras.gr/faculty/karapanagioti http://www.pms.perivallon.chem.upatras.gr/

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HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Hrissi K. Karapanagioti

Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, [email protected]

Marine debris is a big problem for our marine and coastal systems, and generally for our aquatic systems. There are several studies that have sampled the Mediterranean and other European Seas and have determined a marine litter distribution of 95-500 items per square kilometer in the bottom of the Black Sea. Istanbul straight has been identified as one of plastic seafloor hot-spots suggesting a concentration of plastic among other debris higher than 80%. Generally, in the Eastern Mediterranean, plastics can reach 95% of the marine debris, with 50% being plastic bags and 14% being PET plastic bottles. Marine pollution through macroplastics has been identified as a land-based pollution. Bad waste management practices are the main cause of this pollution. Nevertheless policy gaps related to recycling and single-use plastic allow for this pollution to increase. Recently, European legislation suggested the decrease of thin single-use plastic bags usage within the next few years. Macroplastic are easy to spot and pollution due to them is obvious. However, in the recent years another form of plastic pollution has been observed and it is of great concern. Microplastics is another form of plastic pollution for aquatic systems. Primary microplastics are the industrial pure raw material that is used for the making of different plastic items. They are transported in paper bags and during their unloading in the port they accidentally can fall in the seawater. Also, at the end of the production of plastic items, any raw materials left on the crafting tables are washed into the sewers. Secondary microplastics are pieces originating from the degradation of larger plastic items that have been discarded in the environment. There are several concerns related to these microplastic pieces. They have been found to interact with more than 600 organisms. They are organic materials and thus, they are sorbing organic pollutants from seawater surface layer when in a port and then carry these pollutants to other areas. They are floating materials and thus, they are facilitating the formation of biofilm on their surface allowing the transportation of many local or alien species. They contain several additives used during the production of the plastic items and they may leach these compounds into the water or in the body of organisms interacting with them. In addition, degradation of plastics in the different environments affects their surface and changes their behavior with time. Extensive study of these phenomena is needed in order to understand the sources and the behavior of the waste and try to minimize its release into the environment.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND IMPACTS ASSESSMENT WITH AHP

Cansu DAĞSUYU1, Ulviye POLAT2 and Ali KOKANGÜL1

1 Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 2 Istanbul Esenyurt University, Istanbul, Turkey [email protected]

‘Environmental protection’ and ‘sustainable environmental studies’ are one of the important issues for the community and companies. Some issues such as embracing environmental protection as managerial understanding, creating an environmental management system, improving the environmental awareness among employees of the enterprises in environmental impact are very important for environmental protection. Legal requirements and expectations of the community are directed the companies to work in this way. One of the basic requirements of the environmental management system of companies is determining the environmental aspect and assessing the results on environmental impact caused by these aspects. Area analysis, expert opinions, assessment of the legal requirements and examining of work steps are utilized while determining environmental aspects and impacts. Also, each company can apply any assessment methods for the evaluation of environmental aspects and impacts. There is no necessity in terms of legal and environmental management standard in this issue. A new approach is proposed to assess the environmental aspects and impacts in this study. Firstly, environmental aspect and environmental impact caused by environmental aspect is determined with area analysis and experts. The identified environmental aspects and environmental impacts are grouped as hierarchic with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hence, importance ratings of environmental aspects and impacts are determined with AHP. In addition, frequency scale is defined and each environment aspect has been graded according to the frequency scale. Environmental risk scores of environmental aspect are determined by evaluating AHP score and environmental frequency together. And the developed approach has been applied in the waste collection area in the metal industry.

Keywords: AHP, environmental risk analysis, environmental aspects and impacts .

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EFFECTS OF GENETIC MODIFICATION ON FATTY ACID AND CARBOHYDRATE PROFILES OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAINS

Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar1, Oksal Macar1, Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu2 and Emine Yalçın2

1Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences,Department of Food Technology, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected] University, Faculty and Arts and Sciences,

Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey

Genetically modified (GM) corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most extensively cultivated GM plants. It is well-known that biotechnology is a tool that can be utilized for reducing the uses of environmentally hazardous chemicals as herbicides and pesticides. Cultivation of transgenic insect-resistant corn has helped increase corn yields while dramatically reducing the use of chemical pesticides. There is increasing concern whether genetic modification causes unwanted changes in nutritional values of corn kernels. In this study, it is aimed to determine the differences in fatty acid and carbohydrate compositions of GM (insect-resistant) and non-GM corn grains caused by gene insertion. Carbohydrate (fructose, glucose, saccharose, maltose, arabinose, ribose, trehalose, mannose, melezitose, melibiose) analysis was performed using HPLC system while fatty acid determination was based on gas chromatography method. Both GM and non-GM corn grains were lack of ribose, arabinose, maltose and melibiose sugars. Sucrose and trehalose were the most abundant sugars in GM and non-GM corn respectively. Moreover, GM grains were ten-times-rich in sucrose content when compared to non-GM grains. Total crude fat level was higher in non-GM grains. According to the fatty acid composition analysis, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and margaric acid were newly synthesized following genetic modification. Heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and arachidonic acid contents were higher in non-GM corn while linoleic acid and linolenic acid contents were higher in GM corn. These findings support the conclusion that genetic modification may affect the biochemical compositions in corn grains.

Keywords: Carbohydrate, corn, fatty acid, genetic modification, grain.

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DETAILED SURVEY ON AGRICULTURE LANDPOLLUTION IN KOSOVO

Valdet Gjinovci1, Alush Musaj1 and Kujtim Uka2

1 University of Mitrovica , Faculty of Food Technology , Mitrovica , Kosovo Authors’[email protected] Food and Veterinary Agency , Prishtina , Kosovo

Kosovo is facing serious environmental issues. There are initiatives to improve the situation but the main concerns are from (i) industrial emissions and immissions into soil, air, surface and groundwater, (ii) the discharge of untreated wastewater and sewage into the rivers and streams. There are also risks from wind- blown dispersion and run-off from mining-waste (tailings). The main sources of soil pollution are from coal mining (lignite) and coal products like dust and ash. Metal ores from industrial activities as well as the pollution of soils from rivers and sediments during annual flooding events are pollution sources impacting agricultural land. During the ex-Yugoslavia era, the expansion of heavy industries in Kosovo was a major focus for economic development. It was not common to take environmental aspectsi nto consideration because it seemed incompatible with economic output. Ore mining concentrated upon chromium, nickel, copper, lead and zinc. Over the past two decades economic activity has continued with these extraction industries for the production of raw materials and semi-finished products (e.g. lead, coal, zinc and some textiles). The energy sector is also a source of pollution in Kosovo mainly impacting the air with CO2, SO2 and dust and especially for the neighbouring areas of Obiliq where the greater part of the electricity is generated from lignite-powered thermal plants. Other energy sources include district-heating systems in four cities, as well as coal for use by households and industry. However, the environmental impacts from the current level of agricultural activity are considered low. Fertilizer and agro-chemical use are low, thus with limited pollution of the soil and surface as well as groundwater. The level of mechanisation is also low so that small-scale agriculture with relatively light machines and mainly using manual labour are prevalent. These all have a low impact upon the environment.

Keywords: Organo-pollutant parameters, Heavy Metals, Screening analyses, Soil pollutants.



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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF SCRAP TIRES INSOIL IMPROVEMENT APPLICATIONS

Ertuğrul ORDU, Perihan BİÇER, Şeyma ORDU andEmine G. ABANOZOĞLU

Namık Kemal University, Corlu Engineering Faculty, Tekirdag, [email protected]

The aim of this investigation is to research the improvement of sandy soils with additive materials. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is commonly used to determine the characteristics of sandy soils which are improved by using additives. The CBR test estimates behavior of subbase and granular layers for flexible superstructures. Waste shredded tires are used as additives in accordance with the purpose of this study. A great majority of materials, which are considered as wastes in the world, consist of recyclable materials. Recycling these materials is imperative for being able to preserve environmental and natural balance, minimizing the damage inflicted upon nature and also for the country’s economy. The improvement of ground with additive materials has been widely used since it is more economical than other stabilization methods. Recently, usage of industrial waste materials as additive materials has become popular. Investigations on utilization of waste tires in geotechnical engineering are being carried not only in our country but also in the rest of the world.

Keywords: Soil improvement, CBR values, waste tire, compaction.

Acknowledgement: We thank NKUBAP (Namik Kemal Üniversitesi BilimselAraştirma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi) Project no. NKUBAP.00.17.AR.13.04, for thepartial financial support.


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MANAGEMENT MODEL OF LAKES AS A TOOLFOR PLANNING THE REMEDIATION OF SUAT UĞURLU LAKE

Bilge Aydın Er1, Tolga Ayeri1, Fulya Aydın Temel2,Nurdan Gamze Turan1 and Yüksel Ardalı1

1Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept.,Samsun, [email protected] University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept.,Giresun, Turkey

Ecological processes that occur in a lake are dependent on the physico-chemical(abiotic) and biotic factors of the system and the interrelations between them. It can be concluded that the current nutrient loadings in from both point and non-point sources are sufficient to cause increased eutrophication over the years. This study indicated that the sustainable utilization of reservoir in combination with proper wastewater treatment plant and controlled use of pesticides has the potential to reduce the current nutrient loadings into Suat Uğurlu Lake. The estimated nutrient reductions that could be achieved from the two management scenarios would be enough to revert the lake from hypertrophy to a eutrophic state. The Planning and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs Model for Eutrophication Management could be used as a tool in planning the rehabilitation of Suat Uğurlu Lake. The reduction of nutrient loadings into Suat Uğurlu Lake could be achieved through the practice of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), through good management. However, as long as pertinent issues of urban poverty, watershed management and public awareness and involvement in water related issues are not addressed, eutrophication in Suat Uğurlu Lake will remain a problem.

Keywords: Eutrophication, remediation, management, lake, reservoir.

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COLORIMETRIC AND FLUORESCENCE “TURN ON”CHEMOSENSOR FOR AcO- AND F- ANIONS

Önder ALICI

Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry,42130, Campüs/[email protected]

Determination of metal ions and anions are of a great importance fields like chemistry, medicine, biology and environment. In recent years, fluorescent and colorimetric sensors have been widely used in sensing biologically and environmentally relevant species because of their high sensitivity, simpleness, and fast response time. In addition, anions are noteworthy vital role of our daily life. Among various important anionic analytes, acetate and fluoride ions are one of the most important species due to their specific biochemical functions. The colorimetric sensors are also widely used owing to the inexpensive equipment required or no equipment at all. And dual mode of colorimetric and fluorescent sensors is suitable for the potential application. So far, many fluorescent fluoride sensors have been reported, but only few of them are ‘‘turn on’’ sensors. Generally, the recognition process ‘‘turn on’’ fluorescence is advantageous than that of ‘‘turn off’’ event in terms of the detection limit, because the signal-to-noise ratio is specific for a certain host–guest supramolecular ensemble. In this study, tripodal Schiff-base derivative was designed. Its fluorometric and colorimetric behavior toward anions were investigated by the help of UV–vis, fluorescence and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The tripodal Schiff-base displayed a selective chromogenic and fluorescent responses toward AcO- and F-over other anions.

Keywords: Acetate, colorimetric sensor, fluoride, fluorescent, turn on.

Acknowledgement: Author is grateful to the SUBAP for financial support.

OP6


IBCESS

8

OP7

FORESTRY PRACTICES AROUND RIPARIAN AREAS FORWATER QUALITY, WILDLIFE, AND BIODIVERSITY

Mustafa YILMAZ

Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey,[email protected]

Soil and water are two crucial physical materials for the living beings. The meeting boundaries between soil and water, riparian areas, are extremely important and rich areas in terms of water quality, wildlife, and biodiversity. Riparian areas at water edges cover a small percentage of the forests and other lands, but they are one of the most desired places by animals for food and shelter. Intense vegetation in these areas filter water, help reduce floods, stabilize streambanks, shade streams, and play a very important role in mitigating the effects of nonpoint source pollution. Width of riparian management zone in one side of water resources generally varies from 15 m to 100 m depending on surface area, slope, and other special characteristics. The demanded riparian complex forests are mostly in the form of uneven aged mixed forest in which a lot of trees and shrubs in different ages and height present together. The best natural clean water generally occurs in forested areas especially at high altitudes. On the other hand, intense forestry practices including forest road constructions, regeneration and tending operations, and logging activities have been carried out in most of the forests for past recent decades, which jeopardize the water quality and aquatic life in the forests. Forestry activities in riparian zones have often been affecting wildlife in the forests by reducing the density and crown closure, which diminish the role of ecological corridor between forested areas. Moreover, riparian areas are very rich in terms of plant diversity. The importance of biodiversity and forest genetic resources has also increasingly been understood in recent decades. Disturbed or deforested riparian zones should be restored with the recorded native woody species. All the forestry practices in the forests especially in riparian areas should carefully planned and arranged in order to conserve the vital values and functions of these buffer zones including water quality, wildlife and biodiversity.

Keywords: Riparian areas, Forestry practices, Water quality, Wildlife, Biodiversity



IBCESS

9

OP8

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) LEVELS ININDOOR DUST

Merve Kara, Bilgehan Basaran and Mihriban Civan

Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University,Umuttepe Campus,41380 Kocaeli, Turkey

[email protected]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been widely used as dielectric fluid in transformers and capacitors and also used in flame retardants, plasticizers, resins, waxes, paints, copy paper without carbon, sealants for wood and cement surfaces, cutting and industrial lubricating fluids, insulation materials. Although some of PCBs have been banned or restirected by the Stockholm agreement and the regulations, the general population is still exposed to these substance due to their persistent characteristics. The large contributions of PCBs in new or older residential use products suggest that the indoor environment may be a significant source of human exposure to these pollutants. In the current study, a total of 25 dust samples were collected from homes in January 2016. Samples were homogenized by sieving through a 100 μm and 250 μm stainless steel sieve, extracted and them column clean up following the description of Cetin et al. (2016). The samples were analyzed with Agilent 7890 GC- μECD. The PCB-spiked dust was used to examine the recovery of the analytical methods for the measurements of PCB concentrations, and the recoveries were in the range of 85–110% depending on individual congeners. The highest PCB levels were observed for PCB194, with a mean concentration of 232.09 and 182.05. ng/gr in dust particles for <100 μm and 100-250 μm, respectively. The total of most abundant 10 PCB congeners were measured as 102.9-3629.67 and 74.14- 1224.48 ng/gr for <100 μm and 100-250 μm. Hexa-PCB was the largest contributor in dust samples (32–65%), followed by tri-PCB. Higher PCBs concentration were measured in finer particles (diameter <100 μm) than larger particles (diameter between 100-250 μm). There was not found correlation between the proximity of the home to the roads and the level of PCBs measured in the homes. Whereas higher PCB28 congeners were found in the dust collected from the homes which have been newly insulated.

Keywords: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), indoor dust, particle size

Acknowledgement: This study was funded by the Scientific and TechnologicalResearch Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) through the project 115Y405. The GC-ECDused in the current study was supported by the Kocaeli University under GrantKOU-BAP-14/89 project.


IBCESS

10

LEVELS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH)CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE SOILS, BURSA: SUMMERSEASON

Melis Hatipoğlu and Gizem Karaca

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,Uludag University, Bursa,[email protected]

The objective of the present study was to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations of soils in traffic, industry, residential and rural areas in Bursa and to identify the distributions of various PAH species. The relationship between the PAH concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC) was also examined. Surface soil samples (0-5 cm) and field blanks at the ratio of 20% of the number of soil samples were taken from 20 different points of Bursa between June 30-July 5, 2015. Thirty five mL dichloromethane/petroleum ether (DCM/PE) (1:1/v:v) solvent mixture and 1 mL surrogate standard was added to 10 g soil sample. Samples were subjected to extraction, solvent exchange, fractionation and volume reduction steps, respectively. PAH concentrations were measured by the gas-chromatography mass-spectrometer (GC-MS). Targeted PAHs were chosen from the priority pollutants list issued by the Environmental Prtection Agency (EPA). Average total 12 (Σ

12) PAH concentrations with standard deviation

was calculated as 7451577± ng/g dry matter (DM). Σ12

PAH concentrations can be ordered as follows:(traffic+barbecue+residental)> (industrial)> (traffic)>(residential)>(rural). The highest Σ

12 PAH concentration was measured

at traffic+barbecue+residential area (4904 ng/g DM). It was concluded that effect of combination of different PAH sources caused the increase of PAH pollution in the soil. Sampling point near the cement factory (4312 ng/g DM) and iron-steel factory (3924 ng/g DM) were the other most polluted areas. It was thought that burning activities were important sources of PAHs. 4-ring PAHs (Fl, Pyr, BaA and Chr) were dominant in soil samples, average 76% of the the Σ

12 PAH consisting

of 4-ring PAH compounds. The average value of TOC values in the samples vary from 0.8% to 5.8% with an average value of 2.6%.

Keywords: Soil pollution, PAH rings, TOC, Bursa.Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 114Y833, for the financial support. We would like tothank to Kübra Yılmaz, Tuğba Çelebioğlu and Betül Sena Sağlam for their tiresomeefforts during laboratory studies.

OP9



IBCESS

11

OP1

0

SLAUGHTERHOUSE PRODUCTS AND ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT

Duygu Balpetek Külcü1 and Ümit Gürbüz2

1Giresun University Faculty of Engineering/Food Engineering Department,Giresun, Turkey

[email protected] University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Department of Food Hygiene

and Technology Konya, Turkey.

The main objective of cutting in slaughterhouses is to protect human and animal health and to contribute to the national economy by preventing economic losses as possible. Even ifwe considerthatthe evaluation ofoffal, which consumed as human food and finds markets cheaper than meat, serious economic gains can be achieved by using remainingpart seen as waste.Overall 80 kinds of subsidiary products are obtained after the cutting process in the slaughterhouses, but the number of subsidiary products are limited in our country because of the studies, discrimination of cutting waste on a regular basis to contribute to the economy, are insufficient.According to results of several investigations, about threetons ofwaste is released after slaughtering 100 cattle and a very largeproportion ofthis waste has been found tohave the raw materials formany industries.If thenecessary precautions are not takenin slaughterhouses, cutting process can lead to physical,spiritualandsocial health problems on all living things, especially people.Theseestablishments can lead to physical pollution such asnoise, dust,vibrationandlight,chemicalpollution,accordingto the material used, and biologicalcontamination because of wasteandthe environment which they created.In this context,the processofslaughterhouseoperations are needed to provide basictechnological approaches to be able to ensure the disposal of, solid wasteto land,wastegasinto the air, soilandliquidwasteinto the waterwithout harming the environment. In the process ofbeing builtandoperatingtheslaughterhouse, if the necessary measures are not taken,removalof the damage or elimination of theproblem will be impossible or very difficult. Evaluating theslaughterhouseproducts, waste management andenvironmental issuesare evaluatedinasystematic manner in this report.

Keywords: Slaughterhouse products, environment, waste.


IBCESS

12

TREND ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGE ATEAST MEDITERRANEAN RIVER BASIN IN TURKEY

Murat AY

Bozok University, Engineering-Architectural Faculty,Civil Engineering Department, Yozgat/[email protected]

Identifying trend of any a variable is very important issue in predicting future values in water resources. In this concept, trend analysis is used to decide various design parameters based on scientific aspects and real applications everywhere in the world. For example, discharge variable is analyzed and used for planning, designing and quality studies of dams, channels, rivers and basins. Thus, trend of the discharge will be analyzed in this study. Discharge data recorded at East Mediterranean Basin (Station’s codes: 1712- Bucakkisla, 1714-Karahacili, 1721-Alakopru, and 1723-Cavuskoy) in Turkey (1991-1999) was carried out by using Mann-Kendall and recently developed Şen’s trend test. Moreover, the Mann-Kendall and Şen’s trend tests were compared with each other, and results were particularly discussed. It was seen that both methods had some differences. According to the Mann-Kendall trend test, there is no statistically significant trend in all the stations at 90% and 95% two-tailed confidence levels. According to the Şen trend test, although 1714 station has a statistically significant decreasing trend, 1723 station has a statistically significant increasing trend at 95% one-tailed confidence level. 1712 and 1721 stations have no statistically significant trend at 95% one-tailed confidence level.

Keywords: Discharge, East Mediterranean River Basin, Mann-Kendall test, Şen’s trend test, Turkey.

OP1

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IBCESS

13

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2

A PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF PSEUDEVERNIAFURFURACEAAFTER EXPOSURE TO Cr+6 HEAVY METAL

Sinem Özenoğlu Aydınoğlu, Hatice Yıldızhan, Duygu Özel Demiralp andDemet Cansaran Duman

Ankara University, BiotechnologyInstitute, Central Lab.,Tandogan, Ankara, [email protected]

Environmental pollution has emerged as a result of the start of urban life for the first time. Especially in many industries areas excessive usage a variety of chromium (Cr) is caused by the increase in concern about contamination of the elements in environment areas. In recent years, theuse of differentbiologicalorganisms fortheremoval of metalsfromindustrialwaste is an alternativemethod. Lichens can show tolerance to toxic, carcinogen and mutagen heavy metal ions. Determination of used to these method for the resistance mechanisms in lichens is very significance identify of protein level. Nowadays, due to the intensive industrialization, lichens exposed to Cr+6 heavy metal stress provide some way to increase of the proteins synthesis while some protein expressions can reduce in order to adapt to stress. The scope of this study is aimed to be worked on one of the most toxic metal Cr+6 lichen species Pseudeverniafurfuracea subjected to determination of the response to stress in proteom level. Using 2-DE and MALDI-TOF-MS, we identified the 5 differentially expressed proteins in P. furfuracea exposed with Cr+6. Developments of protein identification and sequence are provided to these operations are fast and reliable function. The results obtained from the study is the first report in national and world’s literature and will illuminate the future studies that will be performed in this important field about determination of environmental pollutants in lichen by using proteomics analysis. In addition, this results is going to form a major step for the studies that will provide the identified protein of lichens exposed toCr+6 to be used as biosorption agents for the detoxification purposes of the wastes of industrial areas.

Keywords: Pseudeverniafurfuracea, proteome,Cr+6, MALDI-TOF-MS.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 115Z041, for the financial support.


IBCESS

14

THE EFFECT OF PUMICE DUST AND MARBLE DUST ON SOILSTABILIZATION

Mustafa Vekli, Cenk Cuma Çadir and Ferhat Şahinkaya

Bozok University Eng.– Arch. Faculty/Department of Civil Engineering,Yozgat, [email protected]

The soil-related problems encountered in recent period have led to the development of new methods towards soil stabilization. One of these methods is to improve resistance features of soil through the addition of additive materials to the soil. The biggest advantage of using additive materials on soil is to use a material which is inexpensive and intensely found in a given region and to recycle this material by minimizing its damage on the environment through the use of it a waste material. For all these reasons, the stabilization conducted through additive materials recently has been more intensely used. In addition to waste materials such as iron slag, steelmaking slag, chrome slag, copper slag; the use of non-waste materials such as lime, gypsum, fly clay and sand has also contributed to stabilization in physical and resistance features of soil. This study analyzes specific density, Granulometry curve, Liquid limit, Plastic limit, and Compaction experiments conducted with the addition of pumice powder and marble powder at the rates of 5%, 10% and 15% by weight on an argillaceous soil and to what extend the physical features of soil change at the end of these experiments. At the end of this study, physical features of argillaceous soil will be improved; the damage on the environment will be minimized since marble powder, which is an industrial waste material, will be recycled and inexpensive pumice powder will bring contribution to soil stabilization.

Keywords: Pumice (Rottenstone) powder, Marble powder, Additive stabilization, Soil stabilization.

OP1

3



IBCESS

15

OP1

4

RISK ESTIMATION OF HALOGENATED POPS IN INDOORDUST IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED CITY

Mihriban Civan, Merve Kara and Bilgehan Basaran

Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University,Umuttepe Campus, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey [email protected]

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been widely used in commercial and industrial applications worldwide and, as a result of their high chemical stability, resistance to degradation, persistence, lipophilic properties, and tendency to bioaccumulate and be biomagnified in the food chain, are among the most ubiquitous pollutants in the environment (Vafeiadi et al., 2014). Thus the general population is still exposed to these substance due to their persistent characteristics even if some of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) which are groups of POPs have been banned or restirected by the Stockholm agreement and the regulations (Besis and Samara, 2012. In the current study, a total of 25 dust samples were collected from homes and analyzed for 13 PBDEs and 15 PCBs isomers. Samples were homogenized by sieving through a 100 μm a stainless steel sieve, extracted and them column clean up following the description of Cetin et al. (2016). The PBDE-spiked dust was used to examine the recovery of the analytical methods for the measurements of PBDE and PCBs concentrations, and the recoveries were in the range of 70–115% and 85-110% for PBDEs and PCBs depending on individual congeners. The PBDEs were measured with Agilent 7890 GC- 5977A MS (EI source) while PCBs with Agilent 7890 GC-μECD. The questionnaires were completed by all the volunteers who owned the homes. Life-time carcinogenic and chronic toxic risks were conducted for selected POPs based on measured concentrations and data obtained from the questionnaire which was to generate time–activity data. The exposure amounts of potentially toxic POPs through the ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact were calculated according toUS EPA 1989a, 1996 for children and adults. The median cancer risk due to PCBs exposure was approximately 4 per-one-million population, which exceeded the U.S. EPA benchmark of 1 per one million. Whereas the median cancer risk due to PBDE exposure did not exceed the benchmark level. Hence, potentially adverse health effects arising from PCB in indoor dust should arouse wide concern.

Keywords: indoor dust, risk assessment, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs).

Acknowledgement: This study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) through the project 115Y405. The GC-ECD used in the current study was supported by the Kocaeli University under Grant KOU-BAP-14/89 project.


IBCESS

16

CHROME, LEAD POLLUTION IN AGRICULTURAL AREASIMPROVEMENT BY PHYTOEXTRACTION METHOD

Sevinç Adiloğlu

Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture,Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tekirdağ, [email protected]

The aim of this research was to remediate the chrome and lead pollution in agriculture areas with canola (Brassica napus L.) plant. For this purpose, a field experiment was done. Chrome and lead (100 mg/kg) as Cr(NO

3)

3, Pb(NO

3)

2

form was applied to the each parcel. Then EDTA chelate was applied to the parcels four doses (0, 5, 10 and 15 mmol/kg) in blossom time of plants. The plants were harvested after four months growing. According to the results, The amount of plants dry matter decreased with increasing of EDTA doses. On the other hand, the canola (Brassica napus L.) plants were harvested each experiment parcel Cr and Pb contents of soil increased with increasing EDTA application to the plants. These increases were found significant statistically at the level of 1 %. According to the experiment results, Chrome and lead pollution can be remediated with Phytoextraction method in Tekirdağ province soils. This experiment was indicated that heavy metal (Cr, Pb), whose mobility was been increased by rising amounts of chelat (EDTA) applications, can be removed from soil through Phytoextraction method.

Keywords: Phytoextraction, Heavy metal, Pb, soil pollution.

OP1

5



IBCESS

17

OP1

6

USE OF BIO WASTE ACTIVE CARBON-ALKALI PELLETSIN FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION CHAMBERS FOR

EMISSION CONTROL

Yıldırım İsmail TOSUN

Şırnak University, Engineering Faculty, Mining Engineering Dept., Şırnak, [email protected]

Coal, biomass or waste as a solid fuel, waste liquid fuels from natural sources and biodiesel have gained more market due to its use in electricity. Combustion of coal, biomass or waste creates toxic gas emissions for environmental concern. The electricity production of Turkey from the primary resources are natural gas iporte an coal as high as 22% (TTK, 2009,TKİ, 2009, IEA 2014). Reasons for growing interest in toxic gas emission control include its potential for reducing noxious emissions. Uses of fuels as potential contributions to rural economic development reduce reliance on high quality fuels, as an additional demand centre for electricity commodities and as a way to urbanization Especially in waste incineration pro combustion emission control may cost higher prices such as 60-90$/ton. The biowaste active carbon soaked magnesia slurry may cost lower such as 3-5$/ton. Fly ash or alkali wastes are produced in two different forms in size. One type of marble wastes is in lump size and easily be evaluated in civil industry and other may be evaluated as construction filling materials in fine size under 20 microns as which collected following solid-liquid separation thickeners. That waste in finer size may deteriorate environment near marble processing plants and water contamination in streams. Beneficiate from that finer bio-active carbon in toxic gas emission control during combustion can efficiently be made. However, fluidized combustion are carried out over 100 microns solid fuel combustion. In order to avoid this disturbing flow manner of that waste material, active carbon pellets were used in combustion chamber. Fine marble wastes may also be evaluated as lime raw material without calcining for filling material in industrial sectors such as rubber, paper and animal food production. 40%, 60% and 80% bio-waste and alkali containing active carbon pellets were used in our combustion experiments at 1-2 mm sized pellets.

Keywords: Bio-active carbon, toxic emission control, gas cleaning, incineration


IBCESS

18

OP1

7

OPTIMIZING DYE ADSORPTION USING COTTONSEEDCAKE, ULTRASOUND, BOX-BEHNKEN, NEURALNETWORKS AND REGRESSIONS

Musa Buyukada, Fatih Evrendilek and Nusret Karakaya

Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University,Bolu, [email protected]

Assessing recovery and use potentials of crop or feed wastes as environmentally friendly biosorbents for dye removal from textile wastewaters is of significant interest in terms of sustaining water quality standards in an economically efficient way. Efficiency of adsorption onto cottonseed cake (CC) of Reactive Yellow 145 (RY145) and Reactive Black 19 (RB19) with or without ultrasonic irradiation was modelled using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multiple (non-)linear regression—M(N) LR—models. A three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to conduct experiments using the following six predictors: (1) initial dye concentration, (2) adsorbent concentration, (3) temperature, (4) reaction time, (5) dye type, and (6) process type. A comparison of the best-fit M(N)LR models versus ANNs indicated that the predictive powers obtained were 92.2% (R2

pred) by MNLR and 98.5% (R2

valid) by

multilayer perceptron (MLP). CC appeared to be an efficient biosorbent since similar adsorption efficiencies were estimated at 95.2% and 90.6% for RY145 and RB19, respectively, under operating conditions of 75 min of reaction time, 225 mg/L of initial dye concentration, 1.5 g/L of CC, and 37.5 oC (t = 0.79; p = 0.431). The application of an ultrasonic power of 344 W with a frequency of 40 kHz under the same operating conditions increased the adsorption efficiencies to 99.9% and 95.2% for RY145 and RB19, respectively (t = -2.78; p = 0.007 for RY145, t = -2.71; p = 0.007 for RB19).

Keywords: Decolorization, data-driven modeling, experimental designs, noveladsorbents, ultrasound

Acknowledgement: We thank Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), Project no.2015.09.02.920, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

19

OP1

8

OLEFIN HYDROGENATION WITH NEW THIOPHENE-2,5-BIS (N-ACYLBENZOTRIAZOLE) PALLADIUM COMPLEX IN

IONIC LIQUID MEDIA

Hakan Ünver and Filiz Yılmaz

Department of Chemistry, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskişehir, [email protected]

Ionic liquids are one of the most innovative reaction media of green chemistry. They carry numerous advantages compare to traditional organic solvents. Non-flammable, non-toxic, low wapour pressure etc. They can be used especially in biphasic catalysis providing catalyst reuseability which is the most important aim for catalytic systems. Benzotriazole derived molecules preferred by most of industrial applications including synthetic chemistry, pharmaceutic, polymer, organometallic chemistry..etc. In this study, we newly synthesized and characterized thiophene-2,5-bis(N-acylbenzotriazole) ligand and its palladium acetate complex for catalytic hydrogenation reactions of some olefins including styrene, 1-octene and cyclohexene in [bmim][BF

4]

media. It was observed that 100% ethylbenzene conversion at 353 K in styrene hydrogenation and 95.6 % conversion at 363 K in 1-octene hydrogenation in one hour reaction time. Hydrogen pressure effect, time effect, catalyst amount effect, solvent effect, substrate selectivity and catalyst reuseability tests were also studied. It was observed that catalyst can be reused up to three times with %4 activity loss.

Keywords: Ionic liquid, hydrogenation, benzotriazole, palladium.


IBCESS

20

OP1

9

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FROM HYDROCARBURESIN GJANICA RIVER, IN PATOS-MARINEZ REGION,ALBANIA

Alma Shehu1, Seit Shallari1 and Alfred Mullaj2

1Agricultural University of Tirana, Department of Agri-Environmental andEcology, Tirana, Albania shehu.alma@ gmail.com2 Tirana University, Natural Science Faculty, Biology Department,Tirana, Albania

The oil industry (extraction, production and processing), has produces tons of industrial waste careless dumped or deposited in the river affecting and causing environmental effects and human health. Oil industry activities have influenced environmental pollution in general showing direct impacts on ecosystems and living creatures. The study of Patos-Marinza area of the vegetation environment around Gjanica River shows a small number of kinds and difficulties in their occurrence. The objective of study is the identification of pollution’s levels in waters of Gjanica River round oil field region Patos- Marinza. The present study aims: to identify and assess the environmental situation in Patos-Marinza industrial area as well as the environmental risk related to environment users. Methodes that are used: The comparison between the values of environmental parameters in Gjanica River with that of an unpolluted area. Furthermore, the comparison has gone off between the plants that grow up near the Gjanica River, with the same kind of plant that grow up in unpolluted area. The studies basic hypothesis is: “Patos-Marinza oil industry environment is polluted by hydrocarbons with impacts on the flora, fauna and human health”. Based on the bio indicators types, we assess that: This situation is related to the contamination of oil and gas processing industry, technological wastewater discharges, oil films and jellies observed in river waters, the high level of H

2S, etc.

Keywords: Environmental, contamination, hydrocarbons, pollution, oilfield area



IBCESS

21

OP2

0

FRESHWATER MULTISTATISTICS: FACTOR ANALYSISIN PORSUK STREAM BASIN (TURKEY)

Cem Tokatli1, Esengül Köse2, Özgür Emiroğlu3 and Arzu Çiçek4

1Trakya University, İpsala Vocational School, Department of LaboratoryTechnology, İpsala/Edirne, Turkey

[email protected]şehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir Vocational School, Department of

Environmental Protection and Control, Eskişehir, Turkey3Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Sciences,

Department of Biology, Eskişehir, Turkey4Anadolu University, Applied Environmental Research Centre, Eskişehir, Turkey

Multistatistical techniques are being widely used in large numbers of countries in freshwater quality assessment studies. In the present study, water quality of Porsuk Stream Basin was evaluated by a statistical approach using Pearson Correlation Index (PCI) and Factor Analysis (FA). For this purpose, total of 14 water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, salinity, pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, total phosphorus (TP), sulphate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were measured in water samples, which were collected from 18 stations between the dates of 7-10 July 2015. According to the results of PCI, statistically significant positive and negative relations were recorded at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels. According to the results of FA, 3 factors explained 85.087% of the total variance. The most effective factor, which was associated with agricultural activities conducted around the basin as result of the related variables, was explained 31% of total variance.

Keywords: Porsuk Stream Basin, water quality, statistical evaluation, Pearson Correlation Index, Factor Analysis.


IBCESS

22

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1

NICKEL PHYTOEXTRACTION POTENTIAL OF TAGETESPATULA

Hatice DAĞHAN

University of Eskişehir Osmangazi, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of SoilScience and Plant Nutrition, 26160 Eskisehir, [email protected] or [email protected]

A hydroponic experiment conducted to investigate the phytoremediation potential of Tagetes patula. The effects of increasing Ni application (0-5- 10-20 and 40 mg/L) on plant growth, chlorophyll content, dry weight, Ni concentration and reduced glutathione concentration of Tagetes patula shoots and roots were investigated. Wilting of the shoot and poor root growth with dark brown color were observed in plants grown in 40 mg/L Ni doses. Ni concentration and contents of shoot and roots were increased with the increasing Ni doses. The highest Ni concentration of shoot and root found at 40 mg/L Ni doses (2247 mg/kg and 7790 mg/kg respectively). Shoot Ni concentrations were higher than the critical toxicity level of Ni hyperaccumulator plants (>1000 mg/kg) in 20 and 40 mg/L Ni doses. Reduced -SH concentrations were also increased with Ni toxicity. As a consequence, Tagetes patula can be used as a hyperaccumulator plant for phytoextraction of Ni contaminated soil.

Keywords: Phytoremediation, nickel, soil pollution, Tagetes patula.



IBCESS

23

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2

PRODUCTION OF NANOSTRUCTURED ACTIVATEDCARBON WITH HIGH MESOPOROSITY: EFFECT OF

IMPREGNATION RATIO

Hasan Sayğılı1 and Fuat Güzel2

1Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringandArchitecture, Batman University, 72100 Batman, Turkey [email protected]

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Dicle University,21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey

Activated carbons (ACs) are widely used in various fields such as purification and separation in many industrial processes including medicinal use, gas storage, pollutant, odor removal, gas separation, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, as electrode materials in electrochemical devices and in the waste water treatment. Their high surface areas and large pore volumes are caused by heterogeneous porous structures which make them perfect adsorbents. The demand for AC in the world due to these features is increasing day by day. The production of ACs from agricultural byproducts has received much attention from the scientific community as they are renewable, low-cost and environmentally friendly materials. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the research on the production of ACs by using renewable and cheaper precursor. This study has focused on the production of AC from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) processing waste (TW) by chemical activation with ZnCl

2. Firstly, to see the

effect of the chemical activation; TW was carbonized at 500oC without ZnCl2

activation. It had the BET surface area of 12.79 m2/g and VT of 0.012 cm3/g. The effects of impregnation ratio (ZnCl

2/TW, w/w) on the S

BET, VT, V

mes % and D

p of

ACs produced for a carbonization temperature of 500oC and carbonization time of 1h are performed. According to obtained data, while the impregnation ratio was increased from 1 to 6, the S

BET, VT, V

mes (%) and D

p values of ACs produced

increased from 617 to 787 m2/g, from 0.437 to 0.973 cm3/g, from 29% to 72% and from 2.64 to 5.78 nm, respectively, and above 6:1 these values decreased. From these results, it is understood that ZnCl

2 impregnation ratio significantly affect to

porosity. Consequently, the ratio of 6 was chosen as optimum impregnation ratio.

Keywords: Tomato processing waste, activated carbon, impregnation ratiooptimization, characterization.

Acknowledgement: We thank The Scientific Research Fund of Dicle University,Project no. 12-ZEF-95, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

24

SULFATE IONS REMOVAL FROM ANODIZINGWASTEWATER

Ecem Muge Andoglu1 and Moiz Elnekave2

1Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and ProcessEngineering Department, 11210, Bilecik, [email protected] Technical University, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, ChemicalEngineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, 34469, Maslak/Istanbul, Turkey

The removal of sulfate ions constitutes one of the main challenges in several industries, including aluminum plants, which has anodic oxidation process. Anodic oxidation, or anodizing, is an electrochemical process that converts the aluminum surface into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant, anodic oxide finish. Due to 18-20% concentration of sulfuric acid is used as the electrolyte; anodizing wastewaters contain high sulfate concentration. This study aims to investigate sulfate removal from wastewater, which is obtained from an aluminum profile production and anodic oxidation plant located in Bilecik, Turkey. Chemical precipitation method was used to remove sulfate ions. BaCl

2.2H

2O, which is currently used in the treatment facility of factory,

was applied firstly. As the second step, KCl was determined as economically and chemically alternative chemical to BaCl

2.2H

2O and studied by various

amounts, in the range of 0.03-0.1 g/L. Besides, the effect of the flocculants was also investigated. Results showed that the sulfate removal efficiencies were 81% and 80% after precipitation with BaCl

2.2H

2Oand KCl respectively, by using 0.03

g/L of chemicals. Finally, it was concluded that the technique proposed here has a good potential for the economic and environmentfriendly treatment of industrial wastewaters with high sulfate concentration.

Keywords: Anodizing, chemical precipitation, industrial wastewater, sulfate removal.

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IBCESS

25

OP2

4

FUNGAL OIL AS A FEEDSTOCK OF BIODIESELPRODUCTION

Havva Duygu Ozsoy and Canan Cinkir

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,Mersin University, Mersin, TURKEY

[email protected]

High energy prices and concerns about petroleum supplies triggered searches to find renewable biofuels. Biodiesel is one of important alternative fuel to conventional fossil fuels, chemically known as fatty acid methyl esters, can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats or waste cooking oils. Currently, the major source of biodiesel production is vegetable oils, with 95%. However we need vegetable oils as a food and Biodiesel marketing growing day by day. Almost 80% of total production cost comes from feedstock cost when vegetable oils used for biodiesel. Therefore, reducing cost of oil and developing microbial oils have much more attention in these days. All fungi produce oil as a means of storing energy, but some species are better than others. Fungi are known for their rapid growth with short life cycles, lack of need light energy, has tolerance acidic mediums and the ability to use industrial residues and wastewaters. Different studies and reports showed that some fungi species such as Mucor cincinelloides, Aspergillus terreus, Claviceps purpurea, Tolyposporium, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella isabellina can accumulate up to 80% of the biomass weight. However, oil production is also a function of the substrate and environmental conditions. While there need to be sufficient nutrients to grow and they also need to be certain limitations to induce oil production. It is already known that a high C:N ratio will favor oil production. Medium should be rich in some fermentable carbon source as food processing wastewaters or other industrial wastes. This process can also be a good example for industrial waste management and getting valuable products from wastewaters and treatment at the same time. Turkey, a major agricultural producer, has many food processing industries with materials, suitable for fermentation of available wastes. Biodiesel production and marketing are still growing in Turkey and reducing total process cost with fungal oil can encourage producers and contribute national economy.

Keywords: alternative fuel, biodiesel, fossil fuels, fungal oil, renewable sources.


IBCESS

26

EVALUATION OF LAND LOSS FOR ENVIRONMENTALFACTS: THE ATASU DAM EXAMPLE

Osman Tuğrul Baki, Egemen Aras and Banu Yılmaz

Karadeniz Technical University, Of Technology Faculty, Civil Engineering Department,Trabzon, Turkey [email protected]

Atasu Dam stays 17 km southwestern of Trabzon Macka district and built on Galyan Valley. The dam built between dates 1998-2010 for the purpose of generating energy and supplying drinking water. The dam got in the use in 2011. By the 50 years drinking water demand of Trabzon will be supplied by this dam. The dam has got 35 billion cubic meter water – holding capacity so that approximately 971,5 decare terrain stayed hidden under the water. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the land loss by both calculating costs and environmental affects after the construction of Atasu Dam which areas stays upstream. The costs have been taken from General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, the Atasu Dam Reservoir Revise Expropriation Report. In addition, the ecological balance analyzed after the construction dam reservoir.

Keywords: Atasu Dam, land loss, ecological balance, Trabzon.

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IBCESS

27

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6

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLAT THE WESTERN BLACK SEA ATMOSPHERE

Deniz G. Tokgöz1, İlker Balcılar1, Güray Doğan1, Ali İhsan İlhan2, Tulay Balta2

and Gürdal Tuncel1

1Middle East Technical University, Dept. Environmental Engineering,06800 Ankara, Turkey [email protected]

2Turkish State Meteorological Service, Research Division 06120 Ankara, Turkey

Trace element and Major ion composition of aerosols collected at a rural station, which was located 10 km from the Bulgarian border of Turkey were determined and discussed. Daily aerosol samples were collected continuously on cellulose fiber filters, between 2006 and 2008 using a high volume sampler. Sampling flow-rate was approximately 60 m3 hr-1. >350 samples collected in this period were digested using HNO

3 – HF mixture

and analyzed for approximately fifty elements using an inductively coupled emission spectrometer equipped with a mass selective detector (ICPMS). Approximately 70% of the time air masses arriving to country come from NW sector, which makes the sampling location used in this study, an entry point for polluted air masses to Turkey and Eastern Mediterranean basin. Concentrations of some of the pollution-derived elements were fairly similar to their corresponding concentrations reported for different rural locations in Turkey. Contribution of sources within Turkey on their levels in Eastern Mediterranean basin is not significant. However, for some other elements, such as Se, concentrations measured in other rural sites in Turkey were significantly higher than their concentrations measured in this study. Concentrations of these elements in the Eastern Mediterranean basin are strongly contributed by sources in Turkey. The positive matrix factorization revealed that inorganic aerosol in the western Black Sea basin is a five-component system. Locations of sources of these five aerosol components are also discussed.

Keywords: Western Black Sea, aerosol, trace element, major ions, positive matrixfactorization, trajectory statistics

Acknowledgement: We would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Forestry andWater Affairs, General Directorate of Forestry for changing filters at the station andGeneral Directorate of Meteorology for assisting in analysis of ions.


IBCESS

28

REMEDIATION OF BORON POLLUTION WITH POPLARAND GENE REGULATION NETWORK BEHIND BORONTOXICITY TOLERANCE

Kubilay Yıldırım

Middle East Technical University, Department Biotechnology, Ankara, [email protected]

Boron (B) pollution is one of the environmental problems affecting large agricultural areas in Turkey. The present study investigated boron phytoremediation capacity of some poplar species (P. alba, P. deltoids, P. nigra and P.tramula, P.eupratica and hybrid poplars). Elevated B toxicity treatment was applied with boric acid containing irrigation water (0,5,10,20,40,80,160 ppm) to rooted cuttings of the species over the course of a growing season in a pot trail. The results of experiment indicated that all poplar species were able to withstand up to 15 ppm soil B toxicity with small reduction in growth and necrosis in leaf tissue. On the other hand, , poplar species grown well without any toxicity symptoms under 10 and 5 ppm soil B contaminations both of which are highly toxic for all agricultural plant species. Average B accumulation of poplar tissues under 10 ppm B pollution were estimated approximately 1700 mg/ kg in leaves and 100 mg/kg in stems and roots. Boron loaded wood and leaf tissues were mixed and used for production of wooden panels. Then they were tested for fire and fungus resistance. The results of the tests indicated that plant materials obtained from boron contaminated soils were resistant to fire and decay compared to their controls. Among the investigated species the highest B accumulation was recorded in P.nigra while P.alba accumulated half of its boron content in all B treatments. This accumulation differences between the same species were also compared at genetic and molecular basis in a microarray based transcriptome analysis. P.nigra genome profiling indicated Auxin hormone induced expression of the genes while P. alba transcriptome revealed salicylic acid mediated gene regulation in leaves and roots. This regulation has been attributed to hypersensitive response of P.alba leaves against B toxicity. Actually, this response is used in plants for restriction of the growth and spread of pathogens. However, P.alba was suggested to use the same mechanism to restrict B accumulation in plant tissues and to protect itself from adverse effects of boron toxicity.

Keywords: Boron toxicity, hormonal control, hypersensitive response, microarray, poplar.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 213O191, for the partial financial support.

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IBCESS

29

OP2

8

BIOPLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Ezgi Bezirhan Arikan and Havva Duygu Ozsoy

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, MersinUniversity, Mersin, [email protected]

Many different materials are used in the industry such as plastic, metal, wood and glass. In recent years, plastics have a great attention because of their properties and performance. Therefore, huge amount of plastics are generated all over the world. Recycling plastics has increased but recycling rates for plastic is still low and most end up in municipal landfills.Because of shrinking landfill capacity and environmental pollution problems, bioplastics have been developed for industry, especially packing. Typically, these are made from renewable materials such as corn, sugars and potatoes. Nowadays, there has been a significant shift in the market for bioplastics from the traditional plastics.The global bioplastics market is thought to be growing at a rate of as much as 20% per year.It showed that the bioplastic production and consumption will grow bigger in the future. It is intended that use of bioplastics will contribute to sustainability and reduction in the environmental impact associated with disposal of traditional oil based plastics. But the diversity of bioplastics and their varying properties makes it difficult to make simple. Because of this, these materials need to be evaluated carefully for sustainability and bioplastic waste management.This paper discusses the potential impact of bioplastics and waste management via landfill, incineration, recycling/ reuse and composting. Also,it provides an overview life cycle of bioplastics.

Keywords: Biodegradable, bioplastic, biopolymers, environment, waste management.


IBCESS

30

OP2

9

DYE ELIMINATION CAPACITY OF A NOVELPHYCO-COMPOSITE BIOSORBENT FROMAQUATIC MEDIUM

Fatih DENİZ1 and Elif TEZEL ERSANLI2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering andArchitecture, Sinop University, 57000 Sinop, Turkey2Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science,Sinop University, 57000, Sinop, [email protected]

Dye biosorption capacity of a novel phyco-composite biosorbent composed of Spirogyra sp. and Rhizoclonium sp. biomasses was first explored with respect to pH, biosorbent amount, dye concentration and contact time. Pseudosecond- order kinetic model represented the biosorption experimental data in different dye concentrations very well. Among biosorption isotherm equations, Sips model provided the best correlation to the equilibrium data. The maximum biosorption capacity of biosorbent was found to be 55.953 mg g-1 for model dye. Thus, this novel composite biosorbent could be used as a promising biosorbent to remove such dyes from aqueous media.

Keywords: Dyes, biosorption, phyco-remediation, composite biosorbent.



IBCESS

31

OP3

0

BIOPLASTIC AS A NEW GENERATION BIOMATERIAL

H. Duygu Ozsoy and Selin Sarıca

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey

[email protected]

Plastics belong to a group of molecules called polymers made of repeating units of monomers. They are usually produced from petroleum refinery residues. Molecules present in crude oil creates monomers undergo chemical reactions and gets together to make polymers that can be processed into plastics. Scientific results showed that world’s oil supply may dry up in less than 100 years because of high consumption rate. Rapid increases in the cost of petroleum and rising environmental pressures have induced the development of bioplastic. Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from plant sources such as sweet potatoes, sugarcane, hemp oil, soybean oil and corn starch. Bioplastics are environmentally friendly because, compared with traditional plastics, their production results in the emission of less carbon dioxide, which is thought to cause global warming. The use of bioplastics offers significant advantages not only in an ecological sense but also in an economical sense. Especially important in terms of protecting the country’s economy dependence on foreign feedstock. And features that make it superior than traditional plastic bioplastics; easily decays, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, they release toxic effects, is easier to recycle, they need less energy in production, they sort as they are renewable and ecological.Today bioplastics and particularly starch-based plastics are used in specific industrial applications where biodegradability is required. Examples are composting bags and sacks, fast food service-ware (cups, cutlery etc.), packaging, agriculture (much films, nursery pots), hygiene (diaper back sheet, cotton swabs). Compared to developments in the European countries and USA, bioplastics production and usege is a very new subject in Turkey and needs to be investigated and developed.

Keywords: Bioplastic, biomaterial, fossil fuels, plastic, renewable sources.


IBCESS

32

ESTIMATION OF DAILY SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOADWITH AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Banu Yılmaz1, Egemen Aras and Sinan Nacar2

1Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Of Technology,Department of Civil Engineering, Trabzon, [email protected] Technical University, Faculty of Engineering,Department of Civil Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Estimation of sediment load in rivers is very important for water resources and management. Although direct measurement is most reliable method for sediment, it is very expensive and cannot be conducted for all river gauge stations. In addition, sediment transport equations require various parameters about flow and sediment characteristic. Because of these reasons, studies about estimation of sediment concentration have become important. This paper investigates the accuracy of artificial neural network (ANN) technique namely multilayer perceptron (MLP) in term of coefficient of determination, mean absolute error and root mean square error. In this study the streamflow and suspended sediment data from three stations namely Altinsu, Inanlı and Karsikoy, on Coruh River, in Coruh Basin Turkey, are used. The estimation results obtained by using the artificial neural network are compared with multi linear regression (MLR), non-linear multi regression (NLMR) and conventional sediment rating curve (SRC). Based on the comparison of the results, the artificial neural network model performs better than the other models in daily suspended sediment estimation.

Keywords: suspended sediment load, estimating, modeling, artificial neural networks.

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IBCESS

33

OP3

2

TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF EASTERN BLACK SEAAEROSOL

İlker Balcılar1, Abdullah Zararsız2, Yakup Kalaycı2, Güray Doğan3 andGürdal Tuncel1

1Department of Environmental Engineering,Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

[email protected] Atomic Energy Authority, Ankara Nuclear Research and Training Center3Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

Concentration of 17 trace elements and SO4

2- were determined in coarse (PM

2.5-10) and fine (PM

2.5) fraction aerosol samples that is collected at a high

altitude site (Torul, 40°32’34”N 39°16’57”E) on the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey between March 2011 and November 2012. Collected samples were analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) using an Oxford ED–2000 Spectrometer. Measured concentrations varied between approximately 0.44 ng m-3 for As and 2216 ng-3 for SO

42-. Soil-derived elements,

Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V and Fe, had higher concentrations in the coarse fraction as expected. Results indicated that the concentrations of elements showed well-defined seasonal variations. Crustal elements had higher concentration in summer. Na, an element generally associated with sea salt, had also higher concentrations in summer season, suggesting a strong crustal contribution to Na concentration at our station. Anthropogenic elements As, Zn, Pb and Cr had comparable concentrations in both season. Cu, Ni, and V, had higher concentrations in winter season due to the sources close to sampling point. Crustal enrichment factors of Ni, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, Zn and SO

42- varied between

12 for Ni and 800 for SO4

2-. Upper atmospheric flow climatology showed that most frequent flow direction was the sector between W and N.

Keywords: Aerosol, Eastern Black Sea, EDXRF, temporal variations, traceelements.

Acknowledgement: We would like to expresses our sincere gratitude to TÜBİTAKfor their financial support of this current work (project # 108Y306).


IBCESS

34

NOISE MAPPING OF SHOPPING CENTERS IN TRABZON

Ahmet Alci, Miraç Murat, Şükrü Özsahin and Coşkun Hamzacebi

Karadeniz Technical University Industrial Engineering Department, Trabzon, [email protected]

At the present time, one of the most important issues that affect the human life is noise pollution. When considering the adverse effect of noise on human health, detection of the noisy region in the living area of people and studies for prevention of noise have gained importance. In this context, there are numerous scientific studies which deal with measuring the noise level and noise mapping, especially of highway and city centers. However, in the literature, studies which are intended to measure the noise level of the shopping centers which are one of the areas in which people spent most of their time for entertainment and shopping. This study aims to measure the noise levels and to create noise maps of the shopping centers. In this regard, by measuring the noise levels of the most preferred shopping centers in Trabzon the noise maps were created. In order to improve people’s life quality, the noise mitigation measures such as noise absorbing panels and walls have been proposed. These measuring noise level values, created noise maps and proposed measures will guide to managers to develop solutions for noise pollution.

Keywords: Noise Pollution, Noise Mapping, Shopping Center.

OP3

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IBCESS

35

OP2

634

EFFECT OF CHESTNUT AND GLASS POWDER ON SOMEPHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER

COMPOSITES

Gokdai Duygu1, Akpinar Borazan Alev1 and Acikbas Gökhan2

1Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Chemical and Process Engineering Department,Bilecik, Turkey

2Vocational School of the Bilecik Seyh Edebali University,Metallurgy Program, Bilecik, Turkey

[email protected]

Natural resources decrease due to the increase of world population and consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to use of our natural resources in a more efficient manner. Glass powders, the most widely used at over 90% of all reinforcements with thermoplastic or thermoset matrices, are available in many forms to produce various commercial and industrial products. All types of glass powders have high thermal resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high density and insulating properties. Chestnut tree abundantly exists in the East Black Sea subsection, the Marmara region, and the Antalya coastal area via the West Anatolia subsection in Turkey. The nuts are used by confectioners, eaten roasted, and ground to make flour. In this study, polymer matrix composites were manufactured using chestnut waste and glass powder as filler and polyester as polymer matrix with casting method. Polyester: filler ratio was kept in constant and chestnut: glass powder ratios were changed. Some mechanical properties of composite materials were investigated and the final product tested to determine their flexural strength, elastic modulus, hardness as well as some physical features such as density and water absorption. The experimental results showed that increasing ratio of chestnut had led to decreasing of strength. Elastic modulus and hardness values were similar for all type of composites. Glass powder added to chestnut in a ratio of 6% caused to decreasing of strength in 18%. Ceramic phase yielded an increase of approximately 8% in the elastic modulus of the composites. Generally impact strength values were decreased with the increasing of chestnut and glass powder filler ratio in all samples. In addition impact strength of the composites filled with glass powder has lower values in comparision to composites filled with only chestnut waste.

Keywords: Polymer matrix composites, chestnut wastes, glass powder wastes, polyester, mechanical properties

Acknowledgement: This research work was supported by Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Scientific Research Project (2015-01BŞEÜ.03-06).


IBCESS

36

DATA-DRIVEN SIMULATIONS OF STREAM METABOLISMUSING DIEL OXYGEN TECHNIQUE

Miraç Eryiğit, Nusret Karakaya and Fatih Evrendilek

Abant Izzet Baysal University,Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu, [email protected]

Diel dissolved oxygen (DO) technique has been applied mostly to the determination of ecosystem-scale lake metabolism and rarely to heterogeneous stream metabolisms under human disturbance regimes across the world. The two-station method with upstream and downstream diel DO and ancillary measurements were carried out for the first time in Turkey to determine five-min stream metabolic rates of Buyuksu Stream, and Abant and Mudurnu Creeks (Bolu) between August 2015 and February 2016. The stream metabolism components of gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem production (NEP), and community respiration (Rc) were derived from diel DO data. The metabolism components will be modeled as a function of spatiotemporal and environmental predictors using multiple non-linear regression (MNLR) models. The best-fit MNLR models of GPP, NEP, and Rc will be parameterized and validated according to data-partitioning. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be also performed to detect significant mean GPP, NEP and Rc differences in response to the three streams (Abant, Mudurnu and Buyuksu), and human-induced disturbances. The present study provides the first quantification of spatiotemporal dynamics of the stream metabolic estimates under human disturbance regimes.

Keywords: stream metabolism, diel oxygen technique, two-station method, stream health.

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IBCESS

37

OP3

6

APPLICATION OF A LOCAL FUNGAL AGENT ON MAIZESEEDLINGS TO IMPROVE DROUGHT STRESS TOLERANCE

Necla Pehlivan1, Neslihan Saruhan Guler2, Sengul Alpay Karaoglu1,Sule Guzel1 and Arif Bozdeveci1

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, RecepTayyip ErdoganUniversity, Rize, Turkey

2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, KaradenizTechnical University, Trabzon, Turkey [email protected]

Since environmental pollution and global warming originated from population explosion caused climate change and decreased the availability in global water supplies, the effects of drought stress reached dangerous levels in important crops. So it is vital to find organic and effective solutions for the agricultural sustainability of crop plants nowadays. Maize is one of the most important agro-economically important crop being cultivated at global scale dates back to ancient times and it needs to be provided organic plant growth promoting agents instead of non-organic fertilizers or chemicals which is harmful either to microbial community in rhizosphere or to the food and water security of human being due to the remaining pollution in the products or accumulated toxins through food web. In this context, Trichoderma spp. is cheap fungal bio-control candidates having favorable effects on plant growth and enhance resistance to abiotic stresses. To that end, the effect of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma atrovirideour local isolate (Rize, Turkey) identified via 5.8S rDNA gene with the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions and named as ID20G (TaID20G) was evaluated in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings under drought stress. Root colonization of TaID20G almost totally prevented increase in lipid peroxidation and reversed changes caused by drought in pigment contents and for photosystem efficiency. Our data approve that TaID20G inoculation could diminish the injurious effects of drought and might have a function in arranging resilience against to stress via inducing antioxidant machinery. Low cost and effortless nature of Trichoderma based formulas might be developed as cropprotectors in drought-affected lands around the world, leading an organic based insight in the plant stress tolerance.

Keywords: Bio-control agents, drought stress, Maize, Trichoderma atroviride ID20G.


IBCESS

38

THE EFFECTS ON MISUSE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS ONENVIRONMENT

Erdal Dağistan1, Aybüke Kaya1 and Dilek Bostan Budak2

1Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of AgricultureEconomics, Antakya, Turkey [email protected] University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture Economics,Adana, Turkey

In order to supply the increasing population and consequence of this, growing demand for food; a sustainable habitat court should be encoraged to be created by providing efficiency in agricultural production. Nowadays, food and agriculture has a great importance on environment and nourishment as well. The aim of this study is to determine the environmental impact of the misuse of agricultural land in Turkey. Recently, the utilization of agricultural lands has become one of the most critical environmental issues. This situation constitutes a problem in terms of food safety and reliability. These effects caused by misuse will be examined in terms of agricultural and what should be done for the maintenance of sustainable and livable environment, to minimize the damage will be presented. Also that being repaired the damage to the environment, can be much higher- cost and much more difficult than preventing the damages to the environment, in some situations it can be permanent and impossible. Especially in terms of environmental, it should be remembered that the misuse of both agricultural lands and other qualitied lands, based on industrialization, can lead to many negative effects such as particularly soil, water, air and noise pollutions.

Keywords: Agricultural lands, pollution, extinction, environmental effects.

OP3

7



IBCESS

39

OP3

8

DISTRIBUTIONS AND AIR-SOIL EXCHANGE OF PAHS ANDPCBS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF ISTANBUL

Banu Çetin1, Fatma Öztürk2, Melek Keleş2 and Sema Yurdakul3

1Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University,41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey

2Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University,14030, Bolu, Turkey

3Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University,32260, Isparta, Turkey

[email protected]

Istanbul, one of the mega cities in the world located between Asia and Europe, has suffered from serious air pollution problems due to the rapid increase in population, industry and traffic. Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and PCBs were measured in Istanbul using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers from September to December 2014 at 22 different sampling sites; 9 of which were on Anatolian site and the others were on European site. At all sites, total PAH (Σ

15PAH) concentrations ranged from 6.0 to 388 ng m-3 with a mean

value of 86.7 ng m-3, while total PCB (Σ41PCB) concentrations were between 84.2 and 830 pg m-3 with a mean value of 252 pg m-3. Fugacity ratios of individual PAHs and PCBs were also calculated to determine the direction of air-soil exchange. Fugacity ratios for acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene were generally >1.0, indicating net volatilization for these PAHs, while fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene showed volatilization tendency at some sampling sites, deposition tendency for others. For the rest of PAHs, fugacity ratio indicated net deposition. Fugacity ratios for low molecular weight PCBs were generally >1.0, indicating net volatilization while the fugacity ratios for high molecular weight PCBs indicated net deposition. Medium molecular weight PCBs showed different tendency depend on temperature and sampling site. These results indicated that local soils in Istanbul mostly act as a sink for medium to high molecular weight PAHs and PCBs that have low volatility, while in hot seasons; soil becomes a source particularly for high volatility compounds.

Keywords: Air-soil exchange, Istanbul, PAHs, passive sampling, PCBs.

Acknowledgments: This study was partially supported by Turkish Scientific andTechnological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) with a project number both 113Y025 and 113Y500.


IBCESS

40

OP3

9

DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL SUCCESSION OFPHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY IN PAZARSUYU STREAM(GIRESUN) TURKEY

Bengü TEMİZEL and Elif Neyran SOYLU

Giresun University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Giresun,Turkey [email protected]

The diversity and seasonal succession of phytoplankton community were studied in Pazarsuyu Stream, Giresun, Turkey during June 2014 through to May 2015. To determine the phytoplankton flora of Pazarsuyu Stream, water samples were taken from the defined stations periodically. A total of 57 taxa were identified belonging to divisio of Bacillariophyta (51 taxa), Chlorophyta (1 taxa), Cyanbacteria (2 taxa) , Charophyta (1 taxa) and Ochrophyta (2 taxa) in the phytoplankton. Bacillariophyta members were rich in species diversity and intensity in the algal flora of Pazarsuyu Stream. Navicula cryptocephala, Cymbella ventricosa and Cymbella minuta were predominantly found species in all sampling staitions in the study area. The amount of chlorophyll-a were calculated monthly and chlorophyll-a showed usually similar values in the sampling stations. Cluster analysis, Shannon-Weaver diversity, evenness and MDS were applied in phytoplankton community.

Keywords: Pazarsuyu Stream, Phytoplankton, Seasonal succession, Shannon Diversity, Evenness



IBCESS

41

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EXTRACTION OF RUBIDIUM FROM BORON WASTES

Bengü Ertan1 and Yunus Erdoğan2

1Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Giresun, [email protected]

2Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry,Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey

It is known that boron ores are one of the most important natural resources of Turkey. During the processing of ore, large volume of waste materials of boron are discharged and these wastes may be harmful to the environment. Consequently, there are many studies about recovering boron from boron wastes and utilizing the boron wastes as an additive material in some sectors like cement, concrete, brick, tile, and ceramic. However, there are a few researches about extraction of trace element from boron. Rubidium (Rb) is a rare alkali metal in the first group of the periodic table. It has some special properties such as low melting point (312.46 K) and malleability. These properties cause a strong chemical and photoemission activity. So it is used in many application areas (ion engines for space vehicles, special glasses, photocells, medicine and pharmacy, methanol and alcohol production, in analytical chemistry). Because of the variety of applications, demand of rubidium production has been constantly growing since 1990, and its price has been increasing in the world. In this study we analyzed trace elements in industrial boron wastes. As a result of analyses of trace elements, we found rubidium in boron wastes particularly in the boron clays. The boron clay was crushed, ground in a ball mill and screened to 63 micron sieve. The optimum parameters of rubidium extraction (leaching solution, roasting temperature, liquid/solid (L/S) ratio, etc.) were determinated. The rubidium in the leaching liquor was quantitatively analyzed by ICP-OES.

Keywords: Boron clay, rubidium, boron wastes, extraction, leaching.

Acknowledgement: We thank Dumlupınar University Research Foundation,Project no. 2012-9, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

42

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF ZINC CONTAMINATED WATERUSING PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum salicaria L.)

Nüket A. Bingol, Onur Meseli and Betül Akin

Dumlupınar Universitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Kütahya, Tü[email protected]

In parallel with industrialization, wastewater discharge into rivers, streams and lakes cause water pollution and for removal of these pollutants physical, chemical and biological treatment methods are used. In recent years, especially its low cost, remediation techniques are used to improve wastewater quality before it enters the environment. One of the remediation techniques is phytoremediation defined as removal of heavy metals, radioactive and organic substances from soil and water by plants. Even though Kütahya is the slowest developing city in Aegean Region of Turkey, lead, chromium, cadmium, and boron level in freshwaters are very high because of the wastewater of ceramic and minning industry. In this study, usability of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) for phytoremediation of water contaminated with zinc was determined using hydroponic culture system. First, L. salicaria seedlings were treated with %10 Hoagland solutions with six different zinc concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm) and %10 Hoagland solutions as control group for 10 days to determine the maximum zinc concentration that plant can uptake. Second, L. salicaria seedlings were treated with solutions with maximum zinc concentration at three different pH levels (5, 6 and 7) to determine the best pH level of maximum zinc concentration for the plants. As a result, it was found that solution at pH 7 with 30 ppm zinc was the maximum zinc concentration that L. salicaria can uptake.

Keywords: remediation, zinc, hydroponic culture, Lythrum salicaria.

OP4

1



IBCESS

43

OP4

2

CONDUCTING POLYMERS AS CATALYST SUPPORTS FORFUEL CELL APPLICATIONS

Mutlu Sönmez Çelebi

Ordu University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Ordu, [email protected]

Fuel cells are regarded as promising energy sources for the future to replace the traditional systems which use fossil fuels. In theory, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) using hydrogen as the fuel is the cleanest renewable energy source which makes it a unique energy source concerning environmental issues. However, direct fuel cells which use liquid fuels such as methanol and formic acid attract much more attention than the hydrogen based ones mainly because of the high cost of miniaturized hydrogen containers and the potential dangers in the transport and use of hydrogen. In practice efficiency, durability and cost are the major barriers to commercialization of fuel cell technology. In order to overcome these limitations, a great number of investigations are carried out for the development of advanced catalyst materials for use in fuel cell systems. It is well known from the previous studies that Pt-based catalysts show good catalytic activities towards electrooxidation of methanol and formic acid. Incorporation of metal nanoparticles onto suitable supporting materials greatly enhances the catalytic properties of the catalysts allowing the generation of metal nanoparticles with a controlled size and distribution. Many supporting materials were investigated for Pt nanoparticles such conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes and various hybrid materials. In this study, conducting polymers, namely poly(vinylferrocene) (PVF), polypyrrole (PPy) and polythionine (PTH) were reported as catalyst supports for Pt nanoparticles. Electrochemical and physical characterization of the catalyst materials were recorded with cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Electrocatalytic activities of the supported catalysts were evaluated using cyclic voltammetric behaviors in methanol and formic acid solutions recorded with Pt nanoparticles supported on the polymers or polymer composites. Open circuit voltage and fuel cell tests were also studied using a homemade single cell test configuration with Nafion® membrane.

Keywords: Conducting polymers, Pt nanoparticles, fuel cell, methanol, formic acid.


IBCESS

44

DROUGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM

Alaeddin BOBAT

Kocaeli University Arslanbey Campus 41285-Kartepe/[email protected]

Drought is a slow-onset event that cause more loss of lives, livelihoods and permanent displacement of people than cyclones, floods and earthquakes combined. And it is expected to increase in frequency, area and intensity due to climate change, and yet effective drought management policies are missing in most parts of the world. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and other United Nations (UN) agencies are working to establish science-based foundations for practical and proactive drought policies at national level to make drought-prone countries more resilient. The keystones of national drought policies include (i) proactive mitigation and planning measures, risk management, public outreach and resource stewardship, (ii) greater collaboration to enhance the national, regional and global observation networks and information delivery systems to improve public understanding of, and preparedness for, drough, (iii) incorporation of comprehensive governmental and private insurance and financial strategies into drought preparedness plans, (iv) recognition of a safety net of emergency relief based on sound stewardship of natural resources and self-help at the various levels of government, and (v) coordination of drought programmes and response in an effective, efficient and customer-oriented manner. Droughts have both direct and indirect impacts. Direct impacts are usually physical and/or material and include reduced agricultural production, increased fire hazard, depleted water levels, higher livestock and wildlife mortality ranges, and damage to wildlife and fish habitats. When direct impacts have multiplier effects through the economy and society, they are referred to as indirect impacts. These include a reduction in agricultural production that may result in reduced income for farmers and agribusiness, increased prices food and timber, unemployment, reduced purchasing capacity and demand for consumption, default on agricultural loans, rural unrest, and reduction in agricultural employment leading to migration drought relief programs. The more removed the impact from the cause, the more complex is the link to the cause. These multiplier affects are often so diffuse that it is very difficult to generate financial estimates of actual losses caused by a drought. And Turkey will be exposed to severe drought risk threat, according to several researches. For this reason, drought risk management should be planned and required measures should be taken without delay. The objective of this study is to call the attentions the importance of the planning regarding the global warming and drought hazard and to reveal that drought will be able to overcome as an important environmental problem.

Keywords: Drought, Water Management, Water Use, Drought Risk, Risk Management and Turkey

OP4

3



IBCESS

45

OP4

4

TEMPORAL TRENDS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS INISTANBUL ATMOSPHERE

Sema Yurdakul1, Banu Çetin2 and Fatma Öztürk3

1Environmental Engineering Department,Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey

2Environmental Engineering Department,Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey

3Environmental Engineering Department,Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Turkey

[email protected]

Istanbul is hosting nearly 17% of population of Turkey. Due to fast-growing population, industrial activities and with more than 3 million of cars in the traffic, Istanbul has become one of the world`s leading metropolises in the last fifty years. In parallel with the rapid growth in urbanization, air pollution was also observed in Istanbul. In this study, the long term variation of six inorganic pollutant concentrations (NO, NO

2, NO

x, PM, CO and SO

2), which had been

measured hourly between 1998 and 2013 at 10 Istanbul municipality stations located at both European and Asian side of Istanbul, were investigated. Seasonal Mann-Kendall method was used for the analysis of temporal trends. The analyze results showed a statistically meaningful (p<0.05) decrease of SO

2,

CO and PM concentrations in nearly all of the air quality stations in Istanbul, which could be attributed to the increasing use of higher quality of coal and natural gas for domestic heating and effectiveness of emission control strategies. The similar trend for these pollutants was also observed in other cities in Turkey. Although NO concentrations decreased (p<0.05), observed NO

2 concentrations at air quality stations either stayed stagnant or slightly

increased (p>0.05). On the other hand, NOx emission remained stagnant or

decreased at these measurement stations (p>0.05). A significant reduction could not be observed for the NO

x and NO

2 in Istanbul atmosphere, which is

probably due to improved exhaust systems.

Keywords: Air pollution, Istanbul, Seasonal Mann-Kendall, temporal trend.

Acknowledgement: The authors wish to thank the Metropolitan Municipality ofIstanbul for their support.


IBCESS

46

OP4

5

USE OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE IN ROAD PAVEMENTS ASPOLLUTION REDUCERS

Erol İskender, Atakan Aksoy, Cansu İskender and Aytuna Sayın

Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Trabzon, [email protected]

The road networks and the number of vehicles driving on the road are increasing rapidly with population growth especially in growing cities. While the development of industry and technology has provided positive advances, negative advances such as air pollution reveal. Both pollutants emitted from exhaust of vehicles and spread from factories constitute substantial effects on human health. Recently, World Health Organization research underlined that pollution is responsible for 100000 deaths each year in the European area. Lately, researchers have started to show more attention on environmentally friendly practices. The practices are also taken part in road pavement engineering. Researchers have tried to reduce air pollution by using titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the road pavements with various methods. Studies have focused on benefit from photocatalytic effect of TiO2. Pollutants such as NOX were transformed into water-soluble sulfates via TiO2. Water-soluble matters can be washed with the effect of rain and air pollution can be reduced with this method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of titanium dioxide in the road pavements, summarize the studies done up to now and give beneficial information for future studies.

Keywords: titanium dioxide, road pavements, air pollution, photocatalytic materials.



IBCESS

47

OP4

6

THE SWOT ANALYSIS FOR SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPALSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY AND

MINIMIZATION PRACTICES FOR CLEANER EMISSIONS

Fulya Aydın Temel1, Nükhet Konuk2, Tolga Ayeri3,Nurdan Gamze Turan3 and Yüksel Ardalı3

1Giresun University, Engineering Faculty,Dept. of Environmental Engineering, 28200, Giresun, Turkey

2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty,Dept. of Geomatic Engineering, 55200, Samsun, Turkey

3Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty,Dept. of Environmental Engineering, 55200, Samsun, Turkey

[email protected]

Solid waste management is the most environmental problem in Turkey as a result of the rapid increase in solid waste generation caused by the rapid population growth, urbanization, rapid industrialization and economic development. In Turkey, municipal authorities are responsible for waste management that includes collection, transportation, and disposal of municipal solid waste. The management of urban waste problem is getting more severe due to various reasons like poor infrastructure, weak technical and financial resources, lack of enforcement of regulations, poor coordination between authorities, deficient policies and absence of political priorities. Hence, despite the legislations, municipal solid wastes are managed in an unscientific manner by the municipalities. The SWOT analysis is an excellent tool to explore the possibilities and ways for successfully implementing the municipal solid waste management. In this study, the SWOT analysis carried out both positive and negative concerns of the municipal solid waste management. A successful strategic management have been identified from the SWOT analysis for the municipal solid wastes in Turkey. Further, based on SWOT analysis approach the study proposes options for the improvement in current waste management practices in Turkey, which could also be adopted by other countries in developing world to reduce the adverse impact of MSW on environment and human health.

Keywords: MSW, MSW management, Swot analysis, sustainability, Turkey.


IBCESS

48

NANOSTRUCTURED IRON(III)-COPPER(II) BINARY OXIDE:A NOVEL MATERIAL FOR ENHANCED SAFRANIN ANDCRYSTAL VIOLET REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Ulker Asli Guler and Eliza Tuncel

Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty,Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, [email protected]

Currently, synthetic dyes are extensively used in textiles, leather, paper, cosmetics, plastic, food, and pharmaceutical industry. Dye residues had toxic and carcinogenic effects on ecosystem. The cationic dyes are more toxic than the anionic dyes. To obtain a highly efficient and low cost adsorbent for dye removal from water, a novel nanostructured Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide has been synthesized with basic coprecipitation method and used as adsorbent for removal of safranin and crystal violet from aqueous solutions. The Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide (2:1) was characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM analyses. The batch experimental studies were performed out under various conditions such as solution pH (2-4-6-8-10), initial dye concentration (15-30-50-100-150-200 mg/L), amount of Fe-Cu binary oxide (5-7.5-10 g/L), and contact time (5-10-15-30-45-60-120-140-180 min). In addition; effect of Al, Na, CO

3, SO

3, NO

3 and Ca ions on dye removal efficiency was studied. The

maximum removal efficiency of safranin and crystal violet by Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide was found as %78 and 84% at pH 10, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption capacities for safranin and crystal violet of Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide was found as 38.76 mg/g and 68.96 mg/g from Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The kinetic studies were done. According to experimental results, the Fe-Cu binary oxide could be a promising adsorbent for both safranin and crystal violet removal because of it has good performance, facile and low cost synthesis process.

Keywords: Fe-Cu binary oxide, adsorption, characterization, safranin, crystal violet.

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7



IBCESS

49

OP4

8

“SUSPENDED SOLID INDICATOR” BASED MEMBRANEFOULING MODELING

Turgay Dere

Adiyaman University, Engineering Faculty,Environmental Engineering Department, 02040 Adiyaman, Turkey

[email protected]

In this study, the membrane fouling indicator modeling that permate flux variation for different influent suspended solid concentrations of Biological Pretreated Membrane Reactor (BPMR) by gel polarization, and dittus boelter diffusion entegrated series-resistance model considering to membrane sizes. The experimental data for the modeling was obtained using tubular ultrafiltration (MF-UF). Biological pretreatment was carried out in sequencing batch reactor. Wastewater was obtained from physical pretreated effluent, and activated sludge mixture of the urban wastewater treatment plant. The predicted permeate flux variations are very suitable for experimental flux results of wastewater suspended solid concentrations of ranged with 34-272 mg/L for very well described the velocity, the transmembrane pressure, and the size of membrane configuration.

Keywords: Biological Pretreatment; Modeling; Tubular Membrane;Ultrafiltration; Urban Wastewater

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank the financial support of thisproject (2008-50.02.002) given by research funds of Sakarya University in Sakarya,Turkey


IBCESS

50

OP4

9

EVALUATION OF “SLOW CITY” MOVEMENT IN TURKEYINTEGRATED WITH ENVIRONMENT ON THE BASIS OFTHE CRITERIA OF PROTECTING AND SUPPORTING LOCALPRODUCTION

Onur Tekoğlu1 and A. Yildirim2

1Giresun University, Vocational Schools of Technical Sciences,28200 Giresun, [email protected] University, Vocational Schools of Technical Sciences, 28200 Giresun, Turkey

The problems in today’s cities such as dense population, excessive and rapid consumption of scarce sources, unplanned urbanization, poverty and destruction of environment by human have been growing day by day. “Slow City” movement, which aims to start locally and reach a global scale in order to pass down the sources, has determined a series of criteria in terms of sustainability of environment and energy in cities and local development. The movement which started in Italy and globalized in a short time aims to adopt slowness instead of speed, hand work instead of machinery, production instead of consumption, and sustainability in terms of environment-energydevelopment. Seferihisar district joined to “Cittaslow” network for the first time in Turkey in 2009, and later, 9 other districts became the members by fulfilling the necessary criteria. In this study, we analyzed the criteria currently aimed and can be implemented in these districts which have been members since 2009 in terms of the section “Protecting and Supporting Local Production” which is one of the criteria for membership to slow cities. In this way, practical downsides and benefits of the movement which promises cities life and environment with more quality are presented.

Keywords: Slow city, sustainability, local manufacture, urban image



IBCESS

51

OP5

0

COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF SAHARAN DUSTTRANSPORT TO CITIES LOCATED ON BLACK SEA AND

MEDITERRANEAN COASTS OF TURKEY

Ahmet Mustafa Tepe and Güray Doğan

Akdeniz University, Antalya, [email protected]

Turkey has long shore to Mediterranean and Black Seas. The influence of these seas as well as the influence of nearby sources are important to manage the air quality in the area. In this study PM

10 concentrations obtained from air quality

monitoring stations located in downtown regions of cities located at the Mediterranean and Black sea coast of Turkey were analyzed and compared. Hourly and daily PM

10 concentrations of these cities obtained from the web

site of Ministry of Environment and Civilization were used. The data coverage was from January 2007 to June 2016. In order to understand the influence of air mass transport to the urban air quality, backtrajectories for every sampling day were calculated. HYSPLIT model was used for the calculation of backtrajectories. Days of the trajectories from Saharan desert were determined and average PM

10 concentrations were calculated for that days. It was found

that transport of dust from Saharan desert increases the PM10

concentrations in all cities, but cities which are located on the Mediterranean coast were more affected.

Keywords: Particulate matter, dust transport, urban air quality, Eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea.


IBCESS

52

OP5

1

CITTASLOW APPLICABILITY FOR SAMSUN

Tolga Ayeri1, Fulya Aydın Temel2, Nurdan Gamze Turan1

and Yüksel Ardalı1

1Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty,Environmental Engineering Dept., Samsun, [email protected] University, Engineering Faculty,Environmental Engineering Dept., Giresun, Turkey

Slow City (Cittaslow) movement is seen as a model of development by local municipalities. In our country, the rapidly increasing number of cities in recent years, to be covered by the slow city movement is required in some hosting criteria. These criteria determine the International Association of Slow Cities. These are Environmental Policies, Infrastructure Policy, Urban Quality of Life Policies, agricultural, tourism, trades and hospitality, plans for awareness and education are social cohesion and partnership. In this study, in multi-criteria decision-making methods, which is one of the most widely used method of Analytic Hierarchy Process on the international level (AHP) it is used. AHP method in evaluating the results of the subjective and objective judgment in the solution of complex problems in the election is the main reason to reveal a practical result. According to this reason there exist multiple criteria decision making method is more preferable. AHP model created with the help of the hierarchical structure of the evaluation criteria in the relevant slow city district of Samsun were carried out. The first criterion is the slow city “is less than the urban population 50000” is determined taking into account the existing districts. Alternative districts meet the criteria; Alaçam, Asarcık, Ayvacik, Poplar, Ladik 19 Mayıs, Salıpazarı and Yakakent.In order to determine the best model created slowly in 7 main criteria and 72 sub-criteria are specified in the result. Slow Cities International Union expressed the determination of the criteria are considered. The cittaslowcriteria for environmental policy; “Documenting that the parameters specified by the law of the air cleaning, the parameters specified by the law of the water cleaning, the comparison with the national average of public drinking water consumption, collection of separated urban solid waste, determination of wastewater treatment plants for municipal or public sewers, buildings and public areas energy-saving, electricity consumption per household, biodiversity conservation “parameters are taken into account. Some criteria could not get any information in the sub-criteria are evaluated according to the principle of equality.

Keywords: Cittaslow, Analytic Hierarchy Process, management, Samsun.



IBCESS

53

OP5

2

EFFECT OF ACTIVATED CARBON PARAMETERS ON THESURFACE PROPERTIES OF WHEAT STRAW RESIDUE

Yunus Emre Şimşek

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, [email protected]

Activated carbon has perfectly developed porosity, a large surface area (up to 3500 m2 g-1), and modifiable surface chemistry properties and exhibits a comparatively high degree of surface reactivity. Due to these reasons, activated carbon is regarded as a very efficient adsorbent that could be used for various purposes in industry. The obtainment of activated carbon from agricultural byproducts, wastes and residues is a wide field of research which generates plenty of interest in recent years. Two existing methods are used for the production of activated carbon: chemical (wet) and physical (dry) activation. In chemical activation, the candidate adsorbent is produced impregnating with various acids and mineral salts, followed by carbonization with heating at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. This study presented deals with the production of the activated carbon obtained from agricultural residue, wheat straw, abundant in Turkey. Activated carbon materials (ACMs), prepared at different impregnation ratios and carbonization temperatures, and were investigated for a candidate adsorbent. ACMs as novel adsorbent were prepared for low-cost and locally available source in the city of Bilecik, Turkey such as wheat straw residues. ACMs were produced in a tubular reactor. These new adsorbents produced were characterized by proximate, ultimate and elemental analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results clearly showed that both chemical and surface properties of the activated carbon materials were affected by the impregnation ratio and reactor temperature.

Keywords: Activated carbon, adsorbent, agricultural waste, chemical activation,surface properties.

Acknowledgement: The author thanks Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Project no.2015-02.BŞEÜ.03-04, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

54

OP5

3

SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION OF U(IV) BY BACILLUSVALLISMORTIS IMMOBILIZED ON MULTIWALLEDCARBON NANOTUBE (MWCNT) USING UV-VISSPECTROPHOTOMETRY

M. Kadir Oduncu1, Ersin Kılınç2, Sadin Özdemir1 and Mustafa Soylak3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science,Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey2Health Services Vocational High School, Medical Marketing and PromotionProgramme, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200, Mardin, [email protected] University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,TR-38039 Kayseri, Turkey

Uranium(IV) ions were preconcentrated on immobilized Bacillus vallismortis onto multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and were determined by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Various parameters such as pH, solution flow rate, amount of biosorbent, amount of support matrix eluent type, volume and concentration, sample volume and the matrix interference effect on retention were experimented for optimization of solid phase extraction of U(IV). The optimum pH and flow rate for the biosorption of U(IV) was 4.0-5.0 and 1.0 mL/min, respectively. The quantitative eluation occured with 5.0 mL of 1M HCl. The loading capacity of immobilized B. vallismortis was determined to be 23.6 mg/g. The characterization of B. vallismortis immobilized onto multiwalled carbon nanotube with and without U(IV) were examined by FTIR and SEM. The certified reference sample was utilized for the validation of new solid phase extraction method. The new validated method was applied for the determination of U(VI) in Van Lake water samples.

Keywords: Bacillus vallismortis, preconcentration, U(IV), solid phase extraction.



IBCESS

55

OP5

4

DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM CONDITIONSFOR MAGNESITE ENRICHMENT BY LACTOCOCCUS SP.

Derya Yanmis1, Furkan Orhan2, Medine Gulluce3 and Fikrettin Sahin4

1Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Espiye Vocational School,Giresun University, TR28600, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected] Research and Application Laboratory,

Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, TR04100, Ağrı, Turkey3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey

4Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering andArchitecture, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul, Turkey

Magnesite, the main source of magnesium and magnesium derivate, has some impurities such as such as silicon, iron, and calcium carbonate (CaCO

3).

Magnesite containing CaCO3 cannot be effectively processed. Many

researchers have applied physical and chemical methods in order to improve the quality of magnesite. While physical methods are expensive and chemical methods reduce the biological diversity and pollute soil and groundwater, the focus has now been shifted on alternative methods such as microorganisms. For the first time, we showed that magnesite enrichment can be achieved biotechnologically by using a nonpathogenic Lactococcus sp. strain. According to our results, the impurity (CaCO

3) was reduced from 2.94% to 0.57%. In

this study, the optimization experiments have been determined with classical methods. For this, a set of temperature (10-40°C), pH (5-9), particle size (200 mesh-5 mm), solid amount (2-10%), bacterial concentration (1-5%) (~108 cfu/ mL) have been tested.

Keywords: Magnesite, optimization, biotechnological enrichment


IBCESS

56

OP5

5

OLIVE OIL PROCESSING: FROM ENVIRONMENTAL RISK TOBENEFICIAL SUBSTANCES

Evren ALTIOK

Giresun University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Genetic and Bioengineering,Giresun, [email protected]

Olive cultivation maintains an essential position in the economy, ecology and social life of the Mediterranean countries, where almost 98% of the world olive tree growing is concentrated. Because of the size of this agricultural activity in the Mediterranean Basin, the environmental problems associated with the olive oil extraction process have a crucial importance. Commonly, olive mills produce residual solids, the olive press- cake or OPC which make up a fibrous lignocellulosic waste generally used as fuel; a black liquid effluent, the olive oil wastewater or OWW, which is a heavy pollutant mainly due to its high phenolic content and organic load; olive leaves or OL which entail diverse toxic effects to soils in case of the inappropriate treatment. Thus, remediation of olive processing residues presents severe difficulties because phenolics and certain aromatic compounds are very phytotoxic and are held responsible for the strong antimicrobial properties and the recalcitrant black color of the waste. Residues can be utilized as a potential raw material in bioprocesses, as a potent source for pharmaceutical substances, anti-oxidative and antimicrobial compounds, as a biomass fuel, compost or soil conditioner. They provide an excellent substratum for the growth of microorganism supplying the essential nutrients to them and their application in the field of fermentation technology has resulted in the production of bulk-chemicals and value-added products such as amino acid, enzymes, mushrooms, organic acids, single-cell protein (SCP), biologically active secondary metabolites, etc. This review study focuses on the various processes related to the value-addition of olive oil processing residues by their utilization: in bioprocesses for the production of industrial bio-products; as a renewable source of energy; in the preparation of feeding supplements; in pharmaceutical area.

Keywords: Environmental risks, olive mill wastewater, olive oil processingwastes, recovering value added products.



IBCESS

57

OP5

6

DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTEL COMPOSITION OFWINTER SEASON PARTICULATES IN ANTALYA URBAN

ATMOSPHERE

Ahmet Mustafa Tepe1, İlker Balcılar2 and Güray Doğan1

1Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey [email protected] East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Antalya is the Turkish Riviera located on Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The city is a very important tourism destination welcomes over 10 million of tourists each year. Agricultural activities are also important in the region. The city has a downtown population of over 1 million. Even though the city is full of beauty, city suffers from air pollution especially during winter months. In order to determine the levels of pollution, one 24 hour continuous particulate matter (PM

2.5, PM

2.5-10) sampling

was carried out in two day period in between October 2014 and March 2015. In this time period total of 86 samples were collected. Samples were analyzed using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for a total of 15 elements which are Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Pb. Statistical parameters were calculated for all measured elements in fine (PM

2.5) and coarse (PM

2.5-10) fraction.

Crustal elements, such as Ti, Ca, Al and Si were mostly determined the course fraction. On the other hand, anthropogenic elements, such as S, As, Mn, Zn found higher in the fine fraction. These elements emitted from anthropogenic activities like combustion of fossil fuels. In order to understand the concentration variations in time, monthly changes were examined. Monthly concentration changes in fine and course fractions were determined. For fine fraction higher concentrations, which are especially emitted from domestic heating, were observed in cold months. Course fractions concentrations are also significantly higher in cold months. The reason of such behavior could be due to higher wind speeds during cold months which may suspend crustal dust. Enrichment Factors (EF) were determined for classify the measured elements as either natural or anthropogenic. Crustal Enrichment Factors (EF

C) and Marine Enrichment Factors (EF

M) were calculated for the elements in fine

and course fractions. EFC and EF

M results shows that K, Mn and V are anthropogenic

sources in fine fractions and Cu, As, Zn, Pb, S are are anthropogenic sources in both fractions.

Keywords: Eastern Mediterranean, fine particulate matter, coarse particulatematter, enrichment factor, EDXRF, air pollution.

Acknowledgement: We thank Akdeniz University Scientific Research Council,Project no. 2014.01.0102.002 and FYL-2014-194, for the financial support. We alsowould like to thank Turkish Atomic Energy Authority Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center for analyzing the samples with EDXRF.


IBCESS

58

OP5

7

INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL VARIATION ON SKINSURFACE DUE TO GSM AND WI-FI ELECTROMAGNETICRADIATION

Yasin Karan and Nilüfer As

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Physics Department, Rize, [email protected]

Gradually, exposure of Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is increased as daily wireless communication devices usage time raises in our lives. Even though environmental measurements in the framework of international standards related to Electromagnetic Fields are performed regularly by competent authorities, the measurement in closed areas such as homes are not performed. One of the important effects of electromagnetic fields on living organisms is the thermal exchange. EM energy is absorbed by water molecules in large quantities. Depending on the water content of the medium, temperature increases will occur by the energy absorbed from the Electromagnetic field. In the literature, there are multifaceted studies made by the different disciplines related to EM radiation. In General, studies are related to environmental radiation magnitude measurement. In this study, the variations in temperature which is one of the significant effects of EM fields were examined. Investigations were made via mobile phone and Wi-Fi adapter EM sources running in the most commonly used frequencies GSM (900-1800 MHz) and Wi-Fi (2400 MHz). Temperature changes of the skin surface and in subcutaneous of an organic sample were investigated. EM field in the environment during the experiments was measured with the SRM- 3006 frequency analyzer. Temperature measurements were made by taking reading per second with a prepared microcontroller controlled temperature sensors. Temperature values chart according to the operating state of the EM radiation source is derived. At the result, low temperature increases were observed due to the EM radiation as expected.

Keywords: Electromagnetic radiation, GSM, Wi-Fi, thermal effect, thermal measurement.



IBCESS

59

OP5

8

3D NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE FRESH WATER QUALITYIN ISLAND AQUIFERS

Murat Kilit

Afyon Kocatepe University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Eng. Dept.,Afyonkarahisar, Turkey ,

[email protected]

Water is a vital resource for all ecosystems. Groundwater constitutes 35 % of all freshwater in the world. Coastal aquifers serve as the major freshwater source for densely populated zones. Saltwater intrusion is a phenomenon which degrades the freshwater quality in coastal aquifer. When the freshwater level in coastal aquifer withdraw below the sea level, seawater intrusion occurs because of density difference between fresh water and sea water. This manuscript studies the significant consequences of saltwater intrusion, decreasing recharge rates, sea-level rise and increasing freshwater demand on the sustainable water quality management of coastal aquifers, via a hypothetical case study. A 3-D numerical model is developed using SEAWAT, to simulate a circular island aquifer in the form of a freshwater lens surrounded by seawater. Issues such as sloping land surface resulting in landward migration of the coastal boundary and transient response of the system due to pumping are considered through a set of predictive simulations. Results of this study, revealing the effects of mentioned pressures on the long-term sustainability of the freshwater resource, are evaluated on the basis of groundwater reserves and intrusion of the freshwater–saltwater interface in lateral and vertical directions.

Keywords: Island aquifer, 3D simulation, SEAWAT, fresh water quality.


IBCESS

60

MAGNETIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Gülbahar Akkaya Sayğılı

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Dicle University, Diyarbakır/[email protected]

Magnetic separation is considered as a quick and effective technique for separating magnetic particles. It has been used for many applications in biochemistry, analytical chemistry and mining ores. Recently, magnetic separation has been one of the promising ways for an environmental purification technique because of producing no contaminants and having capability of treating large amounts of wastewater within a short time. Magnetic nano- or micro-particles of iron oxides have been widely used in the fields of separations and adsorption reactions. Magnetic ferrite MFe

2O

4

(M denotes a divalent metal such as FeII, MnII, CoII, ZnII) nanoparticles possess special optical, electrical and magnetic properties, thus have storage, bio sensing, disease diagnosis, catalysis and environmental analysis. Manganese ferrite nanoparticles have proven to be useful in many applications, and they can provide a potential advantage for repeated magnetic separation purposes. Magnetic separation technique is also used in the adsorption studies. Many researchers have studied on the development of low-cost bio sorbents and activated carbon adsorbents from abundantly available by-products/waste materials for wastewater treatment applications because of having good potential to adsorb different types of contaminants. The work presented here successfully recycled an agricultural waste into a low-cost adsorbent and further converted this into magnetically separable composite adsorbent. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/SEM-EDX), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques.

Keywords: magnetic separation, adsorption, characterization, wastewatertreatment.

OP5

9



IBCESS

61

OP6

0

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SOME AZACHALCONE PYRAZOLES

Canan Albay

Giresun University/Faculty of Arts and Sciences,Department of Chemistry, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

Most methods of synthesis chalcone pyrazoles need use of excessive amount oforganic solvents and long reaction times during condensation reactions and during purification of products. Organic solvents have been considered to be most hazardous to human health and the environment due to their volatile nature. Microwave irradiation gives us special advantages of environmentally friendly synthesis, such as shorter reaction times, clean and high yields reaction products and solvent free synthesis. For this reason, solvent free and effective method for the synthesis of pyrazole-substituted azachalcones has been achieved by using microwave irradiation. In order to obtain the pyrazolicazachalcones, methoxy substituted azachalcone derivatives (synthesized from the methoxy substituted benzaldehydes and 3-acetylpyridine) used and obtained practically clear and high yields products.

Keywords: Chalcone, Azachalcone, Pyrazole, Microwave.

Acknowledgement: Thank to Giresun University, Project no: FEN-BAP-A-220413-34for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

62

EVALUATION OF HAZELNUT GARDENS IN TERMS OFGRAZING

Yavuz Selim Karakuş1, Metin Deveci2 and Gürkan Demirkol2

1Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution, Giresun, [email protected] of Field Crops, Agriculture Faculty Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey

Turkey has about 70% of the world’s hazelnut production and provides about 2 billion dollar export revenue and subsistence 5 million people. Agriculture of hazelnut is carried out in 700.000 ha areas. These areas can be evaluated alternatively as a pasture without harming hazelnut yield and produce average grass 125 da/kg or hay 30 da/kg. Also superior in respect to feeding, many forage plants belonging to graminea and leguminosae family grow locally. If appropriate rehabilitation and management methods are implemented, grass yield can be easily increased. Because of this, hazelnut gardens have enormous potential by means of grazing but unfortunately only smallholders graze a small number of animals. Even without any rehabilitation, about 40.830 animal units can be grazed in periods of 5-6 months. When livestock develops in these areas, both hazelnut gardens and farmers may gain many benefits of this situation. We can specify these benefits such as; 1) Animals can be fed with grass in these areas, 2) This leads to increases of meat and milk production, 3) Grazing animals naturally manure and assist aeration of the soil and consequently structure of chemical and physical feature of soil is enriched and hazelnut yield may increases, 4) Requirements of pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizer may be decreased, 5) Farmers have to hire workers to reap grass in order to harvest hazelnut easily and they pay 50 dollar/ day for each workers but grazing animals naturally fulfill this task. Evaluation of hazelnut gardens in terms of grazing is important for farmers who lives in Black Sea region. The usage of this system should be spread to reach our farmers’ economic objectives.

Keywords: Hazelnut garden, grazing, Black Sea

OP6

1



IBCESS

63

OP6

2

REGRESSION MODELLING OF HOURLY OZONECONCENTRATION IN GIRESUN

Yılmaz Yıldırım and Eren Karakavuz

Bülent Ecevit University, Environmental Engineering Department,Zonguldak, Turkey

[email protected]

Tropospheric Surface ozone (O3) is a highly reactive trace gas and is also a

volatile secondary photochemical air pollutant. The formation of high concentration surface ozone is harmful for humans and plants. The surface O

3 plays a significant role in controlling the chemical lifetimes and reaction

products of many atmospheric species. Surface O3 concentration in urban

and suburban areas exhibits diurnal variability, with high concentration during the day and low concentration during the night. In this study, regression model applications have been buildup using meteorological and air quality parameters obtained from automatic air quality measurement station between January 2015 and March 2016 years in Giresun City Center. The available data have been divided into two pieces. One of them were used to produce regression equations and the other data was used for evaluation of the equations. In results, 3 prediction equations have been produced using Ozone, PM10, PM2.5, NO, NO

2, NOx, CO and meteorological parameters

for 2015 and 2016 years in 3 different models. The prediction performances of the models used are determined by utilizing RMSE, IA and coefficient of correlations (R2). According to statistical evaluations, it is observed that Ozone prediction values have a low performance in the summer period but the predictions have a high performance in the winter period. In statistical evaluation, R2=0.60 for model 1, R2=0.65 for model 2 and R2=0.75 for model 3 were figured out. The best prediction was achieved by the model 3. To predict better ozone value, the NMHC concentrations in the measuring site must be detected and involved into regression.

Keywords: SPSS software, Modelling, Diurnal Ozone Concentration, Prediction.


IBCESS

64

OP6

3

TWO HIGHLY EFFECTIVE LOCALNUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS ISOLATES AGAINSTMALACOSOMA NEUSTRIA LARVAE

Dönüş GENÇER, İsmail DEMİR, Remziye NALÇACIOĞLU andZihni DEMİRBAĞ

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology,61080, Trabzon, Turkey [email protected]

Chemical insecticides used in pest control system have many detrimental effects on the environment and non-target organisms. Recent concerns about the hazardous effects of chemical pesticides encouraged scientists to consider finding more safe and effective control agents. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack arthropods, mainly insects, environmentally benign and do not replicate in vertebrates. They have been the subject of intensive study as possible alternatives or supplements to chemical insecticides. The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV). The lackey moth (Malacosoma neustria) is a defoliating pest of forest, shade, fruit and ornamental trees. In this study, two local nucleopolyhedroviruses were isolated from the larvae of M. neustria in the northwest part of Turkey. These isolates were characterized and named as Samsun-MnNPV (S-MnNPV) and Gümüşhane-MnNPV (G-MnNPV).The presence of inclusion bodies were examined under light and scanning electron microscopes. The phylogenetic analysis of the amplified lef-8 gene sequences of new NPVs showed their relation to the other NPVs from Malacosoma species.The insecticidal activities of these isolates were determined using third instar M.neustria larvae. Four different doses between 103 and 106OBs/ml were used and the bioassays were replicated 3 times for both isolates. Results showed that the mortalities for S-MnNPV and G-MnNPV range between70%-100% and 81%-100% respectively within 14 days for the used doses. LC

50 value of S-MnNPV and G-MnNPV were determined as

0,24x103OBs/ml and 0,019x103OBs/ml, respectively. Results indicated that these two nucleopolyhedrosis virus isolates are promising biological control agents against the M. neustria larvae. However, further studies are needed to test the insecticidal activities of these isolates against more Lepidopteran insects.

Keywords: Baculoviruses, insect viruses, Malacosoma neustria, biocontrol agent.



IBCESS

65

RESPONSE OF THE OSMOREGULATION SYSTEMSOF FRESHWATER FISH (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)

FOLLOWING METAL EXPOSURES IN DIFFERING CALCIUMLEVELS

Ali Eroglu and Mustafa Canli

Çukurova University, Faculty of Science and Letters/Department of Biology01330, Balcali, Adana, Turkey

[email protected]

In this study, Oreochromis niloticus were expossed to Cr6+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Hg2+ in differing Ca2+ levels. Fish were exposed to this metals in water containing Ca0 (30 mg Ca2+ L-1), Ca1 (60 mg Ca2+ L-1), and Ca2 (120 mg Ca2+ L-1). Experiments were conducted using acute (72 h) and chronic (30 d) exposure protocols. At the end of experimental periods, the activities Na+/K+, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in gill and intestine and only Ca2+-ATPase activity in muscle were measured. Data represented here showed that the effects of metals differed in differing water calcium levels. Significant alterations in ATPase activities were observed in regard to tissues, metals, exposure protocols. In acute and chronic exposure, Ca0+metal exposures caused significant decreases in ATPase activities, but this effects was generally not evident in Ca1 and Ca2+metal exposures conditions. The muscle has been the least effected tissue by acute and chronic exposure. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase was found to be the most sensitive enzyme compared to the other ATPases. This study showed that Ca2+ concentration of water is an important parameter in assessment of acute or chronic metal toxicity, especially when ATPases are concerned and should be taken into account in evaluations of biomarkers in metal contaminated waters.

Keywords: Metal, Calcium, Fish, Oreochromis niloticus, ATPase

Acknowledgement: This study was financially supported by the Research Fund ofÇukurova University (Project no. FEF-2011-D22).

OP6

4


IBCESS

66

OP6

5

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OFPSf- GO/Fe3O4 COMPOSITE MEMBRANE

Ilker Akin1, Erhan Zor2 and Haluk Bingol3

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University,Konya 42130, [email protected] and Technology Department, A. K. Education Faculty,Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey3Department of Chemistry, A. K. Education Faculty,Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey

Recent advances in the fabrication of nanostructures such as graphenerelated materials have received a lot of attention in membrane technology for the future of water supplies. Polysulfone (PSf) mixed matrix composite membranes containing GO and GO/Fe

3O

4 were prepared via a phase

inversion method. The morphology of the membranes was evaluated by various characterization methods, including SEM, AFM, and contact angle and porosity measurements. The performance and antifouling properties of the membranes were examined in detail. The PSf-GO/Fe

3O

4 membrane

showed a significant improvement in water flux permeability due to the enhancement of hydrophilicity and porosity. The fouling resistance ratio (FRR) and antifouling properties of the membranes were tested using two different protein solutions: bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin.

Keywords: GO, GO/Fe3O

4 nanocomposite, Membrane, Antifouling.

Acknowledgement: We thank the Scientific Research Projects of NecmettinErbakan University, Project no. 141710001, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

67

INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH AND BALST FURNACE SLAGON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF ALKALI ACTIVATED

CONCRETE

Kadir Kılınç and Saadet Gökçe Gök

Kirklareli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,Kirklareli, Turkey

[email protected]

Cement is used as the main binder in conventional concrete. Conventional concrete production, which emits high amounts of carbon dioxide and needs high level of energy consumption during the cement production, is an expensive and environmentally hazardous process. For sustainable concrete, it is needed environmental, economical and social improvement together. Because of this reason, alternative production methods and building materials that can be obtained more efficiently, cleaner and cheaper should be preferred. Reusing by-products obtained from different industries in concrete production makes a significant contribution to this process. In this research, fly ash and slag, which are by-products, were activated with alkalines, and had a binding property for geopolymer production. Factors such as durability, early and later age strength requirements, workability, ambient temperature, application type designate the amount of contents of alkali activated concrete and affect geopolymer design. In this experimental study, fly ash, blast furnace slag, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate with maximum aggregate size 20 mm, coarse aggregate with maximum aggregate size 12 mm and alkaline activators were used in concrete production. Cement-free concrete specimens were left outdoor and in laboratory conditions. Compressive strength test was applied on specimens at the ages of 7 and 28 days. As a consequence, outdoor conditions provided an increment on early age compressive strength of alkali activated concrete while laboratory conditions provided higher 28- day compressive strength. It was found to be significant that the increase in blast furnace slag amount resulted in higher compressive strength results.

Keywords: Geopolymer, sustainability, waste management, alkali activated concrete,cement-free concrete.

OP6

6


IBCESS

68

NEED OF CLEAN AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS INAGRICULTURE

Kasım Eren Tuna and Dilek Bostan Budak

Cukurova University, Adana, [email protected]

Energy is a certain need for food production. The alliance of agriculture and energy is as old as agriculture history. In the times there is no motor powered mechanization; animals were used for transportation, plowing, grinding etc. on agriculture. But by the time started with industrialization, fossil fuel motors have found a new spread area to themselves in a new era. The sharp rise of development coming with industrialization has brought more energy need, more fossil fuel use, and more sera gases output. The characteristics of energy obtained from fossil fuels are; being exhaustible, being expensive in the long term compared with clean energy, and causing climate changing. Sustainable energy and green technologies come into play exactly at this point. As can be understood from the dictionary meaning; sustainable energy is energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources. By definition, sustainable energy serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Solar cells, wind tribunes, hydroelectric dynamos are most known systems which turn natural energy to electricity and represent to usage. But clean and sustainable energy means not only producing electricity; but also direct use like space, water and greenhouse heating by sun; or wind pumping by air movements; or usage of geothermal energy on farms. In addition to energy producing; installation and use efficiency are important either. For example new installation techniques and technologies for greenhouses, or efficient watering strategies decreases energy need also. The world’s population entered a tight bend. By 2050 it will double itself and our food need will be multiplied as well. On this point, the energy choices of global altitude will cause very extensive consequences for all economy, environment, agriculture and climate in a not long term. In this paper, sustainable energy systems and the necessity of clean energy in agriculture are discussed.

Keywords: agriculture, sustainable energy, food need, climate

OP6

7



IBCESS

69

OP6

8

MONITORING THE CHANGES OF TEMPORAL ANDREGIONAL PAH LEVELS BY OLIVE SAMPLES

Betül Yıldırım, Fatma Esen and Yücel Taşdemir

Department of Environmental Engineering, Uludağ University, Bursa, [email protected]

PAH compounds that are proven harmful effects on human health are monitored in many cities as air pollutants in the world. PAH are formed as a result of incomplete combustion of any organic material. It has become cross-border environmental problems a result of constant displacement by reevaporation and even long distance transport capabilities. In this study, that continues now, it is monitored the changes of temporal and regional levels of PAHs on branch and leaf samples of olive from 8 different sites including industrial, rural, urban, semi-rural and treatment plant regions. PAHs exist in both phases like other organic pollutants depending on the physicochemical properties such as vapor pressure and molecular weight. Particle and gas phase PAHs are removed by different mechanisms from the atmosphere. PAHs transport to other media is affected by the amount of PAH in the ambient air. In the study, the amount of PAH is obtained by the analysis of wipes of olive leaf with napkins. Extraction result of napkins indicates the PAH levels in the particles accumulated on the leaves. Wiped leaves are extracted for the gas phase exchange of PAHs. Ultrasonic extraction, volume reduction, fraction and GC-MS readings are the basic experimental procedures performed. The results are compared with literature values and each other. The amount of PAHs in urban and industrial samples are expected to be higher than others.

Keywords: PAH, Olive, Plant, Leave, Ambient air

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 114Y577, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

70

OP6

9

DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF DIATOMS FROMMELEN STREAM (WESTERN BLACKSEARIVER CATCHMENT), TURKEY

Tülay ÖZER1, Cüneyt Nadir SOLAK2, İlkay AÇIKGÖZ ERKAYA3, Kazım YILDIZ4 and Abel Udo Udoh4

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science,Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Turkey3Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Architecture andEngineering, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey4Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi University,Ankara, Turkey [email protected]

Diatoms are one of the key organisms of aquatic ecosystems. Up till now, there have been a lot of important algological studies in different river basins in Turkey. However, the use of diatoms in biomonitoring (according to diatom indices, Watanabe’s or Van Dam’s systems) is relatively new for Turkey. In this study, the samples were collected from 6 stations along Melen Stream between May 2003 and April 2004 and totally, 126 diatom taxa were identified. The bio-indication (autoecology and abundance scores in the communities) of the Stream were investigated. As a result, the organic pollution indicators of Watanabe’s classification (41 species, 36,2%) constituted three groups. The river water was alkaline, warm, with low salinity characteristics.

Keywords: Biomonitoring, diatom, ecological indices, Melen Stream.

Acknowledgement: We thank GAZI UNIVERSITY Scientific Research Project (BAP),Project no. GEF- 04/ 2003-18, for the partial financial support to the study.



IBCESS

71

PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY OFBROOK TEKELI İÇI

Ekrem Mutlu1, Telat Yanık2 and Nicoleta Anca Sutan3

1Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu, [email protected]

2Atatürk University, Faculty of Fisheries, Erzurum, Turkey3Pitesti University, Faculty of Science, Pitesti - Romania

In this study, through the analyses of water samples taken from 8 stations on the brook between July 2012 and June 2013, we aimed to determine the monthly and seasonal changes in water quality parameters of Brook Tekeli İçi,to determine the water quality properties, to reveal the pollution problems, to determine the suitability level in terms of aquatic life, and to classify the quality of water in accordance with Surface Water Quality Management Regulation’s Inland Surface Water Classes criteria. The study area is located in Upper Kızılırmak basin, on the border between Sivas and Tokat cities. The altitude is 2624 m. The water samples were collected from 8 stations established on the brook, and some physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in water samples. The cleaning and maintenance of all of the equipment, land-type measurement tools, and glass sampling containers to be used in sampling were made 1 day before sampling. Sampling tubes were immersed into 15 cm below water surface for taking water sample. Heavy metal concentrations were determined in Sivas Provincial Control Laboratory in the same day with sampling. The total alkalinity, total hardness, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium azote, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate chloride, sodium, potassium, suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), calcium, magnesium, ferrous, lead, copper, zinc, nickel, mercury and cadmium analyses of water samples were performed. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that, since Brook Tekeli İçi falls into the water resource class, which is the most sensitive to pollution, the water quality of the brook should be monitored regularly.

Keywords: Brook Tekeli İçi, Water Pollution, Water Quality.

OP7

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IBCESS

72

OP7

1

NOVEL MAGNETITE LOADED CHITINOUS MICROCAGESPRODUCED FROM MICROCRUSTACEAN (DAPHNIALONGISPINA; WATER FLEA) EPHIPPIA FOR HEAVY METALREMOVAL

İdris Sargın1, Gülşin Arslan2 and Murat Kaya3

1Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Konya, Turkey2Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Konya, Turkey3Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters,Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Aksaray, [email protected]

This is the first study to produce three dimensional chitinous microcages from ephippial eggs of a microcrustacean, Daphnia longispina (water flea) by keeping the original shape of its chitinous structure. Then, magnetite particles (Fe

3O

4) were successfully loaded into the microcages to enhance

heavy metal sorption capacity. The FT-IR, SEM-EDX and TGA analysis proved the purity of chitin and the magnetite loading into the chitinous microcages. These newly obtained three-dimensional chitin microcages and magnetite loaded microcages were tested in Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) removal. Magnetite loaded microcages exhibited a better performance in removal of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions; while unloaded microcages showed a higher affinity for Cr(III) and Zn(II). This study demonstrated that the chitin microcages are suitable carriers for fine materials. Here these new materials were studied only for removal of five heavy metal ions but these promising materials have a potential to be used in various fields.

Keywords: Ephippia, chitin scaffold, magnetite, heavy metal, biopolymer

Acknowledgement: We thank Selcuk University Research Foundation Project no.BAP-14201082, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

73

PET WATER BOTTLE: A CARBON FOOTPRINTASSESSMENT

Sevde Ustun Odabasi and Hanife Buyukgungor

OndokuzMayis University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental EngineeringDepartment, Samsun, Turkey

[email protected]

Plastic is a modern day’s biggest hazard. This trend, started in 1973’s, and ends in pollution of oceans to ecosystems. A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact human activities on earth and in particular on the environment; more specifically it relates to climate change and to the total amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide emitted. The carbon footprints is the largest contributor to humanity’s total environmental footprint. The world population consumes ever-increasing amounts of all types of products, and more and more products are being sold with packaging. Most market products are offered to consumers in a wide range of packaging alternatives and the proportion of municipal solid waste attributed to packaging increases year after year. In this study, PET bottles were evaluated for Carbon Footprint criteria. The functional unit is defined as “one piece 33cl bottle”. The study used two different waste disposal scenarios. These scenarios included disposal in landfills and incineration. Assessments and comparing operations in the system are done by using software entitled with SimaPro 8.0.1 Greenhouse Gas Protocol method, which is developed as appropriate with ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment Standard was also applied to PET bottle under consideration.

Keywords: Carbon Footprint, PET Bottle, Greenhouse Gases, SimaPro 8.0.1, ISO 14040.

OP7

2


IBCESS

74

OP7

3

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE: THREATS ANDWAY OUT

Ufuk GÜLTEKİN and Tuğçe UĞUR

Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture,Department of Agricultural Economics, Adana, [email protected]

The scientific evidence on global climate change and especially on global warming is now stronger than ever. The forecast studies in relation to global warming show that the temperature of the world will rise between 0.3 to 1.3 degrees Celsius during the next 30 years. Another recent study projected an increase in the average global temperature of 2.4 oC between 1990 and 2100, with a 95 percent chance that the change will be between 1.0 oC and 4.9 oC. Similarly, according to Impact of Climate Changes on Agricultural Production System in Arid Areas (ICCAP) project shows that temperature will rise between 2.3 oC – 3.8 oC and precipitation will decrease 58 mm – 266 mm in the project area of Adana and Konya. Agriculture is one of the most important economic activity in most developing countries, including Turkey. The changes in climate will also affect agriculture in negative and positive ways. Although scientists are uncertain about the impact of the climate changes on agriculture, they agree on some likely effects. Rising temperatures and frequent extreme weather events will cause damages to agricultural production, but agriculture will also suffer from increased pests and diseases. Some scientists claim that global warming could increase water supply in some water-scarce areas and hence increase crop yields in temperate and in some subtropical zones. It is claimed that higher crop yields could result from the carbon dioxide fertilizer effect. However, to get this positive effect, the existence of a certain amount of water or nitrogen in the soil is necessary. In this paper, the impact of climate change on agricultural production is reviewed with a focus on some countries and regions. Some predictions are also given from Adana and Konya provinces in Turkey. In addition, some opportunities are discussed to reduce climate change effects on agriculture.

Keywords: Climate change, impact of climate change, agriculture and climatechange



IBCESS

75

OP7

4

PAH DETERMINATIONS BY THE PASSIVE AIR SAMPLERAND PINE COMPONENTS IN BURSA

Nihan Durak, Fatma Esen, Yücel Taşdemir and Ahmet Egemen Sakın

Department of Environmental Engineering, Uludağ University, Bursa, [email protected]

In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were determined by using the passive air samplers (PASs) and pine components in different regions of Bursa. Since pine components contain resin, PAHs can be accumulated and taken inside the organic nature of the texture. PAH concentrations of ambient air were determined by analyzing poli-urethane foams (PUFs) which were placed in the PASs. Samples were collected from 9 different sites including 5 different regions such as rural, semi -rural, urban, industrial, and treatment .The samples collected in January and March 2016 represent the winter and sampling period is four weeks. Blank samples have been taken to determine the possible contamination that may occur in the samples and blank sample amount was at least 10% of the total number of samples. Before the extraction, surrogate standards (PAH mix 31) are added in order to determine the sample efficiency. Pine samples were extracted with ultrasonic extraction, and the air samples with were extracted with the Soxhlet extraction by using 1:1 acetone: hexane (ACE / HEX) for about 16 hours. Volume reduction of the samples are achieved by rotary evaporator. Then, deactiviated silicic acid and aluminum oxide are employed in the separation of the fractions. Fraction containing PAH compounds are collected with the addition of dichloromethane (DCM) and rotary evaporator is used again for volume reduction purpose. In the last stage, samples are taken into 1 ml vials the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) reading. A total of 16 PAH compounds (Σ16 PAH) are targeted. Strict QA/QC rules are taken into account in the experimental and data evaluation phases. PAHs show high levels at the urban and industrial areas while low levels are detected in the rural area. According to the results obtained from this study; a significant relationship between PAH concentrations in ambient air and pine component is found. This shows the availability of the pine needles as a biomonitoring component for the ambient air PAHs.

Keywords: PAH, Pine, Passive Air Sampler, Biomonitor.



IBCESS

76

OP7

5

THE EFFECTS OF A SECONDARY METABOLITES MIXTUREON FEEDING PREFERENCE AND LARVAL GROWTH OFLYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE

Nurver ALTUN

Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, TURKEY [email protected]

In order to find out effects of secondary metabolite in various mixtures added to artificial diets on the feeding preference and the larval growth of Lymantria dispar, eight groups of feeding chambers each having ten larvae were set up. Each group was identified as added secondary metabolite ratio of the control food and named is respectively: A (no secondary metabolite added, used as the control group), T (5 % tannic acid added), N

1 (0.125 % nicotine added), N

2 (0.25 % nicotine added),

N3 (0.5 % nicotine added), T- N

1, T-N

2 and T-N

3. The artificial foods given to the

larvae, the left over foods uneaten by the larvae and the larval weights were weighed out every other day during the feeding experiment. The consumption amount and the dry pupal weight of female and male individuals were different according to the results. The consumption amounts (mg) and the pupal dry weights (mg) of the female individuals on different artificial foods are as follows respectively: A (1064±22.8; 334.76±3.87), T (726.57±4.09; 117.4±4.22), N1

(1050.04±3.83; 261.89±3.82), N

2 (1023.75±3.84; 126,30± 3,28), N

3 (987.71±2.82; 167.45±5.92), T-N

1 (330.24±33.16;

215.51±11.24), T-N2 (271.73±3.72; 93.77±2.39), T-N

3 (427.6±13.05; 148.84±3.05). The

consumption amounts (mg) and the pupal dry weights (mg) of the male individuals on the same artificial foods are as follows respectively: A (314.26±2.13; 51.64 ± 2.62), T (216.32 ± 4.89; 30.8 ± 3.03), N

1 (353.2 ± 4.65; 45.79 ± 3.52), N

2 (303.86±5.4; 45.51±3.06),

N3 (257.08±3.38; 52.81±2.19), T-N1 (634.76±11.58; 42.47±1.84), T-N

2 (82.75±1.38;

25.28±1.4), T-N3 (110.51±1.57; 28.57±1.55). Adding secondary metabolites to the

control food decreased the consumption amounts and the pupal dry weights. These results are supported Yanar’s (2007) studies on L. dispar larvae. But, Yanar (2007) has tried to find out the effects of nicotine and tannic acid on the feeding preference of L. dispar separately. So, this study not only support Yanar’s results, but also shows the synergistic effect of tannic acid and nicotine to the L. dispar larvae food consumption and the larval growth.

Keywords: Lymantria dispar, tannic acid, nicotine, secondary metabolite,feeding preference.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Research Fund of the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University. Project Number:2011.102.03.5



IBCESS

77

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COPPER ON WHEATCULTIVARS

Hande Otu, Veli Çeliktaş, Sema Düzenli, Gülden İlbuğa andMediha Avcı

Faculty of Science and Literature, Biology Departmant OfÇukurova University /Sarıçam Adana, TurkeyLiterature

[email protected]

Copper (Cu), is one of the essential elements for plants. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tosunbey and Triticum durum L. cv. Diyarbakır 81 used as plant material to research their responses for different doses of copper. The experiment was designed with three replicates, seeds were germinated in petri dishes and each dish had twenty five seeds. 0-(as control)- 0,05- 0,1 and 0,2 mM Cu concentrations were applied to plants on the 2., 5., 7.,11. and 16. days. Pigment content of plants, was analised according to Arnon (1949), later calculated Lichtenthaler and Wellburn (1983)’s formulas. Proline amount of plants was determined according to Bates et al.’s (1973) method. Statistical analysis of data of the application was performed using the software SPSS® Statistics 20.0 (IBM Corporation, New York, NY, USA). As a result of copper application on Diyarbakır 81 cv. 0,05 mM of application significantly reduced (12%) shoot length. 0,2 mM Cu cause decreasing on shoot length but that not found significant mean (p<0,005). 0,05 mM application caused decreasing (29%) of root length of Diyarbakır 81 cv but other Cu concentrations did not affect. It is found that shoot fresh weight of Diyarbakır 81 cv. decreased (30%) by application of 0,05 mM. Diyarbakır 81 cv. prolin content of root and shoot were not effected. Carotenoid content of Diyarbakır 81 cv. was reduced (47%) by 0,05 mM also same concentration significantly decreased (35,3%) total chlophyll content (p<0,05). Cu application had not a significant mean (p<0,05) on shoot and root lenght of Tosunbey cv. 0,05 mM caused decreasing (20%) on shoot dry weight of Tosunbey cv. Tosunbey shoot prolin content had rising (18%) by 0,05 mM. Carotenoid (80%) and total chlophyll (79%) contents of Tosunbey cv. increased by 0,05 mM. Consequently ıt s found that 0,05 mM effected cultivars negatively than other concentrations according to statistical analysis.

Keywords: Carotenoid,Copper, Proline, Triticum, Wheat.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 102F023, for the partial financial support.

OP7

6


IBCESS

78

COMPARISON OF ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF RAW,THERMAL TREATED AND PYROLIZED BIOLOGICAL WASTESLUDGE

Ali Rıza Dincer1, Yalçın Gunes1 and Atakan Öngen2

1Department of Environmental Engineering,University of Namık Kemal, Çorlu-Tekirdağ, [email protected] of Environmental Engineering, University of İstanbul , İstanbul Turkey

Four adsorption materials (Activated Sludge(AS) were prepared from biological waste activated sludge using different heating temperature and their adsorption abilities for Vertigo Blue B49 were determined. Studies were conducted as a function of contact time, initial dye concentration, and pH. The dye concentrations used in the experiments varied between 50 and 300 mg/l. Maximum uptake capacities were found to be, 13.593, 1.274, 6.08, and 2.789 for AS105(pH=4), AS300(pH=4), AS600(pH=7) and pyrolized(pH=7), respectively. This study investigated of the heating temperature on the adsorption. The results indicated that the adsorption rate of the sludge decreased when the firing temperature was increased from 105 oC to 300 oC. When the firing temperature was 300 oC, the adsorption rate decreased significantly. The Freundlich model represent the sorption process beter than the langmuir one, with R2 values ranging from 0.9782 to 0.7908. The best results are obtained with AS105, since its dye uptake capacities are the highest and hence the residual dye concentrations in the solutions are the lowest.

Keywords: Adsorption, pyroliz, thermal treatment

OP7

7



IBCESS

79

OP7

8

SOLID WASTE POLLUTION ON TRABZON COASTS

Coşkun ERÜZ1, Koray ÖZŞEKER2 and Gökhan CEVAHİROGLU1

1Karadeniz Technical University,Faculty of Marine Science, Çamburnu-Trabzon, Turkey

[email protected] Technical University,

Marine Science and Technology Institute, Trabzon, Turkey

The Black Sea, Semi-enclosed sea, rapidly polluted with contaminants from surraunding countries. As all ocean and seas, solid waste (litter) is increasingly important pollution in the Black Sea. Mostly consisting of plastic litter causes physical, biological, and chemical pollution along the coast, and creates negative effects on human and environmental healty. There is not enough work on source and type of solid wastes. Therefore, in this study, sources of solid waste pollution in South Black Sea (Trabzon) coast, the size and pollutant derivates have been determined.solid wastes on the coast was determined between year of 2009 and 2016. It was found that most of solid waste were plastic and all coast was covered with antropogenic solid wastes. Average solid matter weight was 12,77gr/m2.

Keywords: Solid Waste, Pollution, South Easten Black Sea, Trabzon


IBCESS

80

NEW APPROACHES FOR UTILIZATION OF FRUITPROCESSING WASTES AND BY-PRODUCTS

Duygu Altiok

Giresun University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering,Giresun, Turkey [email protected]

Food wastes are available through all food cycle starting from agriculture and industrial processing up to the retail and household consumption. Approximately 40% of losses occur in food manufacturing industry. In the world, the majority (60-65%) of food industry by-products become waste and burden to the environment. This disposal problem has stimulated significant interest in developing more environmentally responsible approaches and techniques for minimizing the amount of by-product and waste, decreasing energy utilization and yielding high value added products. Large amount of fruit waste affects municipal landfills because of high biodegradability, leachate and methane emissions. Also, putrefied agricultural raw material wastes and process by-products tend to deteriorate as chemically and microbiologically by the effects of temperature, humidity and light. The processing of fruits produces two types of waste: solid waste (peel, skin, seeds and stones) and liquid waste (juice and washing water). These wastes contain large amounts of suspended solids, have high biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Waste composition includes about 75% sugars and hemicellulose, 9% cellulose, 5% lignin, polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds, vitamins and minerals. Rather than current waste management techniques, new approaches are required to convert these ingredients to value added product in an economical way. For this reason new utilization possibilities are briefly and exemplarily mentioned within this present work. Different examples with direct practical applicability of fruit industry residues are mentioned in this study. The energy generation via biogas or bioethanol production is economically interesting, but direct substantial utilization of food waste is also more efficient and somehow value added approach for the food industry. These products very in a wide spectrum from food ingredients as polyphenols, protein isolates, industrial enzymes, organic acids and dietary fibers to biotechnology products obtained by fermentation; e.g. bioethanol, organic acids, industrial enzymes, supplements, pharmaceuticals and nonfood products like biopreservatives.

Keywords: Fruit processing, waste utilization, biotechnology, bioproducts

OP7

9



IBCESS

81

OP8

0

CHARACTERIZATION OF COMMERCIAL DIESELPARTICLE FILTER

Yiğit Türe1, Emre Gürlek2, Nurcan Çalış Açıkbaş1 and Şeref Soylu2

1 Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Department of Metallurgical andMaterials Science Engineering, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey

[email protected] Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Department of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey

In this study, optical microscopy, SEM and XRD analyses of a commercial diesel particle filter (DPF) that is specifically to be used in diesel engines were carried out with the aim of identification of the manufacturing processes, determination of the chemical composition, and microstructural analysis. Macrostructural characterization of the DPF was carried out with an optical microscope. It was observed that the structure is cubic shaped with open and closed cells, which are evidencing an extrusion based manufacturing technique. SEM with SE-BSE-EDX detectors was used for the elemental analysis and microstructural determination. The results indicated that the structure consist of silicon and carbon elements. Microstructural analysis indicated that SiC particles is of the size range 10-50 μm with a sharp edged morphology, and manufactured by solid state sintering. Finally XRD analysis indicated that the main phase of the DPF was SiC.

Keywords: Diesel Particle Filter, Characterization, Microstructure, SiliconCarbide.

Acknowledgement: We thank TOFAŞ (Türk Otomobil Fabrikası), for providingdiesel particle filter.


IBCESS

82

OP8

1

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES ANDCHEMICAL CONTENTS OF POLLENS COLLECTED FROMTURKEY

Emel Uzunoglu1, Ilginc Kizilpinar Temizer2, Aytac Guder2,Omur Gencay Celemli3 and Zafer Turkmen4

1 Giresun University Medicine Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology,Giresun, Turkey [email protected] Giresun University, Vocational School of Health, Giresun, Turkey3 Hacettepe University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey4 Giresun University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey

Bee pollens have gained research interest ranging from pharmaceutical industry to environmental chemistry and material science. Pollens’ chemical composition had appreciable differences depending on the species of plants visited by bees and also other external factors, including seasonal and environmental factors as well as processing. Palynological and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of two bee pollen samples from Giresun, Turkey were determined. Antimicrobial effects of samples were tested with 3 standard and 21 resistant clinical wound pathogens. Pollen samples were heterofloral and according to GC-MS analysis the most distinctive chemicals in their content were two fatty acids; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (56,13%) and “7,10,13-Hexadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester” (19,49%). Antioxidant activities of samples were similar however there were no correlations between the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity results (p >0.05). Contrary to expectations both extracts were mostly inhibited gram-negative bacteria more effectively than gram positives with 1,56-25 MICs (p<0.05). Honeybee pollens collected from Black Sea Cost of Turkey seem to have potentials to be new antimicrobial agents especially for fatal hospital equired gram-negative bacteria, which are challenges for pharmaceutical industry and medical professions. The most prominent chemicals were fatty acids and we estimate that the antimicrobial effects were related with those compounds. Therefore further studies, determining various antimicrobial peptides, are also needed on these pollen extracts.

Keywords: Gram negatives, heterofloral pollens, antioxidant activity, antimicrobialactivity, fatty acids



IBCESS

83

OP8

2

ECOTOXICOLOGICAL PRACTICES OF ENVIRONMENTSEDIMENTOLOGY

Arife ŞİMŞEK and Gülfem BAKAN

Arife Şimşek, Gülfem Bakan, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty,Environmental Engineering Department, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.

[email protected]

Sediments are the store where physical pieces and some chemical type of them and these sediments have toxic substances whose concentrations are higher than water column. The fact that the pivot of the metals among sediments – pore water – water column phases shows that metals affect not only benthic life but also the pelagic ones in the water columns. Many chemicals can be discharged on the surface water from industries and some of these chemicals can stick to the sediments because of their structure. Thus, the pollution in the sediment history in the depth of the rivers can be seen even though the quality of the water increases. In these cases, there will be another source of pollution for the river if sediment in the depth of the river is eroded because of the natural events or starts to be carried through the stream. When heavy metals, such as Cr, Cd, Al, Pb, Cu, Al, Zn etc., are in aquatic environment, they cause a toxic effect on the life in the sediment layer. This effect is gathered in the hydrophilous living creatures and is carried to the body of human being via food chain and threatens the health. The amount of AVS (acid volatile sulphite) which is for the determination and removal of the pollution caused by heavy metals in the aquatic environment may be the indicator of potential metal toxics because it can point out the outgrowth of the metal concentrations in the sediment layer. Generally, trace metals related to the AVS is referred as metals which can be decomposed simultaneously. The determination of AVS (acid volatile sulphite) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) could be an important phase to determine the speed of toxic metals’ operativeness and to check its level of effectiveness. By comparing SEM and AVS rate during oxidation in anoxic sediment to determine the effects of metals, potential metal toxicity can be settled. In this study, literature research for ecotoxicological observarían of sediments and evaluation of these sediments in terms of heavy metal pollution is performed.

Key Words: Ecotoxicology, heavy metals, sediment, SEM-AVS relationship


IBCESS

84

OP8

3

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE SEDIMENTFROM SOUTHEASTERN BLACK SEA LAKES

Koray OZSEKER1 and Coskun ERUZ2

1 KTU Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Turkey2 KTU Faculty of Marine Sciences, Engineering of Marine Sciences and Technology,Turkey [email protected]

In this study, the natural and anthropogenic heavy metal pollution in lake sediments were investigated spatially and temporally together with the general characteristics. For this purpose, two natural and one dam lakes determined, in south eastern Black sea, in 2014, specifically Sera lake, Uzungol lake and Borcka Dam lake. A sediment corer sampler was used to collect sediment samples at 3 different stations for each lake. The stations were chosen so as to cover the metal pollution affected area. For this work four sampling campaigns were carried out to include effects of the four different seasonal, spring, autumn, winter and summer. The highest heavy metal mean concentrations for Cu (87.89 μg g-1) and Pb (71.28 μg g-1) were measured in Borçka Dam Lake. The highest heavy metal mean concentrations for Zn (243.67 μg g-1 ), Ni (39.69 μg g-1 ), As (10.48 μg g-1 ) were measured in Sera lake. Furthermore, a strong temporal trend was observed displaying the highest metal concentrations in autumn. Metal concentrations were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). With the purpose of determining the level of pollution, the potential ecological risk index (RI), the methods of sediment enrichment factor (SEF), pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (IGEO

) and sediment quality guideline (SQG) were applied. Based upon the results from this study, the studied heavy metal elements (Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni) can be considered as a major contributor to ecological risk in south eastern Black sea lakes.

Keywords: Black sea, heavy metal, pollution level, ecological risk assessment.



IBCESS

85

OP8

4

GREEN MARKETING PRACTICES AT THE HOSPITALITYBUSINESSES: NEW JASMIN HOTEL SAMPLE

Salih MEMİŞ and Hakan BENEK

Giresun University, Vocational School of Social Sciences, Giresun, [email protected]

The fact that human needs show diversity as a result of rapid advances in technology has brought about the destruction of nature in an extreme way. Human has plunged into a quest in order to be able to sustain life in the right conditions and to be able to look to future confidently. Especially, in recent years, environmental pollution in the world and the global issues which excessive consumption creates for the natural ecological balance have led to make changes in production and consumption patterns of both consumers and businesses. Issues of conservation of the resources, waste destruction in a way that will not harm the nature or their being saved to the recycling have increased the significance increasingly in tourism sector as in every sector as well. Reducing the negative impacts of tourism to the lowest level and ensuring the continuous development will be able to be achieved by managing with adhering to the principles of sustainability. Sustainable development concept that is referred to the development being able to meet today’s needs without conceding the future generations’ the possibilities of meeting their own needs, has been implemented in the tourism sector, too. Support to the sustainability in tourism activities will be able to be provided by the fact that tourism businesses primarily adopt the green marketing practices. The aim of the study is to reveal green marketing approaches of tourism industry having great importance in the development and regional development and being in a close relationship with the environment and natural resources. With this purpose, primarily relationship of tourism and environment was dwelled on and green marketing concept was analyzed. After this analysis, the studies belonging to one-green star hotel in the Black Sea Region as a concrete example were assessed by scrutinizing how green marketing has been implemented in tourism businesses.

Keywords: sustainable tourism, environment, green marketing, green tourism, NewJasmin Hotel.


IBCESS

86

OP8

5

PLANT-ORIGINATED BACILLUS SP. 9D STRAIN’SBIOREMEDIATION FEATURES AND EFFECT ON GROWTHOF ZEA MAYS IN THE PRESENCE OF LEAD

Şengül Alpay Karaoğlu, Emel Uzunalioğlu, Ülkü Zeynep Üreyen,Şule Güzel, Arif Bozdeveci and Ali Bilgin

Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences,Department of Biology, Rize, [email protected]

In this study, identification of 9D strain which is isolated from fruit, determination of metal tolerance (Pb, Cu, Ag, and Zn) and properties that promote plant growth, investigation of contribution on the germination and growth of maize plants in the presence of lead was planned. It is found that 9D strain is gram positive sporulated bacilli (Bacillus sp.), is a wide temperature (5-55 °C) and pH range (4.0-9.0), can grow well in salinity (< 10%). This strain has strong siderophore, ACC deaminase and ammonium production. Indole acetic acid activity and phosphate solubility at good level was observed. When the heavy metal tolerance is examined, it is determined that this strain can grow in the presence of AgNO

3 (5 mM), CuCl

2 (2.5 mM), ZnSO

4 (5 mM)

and PbNO3 (5 mM). Lead MIC and MBC values were 25 and >100 mM/L,

respectively. It is observed that they can grow in the wide pH range in the presence of lead but the logarithmic time prolonged. The effect of this strain was investigated on corn plant’s germination success in the presence of lead. The effectiveness on the growth of corn plant in the presence and absence of lead and the features of bioremidant/absorption was investigated by ICPOES analysis. It was determined that MP9D strain can promote the growth of maize plants by absorbing lead. Therefore, it was identified as potential bioremidant strains.

Keywords: Bioremediation, identification, maize, plant promoting factor.

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University,Scientific Research Projects Unit [Project No: 2015.53002.102.03.01].



IBCESS

87

OP8

6

TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF AEROSOLS INANKARA ATMOSPHERE

Tayebeh Goli1, İlke Çelik1, Seda Arslan2, İpek İmamoğlu1 andGürdal Tuncel1

1Middle East Technical University, Department ofEnvironmental Engineering, Ankara, Turkey

[email protected] Kocaeli University, Department of Environmental Engineering,

Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey

In this study chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol collected at two sites in Ankara is discussed. Fine fraction particles were collected using a stack filter unit on poly-carbonate (Nuclepore) filters and analyzed for approximately fifty major, minor and trace elements using an ICP emission spectrometer with a mass selective detector (ICPMS). One of the stations used in this study was an urban station, which was located at a heavily populated area in the city. The other station, on the other hand was a suburban station located in the Middle East Technical University campus. Concentrations of elements in urban site are approximately a factor of two higher than corresponding concentrations measured at the suburban site. Although measured concentrations of elements were indirectly related with temperature, they demonstrated clear decrease with increasing mixing height and ventilation coefficient. Concentrations of most of the elements showed clear short- and long-term variations. However, temporal variations in elemental concentrations were different for different element groups. Directional dependence of element concentrations was determined using “conditional probability function” approach.

Keywords: Atmosphere, Ankara, aerosol, trace elements, receptor modeling



IBCESS

88

OP8

7

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILICA BASEDACIDIC CATALYSTS WITH THE IMPREGNATION METHODS

Veli SIMSEK1, Zerrin PAT2 and Kirali MURTEZAOGLU3

1Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Chemical and Process Engineering Department,Bilecik, Turkey [email protected] Seyh Edebali University, Chemistry Department, Bilecik, Turkey3Gazi University, Chemical Engineering Department, Ankara, Turkey

The main aim of the study that was carried out synthesis of silica sourced acidic catalysts with wet and dry impregnation methods. In the first step of the study the synthesis of support material (MCM-41) was carried out. MCM- 41 is used in the catalysts syntheses as a template because of it has high surface area (>1000m²/g) and thermal stability etc. Secondly, silicotungstic acid (STA) catalyst is selected as an active component due to its strong BrØnsted acidity. The amounts of the active material (STA) in the catalysts were determined as %10-50 and %10 (W/Si) for dry-wet impregnation methods respectively, based on weight ratio of tungsten(W) of STA to silicon(Si) of support material. Structural properties of catalysts were determined by XRD, BET,and FT-IR/ DRIFT method analyses. The low angle XRD results showed that according to literature the peaks values of support material (MCM-41) obtained at 2Θ=0.29, 0,86, 1,36 and 3,06 were indexed to d(100), d(110) d(200) and d(210) reflections. The Bragg peaks of MCM-41 shifted are observed toward 2Θ values and its intensity decreased with increasing STA amount. The high angle XRD patterns of the catalysts revealed the presence of a bulk STA crystal phase. Lewis and BrØnsted acid size of the catalysts were determined by DRIFT analysis conducted on pyridine adsorbed patterns. Drift analyses revealed the presence of acidic sites with wavelengths. On the other hand, in the case of exceeding loading amounts active material was deposited on the surface of MCM-41. It was shown by evaluation of BET and XRD results experiments. As a result, it is targeted that obtained catalysts will be used in the production of environmentally friendly fuel in the future studies.

Keywords: Dry-wet ımpregnation, MCM-41, STA.

Acknowledgement: We thank BAP(Scientific Research Council of Bilecik SeyhEdebali University), Project no. 2015-02.BSEU.03-06, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

89

OP8

8

TOXIC EFFECTS OF CARBARYL ON THE PANCREAS OFPELOPHYLAX BEDRIAGAE (ANURA: RANIDAE)

Özlem ÇAKICI

Ege University, Science Faculty, Biology Department,Zoology Section, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

[email protected]

The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time toxic effects of carbaryl on the pancreas of adult frogs, Pelophylax bedriagae. To that end, animals were exposed to carbaryl once by oral gavage (low dose: 0.05 mg/g, medium dose: 0.1 mg/g and high dose: 0.2 mg/g). 96 hours following exposure to carbaryl, slowing down of the movement was observed in high dose group. But death did not occured in any treated frogs. For light microscopic examinations, frogs were euthanized, and their pancreases were quickly removed. After fixation in Bouin solution for 24 hours, tissue samples were dehydrated in ethanol, cleared in xylol and embedded in paraffin. Tissues were serially sectioned at 5 μm and stained with Mayer’s Haematoxylin and Eosin. Histopathological examinations revealed that histopathologic changes were more prominent in medium and higher dose groups than in the low dose group. In the low dose group, hemorrhage and edema were determined. In the medium dose group, besides hemorrhage and edema, vacuolization, nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis and necrosis were observed in pancreatic acinar cells. In the high dose group, general appearance of tissue was disrupted. In addition to histopathologic changes observed in medium dose group, prominent fibrosis were detected. The results of this study clearly showed that carbaryl caused adverse effects on pancreas of P. bedriagae.

Keywords: Pelophylax bedriagae, frog, carbaryl, pancreas, histopathology

Acknowledgement: This study was approved by Ministry of Forestry and WaterAffairs (date: 21 September 2011, number: 11753) and by the animal ethicalcommittee of Ege University, Faculty of Medicine (2011-165).


IBCESS

90

OP8

9

ADSORPTION OF TEXTILE DYE FROM AQUEOUSSOLUTION ONTO CHITOSAN-COATED PERLITE BEADS

Deniz Akin Sahbaz1, Caglayan Acikgoz2 and Burak Tasdelen2

1AfyonKocatepe University,Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Afyonkarahisar, [email protected]ŞeyhEdebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Bilecik, Turkey

Chitosan coated perlite beads were prepared by drop wise addition of gel containing chitosan and perlite into a precipitation bath. The structure of the beads was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface area and microstructure of the beads were measured by BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) instrument. The beads that contained chitosan enhanced the accessibility of OH and amine groups for adsorption process. Adsorption of Ostazin Blackdye from aqueous solution on chitosan coated perlite beads was studied using batch adsorption technique and all parameters influencing the removal efficiency such as amount of adsorbent, pH, temperature and initial dye concentration were investigated. Adsorption of Ostazin Black ions reached equilibrium concentration in 48 hours. Experimental data were also evaluated in terms of kinetic characteristics of adsorption and it was found that adsorption process followed well pseudosecond- order kinetics. Langmuirand Freundlich isotherms were studied for the adsorption data over a concentration range of 20 to 80 mg/L. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters including, the change of free energy (ΔGº), enthalpy (ΔHº) and entropy (ΔSº) of adsorption were calculated. The results showed that the adsorption of dye ions on chitosan coated perlite beads was feasible at 25–55°C.

Keywords: Chitosan, perlite, Ostazin Black, adsorption.



IBCESS

91

OP9

0

VERTICAL GARDENS TO CREATE NATURAL EFFECTS ININDOOR LANDSCAPES

Nermin Başaran and Engin Eroğlu

Düzce University Faculty of Forestry Department ofLandscape Architecture, Düzce, Turkey

[email protected]

As a result of changing conditions in the world, population is growing up in the cities -and accordingly, it is subject to change structures and urban fiction. Due to the fact, people who lives in the cities are compelled; longing for nature increase. Architects, botanists and urban planners devised various solution for they could respond this needs of the people. Vertical garden is the most important sample in these solution. Vertical gardens respond functional requirements such as prevention of heat losing, increasing the percentage of oxygen, poisonous gas in the air – dust- dirt absorbing. Thanks to their aesthetic views bring a different architectural size. At the present time; vertical garden which is increasing more and more, started to be an important component for interior design. Aim of this study try to investigate system of vertical garden and to determine species of plant, to determine social-psychological effects on the people, to determine vertical garden how contribute life quality. Within this study; İstanbul and hers environment was observed about interior vertical garden. Used system in interior vertical garden and species of plant was determined. Within research, questionnaire are made to people, Landscape Company which is set up vertical garden and company which is owner. Questionnaire which was made people tried to determine requirement of green Wall in the interior. Questionnaire which was made landscape and owner, tried to determine supply- demand for vertical garden in the interior design. Consequently; interior vertical garden prefer not only design conceptual reasons but also functional reasons. It is thought that Vertical garden which contribute green building and sustainable architecture will increase the coming years.

Keywords: Indoor landscapes, indoor plants, plant composition, vertical garden,visual assessment.


IBCESS

92

OP9

1

POLYESTER COMPOSITE MATERIAL PRODUCTION USINGWASTE OF PET WATER BOTTLES AND PINE

Alev AKPINAR BORAZAN1, Duygu GOKDAI1, Gökhan ACIKBAS2 andHandan CATIR1

1Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Chemical and ProcessEngineering Department, Bilecik, [email protected] School of the Bilecik Seyh Edebali University,Metallurgy Program, Bilecik, Turkey

Plastic bottles are made from a petroleum product known as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and the mass numbers of plastic bottles consumed throughout the world, most of them are not recycled. They either end up lying stagnant in landfills, or they are found on sidewalks, in parks, and even if you chop them into tiny pieces they still take more than a human lifetime to decompose. Recent interests in reducing the environmental impact of waste materials and forest cover enhancement have led to the development of composites. This paper deals with production of PET bottle waste and pine cone powders reinforced polyester hybrid composite and their mechanical properties. The polyester composites/PET bottle wastes and pine cone powders are prepared with various weight ratios (0:6, 6:0, 6:6, 9:6 and 12:6) for comparison with natural and plastic filler effect and then by moldings technique to form composites. The flexural, impact and water absorption tests were carried out using polymer composite samples. This study shows that addition of PET bottle waste in pine cone powders / polyester composites influenced to mechanical properties. Impact and bending strengths, strain decreased with increase PET bottle waste in filler. Results showed that the pine cone powders/ the polyester composites with a modified PET bottle wastes had a distinctly lower hygroscopicity than the pine cone powders/ the polyester composites with unmodified PET bottle wastes. These findings could be used to develop alternative materials for the furniture industry.

Keywords: Composites, PET bottle wastes, pine cone powders.

Acknowledgement: This research work was supported by TÜBİTAK BİDEB 2209-A Graduate Scholarship Programme.



IBCESS

93

OP9

2

PM2.5 BOUND PAH SPECIATION METHODS ANDEVALUATION OF SEASONAL CONCENTRATIONS

Ebru Koçak1, Seda Aslan Kılavuz2, İpek İmamoğlu1 and Gürdal Tuncel1

1Middle East Technical University, Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Ankara, Turkey

[email protected] University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli, Turkey

In this study, seasonal variations in particulate PAH concentrations (PM2.5

), in samples collected at two locations in Ankara are presented. One of the stations is located in city center and classified as an urban site and the second station is a typical suburban station. It is located in the METU Campus, at parking area of Environmental Engineering Department. Daily PM

2.5 samples

were collected between July, 2014 and September, 2015 using a high- volume air sampler. The flowrate through 20 cm x 28 cm quartz filers varied between 1.01-1.18 m3 min-1.Quartz fiber filters were pre-cleaned by heating in an oven at 500oC for 5 hr. After sampling filters were wrapped in an aluminum foil and stored in a freezer at −20oC, until they were processed. Collected samples were analyzed for 18 PAH compounds using a gas chromatograph with mass selective detector. Mass concentration of PM

2.5 was determined

gravimetrically by weighing filters before and after sampling. Average PM2.5

mass concentration was 38 μg m-3 and 54 μg m-3 for suburban and urban stations, respectively. ΣPAH concentrations ranged between 0.02-45.38 ng m-3 at suburban and 0.79-285.07 ng m-3 at urban stations. Urban-to-suburban ratio was 4.1 for PAHs. Winter time concentrations of measured parameters were generally higher than their concentrations in summer samples.

Keywords: seasonal concentration alterations, organic matter, particulate matter,PM

2.5

Acknowledgement: This research is supported by Scientific and TechnologicalResearch Council of Turkey Projects (1001), project no: 112Y036.


IBCESS

94

EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WINDPOWER PLANTS BY THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THAT REGION

Nermin Bahşi1 and Dilek Bostan Budak2

1Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Kadirli Applied Sciences, Osmaniye, [email protected] University, Faculty of Agriculture, Adana, Turkey

Because of the fact about fossil fuels that they will be depleted in the future, and the damage they cause to the environment; countries intend to find and use new renewable energy sources which are not harmful to environment, to supply their energy needs increasing day by day. Renewable energy sources are; besides reducing a country’s foreign dependence, also the sources which have high energy efficiency and sustainability. Wind energy as well is one of the fastest growing and expanding renewable energy sources. The fast spreading of wind power plants’ installations all over the world is because of some major reasons that : Wind energy occurs in the atmosphere spontaneously and continuously; wind turbines can be installed easily; they can be developed technologically; investment costs are progressively cheapening; and they are clean and sustainable energy sources. Although known to be called “clean energy”; wind energy has some environmental impacts. These impacts are: Wind turbines are taking up so much space; noise, visual and aesthetics impacts; wildlife and habitat disturb; electromagnetic field effect; shadow and vibrations. The aim of this study is to examine how perceived and evaluated the environmental impacts of wind turbines by local people in the area where plant installations were done. For this purpose, a survey will be conducted with the people living in the area of wind power installed to examine their opinions about environmental effects of wind power plants and to learn if there is any other effects of these stations.

Keywords: renewable energy, wind energy, environment.

OP9

3



IBCESS

95

OP9

4

DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF HEXAVALENTCHROMIUM IN DRINKING WATERS BY DISPERSIVE

MICROSOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION USING MODIFIEDMULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES COMBINED WITH

TOTAL REFLECTION X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY

Zekeriyya Bahadır1, Volkan Numan Bulut2, Manuel Hidalgo3

Mustafa Soylak4 and Eva Marguí3

1Department of Chemistry, Giresun University, Giresun, [email protected]

2Macka Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Macka, Trabzon, Turkey3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain

4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

A methodology based on the combination of dispersive microsolid-phase extraction (DMSPE) with total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry is proposed for the determination of hexavalent chromium in drinking waters. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified with the anionic exchanger tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) were used as solid sorbents. After the sorption process of Cr(VI) on the modified MWCNTs, the aqueous sample was separated by centrifugation and the loaded MWCNTs were suspended using a small volume of an internal Standard solution and analyzed directly by a benchtop TXRF spectrometer, without any elution step. Parameters affecting the extraction process (pH and volume of the aqueous sample, amount of MWCNTs, extraction time) and TXRF analysis (volume of internal standard, volume of deposited suspension on the reflector, drying mode, and instrumental parameters) have been carefully evaluated to test the real capability of the developed methodology for the determination of Cr(VI) at trace levels. Using the best analytical conditions, it was found that the minimum Cr(VI) content that can be detected in an aqueous solution was 3 μg L−1. This value is almost 20 times lower than the maximum hexavalent chromium content permissible in drinking waters, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Recoveries for spiked tap and mineral water samples were, in most cases, in the range of 101–108% which demonstrates the suitability of the TXRF methodology for monitoring Cr(VI) at trace levels in drinking water samples.

Keywords: Drinking water, hexavalent chromium, TXRF.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Spanish National Research Program(Project ref. CGL2010-22168-C03-01). Also, Zekeriyya Bahadir wishes to thank the HigherEducation Institution (YOK) in Turkey for the International Postgraduate ResearchScholarship.


IBCESS

96

INVESTIGATION OF THE KINETICS ADSORPTION OF HEAVYMETALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING HOSAP CLAY

Adnan YILDIZ1 and Aycan GÜR2

1Department of Chemistry, Education Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080,Van,Turkey2Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080,Van,Turkey

The mobility of the metals in ground water system is prevented via reactions that cause metals to adsorb or precipitate that tends to keep metals associated with the solid phase and hinders them from dissolving. This mechanism can retard the movement of metals and also provide a long term source of metal contaminantsIn this investigation the adsorption of metallic zinc and lead from aqueous solutions carried out at varying initial concentrations onto Hosap clay using a batch reactor. The solution pH and initial concentrations were chosen as parameters at constant reaction temperature for the process. All adsorption experiments were carried out about equilibrium conditions attained certain hours in for all the initial concentrations of zinc and lead solutions. It was determined that both zinc and lead adsorption from the solution were found to be dependent on the initial pH and the initial solution concentration at constant reaction temperature. And finally the experimental data were evaluated according to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.

Keywords: Heavy metals, environmental toxicity, adsorption isotherms, Hosap clay

OP9

5



IBCESS

97

SYNTHESIS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE BLOCKCOPOLYMERS BY “CLICK” CHEMISTRY

Temel Öztürk and Ergül Meyvacı

Giresun University, Department of Chemistry, Giresun, 28100, [email protected]

Biodegradable polymers have been fascinated very high interest by the governments because of environmental issues. Bacteria can eat and digest them, and also initiate a mechanical, chemical, or enzymatic ageing. Natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers were used for biomedical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and packaging practices. Many companies in the world have recently utilized biodegradable bags. In this study, synthesis of poly(ε-caprolactone-b-ethylene glycol-b-ε-caprolactone) biodegradable block copolymer by “click” chemistry was reported. For this purpose, propargyl polyethylene glycol (propargyl PEG) was synthesized by the reaction of PEGs with varied molecular weights and propargyl chloride. 3-azide-1-propanol was obtained by the reaction of 3-chloro-1-propanol and sodium azide at 70 oC. Terminally azide poly(ε-caprolactone) [PCL-azide] by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) was synthesized using ε-caprolactone (CL) and 3-azide- 1-propanol. Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate was used as catalyst for ROP of CL. Finally, the biodegradable block copolymers were synthesized by using PCL-azide and propargyl PEG. The basic outline of the biodegradable copolymer was shown in Scheme 1. The biodegradable polymers were relatively obtained in high yield, molar weight and low molecular weight distribution. The primary parameters such as concentration, and time that influenced the reactions were appraised. The block lengths of biodegradable copolymers were calculated by using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrum. The effect of reactions conditions on the polydispersity and molecular weights was also investigated. This method which is used for biodegradable polymer synthesis is simple, effective, and inexpensive. The characterization of the products was achieved using 1H-NMR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gelpermeation chromatography, elemental analysis, and fractional precipitation [solvent (THF-mL)/non-solvent (petroleum ether-mL)] techniques.

Keywords: Biodegradable block copolymer, “click” chemistry, poly(ε-caprolactone),polyethylene glycol.

Acknowledgement: We thank the Giresun University Research Fund, Project no.FEN-BAP-C-250414-06, for the partial financial support.

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6


IBCESS

98

OP9

7

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS EFFLUENTAS A SOURCE OF SMALL HYDROPOWER: CASE STUDY OFGÜMÜŞHANE WWTP

Rahim Şibil1 and Egemen ARAS2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, [email protected] Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Of TechnologyFaculty, Trabzon, Turkey

A typical wastewater treatment plant, especially a facility in an urban center, has tens of millions of liters of water flowing it daily. This flowing water carries with a great deal of kinetic energy as the effluent water is discharged from the facility; this energy is ordinarily dissipated into the surrounding environment as unusable energy. In this study, small hydropower potential of municipal wastewater treatment plants effluent of Gümüşhane was evaluated. For this purpose, low-head hydroelectric turbines put into practice for potential installation in the effluent stream of wastewater plants in order to provide a portion of the electricity that is needed to power the energy intensive processes involved in treating wastewater. It is estimated that the Gümüşhane Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant has an energy potential of 35.3 MWh/ year. This recovered energy will provide an important economic benefit and decreasing the facilities operating costs without effecting the natural environment.

Keywords: Wastewater, hydropower, VLH Turbine, Turkey



IBCESS

99

OP9

8

SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF VOCS IN METU CAMPUSTHROUGH FACTOR ANALYSIS

Elif Sena Uzunpınar1, Ezgi Sert1, Seda Aslan Kılavuz2, İpek İmamoğlu1

and Gürdal Tuncel1

1 Middle East Technical University, Ankara, [email protected]

2 Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

In this study, 55 ozone precursor VOCs, which are routinely measured in PAMS (Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station) were measured in a suburban station located at Middle East Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department in, Ankara. Daily air samples were collected in evacuated canisters between January – December, 2014. Collected samples were analyzed with GC-FID system and concentrations of 51 VOCs were determined. Mean VOC concentrations ranged 0.048±0.061 μg.m-3 (cis- 2-penten) and 10±13 μg.m-3 (toluene). Average benzene concentration was 1.49 ± 1.74 μg.m-3. Factor Analysis (FA) was applied to determine the major sources of VOCs that contribute to the measured concentrations in the university campus. FA application revealed nine factors that can be grouped under four major components, including (1) transportation: gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions, evaporative losses from gasoline vehicles, gasoline evaporation in gas stations and diesel emissions, (2) industrial emissions: industrial evaporation and industrial application, (3) solvent emissions: surface coatings and solvent use and (4) asphalt application.

Keywords: VOC, Canister, Source Apportionment, Factor Analysis.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 112Y036, for the financial support


IBCESS

100

OP9

9

EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OFENTERPRISES WITHIN ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTINGIN TERMS OF PERSONALITY CONCEPT

Eray ÇETİN

Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey [email protected]

Personality is defined by the Turkish language Association as the whole habits and behavior of an individual acquired through social life. Considering the basic concepts of accounting, businesses have different personalities than those of their owners or partners. Therefore, when assessing the activities of a company, their own personalities are considered. In this context, businesses constantly interact with their environment as separate entities. In today’s world, the number of enterprises engaged in production for growing markets due to globalization and production processes containing advanced technology and the number and diversity of products have interconnectedly increased. Enterprises have a close relationship with their environment in both production and post-production processes because of the natural resources they need to acquire in pre-production period. During these processes enterprises must consider and analyze various environmental costs stemming from their being separate entities and include these costs in their activity coverages. The aim of this study is to emphasize that environmental costs of enterprises must be financially expressed and scrutinized due to the concept of personality.

Keywords: Environment, environmental accounting, environmental costs,personality concept.



IBCESS

101

OP1

00

THREE DIMENSIONAL EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USE INDENSE JET ANALYSIS

Semih NEMLIOGLU

Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Wastewater discharges from marine outfalls can be investigated in laboratory scale models in experimental tanks in order to obtain plume geometrical and pollutant concentration distribution in receiving ambient parameters. Most of experimental techniques either two dimensional or include jet structure disturbing probes etc. In order to obtain all parts hydrodynamic and mixing nature of wastewater jet details 3D-LIF (three dimensional laser induced fluorescence) experimental method can be successfully applied. 3D-LIF is an optical method and it doesn’t disturb any part of effluent mixing. This method can be performed either stagnant or current including with uniform or stratified density conditioned receiving water ambient. 3D-LIF technique can facilitate to obtain instantaneous or time averaged images and spatial coordinates and concentration data sets.Dense wastewater jets are negatively buoyant jets. Because this reason to collect dilution related parameters has additional difficulties concerning bottom of the related disturbance on dense effluents. In this study, 3D-LIF experimental technique use effects on singular horizontal dense jets under uniform density, both stagnant and counter current conditioned experiments were discussed.

Keywords: Wastewater Marine Outfalls, Dense Jets, 3D-LIF, Initial Dilution,Hydrodynamics.


IBCESS

102

OP1

01

THE DETECTION MICROBIOLOGYCAL QUALITY GROUNDWATER IN SIVAS

Özlem Pelin CAN

Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering,Sivas, Turkey [email protected]

In the present study microbiological qualities of drinking water obtained from the city of Sivas were studied. A total of 100 water samples (once week, during six mounth), collected from ground water and 3 tankers filling from same ground water in spring and summer (March-August), were used as material. The samples were evaluated microbiologycal (total mezophile aerobe bacteria, enterobacteria and E. coli.). According to the analysis results; all of the examples were found total mezophile aerob bacteria. The enterobacteria in samples were detection between <10- 103 cfu/ ml. The sample of 12 were analyzed E. coli. Results in this study show that; microbiological analysis of the water sources should be made routinely for public health. Furthermore; it is very important to combat enteric diseases and is the first step of the protective precautions.

Keywords: Sivas, ground water, microbiologycal quality.



IBCESS

103

OP1

02

TREATMENT OF SUNSET YELLOW FCF DYE BY UV/K2S2O8 PROCESS

Sevil ÇALIŞKAN ELEREN and Ebru Garip

Uludag University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Görükle, Bursa,Turkey

[email protected]

Synthetic dyes are widely used as colorant in foods, soft drinks, drug and cosmetic products as small amounts. Removal of colored wastewater including such dyes by biological treatment are difficult due to toxicity, non or low biodegradability and potential mutagenicity. Usage of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are potential alternative as a pretreatment to convert more biodegradable intermediates in biological oxidation process with lower cost or post treatment to prevent negative effect on receiving environment. In the present study, UV and UV/(S

2O

8 -2) processes have been applied to

decolorize Sunset Yellow FCF which is synthetic sulfonated monoazodye used as a colorant in common foods and drugs in aqueous solution. Sunset Yellow FCF dye solutions were irradiated with low pressure mercury lamp, producing 254 nm wavelength UV radiation in a bath photoreactor. The rate of color removal was studied by measuring the absorbance at the characteristic wavelength. The UV/(S

2O

8 -2) processes were applied to waters

containing various concentrations of K2S

2O

8 (0.5, 1 and 10 mmol/L) in order

to decolorization. Results of the study indicated that only 5% decolorization of dye in water by UV process after 140 minutes of irradiation. The Sunset Yellow FCF was almost completely decolorized (97%) under K

2S

2O

8 dosages

of 0.5, 1 and 10 mmol/L and low pressure mercury UV-C lamp after 120, 60 and 10 minutes of irradiation.

Key Words: Advanced oxidation processes, Decolorization, Dyes, Sunset Yellow FCF.


IBCESS

104

OP1

03

THE EFFECT ON SEED QUALITY AND LEVELS OF PHENOLICCOMPOUNDS OF WHEAT SEEDS TO VARIOUS PRIMINGMETHOD

Malvina Chitilova and Nilgün Yücel

Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Chemistry, İzmir, [email protected]

To initiation and continue of seed germination seed quality and environmental factors (water, heat, oxigen and light) should be at appropriate level. Although, even if there is proper environmental conditions somitemes seeds could not germinate. Priming is used in order to increase resistance of seeds against to various environmental stress conditions. The most important quality criteria in seed are high seed viability and seed vigor (resistance to stress conditions, germination rate, high levels of phenolic compounds, etc.). Phenolic compound is a substance having an aromatic ring group containing a hydroxyl group. The structure of plant’s suber contains fatty acids and significant rate of phenolic compounds. The level of phenolic compounds provide the overall resistance of plant. The aim of this project is to increase resistance of the wheat seed against various environmental stress and hence the level of phenolic compoundds by various applications (hydro-priming, solid-matrix priming, some chemical applications ant their combinations) influence the plant growth in a positive way.

Keywords: phenolic compounds, priming, seed quality, wheat seed.



IBCESS

105

OP1

04

PARENT’S KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES TOPROTECT THEIR CHILDREN FROM SECONDHAND AND

THIRDHAND TOBACCO SMOKE

Cemile Dede1, Nursan Cinar2, Dilek Menekse2 and Engin Menekse3

1Sakarya University, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey [email protected]

2Sakarya University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Sakarya, Turkey

3Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Sakarya, Turkey

This study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents to protect their children from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) including secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke. The sample group of this descriptive study consists of 237 parents who applied to a children’s clinic at a Training and Research Hospital in Sakarya Province and who volunteer to taking part in this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire prepared by researchers in accordance with the literature. The obtained data were analyzed on computer program by using mean and percentages. 79.7% of parents surveyed (n=189) were female, 20.3% (n=48) were male and the mean age was x = 35.27 ± 9.35 (min=19, max=68). It was determined that 34.6% of the parents (n=82) smokes, 47.7% (n=113) of the participant’s spouse smokes, at 48.1% (n=144) there are someone smoking at home. When the parent’s knowledge about protection their children form secondhand and thirdhand smoke evaluated; 60.3 % (n=143) and 56.1% (n=133) of the respondents strongly agreed to the statements that “even if smoking near an open window some of the smoke stays inside and this can harm the health of children”and “individuals exposed to smoke can be more at risk than smokers”, respectively. “Always” option indicating parent’s positive attitude and practice related to the subject scored for two items were considered as 71.3 %(n=169) for “I teach my child to stay away from cigarette smoke “ and 69.9 % (n=149) for “I frequently wash, wipe or ventilate the items such as curtains and carpets that used in a smoking environment”. The results demostrated that parents’s knowledge, attitudes and practices about the subject are not at the desired level. Development of parents’s knowledge, attitudes and practices related to protect their children from ETS is recommended.

Keywords: Environmental tobacco smoke, second-hand smoke, thirdhand smoke,smoking prevention

Acknowledgement: We cordially thank to the parents who participated in this study.


IBCESS

106

THE IMPORTANCE OF WHOLE WATER APPROACHIN ESTABLISHING THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYSTANDARDS OF WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE

Merve Özkaleli, Kadir Gedik and Ayça Erdem

Akdeniz University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Antalya, [email protected]

Water Framework Directive (WFD) is correspond to “Surface Water Management Directive (SWMD)” in Turkey and the main purposes of this directive are to prevent and minimize the water pollution, to ensure sustainable water usages, to protect and remediate the aquatic environment, to reduce the effects of flood and drought, and to manage the intra-continental, ground, coastal and transition waters. The goal of WFD is to condition the polluted water bodies into a better water quality by 2015 or to protect and maintain the current water quality. In WFD, good water status has been assessed under two topics: ecological and chemical status. The chemical status assessment is used alongside the ecological status assessment to determine the overall quality of a water body. Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) are tools used for assessing the chemical status of water bodies. The EQSs defines the maximum acceptable concentration and/or annual average concentration for the priority substances given in WFD. WFD requires “whole water approach” in the monitoring of the micropollutants in water bodies and in establishing the EQSs. Whole water approach recommends simultaneously analyzing of the micropollutants adsorbed on dissolved or suspended particulate matter. Due to having hydrophobic structure, some micropollutants could be found in very low concentrations and unrealistic EQS values might be determined. And in order to prevent any miscalculations in EQS values, whole water approach needs to be applied. Extraction, is the most important step in micropollutant monitoring programs, used in concentrating and separating of the samples. While the conventional extraction methods still do not enable a simultaneous analysis of sampling, the automated extraction systems facilitate that with reliable results within the scope of whole water approach. In this study, the importance of the whole water approach applied in monitoring of the chemical status was assessed within the scope of WFD. The availability of organic micropollutants, given in the priority pollutants list of WFD, in water and sediment, and analyzing of those pollutants with emphasizing their physico-chemical characteristics under the whole water approach were examined. Moreover, those micropollutants were also discussed within the same scope of the current monitoring programs carried out in Turkey.

Keywords: Environmental quality standard, whole water approach, micropollutants

Acknowledgement: This study was financially supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific andTechnical Research Council of Turkey, Project no. 115Y309).

OP1

05



IBCESS

107

OP1

06

EFFECT OF TiO2 AND ZnO NANOPARTICLES ON BARLEYPLANT

Zeynep Gorkem Dogaroglu and Nurcan Koleli

Mersin University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, 33342 Mersin,Turkey

[email protected]

Soil serves an infinite storage for various particles. Effect of these particles on ecological and human health is important due to their structural dynamics and distribution on the environment. Nanoparticles are microscopic particles with at least one dimension between 1-100 nm. Nanoparticles are likely to be released in the environment because of their common production, usage, and disposal. The interaction between nanoparticles and biological environment is needed further investigation. Plants are the biggest and the most important interface between nanoparticles and soil/underground water. Toxicological effect mechanisms of nanoparticles on plants are not well known. In the literature, different nanoparticles have different effects on different plants. Nanoparticles interact with plants causing many morphological and physiological changes, depending on the properties of nanoparticles. Plants use various amount of antioxidant enzymes in an attempt to protect itself from oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of nTiO

2 and

nZnO on seed germination, root-stem length, chlorophyll content, CAT and APX antioxidant enzymes of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Experiments were performed using 10 seeds in 10 cm petri-dishes. Filter paper cut to fit regular petri-dishes were used as inert material. A double-layer of filter paper was placed in the petri-dish and 5 mL nTiO

2 and nZnO suspensions were added. Ten wheat seeds were placed in every

petri-dishes and were separately treated with different concentrations (0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/L) of nanoparticles suspensions. The petridishes were incubated at 25oC in the dark conditions during 7 days and then we determined seed germination, root-stem length, chlorophyll content, CAT and APX antioxidant activities. Results showed that treatment of these nanoparticles had not any significant effect on germination, root-stem length and CAT activities. The chlorophyll content of aged leaves increased after treatment nZnO and decreased after treatment nTiO

2.

Keywords: Barley, nanoparticles, antioxidant, germination, plant.

Acknowledgement: We thanks to Mersin University Scientific Research Project Unit (Project No. BAP-FBE ÇMB (ZGD) 2013-1 DR) for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

108

OP1

07

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY AND GENETICALGORITHM TO MODELING OF REMOVAL OF Co(II) FROMAQUEOUS MEDIA USING DRINKING WATER TREATMENTSLUDGE

Nurcan ÖZTÜRK1, Hasan Basri ŞENTÜRK2, Ali GÜNDOĞDU3 andCelal DURAN2

1 KTÜ, Faculty of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Trabzon, [email protected] GÜ, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Gümüşhane, Turkey3 KTÜ, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Trabzon, Turkey

In this work, it was investigated the usability of artificial bee colony (ABC) and genetic algorithm (GA) in modeling adsorption of Co(II) onto drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS). DWTS, obtained as inevitable by product at the end of drinking water treatment stages, was used as an adsorbent without any physical or chemical pre-treatment in the adsorption experiments. Firstly, DWTS was characterized employing various analytical procedures such as elemental, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF and TGA/DTA analysis. Then, adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch system and DWTS’s Co(II) removal potential was modelled via ABC and GA methods considering the effects of certain experimental parameters (initial pH, contact time, initial Co(II) concentration, DWTS dosage) called as the input parameters. The accuracy of ABC and GA method was determined and these methods were applied to four different functions: quadratic, exponential, linear and power. Some statistical indices (sum square error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, average relative error, and determination coefficient) were used to evaluate the performance of these models. The ABC and GA method with quadratic forms obtained better prediction. As a result, it was shown ABC and GA can be used optimization of the regression function coefficients in modeling adsorption experiments.

Keywords: Adsorption, artificial bee colony algorithm, modeling, genetic algorithm.



IBCESS

109

OP1

08

THE INVESTIGATION OF THERMODYNAMICS PARAMETERSAND ADSORPTION KINETICS OF CATALASE ENZYME FROM

BOVINE LIVER ON GREEN CLAY

Aycan GÜR1, Mehmet Salih NAS1 and Özkan DEMİRBAŞ2

1Faculty of Science and Literature,Department of Chemistry,University of Yüzüncüyıl, Van, Turkey

[email protected] of Science, Department of Chemistry,University of Balikesir, Balikesir,Turkey

In this study, the thermodynamic parameters and adsorption kinetic of catalase enzyme onto green clay were investigated in aqueous solution in batch system for determining the effect of initial enzyme concentration, initial ionic strength, temperature and pH. The structural characteristics of the green clay sample were performed analysis of SEM, XRD, TGA and BET surface area. Natural clay used in the experiment was ground and dried in an oven at 105 °C and then it was passed through (325mesh) sieve range. Maximum adsorption capacity values(qm) of catalase enzyme onto green clay showed a great dependence on pH. It was found that qm–pH curves reached a maximum at around isoelectric point (iep) of catalase enzyme. The pH values where the maximum adsorbed mass occurred might be considered as the conditions where electrostatic attraction is the most favourable. It was found at 36,5 ºC, 7,5.10-2 M, 0,25 g/L and pH 5.5 the initial concentration of lipase enzyme from experimental data for the capacity of the maximum adsorption and Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion were used to fit the kinetics data on three different kinetic models. The pseudo-second-order model best described the experimental data. Also the thermodynamic parameters (Ea, ΔH0, ΔG0, ΔS0) were calculated from the data. The negative enthalpy and the negative Gibbs free energy changes showed that the adsorption of enzyme is ekzothermic and spontaneously, respectively. As a result, the green clay in the adsorption process of catalase enzyme from aqueous solution was shown to be an effective adsorbent.

Keywords: Thermodynamics; Adsorption; Catalase enzyme; Green clay; Kinetics


IBCESS

110

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OFENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT ON LOCOMOTIVEINDUSTRY

Asude Ateş1 and Hülya Demirel2

1 Sakarya University, Environmental Engineering Department, Sakarya, [email protected] Sakarya University, Environmental Protection Technologies Department,Sakarya, Turkey

It was aimed in this study to compare on a year-by-year basis the waste management policy of an important company of the locomotive industry and investigate the established ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 management systems, in order to create the environmental risk assessment tables available in the 2015 revision of the Environmental Management System. The positive values added by the establishment of an integrated management system and by its implementation in such businesses of a high-risk group, were demonstrated. In the management of businesses, practices such as assessment of environmental impacts, prevention and elimination of potential negative impacts and taking the necessary measures in order to keep these under control are a measure of the importance attached to environment. With the 2015 revision, additions to the PDCA cycle, a preventative operation approach, a life-cycle definition, and adaptation of environmental risk assessment to the process are at issue. Therefore, the waste categories of the company between 2014 and 2015 were analyzed on a quantitative basis and a waste management plan as well as a waste profile was developed. An environmental risk assessment table was created based on environmental dimensions for the sake of system operation and facilitating the adjustment process to the 2015 revision. When it is examined total waste amount is 286 ton and 431 ton in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The amounts of hazardous waste and mineral oil are 67 ton, 148 ton and 9 ton, 14 ton on the basis of year. Hazardous wastes such as scrap wood, paint sludge, brake bold discharged depending on company’s production, and wastes such as textile, plastics, fiberglass, linoleum and end of life tire were also caused by the company.

Keywords: environmental risk assessment, waste management, Locomotiveindustry

OP1

09



IBCESS

111

OP1

10

EMISSION INVENTORY OF SHIPS IN SAMSUN PORT

Fatih Alver1, Betül Saraç2 and Ülkü Alver Şahin3

1Ordu University Fatsa Vocational Higher School-VesselConstruction Program, Ordu, Turkey

[email protected] Technical University Surmene Faculty of Marine Sciences - Naval

Architecture and Marine Machines Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey3İstanbul University Department of Environmental Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey

Nowadays, as ports are generally close to human living and working areas, and due to the direct influence of the interior port values on the air quality of those regions, the examination of ship emission values has become an important issue. Especially, the lot of nitrousoxide and particulate matter pollution caused by ship emissions, is of the non-ignorable aspect. Samsun port, in Turkey where appoximately 8 vessels come a day, is the largest port of Black Sea Region, too. It is observed that dominant wind direction in Samsun and surrounding of it is the breeze mostly from sea to land (North wind). These meterological conditions show that ship emissions occured around and in the port are moved to Samsun, and the contrubution of the ship emissions to air pollution is at a significant level. As part of this thesis, it has been targeted to take an inventory of the cruise, maneuver and in the port position of ship emissions of all different ships coming to Samsun port between the 2010-2015.This emission inventory work will be a primary resource for the port-ship emissions distribution modeling which will be done in the future and its contrubutions to the estimation of Samsun’s air pollution quality. In order to take ship emissions inventory in the first step, detailed data collection process of all ships coming to the port in each year between 2010-2015 will be carried out. In the second step, annual mass emission values will be calculated by using the international emission factors for air pollutants(PM, NOx, SO

2,

CO2,CO,HC,etc.).In the final phase of the study, all results will be analyzed

in diagram, chart and comparisions using statistical methods for years, ship types, their locations, etc.

Keywords: Samsun port, ship emission, air quality.


IBCESS

112

OP1

11

BUILDING AUDIT IN CONSTRUCTIONS ANDAFYONKARAHISAR EXAMPLE

Recep KURAL1 and Osman ÜNAL2

1 Department of Wholesale And Retail Sales, Program of Estate and Real EstateManagement, Sinop University, Boyabat Vocational School, Sinop, [email protected] Department of Civil Engineering / Faculty of Engineering, Afyon KocatepeUniversity, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

For the security of buildings constructed in all countries and to ensure that they provide desired comfort conditions, healthy environments and they are not harming their surroundings, they should be audited. In today’s conditions, considering that a building is formed by very complex systems, it is obvious that building owner or user can not control related issues properly so that auditing should be conducted by professionals. Although building audit in Turkey is dated back to very old times, The earthquakes in Golcuk (Kocaeli) in August 17th 1999, in Duzce in November 12th 1999, caused many people to lose their lives or to be wounded, also many buildings were destroyed or became unusable and so building auditing system was re-handled. The studies to be made in this context were arranged within the scope of construction law no 3194 and building auditing related law no 4708. Together with this arrangement independent expert auditing companies having legal entity were assigned in stead of engineer of record. In this study the building audit system applied in building constructions according to construction law no 3194 and building auditing related law no 4708 were explained and a survey study was conducted in Afyonkarahisar in order to research the problems faced by building audit companies and accordingly the expectations of related staff from building audit and the problems they may face were determined. According to the data obtained at the end of research the degree of application of regulations on paper, the extent of applicability of the system and the problems during building auditing were determined and their reflections on the building auditing efficiency were presented.

Keywords: Building, Building audit, law no 4708, Building audit problems



IBCESS

113

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12

FACTORS EFFECTING THE ECOTOXICITY OF TiO2

NANOPARTICLES ON GREEN AGAE RAPHIDOCELISSUBCAPITATA

Ayca Erdem and Merve Ozkaleli

Akdeniz University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Antalya, [email protected]

Nanoparticles(NPs) are the materials with at least two dimensions between 1 and 100 nm. Recently, NPs have being used in many products and raw materials, such as paints, drug delivery, cosmetics, textile, toys, and military. Particularly TiO

2 NPs have been used in a wide range applications due to

their unique physical and chemical properties. TiO2 NPs have photocatalytic

activity under UV and visible light conditions, which increase the ecotoxic effects under different environmental conditions(pH, light, ionic strength(IS), hardness, and alkalinity). However, there is still limited information on the ecotoxic effects of TiO

2 NPs. The aim of this study is to reveal the roles of

IS, dispersion method and NP concentrations on the viability of greenalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata(SAG61.81). In accordance with this purpose, the effects of different concentrations(1, 10, 50, 100, 500 mg/L) of TiO

2 NPs

were prepared in synthetic surface water samples with different IS(0, 0.2, 2 and 8 mM) and different sonication methods(mixing and probe sonication) on greenalgae R. subcapitata were evaluated. Following the OECD 201 growth inhibition test guidelines, the test duration was set to 72 hours. Cell viability and specific die-off rates(k’ value) were calculated. The particle size distribution and zeta potential were also measured for the characterization of the NPs. The numbers of viable algae in suspensions were determined by cell counting using Neubauer hematocytometer. k’ value was calculated using cell viability results. The result of the study would provide the most effective environmental condition and dispersion method on the ecotoxicity of TiO

2

NPs on R. subcapitata.

Keywords: Algae, ecotoxicity, TiO2 nanoparticles, ionic strength, dispersion method.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK(The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 114Y015, for the financial support.


IBCESS

114

REUSE OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER IN DISPERSE DYEINGPROCESS USING ADSORPTION PROCESS

Gül Kaykıoğlu1, Rıza Atav2, Yalçın Güneş1 and Elçin Güneş1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Namık Kemal,Çorlu-Tekirdağ, Turkey2 Department of Textile Engineering, University of Namık Kemal,Çorlu-Tekirdağ, [email protected]

The aim of this study was to investigate the reuse possibility of biologically treated textile wastewater(COD:200 mg/L, Color:39.4 m-1, Hardness:125 mg CaCO

3/L and Conductivity:1100 μS/cm) in disperse dyeing processes.

For this aim a laboratory study was carried out in terms of conductivity, hardness, color and COD. Biologically treated wastewaters were treated with two different adsorbents; powdered activated carbon(PAC) and the waste metal hydroxide(WMH) obtained from aluminum electroplating industry. Treated wastewaters after adsorption with PAC and WMH were named as wastewater 1(W1) and wastewater 2(W2), respectively. Batch adsorption studies were performed at natural pH(pH 7.5), constant adsorbent dose(7.5 g/L) and contact time(120 min) for PAC and WMH. The COD and color removal rates were 90% and 90% for W1and 60% and 61% for W2. Then these treated wastewaters were used in disperse dyeing process of polyester fabrics. Both the color and fastness results of dyed samples were compared with that of dyed with soft mill water. The dyeing with W1 gives very similar results with that of carried out by soft mill water, which is a reference. On the other hand, in case of W2, obtained colors are significantly different. Only in black color also W2 gave ΔE value of 0.86, which means the color difference is acceptable compared to reference. In the light of experimental results it can be concluded that biologically treated textile wastewater can be reused in dyeing of polyester fibers with disperse dye without causing any negative effect on color, washing and rubbing fastness properties, if water is treated suitably.

Keywords: Adsorption, fastness, polyester dyeing, reuse, textile wastewater.OP1

13



IBCESS

115

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14

THE INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBILITY OF FLOODING ANDPEAK FLOWS IN SORGUN BASIN AND ITS SUBBASINS

USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Ümit Yıldırım and Cüneyt Güler

Mersin Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü,33343 Çiftlikköy, Mersin, Turkey

[email protected]

This study has been carried out to determine the possibility of flooding and peak flows in the Sorgun Basin as a whole and its four subbasins, which are located at the northern part of the Mersin(SE Turkey). In these basins, assessment of the possibility of flooding and peak flows was based on morphometric parameters, including drainage density, drainage texture, stream frequency, form factor, elongation ratio and length of the overland flow. In this context, the morphometric parameters of the basin were derived from the 1:25K scale topographic map sheets that were digitized using a geographic information system(GIS) software. According to the results, drainage density, drainage texture, stream frequency, form factor and elongation ratio values were highest for the 3rd subbasin, whereas the length of the overland flow value was lowest. Additionally, drainage density, drainage texture and stream frequency values were lowest for the 1st subbasin, while the length of the overland flow value was highest. The results indicate that the overland flow is low in the basins having the low value of stream frequency, drainage density and drainage texture, thus the probability of flooding is lower. Furthermore, the low value of form factor and elongation ratio result in lower peak flow of longer duration. As a result, while the probability of flooding is highest in the 1st subbasin, it is lowest in the 3th subbasin. Considering the Sorgun Basin as a whole, it is elongated and has a low value of length of the overland flow. Therefore, in the Sorgun Basin the possibility of flooding is low and low peak flows of longer duration may occur.

Keywords: Sorgun, morphometry, geographic information system, flooding, peakflow.


IBCESS

116

PERCEPTIONS OF WORKERS ON ENVIRONMENTALLYSOUND CHEMICAL APPLICATION FOR GREENHOUSEPRACTICES

İbrahim Alpay Sakartepe, Çiğdem Kıvılcımdan Moral and Kadir Gedik

Akdeniz University, Antalya, [email protected]

Food supply has become a major drawback of increasing world population in 21st century. With this respect, effective agricultural practices are required to overcome the issue. Greenhouses would be an alternative which are operated in a more controlled environment such as temperature. In Turkey, greenhouse industry is particularly developed in Mediterranean region; Antalya has the highest share(around 37 %). Nevertheless, a number of problem came out since greenhouses are generally a small family business and the workers are not educated well. Therefore, the greenhouse workers may lack awareness about the risks related with everyday works. For these reasons, this study aimed to investigate the awareness levels of greenhouse workers on occupational health and safety practices in the central district of Antalya. A survey with two sections was conducted with 179 workers face-to-face. The first part of the survey was related to questions about some personal information like age, gender and the second part was comprised of questions about the applications of biological, chemical, physical, mechanical, psychological-social and health concerns in greenhouses. The questions relevant to perception of workers on chemical applications are looking for answers on how much appropriate they behave both during and after chemical applications and in using personal equipment etc. In greenhouse industry, chemicals are widely used as fertilizers and pesticides, and particularly, the latter may be harmful to human health by dermal exposure/inhalation if the necessary precautions are not taken. However, the findings showed that although 95 % of the greenhouse workers were aware that personal protection equipment is needed, only about 54 % of them were used regularly. In this respect, the results are evaluated and presented in the context of precautions needed to be taken.

Keywords: Antalya, environmental management, occupational health andsafety, pesticides.

OP1

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IBCESS

117

OP1

16

FORECASTING THE AMOUNT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10) IN THE AIR BY GREY

PREDICTION METHOD FOR TRABZON

Ahmet ALÇI, Miraç MURAT and Coşkun HAMZAÇEBİ

Karadeniz Technical University Industrial Engineering Department, Trabzon, [email protected]

Air pollution is a common problem for all living beings, especially in the cities which have advanced industry and more urban population. Gases released by industrial plants and motor vehicles as well as fuels polluting air such as low-quality coal consumed for heating in winter have an adverse effect on air pollution. In order that people and other creatures sustain their lives in quality, the amount of the air pollutant gases in the air should not exceed the threshold values. In this regard, the governments create legal obligations and take various measures in order to prevent air pollution. In our country, there are more than 200 air quality monitoring stations under the control of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Existing air pollutant gases are measured continuously through these stations and the pollution level can be determined. In this study, the amount of sulfur dioxide (SO

2) and particulate

matter (PM10

) in the air have been forecasted for the future periods using data obtained from air quality monitoring stations located in the center of Trabzon. Grey prediction method was used as the forecasting model. According to the forecast results, taking precaution is required in order to improve the air quality. In the end of the study, measures to prevent releasing of the sulfur dioxide (SO

2) and particulate matter (PM

10) adversely affected the air quality

are listed.

Keywords: Air Pollution, SO2, PM

10, Grey Prediction Method, Trabzon.


IBCESS

118

OP1

17

A GROUND INVESTIGATION STUDY AT SAKARYA, ÇAMLICAUSING GEOELECTRICAL METHODS

Gökçen Eryılmaz Türkkan and Serdar Korkmaz

Uludag University/Civil Engineering Department, Bursa, [email protected]

The aim of this research is to study the ground resistivity of a region located at Sakarya, Çamlıca by using vertial electrical resistivity (VES) method which is one of the geoelectrical methods. For that purpose, two Wenner arrays were applied on the ground. The measured VES data is analysed via software named RES2DINV. The program gives layer thicknesses and real resistivity values on 2-dimensional underground resistivity sections. Interpretations on the possible locations of water can also be made. These interperatations can later be verified by drilling groundwater wells.

Keywords: Geoelectrical methods, RES2DINV, Wenner.



IBCESS

119

OP1

18

Fe(III) SELECTIVE PVC-MEMBRAN POTENTIOMETRICELECTRODE BASED ON A NOVEL SENSING MATERIAL

Nezaket Sarıboğa

Sinop University, Sinop, [email protected]

The construction, performance characteristics and some applications of a novel Fe(III) selective PVC- membran potentiometric electrode with (E)-1- (2,4,6-tri methylphenyl)-N-[2-[(E)-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)methyleneamino] ethyl] methanimine as a suitable carrier are described in this work. (E)-1-(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)-N-[2-[(E)-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)methyleneamino] ethyl] methanimine is used as ionophore presenting a high affinity towards the trivalent iron cations. The prapared electrode reveals good selectivity ability towards Fe+3 ion in comparison to a wide variety of alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The potentiometric selectivity coefficients of cations are determined by matched potential method (MPM). The electrode exhibits a linear response for iron(III) ions over a wide concentration range (1x10-1 -1x10-6), a low detection limit (1,42x10-6) with a slope of 43±2 mV per decadeichange. The electrode can be used in the pH range from 6.0 to 11.0 and show a short response time (<40 s). Fe(III) selective PVC-membran potentiometric electrode investigated for accuracy by potentiometric titration of a Fe(III) solution with EDTA and quantification of Fe(III) some pharmaceuticals.

Keywords: Fe(III); Iron; ion selective electrode; PVC membrane; potentiometry


IBCESS

120

OP1

19

APPLICATION OF FENTON REAGENT AND ADSORPTIONAS ADVANCED TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR REMOVALOF MAXILON RED GRL

Fehiman Çiner

Ömer Halisdemir University, Environmental Engineering Department, Niğde, [email protected]

Most of the wastewater produced by the textile industry is generated from dyeing operations. Various methods such as adsorption, coagulation, advanced oxidation, aerobic and anaerobic degradation, membrane separation process, and reverse osmosis are used in the removal of dyes from wastewater. The adsorption process is one of the most efficient methods of removing pollutants from wastewater and provides an attractive alternative treatment. Recently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been also used to treat wastewater containing toxic and refractory pollutants. Among the AOPs, Fenton oxidation process has been considered to be a promising and attractive treatment method for the effective decolorization and degradation of dyes. In the present study, the removal of Maxilon Red GRL from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto raw soil sample known as Niğde (Bor) grape molasses soil and Fe+2/H2O2 reagent as advanced treatment processes were studied. The effects of various experimental parameters such as initial Fe+2 and H2O2 concentrations, pH, temperature, contact time, initial adsorbent dose, and initial dye concentration on adsorption and Fenton process efficiencies were investigated. The adsorption experimental data were modeled by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir model resulted in the best fit of the adsorption data. The optimum conditions had been determined and found that efficiency of decolorization obtained after 20 min of reaction, was about 99.4% for Fenton process.

Keywords: Adsorption, advanced oxidation process, decolorization, Fentonprocess, maxilon red.



IBCESS

121

OP1

20

SPATIAL AND SEASONAL CHARACTERISTICS OFINORGANIC CHEMICALS IN ARMAĞANKÖY DAM

WATERS, THRACE REGION

Füsun Ekmekyapar1 and Ahmet Serhat Akar2

1Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Corlu Engineering, Corlu/Tekirdağ, [email protected]

2Namık Kemal University, Institute of Science, Tekirdağ, Turkey

The study provides a baseline for the assessment of the inorganic pollution specially, metal contamination in the water Armağanköy dam, Turkey. A survey of inorganic chemicals was performed in water samples collected in Armağanköy dam during 2014-2015. The water samples from five stations in the Armağanköy dam were collected and examined for metal content(Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Ca, Mg, K and Na), pH, EC, and TSS. Inorganic analyses were performed according to USEPA method. Metals were measured using ICPOES in Central Accredited Laboratory of Namık Kemal University(NAKSEM, Tekirdağ,Turkey). The results have been compared with values given in the literature and the regulations. Correlation analyses showed that metal content of Armağanköy dam water was affected by pH, EC and TSS. According to the regulations Armağanköy dam waters doesn’t pose any risk that use of drinking water in terms of the criteria analyzed.

Keywords: Surface waters quality, dam waters, monitoring, inorganic chemicals,metals.

Acknowledgement: Special thanks are due to The Central Laboratory of NamıkKemal University, Tekirdağ, for their financial support.


IBCESS

122

OP1

21

THE DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS ON NOSEMOSIS INFECTION CAUSING HONEYBEE COLONY DEMISE IN GIRESUN

Onur Tosun1 and Hilal Baki2

1Giresun University, Alucra Turan Bulutcu Vocational School, 28700 Giresun- [email protected] University, Espiye Vocational School, Giresun- Turkey

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are ecologically important animals as the most important pollinators of flowers. Especially Nosemosis infection of honey bees causes of sudden death in beehives colonies. This situation is a very important ecological problem. Natural illness of Nosemosis is one of the most important beekeeping problems. Some important environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and altitude of the localities were caused rapidly spread of the infection in honeybees. There are few studies on the effect of temperature and humidity factors on nosemosis and also the seasonal distribution of Nosema ceranae infection in Giresun. In this study, the effect of temperature and humidity around the beehives were studied on the distribution of N. ceranae infection. Additionally, seasonal activity and geographic distribution of N. ceranae infection have been investigated in Giresun in this study. Disease factor of Nosemosis was identified with molecular techniques. The seasonal activity of Nosemosis was studied. Temperature and humidity values were measured from around the beehives during studies. Nosema ceranae was identified as the only factor in all localities. Samples were collected from beekeepers from 6 localities in Alucra, Şebinkarahisar, Çamoluk, Dereli, Espiye and Görele between May to September in 2014 and 2015. Nosemosis pathogens were identified all localities. Total of 2880 dead adult bees were dissected during the study. Infection was observed only in worker bees. Total infection rate in worker bees was 31.5%. Infection rate in worker bees were 29.3%, 15.28 and 33.8% in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The highest infection rates were observed in June and July. The infection rate of N. ceranae increased proportionally with increasing temperature and humidity factors. Humidity was more effective than temperature. N. ceranae infection rate was higher in low-altitude localities.Keywords: Environmental conditions, Geographical distribution, Nosema ceranae,Apis mellifera, Giresun.

Acknowledgement: We thanks to BAP(Giresun University Scientific ResearchProjects), Project no. FEN-BAP-A-250414-36, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

123

OP1

22

MODELING OF PARTICULATE MATTER AND SULFURDIOXIDE DISTRIBUTION IN THE REGION OF

KOCAELI - DILOVASI BY USING THE ISCST3

Bahar Tuncel1, Pınar Ergenekon1, Ülkü Alver Şahin2 and Burcu Onat3

1 Gebze Technical University /Environmental Engineering Department,Kocaeli, Turkey

[email protected] Istanbul University/Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul, Turkey

In this study, the distribution model of Industrial Source Complex Short Term(ISCST-3) which models distribution of contaminants mathematically was used. The region modeled was chosen as Dilovasi in Kocaeli province which has been experiencing poor air quality due to mainly intense industrialization and high transportation load. In this thesis study, sulfur dioxide(SO2) and particulate matter(PM10) emissions from 10 facilities in the region were supplied into ISCST-3 emissions distribution model and distribution of PM10 and SO2 concentrations in the region was obtained. An alternative scenario of moving the sources to the northern site of Dilovası was evaluated. The analysis of temporal variation of both predicted and observed concentrations has shown that PM10 concentrations were lower during summer session compared to the winter session. Therefore the model was shown to be good at predicting temporal PM10 concentrations. When the model was run based on the alternative scenario of moving the 10 point sources to the organized industrial districts in northern part of the region, lower pollutant concentrations were predicted in current dense residential areas of the southern part of the town. The pollutant distribution by using ISCST-3 model in the area can be more accurately obtained if all point, areal and line sources with real time emission data were included in the model. In addition, in terms of measured PM10 and SO2 data, the current air quality situation in the region was evaluated on the basis of national air quality standards. The PM10 pollution in the region was seen to exist based on measurements taken at the local air quality station. Therefore effective PM10 reduction strategies for the region must be planned.

Keywords: Air pollution, Dilovasi, PM10, Aermod ISCST, SO2.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK(The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 102F023, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

124

DETERMINATION OF NEW DICARBOXYLIC ACID AND THEIRDERIVATES AS POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Bahtiyar Sarıboğa

College of Health, Sinop University, Sinop, [email protected]

Antimicrobial activity studies of 2,5 bipyridine dicarboxylic acid, 3,4 pyridine dicarboxylic acid and their silver (Ag) complexes standard strains of bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 29212), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538),Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (ATCC 43300), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 7064), Entrococcus faecalis (ATCC 15753), Salmonella typhi (CCM 5445), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19114), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) Pseudominas aureginosa (ATCC 27853) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) pathogenic microorganisms, were carried out. The compounds of silver complexes showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal agents. Especially, antifungal activity of the complexes is remarkable result against C. albicans (MIC, 1-4 μg. mL-1) and good antibacterial activity on microorganisms (16-256 μg.mL-1). After clinical trials are completed, the complexes can be used as broad spectrum antibiotics and antimicrobial substances. The dicarboxylic acids showed no activity in bacteria.

Keywords: Dicarboxylic acid, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, MIC

Acknowledgement: We thank, Research Fund of Sinop University Project no. SYO-1901.13-01, for the partial financial support.

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IBCESS

125

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24

DETERMINATION WITH ALLIUM CEPA L. TEST OF THEINFLUENCES OF NIGELLA SATIVA L. SEED EXTRACT ON

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL PARAMETERS UNDER SALT STRESS

Dilek ÇAVUŞOĞLU1, Kürşat ÇAVUŞOĞLU2 and Selma TABUR2

1Süleyman Demirel University, Atabey Vocational School, Department of Food Processing, Isparta, Turkey

2Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology,Isparta, Turkey [email protected]

In this work, the effects of black cumin seed extract(BCSE) on the seed germination, seedling growth(radicle length, radicle number and fresh weight), mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations of Allium cepa L. germinated under both normal conditions and salt stress were studied. The radicle number of the seeds germinated in the medium with BCSE alone, partly reduced in comparison with the ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium while their germination percentage, radicle length and fresh weight statistically showed the same values as the control. Furthermore, the mitotic index in root tip meristems of A. cepa seeds germinated in the medium with BCSE alone demonstrated a significant decrease according to ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium while the frequency of chromosomal aberrations exhibited a significant increase according to the control. On the other hand, salt stress considerably inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa. Moreover, it markedly decreased the mitotic index in root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal aberrations. Whereas, the inhibitive effects of salt on the seed germination and seedling growth were dramatically alleviated in varying degrees by BCSE application. But, it was ineffective in reducing of salt damage on the mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations.

Keywords: Chromosomal aberrations, germination, mitotic activity, salinity, seedlinggrowth.


IBCESS

126

OP1

25

THE INVESTIGATION COLIFORMS AND E. COLI INDRINKING AND USING WATERS OF KONYA AND REGION

Tufan AKYÜZ1 and Emine ARSLAN2

1Konya Province Public Health Laboratory, Konya, Turkey2Selçuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Konya, [email protected]

In this study, was aimed that drinking and using waters are investigated in terms of coliform group and Escherichia coli in Konya and the province. Causing disease by infecting of many pathogens with water and increasing of antibiotic resistance in among individuals with the wrong antibiotic treatment, have increased the importance of water sanitation. Therefore, measures should be taken by researching the levels of contamination in drinking and using waters and factors. In this study; E.coli and coliform bacteria in 3145 drinking and using waters that sent to Konya Public Health laboratory in 2015 years were determined. These water samples were analyzed by membrane filtration method and evaluated. The obtained results showed that the water samples are suitable for drinking of 3004(95.521%) in terms of E. coli and of 2755(87.283%) in terms of total coliform. When this case is proportioned to all water samples, it was detected as pathogen factor 141(4,478%) of E. coli(fecal coliform), 390(12,716%) of total coliform. The contamination of coliform and E. coli has demonstrated varies according to the particular month of the year and it was observed to increase in some months. As a result; it is thought that need to be disinfected of drinking and using water before drinking, be control of disinfection efficiency in the disinfected water, be detect of resources led to pollution for the prevention of diseases derived from the contagion and antibiotic resistance and be apply of the purification process for these sources.

Keywords: Water, Coliform, E. coli, Membran Filtration.



IBCESS

127

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26

A NOVEL FLOATING COMPOSITE PHOTOCATALYSTBASED ON TiO2 NANO PARTICLES INVOLVED FORPHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF ATRAZINE

Can Demirer, İdil Ipek, Nalan Kabay and Mithat Yüksel

Chem. Eng. Dept.of Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir [email protected]

Photocatalytic degradation is considered as the most effective wastewater treatment method when it comes to treating organic pollutants such as herbicides, which are usually resistant to conventional wastewater treatment methods. TiO

2

has been extensively studied as a photocatalyst due to its good photocatalytic activity, thermal stability, and non-toxicity. However, due to the difficulties in separation of nano-sized TiO

2, related research studies focus on mostly improving

separation of the catalyst from aqueous media to be further recycled and reused, and most of these studies involve preparation of composite catalysts. An alternative is to incorporate the TiO

2 nanoparticles into an easily floating species.

Such particles are able to receive sufficient solar, or artificial, irradiance to be able to produce free radicals. Gaining ability to float on water, the photocatalyst comes directly in contact with light source, maximizing the photocatalytic efficiency and also providing an ease of separation. So that, in all photocatalyst applications, it is beneficial to have the catalyst close to the liquid surface, to minimize the UV light attenuated within the liquid. The work presented here involves production of floating photocatalytic composite particles created by injecting a lipid(oleic acid or olive oil) into an aqueous suspension of TiO

2 nano particles using the process

of membrane emulsification to control the(Pickering) emulsion size and also assessment of their photocatalytic activities for degradation of a model organic contaminant. Atrazine, a widely used herbicide and an endocrine disruptor, has been chosen as the model organic contaminant. Photocatalytic degradation of atrazine has been investigated as a function of initial concentration, pH, surface coverage, H

2O

2 concentration, and type of catalyst(different type of oil phase).

The analysis of atrazine was performed with a Shimadzu HPLC equipped with a UV-VIS detector and a C-18 column(250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5 μm).

Keywords: floating photocatalyst, membrane emulsification, pickering emulsion,TiO

2, atrazine.

Acknowledgement: The authors are grateful to Prof. Dr. Mehmet Saglam and Prof.Dr. Levent Ballice for providing opportunity to use HPLC.


IBCESS

128

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27

EFFECTS OF AFFORESTATION ACTIVITIES IN THE MININGAREA ON SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES(ARTVIN MURGUL EXAMPLE)

Mehmet KÜÇÜK and Ahmet DUMAN

Artvin Çoruh University Forester Faculty,Department of Forest Engineering, Artvin, [email protected]

In this study, black locust and black alder plantations in Artvin- Murgul (established in 1996) have been investigated for the purposes of soil properties and nitrogen mineralization. As a soil property, texture, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, skeleton content and nitrogen mineralization properties were measured. At the end of study, clay, pH, carbonate, total nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization were found higher in plantation areas grassland areas. On the other hand, sand, organic matter, C/N ratio and skeleton content were found less than grassland areas. Total net mineralization was found 63,38 kg. ha-1 in black locust plantations, 80,64 kg. ha-1 in black alder plantations and 71,02 kg. ha-1 in grassland areas. Roughly estimated current economic value of the wood in black locust plantations was higher than the mean cost of plantation after eighteen years from planting. As a result of the study, if the main objective of the reforestation is to soil fertility and prevent erosion in the region, black locust and black alder plantations should be preferred compared to grasslands.

Keywords: Nitrogen mineralization, plantation, soil fertility, black locust, Artvin.



IBCESS

129

OP1

28

OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION AS A KEY FACTOR FORRESPIRATORY HEALTH

Sibel Menteşe1, N. Arzu Mirici2, Coşkun Bakar3, Müşerref Tatman Otkun4,Deniz Taşdibi1, Elif Palaz1, Osman Çotuker1 and Sibel Cevizci3

1 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Environmental Engineering Department,Çanakkale, Turkey

[email protected] Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Respiratory Medicine,

Çanakkale, Turkey3 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Public Health, Çanakkale, Turkey

4 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Clinical Microbiology Department, Çanakkale, Turkey

Air pollution is not only the cause of acute and chronical respiratory diseases, but also it can adversely affect the prognosis of existing disease. According to the statistics of Turkish Ministry of Health for 2013, mortality due to the respiratory diseases ranked third with mortality ratio of 14.3%. Tissues which have contact with air such as skin, eyes and respiratory system are the primarily are damaged by air pollution. Air quality parameters such as particles, gases, and microbiological agents can cause several diseases and syndromes. In this study, the effects of air pollution on respiratory diseases were investigated in different towns of Çanakkale city, Turkey. For this aim, outdoor air quality of the sampling sites was monitored for 1 year. The monitored air quality parameters were briefly, particles, biological agents, organic and inorganic gases. Meteorological parameters were also monitored at the time of study. Additionally, respiratory functions of the participants who were living on those areas were monitored in terms of their respiratory functions for 1 year. Furthermore, a detailed health survey was applied to the participants of the study to examine potential sources and factors of their health conditions. It was found that outdoor air quality had spatial and seasonal variations throughout the year. Symptoms of chronical respiratory diseases and respiratory functions of the participants were found to be associated with biological agents, coarse particles, and organic gases measured in the outdoor air(p<0.05). The most prominent decrease in respiratory functions of the participants was found in industrial sampling points. In conclusion, outdoor air pollution can result in adverse health outcomes. Thus, the reason of the pollution sources must be under control and eventually outdoor air quality must be improved.

Keywords: Air pollution, outdoor air, respiratory health, Çanakkale.Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK(The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 112Y059, for the financial support.


IBCESS

130

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29

THE USAGE POSSIBILITY OF NATURAL STONE MATERIAL INSUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

Özgür Yerli1, Sertaç Kaya1 and Deniz Dedeoğlu2

1 Düzce University, Faculty of Forestry,Department of Landscape Architecture, Düzce, [email protected] Süleyman Demirel University, Engineering Faculty,Geological Engineering Department, Isparta, Turkey

Natural stone can be considered one of the first tools used by humankind. Ancient people fulfiled their needs such as hunting and feeding firstly by using natural stones. Of course in historical process the usage areas of stone have changed and the alternatives have increased with produce of manmade stone. Today, stone material continues to be used in various ways in many areas. Specially stone material is used in outdoor landscape applications frequently. The stone material that is used in urban spaces such as settlements, squares, green areas, commercial areas, is one of the basic elements in various usages such as pedestrian ways and areas, parks, wallcoverings, parking areas and roads. The discipline of landscape architecture is responsible for principles of esthetics, economy, functionality and sustainability while it creates spaces that are living and let everything live in itself. From this viewpoint, the stone material must be well known to do landscape applications that include those principles. In this paper, the usage possibility of stone material that is used in landscape architecture is researched according to its features.

Keywords: Natural stone, man-made stone, landscape architecture, usage.



IBCESS

131

OP1

30

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL EFFECTS OFROYAL JELLY IN ALLIUM CEPA L. SEEDS EXPOSED TO NaCl

STRESS

Dilek Çavuşoğlu1, Selma Tabur2 and Kürşat Çavuşoğlu2

1 Süleyman Demirel University, Atabey Vocational School,Department of Food Processing, Isparta, Turkey

[email protected] Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology,

Isparta, Turkey

The effect of royal jelly(RJ) on the seed germination, seedling growth(radicle length, radicle number and fresh weight), mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations of Allium cepa L. germinated under both normal conditions and salt stress were investigated in this work. The radicle length and fresh weight of the seeds germinated in the medium with RJ alone increased in comparison with ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium while their germination percentage and radicle number statistically exhibited the same values as the control seeds. Furthermore, the mitotic index and frequency of chromosomal aberrations in root tip meristems of A. cepa seeds germinated in the medium with RJ alone demonstrated a significant increase according to ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium. On the other hand, salt stress considerably inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa. In addition, it markedly decreased the mitotic index in root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal aberrations. Whereas, the inhibitive effect of salt on the seed germination, seedling growth and mitotic activity was alleviated in dramatically varying degrees by RJ application. But, the detrimental effects of salt on the chromosomal aberrations greatly increased over with this treatment.

Keywords: Chromosomal aberrations, germination, mitotic activity, salinity, seedlinggrowth.


IBCESS

132

OP1

31

REMOVAL OF LEAD IONS (Pb+2) WITH ACORN SHELL BASEDADSORBENT

Hakan Çelebi and Oğuzhan Gök

Aksaray University/Environmental Engineering, Aksaray, [email protected]

Lead ions (Pb+2) is one of the most toxic heavy metals. Pb+2 ions is related to different industrial activities such as textile dyeing, ceramic and glass production, petroleum refining, battery production, mining and automobiles. The safety of Pb+2ions has been suspected in regard to environmental and human health. To removal of Pb+2 ions various systems (precipitation, electrocoagulation, cementing and separation by membrane, the solvent extraction and the exchange of ions on resins etc.) are generally used. In this study, the adsorption method is used for Pb+2 ions removal. Experiments were carried out to remove Pb+2 ions by batch adsorption technique using an acorn shell. Various parameters such as initial lead concentration, adsorbent dose, initial pH and contact time were studied to observe their effects on the lead ions adsorption system. At optimum conditions of the above mentioned parameters, more than 90% removal efficiency was obtained within 2 minute at acorn shell dose of 1 g/100 mL for initial Pb+2 ions concentration of 100 mg/L. The percentage of Pb+2 ions removal remains almost constant within the pH range of around 2-6. In these optimum conditions the maximum removal efficiency was approximately 98%. The acorn shell may be considered as an alternative adsorbent for the better performance (readily available, efficient, and low-cost) of the Pb+2 ions removal from its aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Adsorption, acorn shell, lead ions (Pb+2)



IBCESS

133

OP1

32

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND TEMPORAL TRENDS INPOLLUTION IN THE GÖKSU DELTA SHORT-TERM

Esra Deniz Güner and Galip Seckin

Cukurova University, Environmental Engineering Department Engineering andArchitecture Faculty, Adana, Turkey

[email protected]

Exploitation of aquifers, which have generally over population and fertile agricultural land and irrigated farming activities, may cause salt-water intrusion in coastal aquifers. In our study, samples were taken from the groundwater that is used for drinking and irrigation in the groundwaters in Göksu Delta. The objective was to indicate that the quality of water and the factors causing pollution were determined by evaluating them according to “Continental Water Sources Quality Classification Criterions” (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forest/Regulation for Water Pollution Control). When the analysis results of samples taken between 2008 and 2012 were compared, it was determined that the amount of pollution increased in time.

Keywords: Quality of groundwater, seasonal variation, Göksu Delta, environmentalpollution,


IBCESS

134

OP1

33

THE USING OF CANADIAN WATER QUALITY INDEXMODEL FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY INAKSU STREAM, GIRESUN

Özlem TUNÇ DEDE1 and Melike SEZER2

1 Environmental Engineering Department, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey2 State Hydraulic Works(DSI), Regional Directorate of Trabzon,Department of Monitoring and Quality Control Laboratory, Trabzon, [email protected]

Water quality is an important factor related to public health. The concern about the sustainability of water quality is increasing with the increasing in population and emerging technologies. Thus, determination and assessment of parameters effecting water quality is critical. For this purpose, Water Quality Index(WQI) which can be calculated easily as a single number can be used. This study covers the evaluation of the water quality data obtained from 3 sampling points for one-year at Aksu Stream, one of the main drinking water resource of Giresun city. To obtain data-set, analysis of 36 parameters were carried out for each sample at the State Hydraulic Works(DSI), Department of Monitoring and Quality Control, Chemistry Laboratory, Trabzon, Turkey. It was determined that DO, T. coli, E. coli and phenol are the main pollutants effecting the water quality. By the way; color, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, manganese, iron, aluminum, mercury and surfactant values exceeded the limit values at some points. Canadian Water Quality Index(CWQI) was used for the comprehensible expression and interpretation of the data. When the calculated index values were compared with the water quality data, it was seen that index values are radical. The categories of index model for all stations were found as “poor” category.

Keywords: Surface water, water quality, Canadian water quality index (CWQI),Aksu.

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank to those who contributed tocollection of water samples and laboratory analysis in DSI, Regional Directorate ofTrabzon, Department of Monitoring and Quality Control Laboratory.



IBCESS

135

OP1

34

3D SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITYPARAMETERS IN KARACAÖREN-II DAM RESERVOIR

Firdes Yenilmez

Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University,Antalya, Turkey

[email protected]

Karacaören-II Dam Reservoir is located in Burdur, Turkey. The major tributary is the Aksu River. The surface area and volume of the reservoir at normal water surface elevation is 2 km2 and 48 hm3, respectively. The reservoir is considered as a drinking water supply for Antalya in the near future. So, water quality in the reservoir and in the influent river is so important. However, the water quality in Aksu River and Karacaören-II Dam Reservoir is under stress due to wastewater discharges, surface runoff from agricultural sites, solid wastes and fish farming. The water quality of the reservoir has been mentioned as Category A3(Drinkable water following physical, chemical and advanced treatment and disinfection) in recent studies. Therefore, problematic zones in terms of water quality should be determined and necessary precautions should be taken to improve the water quality in the reservoir. In this study, 3D distributions of dissolved oxygen(DO), specific conductivity(SC), pH and temperature in the Karacaören-II Dam Reservoir was constituted using the data obtained from the in-situ measurements along the water depth at 22 sampling locations. A script written in Matlab was used to obtain the 3D spatial distributions to evaluate problematic zones in terms of water quality. While a relatively homogenous distribution is obtained for SC along the water depth, DO exhibits an anoxic zone at the bottom of the reservoir. The lower DO concentrations along the water depth are observed in the inlet of the reservoir. There is no big difference in temperature values(min:12.15 oC and max:14.54 oC) along the depth since measurements conducted in November. This study may be beneficial to determine water sampling points along the depth and to identify segments in water quality modelling studies.

Keywords: 3D spatial distribution, water quality, Karacaören-II Dam Reservoir,Matlab.


IBCESS

136

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35

GREEN CULTURAL STUDIES ANDCOMPARATIVE ECOCRITICISM

Şirin DİLLİ

University of Giresun, Faculty of Science and Litterature,Department of Sociology, Giresun, [email protected]

In this presentation, the author explores the proliferation of images and discourses about sustainability that are found in the recent global art films; the advertisement world; and other mediated spaces that influence the relationship with day-to-day life. By using a number of recent global art films(e.g. Apichatpong’s Uncle Bonmee, Byambasuren’s The Cave of a Yellow Dog, Frammartino’s Le Quattro Volte), the study explores development potentials of the growing trend in Green Cultural Studies and Comparative Ecocriticism, towards a more global and planetary perspective. Juxtaposing Eastern environmental thoughts with Western-oriented Ecocriticism, this research explores how “nature” is represented and perceived under different cultural contexts, and to explore in contemporary world, how different philosophical traditions shape human values and determine our attitude and relationship with the nonhuman world. Developing upon recent scholastic discussions in “eco-cosmopolitanism”(Ursula Heise, 2008), this study advocates that global culture should be understood in terms of ecological concerns beyond national boundaries, and to reach the “more-than-human world”. The concern is how the rights of nonhuman elements should be represented, and interconnected, in our envisioned and imagined planetary communities.

Keywords: Nature, ecocriticism, eco-cosmopolitanism, philosophy, film studies



IBCESS

137

OP1

36

A TOXICITY STUDY OF α-Fe2O3 NANOPARTICLESIN RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) :

HISTOPATHOLOGY and HEMATOLOGY

Mert Gürkan1, Hasan Kaya2, Sevdan Yılmaz3 and Mehmet Ateş4

1 Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology,Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey

[email protected] Faculty of Marine Science and Technology,

Department of Basic Science, ÇanakkaleOnsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey

3 Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Department of Aquaculture ,Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey

4 Engineering Faculty, Department of Bioengineering, Tunceli University, Tunceli, Turkey

Nanoparticles (NPs) are manufactured increasingly, but their possible toxic effects still unknown. Metal oxide NPs are extensively used in a clinical applications, chemical industry, food and materials. Iron is an essential element for many living organisms. However, increases in the amount of iron might be caused adverse effects. Because, iron has low solubility and toxic oxidants.The knowledges on the adverse effects of metal oxide NPs especially iron oxide NPs on aquatic organisms is very limited. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was exposed to different concentrations of alpha iron oxide (α-Fe2

O3) nanoparticles (0; 1; 10 and 25 mg/L)

semistatically for 10 days. At the 4th and 10th days of the study, the fish were dissected, target tissues (gill, liver, kidney and instestine) and blood samples were collected. No histopathological and hematological effects were observed in the control group. Histopathological examinations showed that dose-dependent increases in lesions related to exposure α-Fe2

O3 NPs. Hyperplasia and lamellar fusion were observed in

gill; cytoplasmic vacuolations, fatty changes and mononuclear cell infiltrations were observed in liver; increasing number of melanomacrophage aggregates and epithelial deformations were observed in the kidney, hyperplasia and swelled of goblet cells were observed in intestine. On the other hand, no major hematological or blood disturbances were observed in terms of red blood cell counts, hematocrit values and whole blood hemoglobin concentrations. In conclusion, the results totally assessed that α-Fe2

O3 NPs exposure negatively affected the health of rainbow trout.

Keywords: Alfa iron oxide nanoparticles, Oncorhynchus mykiss, histopathology,hematology, toxicity.


IBCESS

138

ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF METHYLENE BLUE FROMAQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING GRAPHENE OXIDE DOPEDALGINATE BEADS PREPARED BY A NOVEL METHOD

Nilay Kahya, Hakan Kaygusuz, F. Bedia Berker, Gizem Balkız andEvridiki Pingo

Faculty of Science and Letters, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, [email protected]

Dye pollution is an important problem for ground and seawater issues. Methylene blue is a cationic dye and often used as a model dye for removal studies. Numerous natural and synthetic adsorbents and the effect of dopants on these are reported for dye removal. Recently, flat layers of graphene oxide are of interest because it changes the physical and mechanical properties of the materials. This paper addresses the adsorptive removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using graphene oxide doped crosslinked alginate biopolymer gel beads, via batch adsorption experiments. The beads were prepared by a novel method that increases the adsorptive behavior. Kinetic, isothermal and thermodynamic models were applied to experimental data in order to explain the nature of the adsorption. The results show that graphene oxide makes an improvement on the adsorptive properties of the material and the suggested beads can be used as an effective and green material for removal of dyes from wastewater.

Keywords: Methylene blue, alginate, removal, adsorption, graphene oxide.

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IBCESS

139

OP1

38

EXOGENOUS GENE INSERTION ALTERS SOMEANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN MAIZE KERNELS

Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar1, Oksal Macar1, Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu2 andEmine Yalçın2

1 Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department ofFood Technology, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected] Giresun University, Faculty and Arts and Sciences,


Owing to the predisposition of maize(Zea mays L.) plants to exogenous gene insertion, transgenic maize has become one of the most extensively cultivated genetically modified(GM) plants. Although introduction of transgene technologies looks like simplifying the industrialization of agriculture, there is ongoing debate about potential risks of GM crops on human health and environment. Maize kernels play an important role as food, feed and industrial raw material with a high starch and protein content. Antioxidant enzyme [superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD) and glutathione reductase(GR)] activities in non-transgenic and transgenic(insect-resistant) maize kernels were investigated spectrophotometrically to evaluate if genetic modification brings about an oxidative stress in grains. Kernels of transgenic and non-transgenic(control) maize lines divided into two groups; one was imbibed for 48 hours while the other was germinated for 48 hours after imbibition. Ground powder was used for subsequent enzyme analysis. SOD and POD activity indicated a similar pattern in both lines. They were higher in non-trangenic kernels and germination process enhanced the enzyme activities. Nevertheless, they were still higher in non-transgenic line after germination. On the other hand, GR worked less in control group initially, however its activity enhanced excessively in control line and reduced in transgenic line upon germination. The present study showed that genetic modification can induce an oxidative stress and alter the enzyme activities in kernels of corn plants.

Keywords: Antioxidant, enzyme, genetic modification, kernel, maize.


IBCESS

140

OP1

39

SOME IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT NEGATIVELY AFFECTTHE TICK CONTROL IN SOME PARTS OF TURKEY

Handan Türkmen1 and Mücahit Turgut Özdemir2

1 Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Bandırma/Balıkesir, Turkey2 Beykoz Municipality Veterinary Directorate, İstanbul, Turkey

The ticks(Ixodidae) are very important vectors of some infectious agents about public and animal health. Their number is rapidly increasing because of global warming. This research was performed simultaneously with a study conducted on tick species in cattle. The study was carried out to emphasize the factors affecting tick control methods as negative. The research was conducted on cattle in the small barns operating as family business in the Anatolian part of İstanbul between March 2015 and February 2016. The cattle in the eighteen barns randomly selected were examined for tick infestation at the last week of each month. Some pictures were taken on the subject in the field. In the same date, for the tick infestation of the cattle were twice visited sixteen villages in the provinces of Balıkesir, Niğde, Nevşehir, and Giresun. Observations relating to tick control was performed and the data is recorded. In addition, the unpublished data of a study titled “ Ticks(Ixodidae) of some domestic animals in Turkey” that researched in eight provinces of Turkey between May 2004-September 2009 were added to the results to make comparison with observations in previous years. The structures of barns and the mistakes made during acaricidal applications were recorded. The animal owners were asked a variety of questions to interrogate their knowledge. A total of 912(249 male, 663 female) cattle in the barns in istanbul were examined for tick infestation. Tick infestation was found in 760(83.3%) out of the 912 cattle examined during this study. The cattle in Dereseki and Öğümce villages controlled by veterinary could not be seen any tick infestation during the survey. In this study, it was observed that animal owners do not have enough information about the biology of ticks and tick-transmitted diseases. Additionally, It was determined that they have not participated any training program, seminar, conference on tick diseases and control programs. As a result, it was observed that have continued some negativities on tick control such as excessive dosing, more frequent application of acaricides, or often only applying to the animals in the barns except for other domestic animals like cats, dogs. The latest working data were compared with previous data. Any positive development associated with tick control in these areas cannot be observed.

Keywords: Tick, tick control, cattle, acaricides, Turkey.



IBCESS

141

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40

NEGATIVE EFFECT OF E-WASTE ON ENVIRONMENTALHEALTH AND RECYCLING

Sevtap Dogru1, Yusuf Alparslan Argun1, Züleyha Bingul2 and Aysun Altikat3

1Environmental Health Programme,Vocational School of Health Services, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey

[email protected] of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty,

Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey3Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey

Today, the production of electrical and electronic equipment is one of the industries which have growth power giddily. The electronic waste has become the fastest growing waste in the world due to constant improving electronic industry and increasing consumption trend. Electronic waste(ewaste) can pollute the environment and threaten human healthbecause of their toxic substances content.Electronic waste contain environmentally harmful organic(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, etc.) and inorganic(Pb, Sb, Hg, Cd, Ni, etc.)substance.Because of these substances they haveadverse effects on human andenvironmental health. On the other hand e-waste have greatly precious metal(Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, etc.) content.If recycling processes applied to them, both adverse effects on the environment and human health will be reduced and it will be contributed to the national economy by protection of precious metal resources.In this study, it has been demonstrated Turkey’s e-waste potential, contents and effects of environmental health, providing benefits by recycling contained precious metals and economic impacts.

Keywords: Electronic waste management, environmental health, E-waste,recycling.


IBCESS

142

OP1

41

FACTORS THAT THREATEN THE CAUCASUS VIPER[VIPERA(PELIAS) KAZNAKOVI]

Murat AFSAR1, Cemal Varol TOK2 and Kerim ÇİÇEK3

1Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Literature,Biology Department, TR-45030, Muradiye Manisa, [email protected]Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science and Literature,Biology Department, TR-17020, Tezioğlu Campus, Çanakkale,Turkey3Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Zoology Section,TR-35100, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey

Viperidae family contains 34 genera and 331 species in the World. 15 of the species live in our country. These species include Caucasian viper(Vipera kaznakovi) living in the Caucasus, which is a endemic venomous snake species to Turkey, Georgia and Russia. According to the IUCN Red List criteria; as the distribution of the species is less than 500km2 it’s classified in the catogory of “endangered(EN)” and its population tends to decrease(Tuniyev et al. 2009). The known distribution range of the Caucasian viper in our country is Hopa, Arhavi and Borçka district. In many studies the decrease of the population in our country(Afsar and Afsar 2009, Tuniyev and Tuniyev 2009) is highlighted. But there is not enough information about the status of the species and the ecology of our country’s population. Within the scope of Caucasus viper(Vipera kaznakovi) Species Action Plan, the following criteria have been used in determining the order of priority of threats and limiting factors are identified under. High: The threats that will cause the complete destruction of the species in the short term, if they are not eliminated completely. Medium: The threats that will cause the complete destruction of the species in the long term if the precaution are not taken. Low: The threats that will make little impact on the total population of the species. Unknown: The threats about whose effects we dont have any information. High levels of threat to species activities in the country; one construction, agricultural activities, road construction and dam-construction due to habitat destruction and fragmentation, confiscation due to pet trade and that the species killed by local people in the coastal areas where the population is high.

Keywords: Caucasian viper, conservation, species action plan, Turkey, Viperakaznakovi.



IBCESS

143

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42

ANTROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT INASARTEPE DAM LAKE SEDIMENT

Esra Üçüncü Tunca1 and Bedri Kurtuluş2

1Ordu University/Marine Sciences and Technology Engineering, Ordu, [email protected]

2Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Department of Geological Engineering,Muğla, Turkey

Metal accumulation in serious level and pollution can be seen as a result of anthropogenic effects in the ecosystems. Several methods are available to investigate anthropogenic effect and metal accumulation in the sediment. The present study aims to detect the heavy metal concentrations in sediment samples taken from Asartepe Dam Lake and were evaluated contamination caused antropogenic effects in the sediment. Five stations were chosen and a total of 12 samples were taken from each station. The amount of the heavy metal in sediment samples were analyzed by using XRF(X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy). Current contamination status in the lake sediment was determined by using many geochemical methods as contamination degree(C

d),

contamination factor(C fi ), enrichment factor(EF), geoaccumulation index

(Igeo

), pollution load index(PLI) and modified contamination degree(mCd).

Results indicated the highest C fi was found in chromium and according to

the modified degree of contamination(mCd) analysis the contamination of

Asartepe Lake sediment is moderate. Chromium was also associated with the highest geoaccumulation index(I

geo) measured. The lake was found to be

moderate-to-strongly contaminated in terms of heavy metals according to the results of I

geo analysis method. Enrichment factors(EF) indicated that there

is a minor anthropogenic metal entry into Asartepe Dam Lake.

Keywords: Contamination degree, contamination factor, pollution assessment,sediment

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK(The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 112Y212, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

144

PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF HEAVY METALIONS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITHPOLYMERIC BEADS

Ali Kara1 and Sibel Han2

1Science Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey2Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Uludag University, Bursa, [email protected]

Among the various types of pollutants, heavy metal ions are the most important as they are very hard to eliminate unless converted to different forms of metal. Heavy metal removal from industrial waste as well as natural water sources has become a prime concern over last few decades because of the adverse effects of these heavy metals on ecosystem and living organisms. Heavy metals are metabolic poisons and enzyme inhibitors. They can cause mental retardation and semi-permanent brain damage. Heavy metals are classified as persistent environmental toxic substances because they cannot be rendered harmless by chemical or biological remediation processes. Heavy metals are released into the environment in a number of different ways. Coal combustion, sewage wastewaters, auto-mobile emissions, battery industry, mining activities, tanneries, alloy industries and the utilization of fossil fuels are just a few examples. Numerous research efforts are being done to develop methods to remove heavy metal ions, particularly in waste streams of hydrometallurgy and related industries and to subsequently reuse them. These techniques are chemical precipitation, coagulation, filtration, solvent extraction, reduction, electrochemical separation through membranes, neutralization, chelating ion-exchange and adsorption. Among these techniques, adsorption is generally preferred for the removal of heavy metal ions due to its high efficiency, easy handling, availability of different adsorbents and cost effectiveness. In this study, we synthesized new chelating polymeric beads. The physicochemical studies of heavy metal ions removal from aqueous solutions with these polymeric microbeads were achieved.

Keywords: Heavy metal removal, magnetic beads, polymeric beads, adsorption.

Acknowledgement: We thank Uludag University, Project no. KUOP-20313/29 andProject no. OUAP(F)-2012/28, for the partial financial support.

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IBCESS

145

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44

CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE IN DUMPING SITE OFTUNCELI DURING SPRING MONTHS

Nuran Cikcikoglu Yildirim, Deniz Demirbilek, Gokhan Onder Erguven,Rahime Kayar, Senay Basaran and Dilan Tulpar

Munzur University/Faculty of Engineering, Department ofEnvironmental Engineering, Tunceli, Turkey

[email protected]

The improper management results in high possibility of leachate leakage with subsequent impact on soils, plants, groundwater, aquatic organism and human being. Therefore, it is important to know the characteristics of the leachate for effective management of solid waste dumpsite as well to control its potential impact on water quality of surrounding surface and ground water resources. In this study, it isaimed to analyse the physico-chemical components of leachate from the uncontrolled solid waste in dumping site of Tunceli. Monitoring studies were conducted between March 2016 and May 2016. The sixteen physico-chemical water quality parameters of leachate have been analyzed. Water parametres were analyzed according to APHA (2012) standard methods. Tempature of samples ranges from13.8-20.6 0C. The pH of leachate sample ranges from 7.98-8.51 with an average concentration of 8,35. The conductivity (EC) of sample ranges from 3,86- 21,36 mS/cm. The alkalinity of leachate varies from 330-5210 mg/l. The oxidationreduction potantiel (ORP) levels vary 49.3 and 84.7 mV. The total suspended solid (TSS) of leachate sample ranges from 0.2-5.00 mg/l. The total dissolved material (TDS) of the samples 1200-7100 mg/l. The total volutable solid material (TVSS) of leachate varies from 300-1800%. The ratio for BOD5/COD ranges from 0.47-0.5. Chloride of the samples varies from 99.96-899.7 mg/l. Sulphate of leachate sample ranges from 204.2-1360.87 mg/l with an average concentration of 584.07 mg/l. Average concentration of Phosphate was 138.09 mg/l. Organic Nitrogene levels of samples ranges from 5.6-28 mg/l with an average value of 22,36 mg/l. The average NH4-N concentration of leachate is 145.17 mg/l. The NO3 levels ranges from 8.97-135.04 mg/l. According to the results, changes in many water parameters with rainfall are observed. The reason of the decreasing of these parameters can be explained due to the entrance of the rainfall, which has high dissolved oxygen content to mass and dilution process.

Keywords: Leachate, characterization, dumping site, Tunceli, spring


IBCESS

146

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45

ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM ORGANIC WASTE

Aysun Altikat1, Sevtap Dogru2, Yusuf Alparslan Argun2 and Züleyha Bingul3

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, Igdir, [email protected] Environmental Health Programme, Vocational School of Health Services,Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University,Igdir, Turkey

The development level of the country is measured with the potential to meet the energy needs. In developed countries, wastes not only are undergone treatment, but also contribute to meeting the country’s energy needs by obtaining energy from them. Thermal and non-thermal techniques are used to generate energy from waste. Energy is obtained by burning waste in thermal techniques, and by using anaerobic process in non-thermal techniques. To obtain energy from organic waste is an issue that should be addressed seriously for global warming combat, the energy gap closure, effective waste management and sustainable development. In this study, it is discussed enable energy production techniques from organic waste in detail and demonstrated current situation of the world and Turkey comparatively and determined energy production potential of Turkey from waste and its proportion of the total energy need.

Keywords: Energy, environmental protection, organic waste, sustainabledevelopment, waste management.



IBCESS

147

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46

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SALOPHEN TYPE SCHIFF BASEFOR ANALYTICAL MONITORING OF COPPER ION IN

ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

Serkan Demir1, Maowulidan Dilimulati2, Könül Babayeva2 andMuberra Andac2

1Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering,Giresun, Turkey

2OndokuzMayıs University, Faculty of Science, Department

Salophentemplated Schiff base 2,3-bis(salicylaldimino)pyridine(H2IF) has

been prepared and evaluated for analytical monitoring of copper ion as the unification of various studies performed based on potentiometry, UV-Vis and, flow injection spectrophotometry techniques. Sensing ability of H2IF has been successfully confirmed by computational DFT studies. The results of DFT calculations have indicated selective binding of H

2IF to Cu(II) ion in terms of

internal energy changes relating to interactions in aqueous media. It has been probed electrochemically and explored as a cation recognition ionophore in the form of a polymeric membrane as selective sensor for quantitative monitoring of Cu(II) ion. The potentiometric results have demonstrated that the sensor exhibits very good selectivity and sensitivity towards Cu2+ over a wide variety of cations. The analytical availability of the proposed electrode has been evaluated by applying in the determination of Cu(II) ions in water samples. Besides, the ligand has been implemented for the fast, selective and highly sensitive spectrophotometric and flow injection spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II) ion in environmental water samples. The data obtained from aforementioned studies clearly reveals that H

2IF as a popular

member of salophen class can be used as a versatile universal reagent for analytical monitoring of copper ion in environmental samples.

Keywords: Salophen, potentiometric sensor, trace level copper(II), Flow-injectionanalysis, spectrophotometry

Acknowledgement: We gratefully acknowledge the financial support ofOndokuz Mayıs University Research Foundation(BAP)(Project number PYO.FEN.1904.14.004)


IBCESS

148

OP1

47

WATER DEFICIT ADVERSELY AFFECTED PSIIPHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS

Özlem ARSLAN

Giresun University,Espiye Vocational School, Giresun, [email protected]

This study was conducted to assess the drought stress responses of wheat(Triticum aestivum L., cultivar Gelibolu) grown in Turkey. Wheat cultivar grown in perlite medium at optimum conditions(at 25o, 250 μmol m-2s-1 light intensity, 16 hour light/8 hour dark, %40-50 humidity) for 8th days with half strength Hoagland solution was subjected to water deficit conditionoccured by -0.8 MPa PEG 6000 for 5 days. Though, drought is a major abiotic environmental stress factor that limits plant growth and development in several parts of the world, especially in semiarid areas, which diminishes the agronomical yield more than any other environmental constraint. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of drought-induced alteration of PSII photochemical activity obtained bychlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Photochemical efficiency of dark adapted leaves, Fv/Fm, decreased in drought treated leaves. Similarly, total chlorophyll of leaves decreased according to controls. Additionally, absorbtion flux per reaction center, ABS/RC, parameter declined sharply with decreased water status. Energy dissipation per reaction center, Dio/RC, levels did not change significantly in wheat leaves. These results showed that water deficitdecreased the PSII photochemical activity and the chlorophyll pigment content in wheat leaves.

Keywords: Drought, wheat, PSII photochemical activity, total chlorophyll pigment.

Acknowledgement: This workwas supported by Giresun University, Foundation ofScientific Researches under grant, Project no. FEN-BAP-A-250414-41.



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149

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48

HEPATOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF BORIC ACID,BORAX, COLEMANITE AND ULEXITE AGAINST

2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN IN CULTUREDRAT HEPATOCYTES

Hasan Türkez

Erzurum Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biologyand Genetics, Erzurum, TURKEY

[email protected]

The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a well- known environmental contaminant and toxicant. TCDD induced degeneration of hepatocytes and promoted liver cancer. Recently, boronated or boron containing compounds was shown to promote antioxidant capacity and to exhibit biochemical, cellular, and physiological functions for the cells. The present study evaluated the modulatory effect of commercially important some boron compounds such as boric acid(BA), borax(BX), colemanite(COL) and ulexite(UX) in minimizing the cytotoxicity by TCDD on primary cultured rat hepatocytes(HEPs) for the first time. HEPs were isolated and incubated with TCDD(10 μM) in the presence and absence of boron compounds(15 and 30 μM) for 72 h. The cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) and neutral red(NR) assays. The results of MTT and NR assays revealed that TCDD caused significantly(p<0.01) decreases of cell viability as compared to the negative control group. On the contrary, in cultures treated with four different boron compounds, the cell viability rates were not changed. Moreover, boron compounds showed the therapeutic potential against TCDD-mediated cell viability in a clear dose and compound type dependent manners. As conclusion, this study suggests for the first time that boron supplementation has protective effects against TCDD toxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.

Keywords: TCDD, Boron compounds, Cell viability, Cultured rat hepatocytes,Hepatoprotective action


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150

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49

BIOSORPTION OF AZO DYE ON TO WASTE SLUDGE

M. Sarioglu Cebeci and M. Aşkal

Cumhuriyet University/Department of Environmental Eng., Sivas, [email protected]

In this study, effects of initial pH(2-8), initial azo dye concentration(Co:25-200 mg/l), contact time(tc:2.5-1440 min) and amount of waste sludge(m:1-15 g/l) were optimized by employing response surface methodology(RSM) for basic red 46(BR46) removal from wastewaters by dried waste sludge(DWAS) in a lab-scale batch study. FTIR and SEM(scanning electron microscope) images were used to understand morphology and structural character of bio-waste and after biosorption process. The experimental equilibrium data fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir isotherm models. Both models were suitable for experimental results. The maximum biosorption capacity of DWAS was 52,7 mg/g. In addition, D-R biosorption isotherm model was used in order to determine type of biosorption mechanism. Pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion(Weber-Morris) models were suitable for biosorption kinetics. In this study, based on calculated thermodynamic parameters(ΔH, ΔG and ΔG), biosorption of BR46 was endothermic and spontaneous. DWAS(biowaste), one of the low-cost biosorbent, can be used for removal of azo dye from wastewaters.

Keywords: Azo dye, wastewater, response surface methodology, biosorption,biowaste, SEM and FTIR.

Acknowledgement: We thank CUBAP(Scientific Research Projects of CumhuriyetUniversity), Project no.M, for the partial financial support.



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151

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50

EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGY OF ZINCOXIDE NANOMATERIALS ON PLANT DEVELOPMENT

Özgür Nazikcan1, Elif Kaynak 2, Semra Malkoç 3 and Ender Suvacı4

1 Anadolu University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir, Turkey.2 Anadolu University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir, Turkey.

3 Anadolu University, Applied Research Center for Environmental Problems,Eskişehir, Turkey.

4 Anadolu University, Department of Material Science and Engineering,Eskişehir, Turkey. [email protected]

The increasing amount of production and commercial application diversity of nanomaterials led to a variety of works related to the evaluation of toxicity of nanoparticles in the environment. However, when we look at the number and variety of products obtained by using nanotechnology, the quality, and quantity of studies regarding the environmental effects of nanoparticles, remain scarce. This study aims to evaluate the effects of metal oxide(s) nanoparticles which are rapidly growing and expanding in the environment, as a result of the release of nanoparticles during and after industrial processing. ZnO nanoparticles, produced by different processes, that also differ in shape were applied to aqueous and soil growth media at various concentrations. Afterward, the effects of ZnO nanoparticles on germination of seeds of various agricultural crops(i.e.; squash, cucumber, cress, chickpea, bean, and pea) in these environments and on the development of plant’s parts such as roots, stems and leaves were evaluated in terms of morphological and physiological changes. The method of USEPA(no. 3050 & 3051) was followed to prepare plant samples. After than heavy metal ion deposition in samples were analyzed by ICP-OES(Varian 720-ES) and the results have been presented. When the results were analyzed, the accumulation in the root portion of plants that were exposed to ZnO was claimed to inhibit the plant growth exhibiting toxic effects. In conclusion the effects of ZnO particles on food crops that constitute an integral part of the food chain were evaluated, thus the advantages and disadvantages of different production techniques were identified in terms of environmental toxicity.Keywords: Bioaccumulation, Green production technology, ICP-OES, Nanotoxicology, ZnO Nanoparticles.

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Anadolu University under the grant no. 1110F160. The authors kindly thank ENTEKNO, Turkey’s staff for providing of nanomaterial and their fruitful discussions.


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152

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51

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DAIRYSECTOR

Züleyha Bingül1, Aysun Altıkat2, Sevtap Doğru3 andYusuf Alparslan Argun3

1Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty,Igdir University, Igdir/[email protected] CivilEngineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, Igdir/Turkey.3Environmental Health Programme, Vocational School of Health Services,Igdir University, Igdir/Turkey.

Milk and dairy products are the main nutrients of human life and are found in many nutritional compositions. Therefore, the dairy industry holds a very important place in economically in our country and other countries. Milk and dairy products sector is an industry which covers technological and industrial activities about acquiring milk used as nutrient with highly caliber, protection it in the same characteristic, being made into a variety of products withspecific methods and procedures, and marketing so as to conform to human health, controlling in terms of food value and hygiene. In the dairy industry, that is developing in parallel to public health and awareness of nutrition policies, it constitutes waste causing environmental pollution during production. The environmental impact of the dairy industry that led to major environmental problems if not taken necessary measures should be discussed in detail and the implementation of measure should be determined in order to minimize or eliminate the environmental impacts. In addition, ıt is also necessary to determine methods to enable the use of this waste as an economic resource. In this paper, the Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) process to keep to a minimum the environmental problems caused by the dairy industry has been examined and in this process be focused on the necessary measures.

Keywords: Contaminant, dairy, environment, waste.



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153

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52

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SAMPLING SYSTEMTHAT CAN COLLECT PM10, PM2.5 AND PM1 SAMPLES

SIMULTANEOUSLY FROM ATMOSPHERE

Ömer Ateş, İlker Balcılar and Gürdal Tuncel

Middle East Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering,Ankara, Turkey

[email protected]

In this study, an air sampling system which is capable of collecting PM

10(particulate matter with diameter of less than 10 μm), PM

2.5 and PM

1 samples simultaneously with a single pump will be discussed. Designed sampler consisted of three channels to collect PM

1, PM

2.5 and PM

10 particles

separately. Each channel consisted of a cyclone, a filter holder and a flow controller. Cyclones which are located at the entry point of the air to sampling system had 1 mmm, 2.5 mmm and 10 mmm cut points at 16.7 L min-1 air flow. First mass flow controllers were used at each channel to control the flow rate 16.7 L min-1. Mass flow controllers were replaced with critical orifices to minimize the cost of the sampler as cost of the mass flow controllers were high and using three of them in a sampler makes the system overly expensive. In the second phase of the study collection efficiency of the sampler was validated against commercially available dichotomous sampler and a PM

1 low

volume sampler.

Keywords: particle sampler, cyclone, critical orifice, PM2.5

, PM1, PM

10.


IBCESS

154

THE EFFECT ON BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION OFANAEROBIC INOCULUM ADDITION

Senturk Ilknur1 and Buyukgungor Hanife2

1Cumhuriyet University, Engineering Faculty,Environmental Engineering Department, Sivas, [email protected] Mayis University, Engineering Faculty,Environmental Engineering Department, Samsun, Turkey

Hydrogen is known as a clean renewable energy source. Hydrogen generation can be classified into two ways: chemical-physical and biological methods. The chemical-physical methods are energy intensive and expensive. In contrast, the biological methods are environmentally favorable and consume less energy. Sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant is rich in carbohydrates and proteins and thus it is a potential substrate for producing hydrogen. Anaerobic digestion is an appropriate technique for reduction in the volume and weight of excess sludge before final disposal, and it is employed worldwide as the oldest and most important process for sludge stabilization. Sewage sludge used as the substrate in the study was obtained from return sludge pumping station of the secondary sedimentation tank of a biological municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Samsun, Turkey. In this study, it is investigated the effect on the biohydrogen production of anaerobic inoculum added in sewage sludge. In the studies, four different anaerobic culture (mixed anaerobic culture from CSTR tank reactor, fermented manure, heat-treated fermented manure and sewage sludge, heat-treated fermented manure and sewage sludge mixture) were used as inoculum. Due to hydrolysis occurred during heattreated, organic matter concentration increased during fermentation. In comparison to other operating conditions, with heat-treated fermented manure and sewage sludge mixture was observed better hydrogen production. But, without inoculum when working with only sewage sludge has been obtained the higher hydrogen production. In the whole process; pH, COD, protein and carbohydrate concentrations of the influent and the effluent with the hydrogen and methane concentration were monitored every day. The anaerobic digestion was continued until hydrogen production stopped or decreased.

Keywords: Sewage sludge, addition of anaerobic inoculum, anaerobic digestion,biohydrogen production

Acknowledgement: We thank Ondokuz Mayis University, Scientific Research Project Funding (OMU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: PYO.MUH.1904.12.006].

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155

OP1

54

GENOME WIDE IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF SALINITYRESPONSIVE DOF FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN

COMMON BEAN

Ilker Büyük and Sümer Aras

Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, [email protected]

Dof(DNA-binding One Zinc Finger) transcription factors is a family of plantspecific transcription factors which play important roles in many processes such as photosynthesis, seed germination, flower induction, and stress responses. Completion of the common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genome project has provided us with the opportunity to identify all Dof genes in this species. With this aim, various in silico methods, RNAseq data and qRT-PCR analysis were used in identification and characterization of salinity responsive Dof genes in common bean. 42 candidate Dof genes were identified on common bean genome(called PvDofs). Conserved and mandatory motifs were confirmed in all identified PvDofs and chromosomal distributions were shown. The average intron and exon numbers in PvDof genes were 0.59 and 1.59, recpectively and 19 intronless genes were detected. 10 of 42 candidate PvDof genes were selected based on RNAseq data and were further validated by qRT-PCR in two common bean cultivars (Zulbiye and Yakutiye) subjected to salt stress. We demonstrated that the expression patterns of the identified PvDof genes correlated with the salt-stress response in the common bean and we suggest that members of the Dof family can also be used for genetic engineering applications in the common bean.

Keywords: PvDof, salt stress, genome-wide in silico identification, common bean.


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156

OP1

55

INVESTIGATION OF TANNERY WASTEWATER TREATMENTBY ELECTROFENTON

Seval Yılmaz, E. Esra Gerek, Filiz Bayrakçı Karel and A. Savaş Koparal

Anadolu University, Eskisehir, [email protected]

Textile products made of leather have been indispensable to human consumption. Various chemicals are used in leather processing to increase the strength of end-products. The process wastewaters containing such chemicals expose toxic effects. Therefore, such wastewaters pose certain risks to the environment and human health. In this study, leather industry wastewater, which has high loads of contaminants, was treated using advanced treatment techniques instead of conventional methods. During the experiments, the performance of batch electrofenton(EF) using iron electrodes with monopolar configuration for simultaneous removal of COD and chrome(Cr) from tannery wastewater(TW) were investigated. The influences of hydrogen peroxide concentration (which varies as 3 × 200 mg/L, 3 × 1000 mg/L, 3 × 1500 mg/L) on removal efficiency were investigated in a batch stirred cell to determine the best treatment conditions. The best experimental conditions obtained in electrochemical studies were as follows: current density = 20.0 mA/cm2, natural pH(4.05), H

2O

2 concentration = 3 × 200 mg/L.

Using these parameters, 86.67% COD and 99.60% Cr removal rates for TW was achieved and total energy consumption was obtained as 10.46 kWh/m3. It is concluded that electrofenton process constitutes a plausible method for the treatment of TW.

Keywords: tanning industry wastewater, COD, heavy metal, electrofentonprocess.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the



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157

OP1

56

CALIXARENE DOPED POLYANILINE-rGO/MOS2NANOCOMPOSITE HYBRID ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR

HIGH PERFORMANCE SUPERCAPACITOR

Dipalee D. Malkhede and Babasaheb J. Waghmode

Department of Chemistry, SavitribaiPhule Pune University, Pune-411007, [email protected]

A special calixarene. 4-SulphatoCalix[6]arene Hydrate (SC6) stabilised MoS2/partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheet and SC6 doped polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite hybrid for supercapacitor electrode material was fabricated by an in situ polymerization method. Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) results revealed that PANI nanostructures are homogeneously grewon to the surfaces of SC6-rGO/MoS2. Here, calixarene act as a dopant for PANI as well as act as a dispersant for the 2D nanosheets of rGO/ MoS2 and stabilise it. The morphology, composition, and electronic structure of the composites together with pure PANI, rGO, and MoS2werecharacterized byTransmission electron microscope (TEM), solid-state FT-IR, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the chemically modified rGO/MoS2 and the PANI formed a uniform nanocomposite. Such uniform structure together with the observed high conductivities afforded high specific capacitance and good cycling stability during the charge-discharge process when used as supercapacitor electrodes. The electrochemical performance was analysed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS). The composite exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 507 F/g and excellent cycle life, indicating a positive synergistic effect of SC6 decorated MoS2 and doped PANI for the improvement of electrochemical performance. Our investigation highlighted the importance of anchoring of calixarene doped PANI nano structures on 2D sheets for maximum utilization of electrochemically active PANI and MoS2 in high performance supercapacitors, presenting a promising application of SC6 PANI-MoS2 composites as electrode materials for energy storage.

Keywords: Polyaniline, Calixarene, rGO, MoS2, Supercapacitor


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158

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57

SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES IN SIZE-FRACTIONEDPRIMARY PRODUCTION WITHIN PHOTIC ZONE:SOUTH-EASTERN BLACK SEA

Ertugrul Agirbas1, Ahmet Sahin2 and Ulgen Aytan1

1 Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Fisheries, Rize, Turkey2 Karadeniz Technical University, Surmene Faculty ofMarine Sciences, Trabzon, [email protected]

Black Sea ecosystem has experienced dramatic phenological changes during the last four decades. Shifts in the ecosystem resulted in substantial alterations in phytoplankton biomass, community composition, bloom patterns and primary production. Within the R/V KARADENIZ ARASTIRMA cruises, spatiotemporal changes in size-fractioned primary production(picoplankton, <0.2-2μm; nanoplankton, 2-10 μm; mikroplankton, >10 μm) along the south-eastern Black Sea(Hopa-Giresun) ecosystem were investigated. Samplings were conducted by using SBE32 Carousel rosette sampler in spring(May 2015), summer(August 2015) and autumn(November 2015) along the different stations(Giresun, Trabzon, Camburnu, Pazar ve Kemalpasa). The obtained seawater samples were incubated under different light intensities(80%; 45%; 25%; 10% ve 1%) for the period of 2 hours in a deck unit. After the incubation, samples were filtered throughout different polycarbonate filters(0.2 μm, 2 μm and 10 μm), and the carbon activity(dpm) was counted by Liquid Scintillation Counter(LSC).The rate of primary production varied between 295 mgCm2 and 5931 mgCm2 along the stations. Size-fractioned primary production ranged from 119 to 1848 mgCm2, from 96 to 3156 mgCm2 and from 73 to 3363 mgCm2 for picoplankton, nanoplankton and microplankton, respectively. In general, microplankton and nanoplankton were dominant groups in spring. However during summer and autumn, picoplankton and nanoplankton were characterised with high contribution of primary production. The rates of primary production rates also coincided with phytoplankton abundance obtained from microscopy

Keywords: Black Sea, size-fractioned primary production, C-14, photic depth.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK(The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 1113Y189, for the financial support.



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159

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58

AMMONIA EMISSIONS IN FOUR TURKISH SHEEP BARNSIN AUTUMN SEASON

Ilker Kilic and Nesli Kocaalili

Uludag University, Agriculture Faculty, Biosystems Engineering Department,Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey [email protected]

As evidenced by the recent emergence of large sheep farms with modern barns in the Bursa region, sheep production in Turkey has steadily improved. Besides the formation of large enterprises, small and medium sized enterprises must convert modern barn to fulfil environmental rules. Thus, the emissions of gas pollutants, such as ammonia(NH

3), methane(CH

4), hydrogen

sulphide(H2S) and carbon dioxide(CO

2) will be more concentrated than

livestock production on pasture. Therefore, air quality monitoring in sheep barns will become more important in a few years for the Bursa region, and additional scientific studies are required to address air pollution in sheep production regions. While some monitoring studies have been conducted on poultry and dairy buildings in the Bursa region, there have been limited studies on sheep barns. The aim of this study is to determine the autumn emission of ammonia(NH3), in four commercial sheep barns of similar size in the Bursa region of western Turkey. The NH3 emission and indoor climatic conditions, such as temperature, humidity and air velocity were measured continuously for four days in the beginning, middle and end of each autumn month in selected sheep barns. For pollutant gas measurements, indoor air was sampled at both the ventilation inlet and exhaust in each barn. Indoor temperature, airflow rate and relative humidity ranged between 18.1-24.8oC, 49-339 m3/h.sheep and 69.8-86.4%, respectively. The daily average exhaust NH

3 concentration and emission overall of study were 7.2 ppm, 5.2 kg/day.

barn, respectively. The daily average NH3 concentration incoming air to the

monitored sheep barns were measured 0.1 ppm. The pollutant gas emissions from barns were compared with environmental limit thresholds established in the USA and Europe. The some peak values of NH

3 emission results in this

study were exceed limits in these regulations.

Keywords: Ammonia, emission, agricultural air quality, sheep barn.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK(The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. TOVAG-113O429, for the partial financial support.


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160

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59

THE FINANCING OF TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURESYSTEMS EUROPEAN UNION PRACTICES AND TURKEY

Abdullah YİNANÇ

Namık Kemal Unıversity, Secretary General Tekirdağ[email protected]

Financial source alternatives for infrastructure projects, advantages and disadvantages of financial alternatives and diffrerent sources, the carefully selection of sources subjects and the fundamentals of outer financial sources are very important in terms of finance. It can be said that neither the EU countries have different experience for infrastructure investment of finance sector nor the financing of infrastructure investment supported by public sector. Approaching of nowdays, financing supported by private sector are prefered. The used methods of private sector financing are generally ordered as “public-private cooperation models”, “infrastructure banks”, “capital markets”, and “the pension funds”. In this study, the related to infrastructure Project financing, the development of financement supply models were examined in similarities and shareholder in EU countries. The situation in our country (efficiency, the increasing of alternative source usage and new system alternatives) and EU countries were examined by the light of a successful sample models.

Keywords: infrastructure, systems, resources, funds, efficiency



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161

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60

AN ASSESSMENT OF POLLEN FEATURES AND HEAVYMETALS OF CHESNUT HONEY

Ilginç Kizilpinar Temizer

Giresun University, Vocational Schools of Health Care, Giresun-Tü[email protected]

Castanea sativa Mill. is represented the Euxine province. Many beekeepers choose to put hives around the C. sativa forest. C. sativa(Chesnut) honey is important for peoples’ health. Chesnut honey has highly bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds. However, minor elements in honey that may threaten the human health in excess concentrations. The kind of these elements in honey is related to the type of raw floral materials, i.e., the nectar, the pollen, and the honeydew, which are collected by bees. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the pollen types and concentrations of some heavy metals like chrome(Cr), Mangan(Mn), Iron(Fe), Cobalt(Co), Nickel(Ni), Copper(Cu), Zinc(Zn), Selenium(Se), cadmium(Cd), and lead(Pb) in Chesnut honey. Preparation of a honey sample for pollen identification was performed according to the method described by literature. A total of 10 elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Pollen types and amounts in Chesnut honeys were different from each others. The results of heavy metals in honey samples: Cr: 2.59- 4.68 mg/kg; Mn: 2.48-4.69 mg/kg; Fe: 33.62-71.41 mg/kg; Co: 0-0.11 mg/kg; Ni: 0.80-11.50 mg/ kg; Cu: 0.13-0.28 mg/kg; Zn: 1.62-0.78 mg/kg; Se: 2.36-4.46 mg/kg; Cd:0; Pb:0. Analysis of heavy metal contents indicated that the all honey samples were contaminated with the investigated heavy metals, except cadmium and lead.

Keywords: Castanea sativa, Euxine, Heavy metals, ICP-MS, Pollen types.


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162

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61

REMOVAL OF METHYL ORANGE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONBY FENTON-ULTRASONIC FENTON-ELECTRO FENTONOXIDATION

Gamze Koyuncu Türkay, Habibe Elif Gülşen, Ceyhun Akarsu, Ümit Elyiğitand Halil Kumbur

Mersin University, Engineering Faculty,Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin, [email protected]

In this study, the colour removal of methyl orange in aqueous solution by fenton, ultrasonic-fenton and electro-fenton processes was investigated. For this purpose, the effects of parameters on oxidation such as pH(2-6), Fe2+ concentration(20-100 mg/L), H

2O

2 concentration(40-140 mg/L), dye

concentrations(5-30 mg/L), applied voltage(2.5-7.5 V) and reaction time (5-60 min) were studied to determine optimal operating parameters. The effects of ultrasonic and electro-chemical processes on fenton oxidation were also determined. Treatment of methyl orange by fenton oxidation, the optimal conditions were determined as pH 3, 30 mg/L dye concentration, 40 mg/L Fe2+ and 120 mg/L H

2O

2 concentration, the reaction time of 30 min which were

provided 99,3% colour removal efficiency. Also, Fe2+:H2O

2 molar ratio was

found as 1:5. In ultrasonic-fenton process, removal of colour was 99% where operating parameters were 30 mg/L dye concentration, 20 kHz ultrasonic frequency, 5 min reaction time. In electro-fenton process, 99% colour removal efficiency was obtained under conditions of 30 mg/L dye concentration, 5V applied voltage and 5 min reaction time by using iron electrodes. These results approved that the ultrasonic-fenton process and electro-fenton process can be a promising approach in terms of coloured wastewater treatment in comparison with fenton process.

Keywords: Methyl Orange dye, fenton oxidation, electro fenton oxidation,ultrasonic fenton oxidation, decolorization



IBCESS

163

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62

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTITYROSINASEACTIVITIES AND ATRANORIN CONTENTS OF SOME

CLADONIA SPECIES

Kadir KINALIOĞLU1, Aytaç GÜDER2 and Sinem AYDIN1

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts,Giresun University, Giresun, TURKEY

2Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of HealthServices, Giresun University, Giresun, TURKEY

[email protected]

This study was performed to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity of the extracts of some lichens which are belongs to Cladoniaceae. Atranorin contents of the lichens were also investigated. Lichen extracts haven’t any antibacterial activity against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. MIC values range from 0.0146 mg/ml and 1.8750 mg/ml. The highest antibacterial potential was observed in the extracts of C. stellaris. The total antioxidant activity of lichen extracts was as follows: Cladonia furcata extract>Cladonia pyxidata extract>Cladonia stellaris. The highest and the lowest phenol contents were observed in the extracts of C. furcata and C. pyxidata lichens, respectively. In metal chelating assay, C. stellaris lichen showed the best activity. Tyrosinase inhibition of C. stellaris lichen was higher than kojic acid as using a standard. The highest atranorin content was found in C. furcata extract. According the findings, we can have concluded that C. stellaris, C. pyxidata and C. furcata lichens have different atranorin amounts, extracts generally inhibit the growth of some human pathogens and has antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity.

Keywords: Antibacterial Activity, Antioxidant, Atranorin, Tyrosinase Inhibition


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164

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63

COLOR REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER BY USING TWOSTEP (BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL) AEROBIC FILTERREACTORS

Yağmur Uysal1 and Mehmet Bilgiç2

1Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture,Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey2General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Kahramanmaras, [email protected]

The textile industry, which is one of the most chemically intensive industries discharges wastewaters containing various pollutants such as degradable organics, dyes, nutrients, salts, heavy metals, etc. Thus, textile effluents are one of the wastewaters that are difficult to degrade by primary and secondary treatment procedures. The discharge of colored textile wastewaters containing dyes with different chemical characteristics into the receiving streams is a problem for toxicological, ecological and also esthetical reasons. Most of the dyes are stable, and not easily degradable by the conventional treatment methods. So, removal of dyes from the textile effluents is a major problem in most of textile industries. In this study, we aimed to investigate color removal efficiency of two aerobic filter column reactors operated as sequencing as biological and chemical treatment steps. Biological column reactor(BR) filled with basaltic lava(Scoria) as supporting media for microorganisms, and a second column reactor(CR) was filled with lime and a textile fly ash mixture(1:3, w/w) used as chemical treatment step especially for phosphate and color removal. The reactors were operated in batch mode to investigate the effect of different hydraulic retention times(HRT) of 2-24 h, aeration time and initial dye concentration(Everzol Blue BB) on treatment efficiencies. The study implied that 94% soluble COD, 85% TOC, 85 % NH

4-N and 97%

PO4-P removal efficiencies were obtained in HRT of 24 h. In addition to these

results, this two-step treatment system reached to quite high color removal efficiencies that 96% Pt/Co, 96% DFZ-436 nm, 99% DFZ -525 nm, and 99% DFZ-620 in initial dye concentration of 800 ppm.

Keywords: Aerobic, Color, Filter Reactor, Pt-Co, DFZ, Wastewater



IBCESS

165

OP1

64

STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OFCOMMERCIAL CATALYTIC CONVERTER

Yiğit Türe1, Emre Gürlek2, Nurcan Çalış Açıkbaş1 and Şeref Soylu2

1 Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Department of Metallurgical andMaterials Science Engineering, 11230, Bilecik

2 Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Department of Mechanical andManufacturing Engineering, 11230, Bilecik

[email protected]

In this study, characterization of a two way catalytic converter that is particularly used in exhaust gas after-treatment systems of light duty vehicles was examined. Chemical composition, manufacturing process and phase analysis were determined in detail by certain characterization techniques. Macrostructure investigations by optical microscopy indicated that structure type was honeycomb and dimensions of cells and frame thicknesses were 1011x997.4 μm and 116.35 μm, respectively. Additionally it was observed that extrusion method was used in order to fabricate the two way catalytic converter. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM-SE-EDX) was used for elemental analysis and size measurements of coating materials. The results indicated that three layers of coating material existed and included carbon, oxygen, aluminium, silicon, titanium and cerium. The average thickness measured as for each layer was 25 μm. XRD analyses indicated that the main phase of the catalytic converter was cordierite.

Keywords: Catalytic convertor, characterization, SEM, XRD, light duty vehicle

Acknowledgement: We thank TOFAŞ (Türk Otomobil Fabrikası) for providing thecatalytic converters.


IBCESS

166

A PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF WATER QUALITYPARAMETER IN SIDIKLI KÜÇÜKBOĞAZ DAM LAKE(KIRŞEHIR), TURKEY

Tamer AKKAN1, Okan YAZICIOĞLU2, Ramazan YAZICI3 andMahmut YILMAZ4

1Giresun University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun, Turkey2 Organic Farming Program, Botanic and Animal Production Department, TechnicalVocational Schools of Higher Education, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey3 Laboratory and Veterinary Health Department, Çiçekdağı Technical Vocational Schools of Higher Education, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Ahi Evran, Kırşehir, [email protected]

The surface water quality is a matter of serious concern today. Especially, anthropogenic influences as well as natural processes degrade surface waters and impair their use for drinking, industrial, agricultural, recreation or other purposes. In view of the spatial and temporal variations in the hydrochemistry of surface waters, regular monitoring programs are required for reliable estimates of the water quality. The aim of the present study is to determine the some water quality parameters from different locations of Sıdıklı Küçükboğaz Dam Lake. It is expected that the results of this research will assist in acquiring information about the level of pollution in this area. Over a span of 6 months, the dam lake water samples collected at four selected sites were analysed for various physico-chemical parameters namely, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, salinity, conductivity, oxidoreduction potential, suspended solids, turbidity, alkalinity, total hardness, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, phosphorus, phenol, secchi disk transparency and chlorophyll a levels. Moreover, Carlson Trophic Index was determined to analyze trophic status of reservoir. This report outlines the preliminary research towards developing regionally appropriate water quality guidelines for Regulation of Surface Water Quality Management(RSWQM) rules. The preliminary findings for the parameters were lower than the acceptable maximum limits prescribed by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs of Turkey(RSWQM). Moreover, the results for the phenol values were higher than the acceptable maximum limits. Consequently, regular monitoring and evaluation of the dam lake is recommended. Otherwise, this situation carries a potential risk for freshwater ecosystem.Keywords: Water quality, Kırşehir, Sıdıklı Küçükboğaz, trophic index.Acknowledgement: We thank BAPKOM(Ahi Evran University), Project no. PYO_FEN.4001.15.004, for the financial support.

OP1

65



IBCESS

167

OP1

66

DETERMINATION OF LEVELS HEAVY METAL IN SOMEPOMEGRANATEZ SYRUP AND POMEGRANATE TYPES

INDIGENOUS HATAY REGION

Sevim ÇİFTÇİ YEGİN

Giresun University, Vocational School Of Health Services, Giresun, Turkey,[email protected]

Pomegranate(Punica granatum L.) which is an important tree of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world is used as delicious edible fruit. The edible part of the fruit which is called “aril” are consumed fresh and can be preserved as syrup or jam. In addition, the pomegranate tree is valued due to pharmaceutical properties. Heavy metals draw attention relevant to accumulation in soils, uptake by plants, and contamination of ground water. In this study, the obtained five pomegranate juices and their seed extracts and two syrups were used for determination of heavy metal concentration. Ten elements(manganese, iron, zinc, nickel, chromium, copper, selenium, cobalt, cadmium and lead) were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). Heavy metal levels were found as Cr 0.0240-0.0296 mg/kg, Mn 0.0252-0.0307 mg/kg, Fe 0.0824-0.1543 mg/kg, Co 0, Ni 0.0019- 0.0060 mg/kg, Cu 0.0008-0.0038 mg/kg, Zn 0.0559- 0.0737 mg/kg, Se 0, Cd 0, Pb 0 in pomegranate juices, Cr 10530.7100- 32125.0100 mg/kg, Mn 212.2775- 835,3270 mg/kg, Fe 959.2607- 4032.6530 mg/kg, Co 0.4838-1.9412 mg/kg, Ni 22.4289-87.7835 mg/kg, Cu 14.9047-26.6880 mg/kg, Zn 509.5841-1528.0840 mg/kg, Se 59.7300-309.0198 mg/kg, Cd 0- 2.8910 mg/kg, Pb 0-8,1917 mg/kg in pomegranate seed extracts, Cr 0.0672-0.0700 mg/kg, Mn 0.0352-0.0410 mg/ kg, Fe 0-0.0776 mg/kg, Co 0, Ni 0.0052-0.0057 mg/kg, Cu 0.0092- 0.0240 mg/ kg, Zn 0.2895- 0.6552 mg/kg, Se 0, Cd 0, Pb 0 in pomegranate syrups. These results are complying with the legal limits according to Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods(CCCF).

Keywords: Pomegranate(Punica granatum), heavy metal.


IBCESS

168

OP1

67

REMOVAL OF Cd(II) FROM WATER SAMPLES USINGA NOVEL ION IMPRINTING ITACONATE POLYMER

Zuhal Yolcu

Giresun University, Science and Arts Faculty, Chemistry Deparment, Giresun,[email protected]

Contaminate water recourses by heavy metal is a serious worldwide environmental problem. Many metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium and lead are known to be significantly toxic. A wide range of chemical treatment methods to remove Cd(II) from wastewaters have been reported in recent years. In this study, an imprinting itaconate polymer have prepared by suspension polymerization using Cd(II) ions as a template, 1-vinylimidazole and itaconic acid as functional monomers, divinylbenzene as crosslinking agents and benzoyl peroxide as a initiator. Cd(II) ions have removed using HCl. This novel Cd(II)-IIP has been studied for its adsorption behaviour of Cd(II) using batch procedure. Also Cd(II)-IIP can be used for the selective removal of Cd(II) from water samples.

Keywords: Ion-imprinted, Cadmium Separation, Preconcentration



IBCESS

169

OP1

68

IN VITRO ASYMBIOTIC GERMINATION AND PLANLET FORMATION OF DACTYLORHIZA URVILLEANA

Ersan Bektas

Giresun University, Espiye Vocational School, Giresun,[email protected]

Plant derived natural products are used as a raw material in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, food, perfumery and cosmetics and pesticides. One of these products is called salep. Tubers or corms of wild orchids such as Orchis, Ophyrus, Serapias, Barlia and Dactylorhiza are named as salep. It is used in medicine, food additive and as a tonic. It is difficult or expensive to manufacture salep species in fields. So, salep production are carried out for removing tubers or corms in nature. Salep species have been listed as endangered since the over collection, slow growth and needing special conditions for germination in nature. However, natural plant resources and their economically important products can be produced via plant tissue culture techniques which are widely used in plant biotechnology. Thus, the above-mentioned ecological destruction can be avoided and at any time, salep can be produced. In this study, in vitro production of Dactylorhiza urvilleana(Steud.) H.Baumann&Künkele by using plant tissue culture techniques were carried out. Mature seeds were used as starting explant. After the surface sterilization and viability tests, seeds were germinated in different basal culture media and germination, protocorm and callus formation rates were determined. Protocorms were encouraged to organogenesis in Orchimax medium including activated charcoal(OAM) and supported with different concentrations of Zeatin and shoot length and root number of seedlings were detected. The most effective culture medium for germination, protocorm and callus formation rates of seeds were determined as OAM. In this medium, germination, protocorm and callus formation rates were calculated as 62,39%, 73,18% and 8,6 %, respectively. It has been observed that the media including 1,0 mg/L Zeatin were effective on the elongation of shoots and root formation. Average of shoot length and root number were measured as 36,05 mm and 3,4, respectively.

Keywords: Dactylorhiza urvileana, tissue culture, In vitro, protocorm, asymbioticgermination

Acknowledgement: We thank GRUBAP(The Giresun University, Scientific ResearchProjects), Project no. FEN-BAP-A-200515-64, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

170

OP1

69

SELECTIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OFTRACE COPPER(II) IN ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES

Berrin TOPUZ and Gizem OKUR

Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University,Golkoy Campus, Bolu, [email protected]

Copper was preconcentrated from a large volume of its aqueous solutions using potassium 2,6-dimethyl morpholine dithiocarbamate(KDMDTC) as a new reagent on microcrystalline naphthalene in the pH range 3.0-8.0. After filtration, the solid mass consisting of the copper complex and naphthalene was dissolved in 5.0 mL of acetone and copper was determined by spectrophotometric method at 431 nm against the reagent blank. The main parameters of solid-phase extraction such as pH, volume of sample solution, amount of microcrystalline naphthalene coated with dithiocarbamate, effect of some foreign ions and shaking time were studied. The linear calibration range for copper was 0.05-5.0 μg mL-1 in acetone solution with a detection limit of 0.09 μg mL-1. The effect of potential interfering ions was investigated and the proposed method was applied to the determination of copper in water samples. The accuracy was assessed through the analysis of certified reference materials NW-TMDA-70.2 and recovery experiments.

Keywords: Trace copper determination; pre-concentration; Extractivespectrophotometry; 2,6-dimethyl morpholine dithiocarbamate.

Acknowledgement: We thank Scientific Research Projects of Abant Izzet BaysalUniversity Project no. 2014.09.02.796, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

171

OP1

70

INVESTIGATION OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORALDISTRIBUTIONS OF PAHS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF

DILOVASI

Banu Çetin1, Işıl Çelik1, Cevdet Doğan1, Melek Keleş2,Sema Yurdakul3 and Fatma Öztürk2

1 Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University(GTU), 41400,Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey [email protected]

2 Environmental Engineering Department,Abant İzzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030, Bolu, Turkey

3 Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University,32260, Isparta, Turkey

Dilovası, one of the most intensive industrial area in Turkey located near Marmara Sea. Due to the intensive industrialization in this location, serious air pollution problems have been encountered. Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs were measured in Dilovası using polyurethane foam(PUF) disk passive air samplers from February to July 2015 for six different sampling periods at 23 sampling sites. At all sites, total PAH(Σ15

PAH) concentrations ranged from 4.24 to 513.6 ng m-3 with a mean value of 93.6 ng m-3. The total PAH concentrations showed large variations. The maximum concentration of PAHs was about 120 times greater than the minimum concentration. Generally, the areas far from the industrial activities have relatively low POP concentrations, the residential sites affected by industrial activities have quite high concentrations and industrial sites have substantially high PAH concentrations. Considerably elevated concentrations of PAH were also determined in sites where traffic intensity is high. PAH concentrations were decreased with the increasing temperature, indicating the contribution of residential heating. PAH diagnostic ratios suggested that combustion and petroleum sources had contributions on PAH concentrations in Dilovasi atmosphere. Toxicological effects of PAHs were also investigated by using benzo(a)pyrene(BaP) as the marker of carcinogenic PAHs. Toxic Equivalents Quantity(TEQ) values which were mainly consisted of BaP and dibenz(a,h)anthracene ranged from 0.07 to 3.96 ng m-3 with the mean value of 0.64 ng m-3. Since these two pollutant quantities designate the TEQ value, reduction in these pollutants will help enhancing air quality of Dilovası.

Keywords: Dilovasi, PAHs, passive sampling, toxicological effects



IBCESS

172

APPORTIONMENT OF POLLUTION SOURCES OFSAKARYA RIVER USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICALTECHNIQUES

Rabia KOKLU

Sakarya University, Environmental Engineering Dept., Esentepe Campus, 54187,Sakarya Turkey [email protected]

Multivariate statistical techniques, such as factor analysis(principal component –FA/PCA) and multi-linear regression of the absolute principal component scores(APCS-MLR) were applied to the data set on water quality of the Sakarya River(Turkey) obtained during three years(1997–2014) monitoring at last station Adatepe for water quality parameters. This study explains the multivariate statistical techniques for apportionment of pollution sources/ factors with a view to get better information about the relation of water quality parameters and pollution sources. FA/PCA applied to the data sets of the Adatepe station resulted in six latent factors, responsible for the data structure explaining 75% of the total variance of the data set. And then, multilinear regression of the absolute principal component scores(APCS-MLR) applied to the factors for apportionment of various sources contributing to the river pollution. It obtained that mineral structure, municipal and industrial wastewater, agricultural run-off and soil leaching were among the major sources/factors responsible for river quality deterioration.

Keywords: Factor analysis, principal component analysis, source apportionment.

Acknowledgement: We thank to DSİ(State Hydraulic Works) to provide the data.

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IBCESS

173

LETHAL EFFECTS OF THE FERTILIZER POLLUTION IN THEFRESHWATER HABITATS OF EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION

ON SOME AMPHIBIANS

Handan KARAOGLU

RTE University/Agriculture and Natural Sciences Faculty/Agricultural BiotechnologyDepartment, Rize, Turkey [email protected]

In this research; it was aimed that investigation and detection of fertilizer’s, had intensely utilization in Eastern Black Sea Region, lethal concentrations on amphibians which have great importance to people for many reasons and many of us do not know the task or benefits of amphibians in nature or for people. According to the results of the water analysis one polluted and one clear habitat was selected in terms of nitrate and sulfate. Then at least 4-5 egg clutches were collected from each of these habitats. Eggs were kept in continuously ventilated incubation containers, at temperature that fixed 20-21 °C, in natural photoperiod. When the hatched tadpoles reached the 25th development stage, experiments were started by selecting those healthy and equal sized ones. For 14 days, Bufo viridis and Rana macrocnemis tadpoles of both two populations was subjected to 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 350 and 500 mg /L fertilizer in the same way. Each concentration was repeated 4 times and each repeat included 6 tadpoles thus the concentrations applied to 24 tadpoles in total. The experiment solutions were renewed every day. The tadpoles were fed with boiled lettuce throughout the experiments and the abnormalities and mortalities were observed and recorded twice a day. All the results are compared between two population of each species and between two different species. Research results were indicated that, the LC50 values for 14days about ammonium nitrate fertilizer that belong to the tadpoles of clean and polluted populations of Bufo viridis species were 45,5 and 154,9 respectively, when the LC50 values for 14 days about ammonium sulfate fertilizer that belong to the tadpoles of clean and polluted populations of Bufo viridis species were 115,2 and 144,4 respectively. Also, the LC50 values for 14 days about ammonium nitrate fertilizer that belong to the tadpoles of clean and polluted populations of Rana macrocnemis species 74 and 111,8 respectively, when the LC50 values for 14 days about ammonium sulfate fertilizer that belong to the tadpoles of clean and polluted populations of Rana macrocnemis species were 76,5 and 143,7 respectively. According to the results of the water analysis: it was determined that the nitrate-sulfate pollution values of Freshwater habitats in the Eastern Black Sea Region was avarege 80-90 mg/L because of the agricultural activities that performed in the region. It can be said that: the values of pollution that are determined to remain in the same rate throughout breeding periods of frogs and toads, threaten biodiversity seriously and urgent measures need to be taken regarding fertilizer use.

Keywords: Freshwater, pollution, fertilizer, amphibian.

OP1

72


IBCESS

174

OP1

73

POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF COMMONIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES USINGMICROSENSORS

Murat Yolcu

Giresun University, Science and Arts Faculty, Chemistry Deparment, Giresun,[email protected]

Ion selective electrodes(ISEs) are simple, rapid, accurate, reliable, sensitive, inexpensive, environmentally friendly and easily automated potentiometric sensors. PVC-based membrane ISEs are well established analytical tools routinely used for chemical, biological and environmental analysis of a wide variety of different ions. In the environmental samples, determination of ionic species in low concentration levels is very important. All solid state sensors have more adventages than conventional ones. They are also cheap, easy to prepare, and allow miniaturizing construction. In this study, common ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO

3 -, SO

42-) were successfully determined using all solid-

state PVC membrane potentiometric microsensor, which resulted in the accurate quantification of ions in enviromental water samples (Aksu and Batlama Rivers, Giresun).

Keywords: Ion determination, environmental samples, microsensor, water,potentiometry



IBCESS

175

OP1

74

METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION ONTO HAZELNUT SHELLACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED BY HYDROTHERMAL

CARBONIZATION AND CHEMICAL ACTIVATION

Murat KILIÇ

Anadolu University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir, [email protected]

In this study, activated carbon from hazelnut shell was prepared by conjunction of hydrothermal carbonization(HTC) and chemical activation processes. Obtained activated carbon was used as adsorbent precursor to remove methylene blue from aqueous solution. Optimum adsorption conditions were determined as a function of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial phenol concentration, contact time and temperature of solution for methylene blue removal. To describe the equilibrium isotherms, experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Pseudofirst order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were used to find out the kinetic parameters and mechanism of adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated for predicting the nature of adsorption. The results obtained in this study showed that HTC and chemical activation together appears to be promising processes for preparing highly porous activated carbon and quality adsorbent from hazelnut shell for wastewater treatment.

Keywords: Adsorption, chemical activation, hazelnut shell, hydrothermalcarbonization, methylene blue.


IBCESS

176

MONITORING OF SEASONAL ORGANIC AND INORGANICPOLLUTION AT THE MID-BLACK SEA OF COASTLINE OFTURKEY

Sevde Ustun Odabasi1, Bareera Maryam1, Ilknur Şenturk2, Feryal Akbal1,Gulfem Bakan1 and Hanife Buyukgungor1

1 Ondokuz Mayis University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental EngineeringDepartment, Samsun, Turkey [email protected] Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Engineering Faculty, Environmental EngineeringDepartment, Sivas, Turkey

Determination followed by detection and measurement of pollutants present in sea water is the most important steps in consideration of ocean or sea pollution. As Turkey is the peninsula, surrounded by sea water from three sides so importance of measurement of sea pollution even raise to two folds. Among these waters on is Black Sea that is world’s biggest anoxic zone that makes it important in many ways including different ways of natural treatment of pollutants in water. Turkey is neighboring six countries. Water coming from different rivers belongs to different countries ends up in Black sea along with the discharge that could be highly or mildly polluted. This gives us a big reason to constantly or frequently observe the pollutants level from water. The aim of present study was to collect samples from the Black sea coast of Samsun city, Turkey to check the organic or inorganic pollutants level. This purpose, after every 500m distance from 13 different coastal locations(Sinop, Yakakent, Bafra(Kızılırmak), Engiz, Kurupelit, Atakum, Samsun Limanı, Kutlukent(OSB), Çarşamba(Yeşilırmak), Terme, Ünye, Fatsa and Ordu) seawater samples were collected from in different months to check TC(Total Carbon), TOC(Total Organic Carbon) and TIC(Total Inorganic Carbon). Study was carried out in the months of January, April, July and November in the year of 2013. Results of study for the concentration of Total Carbon(TC), TOC and TIC were observed to be in the range of 30-50 mg/L, 2.5-4 mg/l and 30-50 mg/l respectively.

Keywords: Black Sea, Seawater Quality, Organic Pollutants, İnorganicContaminants and Environmental Monitoring

Acknowledgement: We thank Ondokuz Mayis University Research Funding, Project no. ÇEV. 1901. 13. 001, for the partial financial support.

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IBCESS

177

A GEOGRAPHICAL ASSESSMENT FOR KARSTICGROUNDWATER POLLUTION IN SIVAS, TURKEY

Halil İbrahim Zeybek and Hasan Dinçer

Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, [email protected]

This study focuses on groundwater pollution in a karstic area with a geographical aspect. Study area is located on the east of Sivas City within Kızılırmak river catchment area on the north of Anatolian peninsula. It is bordered with Kızılırmak river on the south, Cermiksuyu creek on the west and north, and Sofular creek on the east. Field studies applied in 2013 summer. Geology and topography maps are used for GIS analyses on ArcGIS 9.3 software. Spring waters are analyzed in Ankara for quality determination. There are gypsum and travertine bedrocks on the study area. Thus, karstic springs are common and important for localities. They have widening underground solution channels and some can be observed as karstic windows. Pollution of groundwater is observable on karstic windows and on the lake of Seyfe springs. It is caused by waste water of villages and industrial/manufacturing fields. Conservation of groundwater in karstic areas is more difficult because of high permeability of the bedrock. However, water of some karstic springs is non-potable, it must be preserved as a whole for public health and for nature itself. Then, sustainable use of karstic areas will provide more livable environment.

Keywords: Groundwater pollution, karst, sustainable use, Sivas.

OP1

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IBCESS

178

OP1

77

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION ANDASSOCIATED ECOLOGICAL RISK IN SURFACE SEDIMENTSOF HARŞIT STREAM IN GIRESUN

Cengiz Mutlu1, Buse Eraslan Akkan1 and Bülent Verep2

1 Giresun University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun,Turkey [email protected] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Fisheries, Rize, Turkey

Heavy metals are common pollutants which are distributed in freshwater environment. The freshwater bodies and sediments may extensively be contaminated with various heavy metals released from domestic, industrial effluents, draining of sewage, dumping of agricultural activity, hospital sewage and other anthropogenic activities. This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in surface sediment of Harşit Stream in Giresun, Turkey. The first report in this area was made in the present study. The sediment samples were collected from monthly at 7 stations between June 2014 and May 2015. Concentrations of Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined by using ICP-MS. Descriptive statistical analysis including One-way ANOVA, significance(0.05) was done. Important differences in the mean values were tested with Tukey’s multiple range test. In surface sediment samples, according to analysis results, the following findings were obtained for the concentration ranges of the metals(ppm): Al: 2078.7-24255, Cr: 2.147-30.688, Mn: 183.299-713.006, Fe: 3401.633-59564.205, Co: 2.771-18.107, Ni: 1.690-10.036, Cu: 10.627-44.922, Zn: 27.784- 210.941, Cd: 0.086-1.480 and Pb: 10.064-255.827. The degree of metal contamination is compared with the standard shale values. The I geo data were given as minimum and maximum; Al: 1.44-3.74, Cr: 1.62-4.27, Mn: 0.06-1.51, Fe: -0.14-2.94, Co: 0.24-1.96, Ni: 2.64-4.28, Cu: -0.01-1.29, Zn: -0.95-11.58, Cd: -1.47-0.69 and Pb: -3.16-0.05. The result of geoaccumulation index reveals that surface sediments of the Harşit Stream are polluted. Moreover, significant correlations between the measured concentrations of the all heavy metals in the sediment samples were observed. Consequently, regular monitoring and evaluation of the coastline are recommended. Otherwise, this situation carries a potential risk for freshwater ecosystem.

Keywords: Heavy metal, Harşit, Giresun, sediment, geo-accumulation Index

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun University, Project no FEN-BAP-C-250414-02, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

179

OP1

78

TREATMENT OF SYNTHETIC TEXTILE WASTEWATERBY HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS FENTON

OXIDATION PROCESSES

Yeliz Aşçı

Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Department of Chemical Engineering,Bati-Meselik, Eskisehir, Turkey

[email protected]

Textile industries consume large amounts of water in the dyeing process and the resulting wastewaters are highly polluted with dyes, salts and other organic compounds. Due to the variability of the organic dyes and the resultant waste solution it is difficult to treat this kind of wastewater using traditional biochemical treatment process and coagulation treatment process is inadequate. Therefore, it is desired to look for alternative methods or techniques for the treatment of this kind of wastewater. Recently, Fenton’s reagent(Fe2+/H

2O

2) among advanced oxidation processes is applied for

treatment of dye wastewater. Basically, Fenton oxidation process is performed by reacting Fe2+ with H

2O

2 to generate ·OH which then degrades the organic

pollutants. In the present investigation an attempt was made to decolorization of Direct Yellow AD in the synthetic textile effluent by homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton systems. Experiments were carried out under the batch operating conditions. The effect of time, pH and temperature on the decolorization of Direct Yellow AD was critically examined and the optimum operational conditions of these two processes were found. To determine the optimum pH, the pH of the synthetic textile effluent was varied from 1.5 to 4. The maximum decolorization was obtained at pH 1.5 and 2.0 for the homogeneous and heterogeneous fenton process, respectively. The percentage removal of Direct Yellow AD varied with time for both process. The percentage decolorization was obtained 78.83 and 98.47% at 60 min and 25oC for the homogeneous and heterogeneous fenton process, respectively. The experiments performed at different temperatures also indicated that decolorization increased with increasing temperature for both process. Finally, the kinetics of decolorization of Direct Yellow AD was tested for both processes.

Keywords: fenton, oxidation, Direct Yellow AD.


IBCESS

180

OP1

79

EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER, COMPOST ANDZEOLITE ON GREEN BEAN YIELD AND SOIL

Aysun Türkmen and Yalçın Kütük

Giresun University, Faculty of Science & Arts,Department of Chemistry, Giresun, [email protected]

This document shows the present study, used chemical fertilizer, brown algae compost, and zeolite, carried out in the field of Giresun Hazelnut Research Center between May-November 2014 in pots according to randomized blog design as three replicate each. Treatment groups were consist of eight different combinations as follow; G1-Control, G2-Zeolite, G3-Compost, G4- Chemical Fertilizer, G5-Zeolite+Compost, G6-Zeolite+Chemical Fertilizer, G7-Compost+ Chemical Fertilizer, G8-Compost+Zeolite+ Chemical Fertilizer. The brown algae (Cystoseira sp.) was used as compost material. These combinations were applied to green bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). The beans were seeded by hand to arrange planting depth of 5-6 cm and 20 seeds/ m2. Except control group, each treatment was added fertilizers as 50 g zeolite, 50 g compost, and 25 g chemical according to treatment design. Half of the chemical fertilizers were added at seeding time and the rest after two weeks. Collected soil samples were analyzed right after harvest, the greatest values of treatment groups were determined as; Carbon% G1: 5.077, nitrogen G3: 0.09 ppm, sodium G5: 139 ppm, potassium G6 and G8: 5 ppm, magnesium G2: 1864.9 ppm, calcium G6: 8.320 ppm, manganese G2: 359.17 ppm, iron G6 : 16070 ppm, cobalt G6 and G7: 7,910 ppm, copper G2: 17.51 ppm, zinc G8: 28.04 ppm, selenium G7: 4,166 ppm, cadmium G5: 0.083 ppm, lead G4: 5,310 ppm. The greatest harvest value as g/m2 was obtained from zeolite only group G2 with 273, 33 while the lowest was obtained from Compost only group G3 with 112,67 g/m2, obviously showing the effectiveness of zeolite only application moreover, also thinking that better results may get if the present study run for longer period.

Keywords: Zeolite, Brown algae, green bean, compost, minerals.

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun University for its financial support (ProjectNo. FEN-BAP-A-250414-60).



IBCESS

181

OP1

80

IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT ECOSYSTEMS IN TERMSOF BIODIVERSITY IN GÜZELCEHISAR(BARTIN) COASTAL

LANDSCAPE(WESTERN BLACK SEA, TURKEY)

Yeliz Sarı Nayim and B. Niyami Nayim

Bartın University/Landscape Architecture, Bartın, [email protected]

While coastal ecosystems have a wide range of sensitive biotopes, they also are the landscape areas which are exposed to human-based adverse impacts. In landscape planning and management scale, it is necessary to identify, define and ensure mapping of the coastal ecosystems in terms of the nature conservation and biodiversity. The purpose of this study is to identify the natural heritage areas in Güzelcehisar coast in terms of biodiversity and to develop the necessary protection strategies. Güzelcehisar is a coastal settlement in Bartın province and it represents Black Sea coastal ecosystems. However, opening the area for touristic and recreational use without doing the necessary infrastructural and ecological research causes to the extinction of natural resources without even being discovered. Within this scope, first the different coastal landscape features were evaluated using GIS(Geographic Information System) techniques and outputs(abiotic, biotic and land use features) related to the ecosystems were collected. The ecosystems of Euxine dune, forest, pseudomaquis, lava column cliff were considered as hot spots in terms of biodiversity. Identification of Güzelcehisar coastal ecosystems representing Northwestern Anatolia in the planning scale and integrating it with the regional and local uses forms an important issue of transferring these landscape values to the future generations.

Keywords: Coastal landscape, biodiversity, Black Sea, Bartın, Güzelcehisar.

Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the Bartın University(Projectno: 2013.2.112). We would like to thank The Scientific Research Projects Commission of Bartın University for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

182

OP1

81

BACTERIAL BIO-PLASTIC PRODUCTION AND USE OFPOSSIBILITIES

Selin KALKAN

Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering,Food Engineering Department, Giresun, [email protected]

Researchers have led to investigate the possible uses of new polymers due to plastics sourced petrochemical which stay in the nature for a long time without degradation and occur environmental pollution. Microorganisms have lipid granules which stored in conditions of stress for use as an energy source. These granules are plastic character and these materials degradable in nature by microorganisms. In this case, an industry involving the production of plastic by using microorganisms has led to the development. Plastics were named as “microbial plastic” or “thermoplastic” which can withstand high temperatures, produced biologically, biodegradable in nature do not cause pollution to the ecological. Microbial plastic is a poly-β-hidroxyalconic acid(PHA) copolymer which containing 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate. The most common form of this polymer is poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid(PHB). Today that have been identified more than 300 Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria stored PHB. Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, Azotobacter vinelandii, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Bacillus spp. and Rhizobium spp. are the most prominent bacteria. In this study, we aimed to discuss bio-plastic production from the PHB and their use of potentials.

Keywords: Bio-plastic, Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate(PHB), Bacteria, Biodegradable



IBCESS

183

OP1

82

STREAM BANK SOIL LOSSES FROMSEMIARID SUB-WATERSHED

Mustafa TÜFEKÇİOĞLU, Musa DINC and Ahmet DUMAN

Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin, [email protected],

As one of the major contributors to eutrophication of lakes and stream habitat degradation, stream bank erosion in some cases can contribute high amount of soil losses increase non-point water pollution. In this on-going study, streambank erosion rates from 14 different sites in the north Tortum watershed in Erzurum were measured. The erosion pin method was used and the pins were measured over one year period. Total streambank areas and the lengths by Strahler classification, soil bulk densities from the bank areas and erosion rates by the pins were measured to calculate total soil loss via stream bank erosion. The average erosion rate for the first one year period was 1.12 cm and the average stream bank soil bulk density was 1,29 g/cm3. On the basis of stream classification system by Strahler, the total stream bank soil loss from the second-order stream (main channel), first-order streams, and the gullies in Tortum sub-watershed were calculated as 2618, 1848, and 2531 tons/year, respectively. Result showed that soil loss from the banks of entire stream network of Tortum sub-watershed (watershed area: 38864 ha; length of stream network: 400.4 km) was considerable low (0.18 ton/ha/year).

Keywords: Erosion Pin Method, Stream Bank Erosion, Water Pollution


IBCESS

184

OP1

83

ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LEATHER INDUSTRYWASTEWATER

Emine Esra Gerek, Seval Yılmaz, Filiz B. Karel and Ali Savaş Koparal

Anadolu University, Eskisehir, [email protected]

Leather industry wastewater typically contains chemicals with toxic effects on the receiving environment and threatens the natural ecosystem. Hence, such wastewaters should never be discharged without being treated. There has been an increasing demand for novel treatment technologies with higher removal efficiencies. In this study, a novel method is developed for treatment of leather industry wastewater by means of electrocoagulation(EC). Aluminum parallel plate electrodes were used for this purpose. The effects of initial pH on removal of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and Cr concentration were investigated. Changes of pH and electrical conductivity were measured by Thermo Scientific Orion STAR A215. During the experiments, samples were periodically taken from the electrochemical reactor in order to determine the COD and Cr concentrations at specific time intervals. Each sample was centrifuged at 7000 rev/min for 5 minutes with the centrifugal device Nuve NF 800 R. Open Reflax titrimetric method COD analysis was performed with TS- 2789. Cr concentration was analyzed with Agilent 8800 ICP-Triple Quard (ICP MS). The maximum COD removal efficiency of 82,35% and Cr removal efficiency of 99,75% were obtained at following conditions: pH 7 and 20.0 mA/cm2, with an energy consumption value of 8,33 kWh/m3. It is concluded that leather industry wastewater, which has high heavy metal concentration and organic pollutant loads was treated succesfully using EC with aluminum electrode. Furthermore, the method is observed to be efficient, easy and economic.

Keywords: leather industry wastewater, COD, heavy metal, electrocoagulation.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Anadolu University BAP(Scientific Research Projects Comission) under contract no:1601F026.



IBCESS

185

OP1

84

CATALYTIC UPGRADING OF FAST PYROLYSIS BIOMASSVAPORS OVER COBALT PROMOTED ZSM-5 CATALYST

Esin APAYDIN VAROL, Murat KILIÇ, Elif SARAÇOĞLU andBaşak Burcu UZUN

Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,Anadolu University, Eskisehir, TURKEY

[email protected]

Biomass is a clean, renewable alternative energy to fossil fuel resources which can be produced within a relatively short cycle. This renewable source helps on reducing the dependence on conventional energy resources alongside carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions which increase the greenhouse effect. Pyrolysis is considered to be one of the biomass conversion technologies to produce valuable fuels and chemicals via thermochemical process. Catalytic pyrolysis is carried out to upgrade liquid pyrolysis product obtained from biomass known as bio-oils. According to above concerns, the present study is aimed to investigate the upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil produced from beech wood sawdust through catalytic cracking of its pyrolytic vapors over metal-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite using a bench scale fixed bed tubular reactor. Cobaltmodified ZSM-5 zeolite was successfully synthesized with varying metal loading ratios(1-10 wt.%) via dry impregnation method and further characterized by XRD, BET and SEM-EDX techniques.Thermal characteristics and gas composition during beech wood sawdust pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere was investigated using the TG-FTIR-MS coupling technique.The results showthat beech sawdust thermal degradation starts at about 211 oC and is completed at 517 oC, with a maximum decomposition rate at 348 oC and a mass loss about 60 wt.%. Coupling of the FTIR/MS spectra reveals that the main gaseous products derived from the degradation of beech wood sawdust are CO2

, CO, CH4, and other lower molecular weight

hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was used to identify the compounds of bio-oil. Compared to thermal pyrolysis, it is indicated that the entity of the catalysts alters significantly the product yields and the quality of the produced bio-oil. The catalyst increased oxygen removal from the organic phase and further developed the production of valuable products such as phenolic and aromatic compounds.

Keywords: Biomass, Cobalt modified ZSM-5, fast pyrolysis, upgrading bio-oil.


IBCESS

186

OP1

85

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DESALINATION PLANTINTAKES AND DISCHARGES AND HYDRAULIC PLANNING

Mehmet Berkün1 and Ümmükülsüm Özel Akdemir2

1İstanbul Kültür University Civil Engineering Department, Istanbul, [email protected] Giresun University, Civil Engineering Department, Giresun, Turkey

Possible environmental impacts associated with conventional open-ocean intakes, such as impingement and entrainment of marine biota, can create large permitting costs and construction delays. The use of subsurface intake systems is one method to improve water quality, to increase operational reliability, to reduce the pretreatment train complexity, and to reduce operating costs. Sea water desalination plants discharge a concentrated brine effluent into coastal waters. Modern, large capacity plants require submerged discharges, in form of a negatively buoyant jet, that ensure a high dilution in order to minimize harmful impacts on the marine environment. The impacts of a desalination plant discharge on the marine environment depend on the physical and chemical properties of the desalination plant reject streams, and the susceptibility of coastal ecosystems to these discharges depending on their hydrographical and biological features. Seawater intakes and discharges are integral parts of every seawater desalination plant. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of potential impingement, entrainment and discharge impacts associated with the operation of open ocean intakes and discharges for seawater desalination plants.

Keywords: Desalination plant intakes, discharges, environmental impact, hydraulicplanning.



IBCESS

187

OP1

86

MODELING OF PM10 DISPERSION IN RIZE CITY CENTER

Nilay Akçay1, Özgür Zeydan2, Murat Karayilan1, Ülkü Alver Şahin3,Fatih Alver4 and Burcu Onat3

1 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Art and Science,Department of Physics, Rize, Turkey

[email protected] Bülent Ecevit University, Department of Environmental Engineering,

Zonguldak, Turkey3 İstanbul University, Department of Environmental Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey

4 Ordu University, Fatsa Vocational Higher School-VesselConstruction Program, Ordu, Turkey

Air quality modeling domain covers 128 km2 area in city center of Rize. Emission inventory has been prepared for point, line and area sources in modelling domain. PM

10 emissions from 5 factories, 3 major roads and domestic heating

of 47 districts have been included in inventory. According to the inventory results, total PM

10 emission is calculated as 1226.85 tons/year. Area sources

were biggest emission source with 1056.25 tons of PM10

emissions yearly. To determine the spatial distribution of PM

10 concentration, air pollution

modeling has been applied by using AERMOD model. Meteorological data were obtained from Turkish State Meteorological Service. ASTER GDEM files were used as topographical data. Model results indicated that PM

10 related

air quality can be considered as unhealthy for sensitive groups and unhealthy in some days in highly populated areas. Maximum PM

10 concentration,

predicted by AERMOD model, was 342 μg/m3 in daily results.

Keywords: Air quality modeling, emission inventory, model validation, PM10

, Rize


IBCESS

188

OP1

87

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OFECONOMICAL HYBRID POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES

Nurcan Calis Acikbas1 and Gokhan Acikbas2

1Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgicaland Materials Science Engineering, Bilecik, Turkey [email protected] Seyh Edebali University, Vocational School, Metallurgy Program, Bilecik,Turkey

The aim of this study was to development of economic hybrid composites which have enhanced mechanical properties with the addition of ceramic and glass fiber wastes into epoxy resin. Waste inventory of ceramic factories involves fired vitrified product waste amounts to 400 tons/month and floor tile product waste amounts to 4000 tons/month. This waste quantity is quite high and it should be reevaluated. The utilization of wastes will be realized with the addition of grinded ceramic wastes into the polymer matrix as a reinforcement phase. This process not only reduces the production cost but also reduces environmental pollution. Ceramic and glass fiber wastes were grinded and particulated in the required size ranges.The characterization of waste particulate fillers was carried out by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluoresans, laser diffraction and He gas picnometer techniques.The effects of the ceramic:glass fiber ratio and the particle size on the physical and mechanical properties were determined with a fixed polymer:filler ratio of 40:60. The density, three point bending strength, impact resistance and hardness of the hybrid composites were measured. The results indicated that the bulk density remained unchanged, and the bending strength and impact resistance decreased, while the hardness and elastic modulus were almost constant with incresing filler particle size. Moreover, because of the weak matrix-reinforcement interface, mechanical properties was deteriorated with the increasing amount of waste glassfiber. Additionally, due to the high surface area and stronger matrix-reinforcerment interface bonding of fine particles, better mechanical properties were achieved. As a result, incorporation of waste ceramic and glass fiber basically resulted in the reinforcement of the epoxy matrix. This allows recycling of the residues as well as improves some mechanical properties of the composites.

Keywords: ceramic waste, epoxy matrix, glass waste, hybrid composite,mechanical properties

Acknowledgement: The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of Bilecik Seyh Edebali University. Scientific Research Project number is 2014-01.BİL.03-03.



IBCESS

189

OP1

88

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS,AN ESTIMATED DESIGN OF WIND TURBINE WITH SOLAR

PANELS

Necla Çağlarırmak1 and Fatih Burçin Gürarslan2

1 Manisa Celal Bayar University, Saruhanlı College, Food Process Department, FoodTechnology Program, Saruhanlı-Manisa, Turkey

[email protected] Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar Technical Sciences College, Electronic and

Automation Department, Mechatronics Program, Şebinkarahisar-Giresun, Turkey.

To live in sustainable environment conditions must be right of every human even every living being. Today, prevention of environment pollution and evaluation of renewable energy according to ecological conditions of countries and regions should be established into practical life fast. Global warming due to environment pollution, causes to climate change, negative environment agriculture interactions even also threats food safety and forming risk factor significantly. When considered these situations, instead of consumption fossil fuels, renewable energy systems are necessary for sustainable environment and future. The wind and solar energies place among the renewable energy sources that can be preferred as the most productive energy source in Turkey. In the study, an estimated vertical wind turbine(Angel 1), was designed by Gürarslan, F.B. Device was constructed to be able to produce well energy capacity and also supported by solar panels. Wind turbine can suppose the entire electric requirement of a house. In the estimated design, while producing electric by vertical wind turbine both in the day and night, it was combined with by two solar panels into system too. In the article, while it was explaining interactions of renewable energy and environment, the estimated wind turbine sample design was introduced together with its technical drawings.

Keywords: Renewable energy, environment, design, wind turbine, food safety.


IBCESS

190

OP1

89

BIOREMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM AQUEOUSSOLUTIONS ONTO HAZELNUT HUSK

Murat KILIÇ, Elif SARAÇOĞLU and Esin APAYDIN VAROL


Biosorption is an innovative technology that employs inactive and dead biomass for the recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Generally, harvest and industrial waste and non-edible biomass species are desired materials for evaluating as biosorbent material rather than edible ones. In this study, hazelnut husk was evaluated as a low-cost biosorbent material for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The influences of pH, biosorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time and solution temperature were studied in batch mode. Isotherm models were used to model the experimental equilibrium data. Experimental data were also used for determining the biosorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters. The study showed that, hazelnut husk seems to be an effective, low cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent material for the removal of low concentration heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Biosorption, hazelnut husk, heavy metal, waste biomass.



IBCESS

191

OP1

90

MEDIA CAN WARN PEOPLE ON ENVIRONMENTALDANGERS: WARNING PRODUCTIONS

Sedat CERECİ

Mustafa Kemal University Communication Faculty 31030 [email protected]

This study investigates the relation between environmental dangers and media and emphasizes productions of media on environment. Media are the most popular and the most effective instruments in modern age in which people cause and meet numerous environmental disasters and risks and media can also convey messages about environmental dangers. Environmental problems are the most serious matters which are caused by electrical and electronical and technological conditions in the world. Media are the most common instruments in the world and numerous messages are conveyed via media, even warnings or threats. Media have sovereignty on people and have power to persuade people and to persuade administrators. All topics and all matters can be used by media and media can change all matters to attractive topics and media can set a fantastic imaginary world for people. Environmental matters are sometimes used by media but media usually focuses on sensational dimensions of environment and serious problems about environment are generally ignored. Media have many facilities and great power to warn people about environmental risks and environmental dangers and environmental responsibilities.

Keywords: environment, media, responsibility, danger, warning.


IBCESS

192

OP1

91

THE EFFECT OF HAZELNUT HUSK WASTE ON SOILMOISTURE: AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH

Tayfun Aşkın and Selahattin Aygün

Ordu University Agricultural Faculty Department of Soil Science andPlant Nutrition, [email protected]

In this study we carried out up hazelnut husk waste that was composted by using microbial biotechnological techniques into soil in the field conditions. The hazelnut husk compost was applied in two hazelnut orchard that has different textures such as sandy loam and clay loam soils and it is used different application doses (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t da-1). Soil sampling was done four times in a year(spring, summer, fall and winter). We investigated the effects of composted hazelnut husk waste on soil moisture characteristics related to available water content of soil such as field capacity(FC) and permanent wilting point(PWP). Soil moisture contents were determined by using pressure platter soil moisture measurement device and indicated as percentage weights at field capacity (33 kPa) and permanent wilting point (1500 kPa). Our results showed that composted hazelnut husk doses, sampling periods and soil textures effected soil moisture characteristics. Soil field capacity and permanent wilting point were found the highest at 10 t da-1 application dose. As a result of this study the importance of composted hazelnut husk waste used in soil without harmful to the environment was emphasized. Obtained from soil was given to soil.

Keywords: Field capacity, permanent wilting point, hazelnut husk, environment,soil.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK(The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 119O698, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

193

OP1

92

DETECTING IRREGULAR SOLID WASTE ALONGBARTIN-MUGADA HIGHWAY CORRIDOR IN

WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION

B. Niyami Nayim and Yeliz Sarı Nayim

Bartın University/Landscape Architecture, Bartın, Tü[email protected]

The purpose of this study is to determine the density of the irregular solid waste in Bartın-Mugada highway corridor in Western Black Sea Region and the areas effected from this pollution. And in doing so, the aim is to reveal the size of the problem and to attract attention to the topic by determining which areas are polluted, to what extent they are polluted and what kind of an area this pollution jeopardizes. To this end, areas where solid waste was tipped were analyzed through a field study; and the GPS coordinates of these areas were identified. The field use, proximity to transportation and river network systems of these areas were evaluated and the type of waste, amount of waste and the size of the area they expand were determined. In addition, such physical properties as the elevation and exposure were identified as well as floristic, ecologic and biological properties. The dominant wind direction effecting the area and climate data were also examined. With the analysis of the collected data, findings on the amount of waste, types of waste, their area of expansion, the areas that these waste could expand due to such properties as wind, elevation and exposure were obtained. Using all collected data, the areas that the waste effects were shown in detail on map using ArcGIS. Considering the data relating to the flora and fauna in the given area, the results of the study were revealed. This study discussed who left the waste and what kind of precautions can be taken towards preventing it. This was only a case study highlighting the size of the problem.

Keywords: Irregular solid waste, Amasra coastal line, GIS, density and impact areas.


IBCESS

194

TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES OF LANDFILL LEACHATE

Melike YALILI KILIÇ

Uludag University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department,16059, Nilufer, Bursa, [email protected]

Leachate is created while water penetrates through the waste in a landfill site. The main contributor to landfill leachate generation is rainfall. Groundwater inflow, surface water runoff and biological decomposition are the other contributors to leachate generation. Leachate has ammonia nitrogen(NH

3-N),

total Kjeldahl nitrogen(TKN) chemical oxygen demand(COD), biological oxygen demand(BOD

5), color, odor, suspended solids(SS) and heavy metals.

The age of the landfill, precipitation, seasonal weather variation, waste type and composition are the factors affecting the quality of leachates. When landfill age increased, organic matter concentration in leachate decreased and increase of ammonia nitrogen concentration. While young landfills have high COD(6000-60,000 mg/L), BOD(4000-13,000 mg/L), ammonium nitrogen content(500-2000 mg/L), acidic pH(4.0), old landfills have COD(<4000 mg/L), a slightly basic pH(7.5-8.5), high humic substances. As the leachate has high concentration of pollution, it should have been treated before the discharge to sewage or surface water. Many treatment methods, such as physicochemical treatment, biological treatment, and/or combined treatment have been reported in the literature. The physico-chemical process mainly consists of flotation, coagulation-flocculation, adsorption, stripping, and chemical oxidation etc. to reduce the non-biodegradable organic matters(high ammonia contents, colloidal particles), heavy metals, toxic compounds, and color. The aim of this study is to review the treatment methods on landfill leachate and evaluate the various treatment processes.

Keywords: Advanced treatment, biological treatment, landfill leachate, physicochemical treatment.

OP1

93



IBCESS

195

OP1

94

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SMARTD-STATCOM IN SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES

Kenan Yanmaz1, Onur Özdal Mengi2 and İsmail Hakkı Altaş3

1 Giresun University, Tech. Vocational Sch. of Higher Educ., Giresun, [email protected]

2 Giresun University, Energy Systems Engineering, Giresun, Turkey3 Karadeniz Technical University, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

Trabzon, Turkey

In this work, a three-phase distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) based on five level voltage source converter(VSC) isolated with a coupling inductor is demonstrated for power quality enhancement in a three-phase three wire wind energy distribution system. A multilevel cascaded inverter(five level VSC) with separated dc capacitors which is driven by sinusoidal pulse width modulation is used to implement the D-STATCOM. Each dc link capacitor voltage is regulated by the controller. D-STATCOM is controlled to compensate the reactive power, balances the load and eliminate harmonic currents. The control algorithm is based on the indirect current control system with synchronous reference frame theory for generating the gating pulses of VSC. This indirect current control system with synchronous reference frame theory have one modified fuzzy logic controller and two PI controllers. The performance of the three-phase D-STATCOM is validated for power quality enhancement with different loads through software implementation using Matlab/Simulink environment. The effectiveness of the proposed approach are verified through simulation studies.

Keywords: wind turbine, D-STATCOM, modified fuzzy logic controller, indirectcurrent control, multilevel cascaded inverter.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK(The Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey), Project no. 114E474, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

196

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SOME HONEY, POLLENAND PROPOLIS SAMPLES

Aytaç GÜDER

Giresun University/Vocational High School of Health Services,Giresun, [email protected]

Honey, pollen and propolis are consumed as food, supplementary nutrition, pharmaceutical agents.Since ancient times, honey has showed highly antimicrobial and antioxidant activities so it has been used for treating wounds. Also, pollen and propolis samples have been used in pharmaceutical industry because of the potential therapeutical properties.The aim of this study is to determinethe antioxidant activities of some honey, pollen and propolis samples by using a different test methods(DPPH free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities, metal-chelating activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents). When compared with standard antioxidant compounds(Butylated hydroxy anisole(BHA), rutin and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8- tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid(Trolox)), propolis sampleshave higher acitivity than the others. Also propolis samples were found more active than pollen and honey samples. In addition, propolis samples have more total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to the pollen and honey samples. According to obtained results, propolis samples can be used as potential therapeutic agents in different industries but enviromental factors may change their activities because of the pollution, heavy metals, humidity etc.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Total phenol and flavonoid, Honey, Pollen,Propolis.

OP1

95



IBCESS

197

OP1

96

EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON METALLOTHIONEIN ANDMINERAL ELEMENT LEVELS IN TOMATO

Dursun KISA

Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology,Tokat - Turkey [email protected]

The contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals has caused some physiological and molecular changes. They affect plant growth, development and mineral element contents of vegetables. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the metallothionein(MT2) gene expression and mineral element composition of tomato roots, leaves and fruits exposed to copper and lead. Tomato seedlings were grown in pots under the greenhouse conditions. The seedlings were exposed to 10, 20 and 50 ppm CuSO

4 and Pb(NO

3)

2 as a heavy

metal. Total RNA were extracted by using Plant RNA isolation Kit(Biobasic). cDNA synthesis and real time PCR was performed QuantiTect SYBR Green RTPCR protocols(Qiagen). The contents of heavy metals and mineral elements in dry matter were quantified using ICP-MS. Heavy metal application induced the gene transcript of MT2 in roots, leaves and fruits. Cu significantly induced MT2 gene expression in all tissues. Pb increased MT2 expression levels in leaves and fruits, however there was no a significant change in roots. Our results indicated Cu content was higher than Pb in all tissue of tomato. The lower doses of Cu(10 ppm) increased the content of Mg, Fe, Ca and Mn; but it decreased these minerals at 50 ppm applications in roots of tomato. Pb generally increased the level of minerals in leaves and fruits, but it decreased Mg, Mn and Fe contents in roots. The present study indicates that Cu and Pb have different quantity in roots, leaves and fruits, and Pb levels were lower than copper in all tissues of tomato. Moreover, both heavy metals not only moved aerial parts but also they have caused the alterations of nutrient levels. In conclusion, the results show that MT transcripts are regulated by Cu and Pb, and expression pattern was changed tissue type and heavy metal doses.

Keywords: Copper, lead, metallothionein, mineral element, tomato.

Acknowledgement: The author thanks the Scientific Research Projects Commission,Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat - Turkey(Project No. 2013/129) for the partialfinancial support.


IBCESS

198

REMOVAL OF COLOR USING PEPPER RESIDUAL ASBIOSORBENT MATERIAL

Levent GÜREL

Department of Environmental Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, [email protected]

Peppers are used extensively in Turkey for cooking, making paste and daily consumption. Factories produce large amount of pepper paste. In houses, pepper paste is also produced by families besides big industries. As a residue, one of the byproducts of this pepper paste factory is seeds of these peppers. Stem and leaves are the other residues resulting from processing of peppers. These peppers are widely cultivated species. Seeds are cheap and also readily available residues. These seeds mentioned above are separated from the body and disposed after consumption. There are few studies in the literature on the use of pepper seeds as biosorbent material to remove color from wastewaters. Therefore, a study was carried out to determine the biosorption characteristics of pepper seeds. Biosorbent used in this study was in raw nature, and no pretreatment was applied before the biosorption tests. Several concentrations of textile dye were used in the studies. Optimum pH and adsorbent dosage were studied. At the end of the tests, color was successfully removed with this biomass from aqueous solution containing textile dye. Treatment efficiency above 90% was obtained from biosorption tests and biosorption capacity was found above 60 mg/g. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were also studied. This study exhibited the good biosorption performance of pepper seed a valuable biosorbent material and the usability of this biosorbent in textile wastewater treatment as an alternative to commercial adsorbents.

Keywords: Wastewater treatment, color removal, biosorption, pepper seeds.

OP1

97



IBCESS

199

OP1

98

PREPARATION OF ADSORBENTS FROM HAZELNUT SHELLAND APRICOT SEED SHELL AND THEIR ADSORPTION

BEHAVIORS FOR REMOVAL OF Cu(II)

Bircan KÖSE1 and Saliha ERENTÜRK2

1Researcher, Giresun, Turkey2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Ataturk, Erzurum, [email protected]

Adsorbents were prepared from hazelnut shell and apricot seed shell and carbonized at the temperature of 500oC in constant flow of nitrogen. Adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solution on the adsorbents was studied. The structural properties of the prepared adsorbents were characterized using Brunaur-Emmet-Teller(BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The specific surface area of the carbonized hazelnut shell (CHS) carbonized and apricot seed shell (CAS) were determined as 474,07 m2 g-1 and 403,25 m2 g-1, respectively. SEM imagines were showed that prepared adsorbents were heterogeneous structural. Adsorption of Cu(II) by varying experimental conditions such as temperature(26-45°C), pH(1.2-5.6) and adsorbent dosage(0.2-0.4-0.8 g L−1) was investigated using these CHS and CAS adsorbents. Investigations of each adsorbent showed that removal of Cu(II) increased while adsorbent dosages were rising.

Keywords: Adsorption, Cu(II), surface area, hazelnut shell, apricot seed shell.

Acknowledgement: We thank BAP(Atatürk University Research Foundation),Project no. 2013/108, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

200

THE USING OF DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS(DESS)IN SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OFCURCUMIN

Funda Aydın1, Erkan Yılmaz2 and Mustafa Soylak2

1 Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Pharmacy,Department of Basic Sciences, 65080 Van, [email protected] Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039,Kayseri, Turkey

Curcumin, a principal component of turmeric plant, is a natural component of the rhizome of curcuma longa. Curcumin shows strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Curcumin is used in many areas such as a spice, a colourant(E100) in the textile and food industries. The most important is that curcumin could be used to treat or prevent various diseases such cancer, MS, Alzheimer, HIV infection, diabetes, cholesterol and a number of other diseases. So, the determination of curcumin which is utilized as a useful product in different areas is important. Deep eutectic solvents(DESs) have been used as sustainable and safe solvents, in recent years. The using of DESs is a new process in extraction studies. In the study, we has been developed a new procedure based on deep eutectic solvent(DES)-liquid-liquid microextraction technique for extraction of curcumin. Deep eutectic mixtures of chlonide chloride/phenol(1:4) were used with tetrahydrofuran(THF) as an extraction solvent for the extraction of curcumin. 350 μL of DES(1 CHCl:4 PH) and 450 μL of THF was added in the model samples, which containing 0.25 x 10-4 M curcumin at pH 3(phosphate buffer) and curcumin was extracted to DES phase in the ultrasonic bath(2 min). The solution was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min and the extraction solution was completely seperated from the aqueous phase. The extraction phase was diluted to 1 mL with ethyl alcohol and determinations were performed with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 422.5 nm(λ

max).

Keywords: Deep Eutectic Solvents(DESs), Curcumin, THF, UV-VISSpectrophotometer

OP1

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IBCESS

201

OP2

00

HEAVY METAL BIOSORPTION OF COPPER IONS BYIMMOBILIZED BIOMASS OF STICHOCOCCUS SUBTILIS

Dilek YALÇIN1, Tülay ÖZER2, İlkay AÇIKGÖZ ERKAYA3,Ahmet Furkan KAYIŞ4, and Özcan YALÇINKAYA4

1Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education,Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

[email protected] of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science,

Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey3Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and

Engineering, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

Micralgae exposes a number of heavy metal uptake process by different metabolism. In this study, the ability of microalgae Stichococcus subtilis which is a Chlorophyta type is used in order to remove the heavy metal absorption capacity. The sorption capacity of the Stichococcus subtilis was investigated using Cu metallic solutions. Experimental algal cells were immobilized in alginate beads via entrapment, and their algal cell free counterparts were used as control systems. During the analysis, the effect of pH, equilibrium time, initial concentration of metal ions, and temperature factors were investigated. Heavy metal analysis of microalgae were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer at laboratory scale. Sorption isotherms were well fitted to the Langmuir model for single-metal systems. As a result, the maximum Cu biosorption capacities were found to be 2.70 and 10.4 mg/g for alginate and alginate–cells at pH 6.0 which are corresponding to an initial Cu concentration of 50 mg/L. The biosorption of Cu on all tested biosorbents(alginate and alginate–cells) followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model.

Keywords: Copper, Stichococcus subtilis, alginate, immobilization, biosorption


IBCESS

202

OP2

01

INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE OF TROPOSPHERICOZONE ESTIMATIONS IN THE INDUSTRIAL REGIONUSING DIFFERENTIAL ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKSMETHODS

Andaç Akdemir1, Bora Filiz1 and Ümmükülsüm Özel Akdemir2

1 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Department of Environmental Engineering,Samsun, [email protected] Giresun University, Department of Civil Engineering, Giresun, Turkey

In this study, The method of Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm was investigated for estimating tropospheric ozone concentration. The Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm has 12 input neurons(6 pollutants and 6 meteorological variables), 28 neurons in the hidden layer, and 1 output neuron for the Ozone(O3) estimate. The Multilayer perceptron model (MLP) model performance was found to make good predictions with MSE less than 1 μg/m

3(0.002 μg/m

3). In addition, the correlation coefficient ranges from 0.74

to 0.95 in the The Levenberg-Marquardt learning. The Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm that a multilayer perception method of Artificial Neural network (ANN) has performed well and an effective approach for predicting tropospheric ozone. Ozone concentration were influenced predominantly by the nitrogen oxide(NO

x, NO

2, NO), SO

2 and temperature. The model did not

predict solar radiation to ozone with sufficient accuracy.

Keywords: MLP, Levenberg-Marquardt, Ozone, ANN

Acknowledgement: We thank ONDOKUZ MAYIS UNIVERSITY, Project no. PYO.MUH.1906.11.005, for the full financial support.



IBCESS

203

OP2

02

STABLE ISOTOPE VALUES OF INVERTEBRATES INDICATEANTHROPOGENIC NUTRIENT INPUTS TO AQUATIC

SYSTEMS

Nehir Kaymak¹, Senol Akin¹, Zekeriya Altuner2, Bulent Verep3,Ahmet Mutlu Gozler3, Fatih Polat4, Ayse Olmez5 and Evren Cetin1

1Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey

[email protected] of Art and Science, Department of Biology, Gaziosmanpasa University,

Tokat, Turkey3Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey

4Almus Vocational School, Department of Environmental Protection and Control,Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey

5Almus Vocational School, Department of Forestry, Gaziosmanpasa University,Tokat, Turkey

Increases in nutrient inputs from different sources such as sewage systems, agriculture or fish cage farming affect aquatic ecosystem. Stable nitrogen isotope (δ¹⁵N) of aquatic invertebrate’s tissues reflect anthropogenic nutrient inputs, and thus make it easy to trace and identify these nutrient pathways. We compared δ¹⁵N of invertebrates captured Suat and Hasan Ugurlu and Almus reservoirs in northeastern Turkey as an indicator of nitrogen loadings. Nitrate concentration from Almus reservoir containing fish cage farming was higher compared to that from other two reservoirs. The δ¹⁵N values of invertebrates ranged from 2.11 to 10.72‰ in Suat Ugurlu, from 0.01 to 9.87‰ in Hasan Ugurlu, and from 7.55 to 9.68‰ in the Almus reservoir. When all invertebrates were examined together, there was no significant differences between δ¹⁵N values of invertebrates captured in all three reservoirs. However, Almus and Suat Ugurlu reservoirs had the higher observed nitrogen isotope values for individual of crab, odonata, elmidae and diptera larvae compared to Hasan Ugurlu reservoir. The data stable isotope values of invertebrates provided evidences that the input of extra nitrates from fish farming and agricultural practices increased the δ¹⁵N of primary production sources supporting these consumers in those reservoirs.

Keywords: stable nitrogen isotope, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish cage farming effect, reservoir

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 107 O 519, and Gaziosmanpaşa University Research Fund, Project No. 2010/38 for the partial financial support


IBCESS

204

SONOLYTIC, PHOTOCATALYTIC ANDSONOPHOTOCATALYTIC DISINFECTION

Tuba Yetim

Department of Chemical Engineering, Erzurum Technical University,Erzurum, [email protected]

It is known that water pollution is one of the most important problems for environment because of the human, animals and living organisms. There are several types of pollutant in wastewaters. In this study it is aimed to treat water from microbial pollutants are one of the significant harmful sources of wastewaters. Bacteria, viruses and fungi can be described as microbial pollutants are the significant harmful sources of wastewaters. They have damaged health of livings. Among these microbial pollutants Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain bacteria was chosen for disinfection from the water in this study. The disinfection of bacteria was investigated by the new treatments as sonolytic, photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic processes. For this purpose, 365 nm wavelength and 88 W/m2 light intensity of Pen- Ray ultraviolet lamps(UV)(Cole Parmer) were used at the photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic processes for disinfection of bacteria. Also, an ultrasonic generator with a cup horn probe(Cole Parmer, Ultrasonic homogenizer, 750 W, 20 kHz) by the 60% amplitude of ultrasound energy was used for obtaining ultrasound at the sonolytic and sonophotocatalytic processes for disinfection of bacteria. The temperature was constant at 37 °C temperature and the used amount of photocatalyst(TiO

2) was 300 mg during the experiments. From the

results the completely disappearance was seen at 45 min. for photocatalytic process, 30 min. for sonolytic process and 12 min for sonophotocatalytic process. The highest disinfection was obtained at the sonophotocatalytic process. This case can be explained as the coexisting of the *OH radicals are formed by sonolysis and photocatalysis processes.

Keywords: Photocatalysis, sonolysis, sonophotocatalysis, disinfection, wastewater.

OP2

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IBCESS

205

OP2

04

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATIONIN WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM HARŞIT STREAM,

GIRESUN

Bülent VEREP1, Cengiz MUTLU2 and Buse ERASLAN AKKAN2

1Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Fisheries, Rize, [email protected]

2Giresun University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts,Giresun, Turkey

Heavy metals occur as natural constituents of the earth crust, and are persistent environmental contaminants since they cannot be degraded or destroyed. These metals can be incorporated into food chains and concentrated in aquatic organisms to a level that affects their physiological state. Of the effective pollutants are the heavy metals which have drastic environmental impact on all organisms. Heavy metal contamination has become a serious environmental problem. Major sources of toxic metals arising from human activities are domestic and industrial wastewaters and their associated solid wastes. The aim of this research which was done in Harsit Stream(Turkey) was to determine some heavy metals(Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in water. The water samples were collected from 7 different sites between June 2014 and May 2015. The samples were collected in 0.5 liter pre cleaned(with 50% of HNO

3 and then thrice with deionized water) polyethylene bottles and

acidified with 5 ml of concentrated HNO3 per liter of wastewater for the analysis

of heavy metals. After collection the samples were placed in coolers with ice bags while being transported to the laboratory and kept at about 4°C until being analyzed. The metal concentrations in the water samples were analyzed using the ICP-MS. The results of the metal contaminant values were evaluated according to the national and international guidelines. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using SPSS statistical package programs. Descriptive statistical analysis including One-way ANOVA, significance(0.01 and 0.05) was done. Important differences in the mean values were tested with Duncan’s multiple range test. In water samples, according to analysis results, the following findings were obtained for the concentration ranges of the metals: Al: 4.922-1078.906, Cr: 7.141-74.900, Mn: 0.525-18.102, Fe: 4.188-7.855, Co: 3.262-7.878, Ni: 5.832- 44.923, Cu: 0.873-20.649, Zn: 10.367-362.901, Cd: 1.724-19.427 and Pb: 2.570-6.259 μg/L were found. Moreover, the distribution of heavy metals between stations was not statistically significant(p<0.05, p<0.01). Consequently, it can be concluded that the concentrations of some heavy metals in water from Harsit stream are higher than the WHO, EPA and Canada standards.

Keywords: Heavy Metal, Harsit, Giresun, Water Quality



IBCESS

206

EFFECT OF CLINOPTILOLITE AND BROWN SEAWEED LIQUIDFERTILIZER ON GREEN BEAN AND SOIL

Şehnaz Dede and Mustafa Türkmen

Giresun University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Giresun, [email protected]

Present study examined the effects of brown seaweed liquid fertilizer and zeolite on physic-chemical characteristics of soil and green bean development in pots according to randomized blog design as three replicate each. The seaweed algae were used as liquid fertilizer material. Experiment groups were composed of different rates of seaweed liquid fertilizer and zeolite and applied to green bean in pots. The bean seeds were seeded by hand to arrange planting depth of 5-6 cm and 20 seeds/pot. Developments in treatment groups were recorded thrice in each month and treatments were irrigated, controlling the soil moisture. The treatment group with the highest yield was determined. The differences between yield levels of treatment groups were statistically significant (p<0.05). Organic matter, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, cadmium, lead, nitrogen, carbon, sodium, potassium, salt, boron, phosphor, pH and electrical conductivity parameters in soil, liquid fertilizer and algae, separately humic-fulvic acid in liquid fertilizer and brown seaweed samples, moisture and lime in soil samples, and chlorine in liquid fertilizer were analyzed. The differences between treatment groups were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Keywords: Brown seaweed, zeolite, green bean, soil, liquid fertilizer.

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun University for its financial support(Project No. FEN-BAP-A-250414-60).

OP2

05



IBCESS

207

OP2

06

PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESEARCH FOR ADSORPTION OFPESTICIDES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH POLYMER

MICROSPHERES

Ali Kara1, Gökhan E. Üstün2 and Ebna Ceyhan1

1 Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Uludağ University, Bursa, [email protected]

2 Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, UludağUniversity, Bursa, Turkey

Pesticides have been known and still is widely produced and used in agriculture and food industry in the world. It is well known that many types of pesticides are toxic chemicals and that they transported from industrial wastewater to environment. Also it is known the use of toxic materials are harmful to life because of their toxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Biological waste treatment is not effective treatment method if raw wastewater contains toxic and refractory organics. Hence, efficient techniques for the removal of highly toxic organic compounds from water have drawn significant interest. A number of methods such as coagulation, precipitation, reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation processes have been used for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. These methods have been found to be limited, since they often involve high capital and operational costs. Among the possible techniques for water treatments, the adsorption process by solid adsorbents shows potential as one of the most efficient methods for the treatment and removal of organic contaminants in wastewater treatment. Adsorption has advantages over the other methods because of simple design and can involve low investment in term of initial cost required. In this research our aim is to investigate and develop highly efficient and economical adsorbents for removal of pesticides from aqueous solution using polymer microspheres subsequent to discuss and optimise the physicochemical parameters for optimal adsorption conditions. Our experimental pretesting results refer that this system is able to develop and to use.

Keywords: Adsorption of pesticides, physicochemical parameter, removal ofpesticides, polymer microspheres.


IBCESS

208

RECLAMATION OF GREY WATER USINGELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS

Yasemin Çalışkan, Hülya Öztürk, Nihal Bektaş and Huseyin Cengiz Yatmaz

Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, [email protected]

Population increase, industry and technology development and lacking environmental awareness caused rapid depletion of water resources. Potable water resources depletion brings on using the sources of rivers, dams, lakes and even sea water with different treatment technologies. Therefore, nowadays researchers investigate the treatment of wastewaters which has been generated for years and to recover the amount of water to use them for sustainable life and suitable daily usage. The wastewaters generating from showers, bathrooms and kitchen sinks, washing machine and dishwashers and free from toilet wastewaters are called grey water. Pollution level of grey water is due to personal care products, detergents, dirty clothes and body dirt. The grey water is a large part of domestic wastewater and it can be reused for toilet tanks, garden irrigation, car wash etc. Hence the treatment of grey water can be controlled separately and the amount of domestic waste water that gone to treatment plants will decrease greatly. Conventional physical treatment systems cannot provide enough removal of organic matters, pathogens and nutrients therefore the processes need additional previous and last steps like chemical treatment systems, disinfection to reach the levels needed. It is expected that the electrochemical methods which belong to advanced treatment systems may manage the treatment of grey water in one stage without the need of another treatment. Electrocoagulation which is one of the electrochemical processes generates the formation of metal hydroxides hence leads to coagulation, adsorption, absorption, sedimentation and flotation processes. Finally, high pollutant removal efficiency can be observed after all process steps. In this work application of electrocoagulation process is designed for treatment of grey water for reclamation.

Keywords: Grey water, electrocoagulation, water reclamation.


OP2

07



IBCESS

209

OP2

08

TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLIC DRINK INDUSTRYWASTEWATER BY ELECTRO-FENTON OXIDATION PROCESS

Hüseyin Cüce

Nevşehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Faculty of Eng. & Arch. Department ofEnvironmental Engineering Nevsehir/TURKEY

[email protected]

The environmental impact of wastewater from alcoholic drink industry is notable mainly due to the high organic load and the large volumes produced. Treatment technologies studied by the researchers for the treatment of wastewater from these industries include enhanced oxidation processes, anaerobic biodegradation, membrane bioreactor systems, coagulation and ultrafiltration, and electrochemical methods. One advantage of the oxidative processes is that hydroxyl radicals directly attack the contaminant by altering its chemical structure. The incrementally addition of hydrogen peroxide was more effective to oxidize organic substances than a single charge of hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, it can be emphasized that when the other experimental conditions are suitable, H2O2 concentration has a considerable effect on the electrofenton oxidation of the kind of these wastewaters. In the present research, electrofenton process by using iron electrode was investigated for the purpose of treating of wastewater from alcoholic drink industry. The effectiveness of an EF process depends on variables such as initial pH, physicochemical properties of the wastewater, the distance between electrode materials; it is therefore necessary to evaluate these factors before carrying out into larger scalas. Several tests were carried out at different conditions of reaction time and electrical current values in the batch system. Initial results have shown that color removal of 87 % was achieved and COD removal of nearly 75 % was reached in the studies carried out at certain experimental conditions.

Keywords: Industrial wastewater, Alcoholic drink industry, COD removal, Electrofenton

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University,Project no. NEUBAP15F9, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

210

EFFECT OF BROWN ALGAE COMPOST AND CLINOPTILOLITEON GREEN BEAN AND SOIL PROPERTIES

Canan Büşra Demir and Mustafa Türkmen

Giresun University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology,Giresun, [email protected]

Effects of brown algae compost and clinoptilolite on green bean yield and soil properties in this study performed in pots according to randomized blog design as three replicate each were examined. The brown algae were used as compost material.Different rates of compost and clinoptilolite as experiment groups were applied to green bean in pots. The bean seeds were seeded by hand to arrange planting depth of 5-6 cm and 20 seeds/pot. Treatments were irrigated, controlling the soil moisture, and the yields in treatments were recorded thrice in each month. The treatment group with the highest yield was determined.The differences between yield levels of treatment groups were statistically significant (p>0.05). Organic matter, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, cadmium, lead, nitrogen, carbon, sodium, potassium, salt, lime, moisture, total and soluble boron, phosphor, pH and electrical conductivity parameters in soil, compost and algae, separately humic-fulvic acid in compost and algae samples were analyzed. The differences between treatment groups were statistically significant.

Keywords: Compost, Algae, Clinoptilolite, Green bean, Soil.

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun University for its financial support (ProjectNo.FEN-BAP-A-250414-60).

OP2

09



IBCESS

211

OP2

10

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Mn(II), Co(II) AND Cu(II)COMPLEXES OF A NEW N2O TRIDENTATE SCHIFF BASE

M. Soner ENGİN1, Serkan DEMİR2, Şahin DİREKEL3, Serkan EYMUR4,Seydahmet ÇAY5 and Aytaç GÜDER6

1Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Türkiye

2Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Giresun University,Giresun, Türkiye

3Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Giresun University,Giresun, Türkiye [email protected]

4Faculty of Engineering, Engineering of Energy Systems, Giresun University, Giresun, Türkiye

5Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Türkiye

6Vocational High School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services Techniques,

Giresun University, Giresun, Türkiye

In this study, analogous Mn(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the flexible Schiff base which was obtained from the condensation of 2-picolylamine with 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde have been prepared and characterized by common spectroscopic techniques. Among miscellaneous applications of their metal complexes have been reported extensively biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, anti inflammatory and antipyretic. The antimicrobial activity tests of the complexes have been attempted by considering antibacterial and antifungal properties. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the complexes were determined by microdilution broth assay with Alamar Blue Dye. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the complexes were tested in Mueller Hinton Broth(MHB) for bacteria and in SDB for fungi by the two fold serial dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was adjusted by two fold serial dilution of the test compounds at the descending concentration ranging from 5.120 to 10μg/ml, in MHB medium containing 10% DMSO and, in a sterile 96-well round bottomed microplate. Amikacin and Amphotericin B were used as standard drug for bacteria and fungi studies, respectively. Compound 2 exhibited the most effective antibacterial activity. Compound 1 exhibited the least effective antibacterial activity. Similarly, the most and the least effective antifungal activities among the complexes were exhibited Compound 2 and Compound 1 respectively. The highest antibacterial activity was observed against to E. faecalis(MIC: 10–80 μg/mL) and the lowest antibacterial activity was observed against to K. pneumoniae(MIC: 40–2560 μg/mL). As a general trend, the compounds exhibited more effective activity against to C. parapsilosis than C. albicans. Some of compounds were found to have antimicrobial activity. Besides, due to these encouraging in vitro antimicrobial activity results, after further studies, the compounds can be evaluated as new therapeutic agent against bacteria and fungi.Keywords: New N

2O Tridentate Schiff base, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity


IBCESS

212

PRECONCENTRATION OF MERCURY(II) FROM WATERS USING GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE–METHYLMETHACRYLATE– DIVINYL BENZENE TERPOLYMER WITH DIETHYLENETRIAMINE TETRA ACETIC ACID FUNCTIONS PRIOR TO INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION

Onur Yayayürük

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, [email protected]

Mercury is one of the global harmful pollutants and it has become widespread into the environment mainly as a result of anthropogenic activities. Due to its bioaccumulation and biomagnification properties, mercury even at trace levels is harmful to the environment in aquatic systems. One of the routes of incorporation of mercury into the human body is drinking water. Its presence in living organisms is associated with cancer, birth defects and other undesirable outcomes. According to USEPA, maximum contaminant level(MCL) is 2 μg L–1 for drinking water. In drinking water, the World Health Organization(WHO) recommends a limit of 1 μg L–1. Hence, control of mercury is becoming increasingly important, especially in water sources. In this work, a novel sorbent, glycidyl methacrylate(GMA)- methylmethacrylate(MMA)-divinyl benzene(DVB) terpolymer functionalized with diethylenetriamine tetra acetic acid(DTTA), was proposed for the sorption and preconcentration of Hg2+ from waters prior to its determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Various parameters such as solution pH, contact time, sorbent amount were studied. Optimum sorption conditions were determined as follows: pH of 7, contact time of 60 minutes and sorbent amount/solution volume ratio of 1.5 mg/mL. Batchtype equilibration studies have shown that the novel sorbent can be employed at a pH range resulting in quantitative sorption(>95 %) at pH 4.0-8.0. For the quantitative elution of Hg2+ from the sorbent, 1.0 M HCl was used. Langmuir isotherm model was found to characterize the uptake of Hg2+ by the novel sorbent. In addition, it was observed that the sorbent effectively removed Hg2+ ion even in the presence of several competitor ions(Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Al3+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Cd2+) with ≥99% removal. The validity of the method was verified both through the analysis of certified reference materials(BCR 422 and NIST 1547) and by spike recovery experiments. A recovery of ≥93% was obtained for ultrapure, tap and bottled drinking water samples even with a preconcentration factor of 100. Moreover, a good agreement was found for the results obtained with the proposed method and the certified values.

Keywords: Mercury, sorption, preconcentration, inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry.

OP2

11



IBCESS

213

OP2

12

REMOVAL OF MALACHITE GREEN FROM AQUATICSOLUTIONS BY USING MODIFIED WALNUT SHELL

Erkan KALIPCI

Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Department of Environmental Engineering,Nevsehir, Turkey.

[email protected]

The removal of the textile dye Malachite Green (MG) from aqueous solutions using ultrasonic modified walnut shell was investigated in this research. Ultrasonic modification method effects on the adsorption capacity improvement for removal of dye have been investigated. The adsorption properties have been tested under different conditions such as pH of the solution, contact time, initial dye concentration, stirring speeds and temperature. Structures of walnut shell materials before and after modifications was examined by the FTIR and SEM analyses. In experiments carried out with walnut shell, as time passed, an increase in efficiency was observed and adsorption equilibrium was obtained after 70 minutes. As in the case of adsorbent parameter, increase in the temperature slightly increased the efficiency. In the experiments by using walnut shell, increasing the stirring speed increased the removal efficiency, a significant increase was not observed above 250 rpm stirring speed and optimum stirring speed was determined as 250 rpm. Highest adsorption capacities were obtained by using ultrasonic modified walnut shell. The equilibrium data were analysed using the Langmuir an Freundlich isotherms. In this study, by considering the experimental results and adsorption models applied, it can be concluded that equilibrium data were represented well by Langmuir isotherm equation. Adsorption temperature variation study showed that the Malachite green adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The experimental data indicated that this waste material (walnut shell) can be used for the removal of MG dye and is also an effective adsorbent for the removal of Malachite Green dye when it was used after modification.

Keywords: Adsorption, Removal, Ultrasonic Modification, Malachite Green, Walnutshell.


IBCESS

214

FLY ASH FINENESS EFFECT ON COMPACTIONPARAMETERS AND ATTERBERG LIMITS IN SOILSTABILIZATION

Fatih YILMAZ

Bayburt University/Civil Engineering Department, Bayburt, [email protected]

Improvement of physical, hydraulic, mechanical and chemical properties of poor soil is called soil stabilization. Many studies of soil stabilization have been performed from past to present and behavior of additives in soil stabilization were investigated. Foremost among these studies is soil amendment with fly ash additives. Generally, Class C and Class F fly ashes were used to improve geotechnical properties of poor soils. Although fly ash additives were used for remediation of clayey soils, fineness effect of this material has not been studied in soil stabilization. The aim of this study is to introduce fly ash fineness effect in soil stabilization. At the first stage, variation of compaction parameters and Atterberg limits were investigated in this study. Test mixtures, for stabilization of high plasticity clayey soil, were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20%, 25% and 30% of fly ashes with 2 different fineness. Basic soil mechanics experiments such as compaction and Atterberg limits were performed to fly ash-clayey soil mixtures. This study also includes XRD, XRF and Particle Sizer Test results of fly ash additive and sieve analysis of poor soil. As a consequence, experimental results revealed that fly ash fineness gives better results for soil stabilization and grinding fly ash wastes for soil amendment is environmentally friendly implementation.

Keywords: Soil stabilization, fly ash, fineness, compaction.

OP2

13



IBCESS

215

OP2

14

THE INVESTIGATION OF LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION BYPHYSICAL ADSORPTION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

ONTO DIATOMITE CLAY

Tuğba Gür1, M. Salih NAS2 and Vahap Yönten3

1Health Services High Vocatioanal School of Services,University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey

3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey

2Deparment of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technology,Vocatioanal School of Services, University of Tunceli, 62000, Tunceli-Turkey

The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of lipase enzyme onto diatomite clay were analyzed from aqueous solution. Batch system was used to analyze the effect of contact time, stirring speed, initial enzyme concentration, initial ionic strength, reaction temperature and medium pH. Maximum adsorption capacity fo Lipase enzyme values (q

m) onto diatomite

clay showed a great dependence on pH. It was found that qm

–pH curves reached a maximum at around isoelectric point (iep) of lipase enzyme. The pH values where the maximum adsorbed mass occurred might be considered as the conditions where electrostatic attraction is the most favourable. It was found at pH 7.0, 36.5 ºC, 7.5.10-2 M and 0.25 gL-1 the initial concentration of lipase enzyme from experimental data for the capacity of the maximum adsorption and the thermodynamic parameters (E

a, ΔHo, ΔGo, ΔSo) were calculated from

the data. The positive enthalpy and the negative Gibbs free energy changes showed that the adsorption of enzyme is endothermic and spontaneously, respectively. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion were used to fit the kinetics data on three different kinetic models. The pseudo-second-order model best described the experimental data. As a result, the diatomite clay in the adsorption process of lipase enzyme from aqueous solution was shown to be an good effective adsorbent.

Keywords: Adsorption, diatomite clay, lipase enzyme, morphology, thermodynamics


IBCESS

216

ADSORPTIVE PERFORMANCE OF NANOSIZED ZEROVALENTIRON FOR PENTAVALENT VANADIUM REMOVALFROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Aslı Erdem Yayayürük

Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, İzmir, [email protected]

Water quality is a very important concern for human beings since it is essential to sustain life. Diseases related to the contamination of water sources constitute a major burden on human health. Because of these environmental and health concerns, removal of heavy metals from waters has gained the attraction of researchers in recent years. Among the heavy metals, vanadium has recently received more attention due to its adverse effect on human health and the environment. Although it is an essential dietary mineral, it becomes toxic at high concentrations. It is presently registered in the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) and considered in the same class as mercury, lead and arsenic. The most common oxidation states of vanadium are (III), (IV) and (V) in aqueous solution, where V(V) is the most toxic. Nanosized zero-valent iron (nZVI) has become an effective material for the removal of various toxic aqueous ions in recent years due to small particle size, ease of preparation, low standard potential, large surface area and being environmentally friendly. In this study, removal of V(V) using nZVI is proposed for the first time from natural waters. The sorbent is first characterized using several techniques such as scanning electron microscopyenergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis and Brunauer- Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. In addition, particle size distribution and zeta potential were also elucidated. Batch type sorption experiments were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the effect of pH, sorbent amount and contact time were investigated on the sorption of V(V). Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were used to characterize the uptake of V(V) ions by nZVI. In addition, Pseudo-first and second order models were used to fit the kinetic data. Finally, the proposed method was applied for the removal of V(V) ion from real water samples.

Keywords: Vanadium, nanosized zero-valent iron, removal, water, inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometry.

OP2

15



IBCESS

217

OP2

16

OXIDATIVE COLOR REMOVAL VIA POTASSIUM FERRATE

Serkan Şahinkaya

Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Tü[email protected]

Potassium ferrate (VI) [K2FeO4] has a high oxidizing power, high stability and a non-toxic by-product Fe (III). It was reported as an eco-friendly oxidant for water treatment. In this study, oxidative color removal from synthetic dye solution was experienced by using K2FeO4. The target pollutant was selected as Reactive Orange 16 (RO 16). The effects of some operating parameters which are the initial pH (in the range of 5 – 9), the initial concentration of K2FeO4 (in the range of 30 – 60 mg/L) and the concentration of RO 16 (in the range of 50 – 200) on the color removal have been investigated experimentally. The optimum conditions have been found as pH = 7, [K2FeO4] = 50 mg/L with 100 mg/L of RO 16. Under this optimized conditions, the color removal efficiency was % 85. Kinetic studies have been performed for the decolorization of RY 145 under optimum conditions at room temperature. It has been determined that the decolorization has rapidly occured within the first 2,5 minutes of 1 h oxidation period, later on oxidation rate was slowed down. Consequently, K2FeO4 was found to be as a powerful oxidant for color removal from solutions.

Keywords: Color removal, potassium ferrate, reactive orange 16.

Acknowledgement: I thank Nevsehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Scientific ResearchProject Council, Project no. NeUBap15F2, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

218

DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDESIN VARIOUS PLANT LEAVES USED AS BIOMONITORS INENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, ERGENE BASIN

Cemile OZCAN,

Department of Chemistry, Science and Art Faculty,Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, [email protected]; [email protected]

The pesticides are potential chemical pollutants extensively used for agriculture purposes due to low cost and high effectiveness. They may accumulate in living creature as decomposition which can remain or less degradate in the environment (Barr, 2008; Barriada-Pereira et al., 2005; Darko et al., 2008). However, pesticides are hazardous because of their biological, chemical or physical properties in food with potential to cause an adverse health effect. Organochlorine pesticides displayed high acute toxicity and mutagenic and carcinogenic effects as well as endrocrine disruptor effects (El-Shahawi et al., 2010). The aim of this study was to investigate the level of organochlorine pesticides in the Thrace Region, Turkey. The various plant samples (Urtica dioica L., Melissa officinalis, Verbascum sinuatum, Typha latifolia L., Pinus nigra L., Cupressus arizonica L., Populus nigra L., Cedrus libani L., Paliurus aculeatus L., Mentha pulegium L., Plantago major L., Laurus nobilis L.) collected from ten point in Ergene River Basin during 2012 year were extracted by using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides having high toxicity were determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization-possitive mode (GC-MS-EI (+)). The LOD, LOQ and RSD% were between 0.02-0.21 μg L–1, 0.06-0.71 μg L–1, below 10%. for pesticides, respectively. Recoveries of the spiked analytes in plant samples ranged from 78.9% to 99.9%, respectively. The ΣHCH and dieldrin concentrations exceeded the allowable daily intake limit thereby serving as potential threat to humans.

Keywords: Ergene River Basin, plant samples, pesticides, GC-MS, QuEChERS.

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17



IBCESS

219

OP2

18

THE USE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDSFOR TREATING DOMESTIC WASTEWATER: A CASE STUDY

Fulya Aydın Temel1, Yüksel Ardalı2 and Esin Avcı3

1Giresun University, Engineering Faculty, Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Giresun, 28200, Turkey [email protected]

2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty, Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Samsun, 55139, Turkey

3Giresun University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Statistics,Giresun, 28200, Turkey

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a green technology that have been used to treat several types of wastewater such as domestic, industrial, landfill leachate, agricultural wastewaters. CWs have several advantages included land intensive, low energy, easy operation and maintenance, low investment/operational costs, landscape esthetics, reuse of waters, and increased wildlife habitat compared to conventional systems. CWs are alternative treatment technologies due to these properties especially for rural settlements, industries, and hotels that are remote locations from central treatment plants. Physical, chemical, and biological treatment mechanisms can be employed together in CWs. In the present study, two parallel full scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands were designed to treat domestic wastewater of Kızılcaören village in Samsun, Turkey. Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana were selected for this study, and the removal performance of each species were evaluated. During 7 months operation, the mean removal efficiencies of Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana were found as 33% and 32% for magnesium; 62% and 55% for iron(+2); 64% and 56% for iron(+3); 46% and 37% for chlorine; 48% and 39% for total chlorine; 26% and 37% for calcium; 28% and 23% for SAA, respectively. And Two-way ANOVA between groups was applied to determine any difference for the removal of all parameters between the plant types and months on the mean values of pollutants removal.

Keywords: Constructed wetland, wastewater, Juncus acutus, Cortaderia selloana,treatment.

Acknowledgement: This work was financed by a scholarship of the Ondokuz MayısUniversity for support of Scientific/Technological Research (PYO.1904.11.017). Wethank the Ondokuz Mayıs University for providing the opportunity to research.


IBCESS

220

SIMULTANEOUS PRECONCENTRATIONS OF Co2+, Cr6+, Hg2+

AND Pb2+ ONS BY BACILLUS ALTITUDINISIMMOBILIZEDNANODIAMOND PRIOR TO THEIR DETERMINATIONS INFOOD SAMPLES BY ICP-OES

Sadin Özdemir1, Ersin Kılınç2, Veysi Okumuş1, Kadir Serdar Çelik3

and Mustafa Soylak4

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Siirt University,56100 Siirt, Turkey ([email protected])2Health Services Vocational High School, Medical Marketing and PromotionProgramme, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200,Mardin,Turkey3Batman University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry,Batman, Turkey4Erciyes University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,TR-38039 Kayseri, Turkey

A new method was developed for the simultaneous preconcentration of Co2+, Cr6+, Hg2+and Pb2+ions by Bacillus altitudinis immobilized nanodiamond prior to their determinations in food samples by ICP-OES. Important experimental parameters were optimized. It was validated through the analysis of certified and standard reference materials (DORM-2, DOLT-3, SRM 1643e, NCZ ZC73014, NCS DC73351). Preconcentration factor was achieved as 80 by considering 400 mL inital and 5.0 mL final volume. LODs were calculated as 0.071, 0.023, 0.016 and 0.034 ngmL-1, respectively for Hg, Co2+, Cr6+and Pb2+. RSDs were found as 5.0, 4.4, 3.2 and 2.3, respectively. The biosorption capacities were calculated for Co2+, Cr6+, Hg2+and Pb2+as 26.4, 30.4, 19.5, and 35.2 mg/g, respectively. RSDs were found lower than 5%. The results showed that the immobilized biosorbent column could be reused at least 30 cycles of biosorption and desorption with the higher than 95% recovery. Concentrations of cobalt, chromium, mercury and lead in water and food samples were determined after the developed method was applied with satisfactory results. As seen in the developed method had power analytical features that could be an alternative toothers for routine monitoring of toxic metals in foods and waters.

Keywords: Bacillus altitudinis, solid phase extraction, preconcentration, Co, Cr, Hg,Pb, ICP-OES.

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19



IBCESS

221

OP2

20

DIFFERENT SALTS (NaCl, Na2SO4 AND CaCl2)EFFECTS ON CD INTAKE AT DURUM WHEAT

Faruk OZKUTLU1, Halil ERDEM2, Metin TURAN3 and Mehmet AKGUN1

1Ordu University Agriculture Faculty Soil Science and Plant Nutrition DepartmentORDU, TURKEY

[email protected]şa University Agriculture Faculty Soil Science and

Plant Nutrition Department TOKAT, TURKEY3Yeditepe University Genetics and Bioengineering Department ISTANBUL, TURKEY

Cadmium (Cd) is the most toxic heavy metal for humans as well as plants and it causes serious environmental pollution. Thus its removal from the polluted area is environmentally important. Plants can restrain Cd accumulation or amplify its tolerance capacity. This study was carried out to determine the responce of some Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) genotypes to Cd toxicity. In this research, eight basil genotypes were exposed to six different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1) of Cd with three replications in a greenhouse experiment. According to the results, different concentrations of Cd did not significantly affect plant height, leaf area and number of lateral branches of basil genotypes. However, significant differences (p<0.01) among Cd doses on dry weight of basil genotypes were identified and the highest dry weight (6.12 g) was obtained with the dose of 10 mg Cd kg-1. The dry weight increased in the genotypes up to 20 mg Cd kg-1 rate, but decreased at 20 and 40 mg Cd kg-1 applications due to toxic effect of Cd. This decline was 8,4 % at 20 mg Cd kg-1 and was 9,6 % at 40 mg kg-1 of Cd compared to 10 mg Cd kg-1. However, no visual toxicity symptoms were observed in plants. The results showed that the basil genotypes responded differently to Cd toxicity.

Keywords: Cd tolerance, heavy metal, Cd toxicity, Ocimum basilicum


IBCESS

222

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) REMOVAL FROMWASTEWATER BY USING FLY ASH OF POWER PLANTS

Bünyamin Şengül1 and Ümit Şengül2

1Giresun University, Vocational School of Higher Education, Giresun, Turkey.2Giresun University, Faculty of Education, 28100 Giresun, [email protected]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate fly ash, which is a waste product for useful purposes. Fly ash, a waste product of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is produced in large quantities and thus is a major source for environmental pollution. It is also a relatively abundant and complimentary material. In this study, the removal of chemical oxygen demand was investigated by using fly ashes obtained from the electro filters of different power plants. The values of chemical oxygen demand were obtained with the usage of different coagulants for different wastewater. The chemical coagulation was done with an addition of a different coagulant to wastewater (weight/volume) in a rate of as 100-500 mg L-1 (Alum/wastewater, FeCl

3/ wastewater, FeSO

4/wastewater)

and 500-7000 mg L-1 (Seyitömer fly ash/ wastewater, Soma fly ash/ wastewater, Tunçbilek fly ash /wastewater), respectively. The results obtained indicated that when the Alum/glucose solution, Alum/SİDAŞ wastewater and FeCl

3/

whey were all used with 500 mg L-1, the removal efficiency rates were found to be 25.75%, 47.77% and 38.43% respectively; whereas the removal efficiency rates were found to be 58.25%, 21.14%, 20,36%, respectively when fly ashes of Seyitömer/SİDAŞ wastewater with 6000 mg L-1, fly ashes of Soma/ whey with 5000 mg L-1 and fly ashes of Tunçbilek/glucose solution with 4000 mgL-1 were all used. The results obtained also showed that fly ash is an interesting alternative to replacing chemical coagulant with the removal COD from waste water. It is also a low-cost adsorbent for the removal COD from wastewater and be used as an auxiliary coagulant like lime, because of the content of CaO.

Keywords: Wastewater treatment, chemical oxygen demand, fly ash, chemicalcoagulant, power plant.

OP2

21



IBCESS

223

OP2

22

DETERMINATION OF TOXIC HEAVY METALIONS THROUGH WATER SOLUBLE FLUORESCENT

MOLECULES

Sait Malkondu

Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Department ofEnvironmental Engineering, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

Heavy metals exist in the earth, naturally. Their amounts are increasing day by day as by the reason of human activities. They can enter human tissues, plants and animals through diet, inhalation and long-term dermal exposure. Then, heavy metals can react and compete with the functions of some cellular components. Mercury, arsenic and lead have been known to possess toxic effects since the ancients, however methodical studies related to toxicity of some heavy metals arise to date from only 1868. Chelating agents are used to treat heavy metal poisoning in humans. Some elements considered as toxic heavy metals in small quantities are essential for human health. International bodies such as the WHO has extensively studied these metals and reviewed regularly their effects on human health. For the detection of toxic heavy metal ions, the number of analytical methods including ion sensitive electrodes, atomic absorption spectrometry, flame photometry, electron microprobe analysis, neutron activation analysis, etc., are overpriced, often samples of large size are needed and continuous monitoring is not possible. On the contrary, the methods build upon fluorescent molecules offer distinct benefits such as selectivity, sensitivity, local observation (e.g. by fluorescence imaging spectroscopy), response time. Furthermore, remote sensing system is established by using optical fibers with a molecular probe placed at the tip. To develop sensitive and selective fluorescent probes for cation detection, considerable efforts are being made.

Keywords: toxic, heavy metal ion, detection, fluorescence.

Acknowledgement: We thank SUBAP (Selcuk University’s Scientific ResearchProjects) for the financial support.


IBCESS

224

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AT ICT-ENABLED SMART HOMES

Ömer Emin DEDE

Department of Economics, Giresun University, Giresun, [email protected]

Nearly 30% of global energy usage is due to residential buildings. According to the analysis demonstrated by the International Energy Agency shows that more than 60% of the electricity demand can be reduced by applying the “best available” technologies and solutions. In this study, the new technologies useable at our homes have been reviewed and the examples have been argued. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for smart objects, called as “Internet of Things”, have the potential to change our lives dramatically. In these contexts, searching for an answer to a question “How can we develop and deploy the energy efficiency in the Smart Homes via the Internet of Things?” is very important. In the meantime, another critical question is “What is the total environmental impact of new technologies that increase the energy efficiency?”

Keywords: Energy efficiency, smart homes, ICT, internet of things.

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23



IBCESS

225

OP2

24

COMPARISON OF EDTA AND TEA SAPONIN ENHANCEDPHTOEXTRACTION OF CADMIUM CONTAMINATED SOIL

BY ASTER AMELLUS

Seydahmet ÇAY

Giresun University, Engineering Faculty,Environmental Engineering Department, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

In this study, the Aster amellus-an ornamental plant was investigated for their phytoextraction potential of cadmium (Cd) from artificially contaminated soil of 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 concentration under pot conditions. The potential of tea saponin (TS) was compared with ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), which is used as a common chemical agent to enhance uptake of cadmium (Cd) by A. amellus. The enrichment coefficient (EC) and translocation factor (TF) values were calculated to evaluate the removal efficiency of the TS and EDTA. Higher BCF and TF values obtained from stem and leaf of A. amellus shows that the plant might be cultivated and used as hyperaccumulators in the removal of Cd from the contaminated soils. EDTA and TS enhanced Cd phytoextaction in the plant; however, at the same time it resulted in a slight decrease in the dry matter, especially used EDTA.

Keywords: Cadmium; EDTA; Ornamental plant; Phytoextraction; Tea saponin


IBCESS

226

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF YAĞLIDERESTREAM IN GIRESUN

Arzu Aydın Uncumusaoğlu1 and Tamer Akkan2

1Giresun University, Department of Environmental Engineering,Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, Turkey2Giresun University, Department of Biology,Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun, [email protected]

The present study, water quality of Yağlıdere Stream, which is one of the most important streams in the region fall into the Black Sea were examined. During the study, the water samples were taken periodically from five chosen station selected from the spring point to the estuarine zone in every month between June 2013 and May 2014. The measured data were given as following (average, minimum and maximum for one year): water temperature [13.812±0.671 (7.02- 24.41)], pH [7.83±0.058 (6.96-8.57)], dissolved oxygen [11.38±0.277 (7.04-15.52)], total dissolved solids [0.187±0.006 (0.11-0.28)], salinity [0.13±0.005 (0.01-0.21)], conductivity [285±9.848 (175-428)], oxidoreduction potential [17.075±7.465 (-77 - 133.2)], suspended solids [0.70±0.029 (0.264-2)], turbidity [15.61±1.650 (1.92- 74.54)], alkalinity [90.40±2.709 (56-174)], total hardness [14.42±0.474 (9-23.7)], total ammonia nitrogen [0.539±0.105 (0.106-5.577)], nitrite nitrogen [0.011± 0.001 (0.001-0.038)], nitrate nitrogen [0.778±0.049 (0.311-2.100)], ammonia [0.015±0.002 (0.001-0.081)], ammonium [0.525±0.105 (0.102-5.542)], silica [11.327±0.234 (6.6- 18)], total phosphorus [0.203±0.033 (0.011-0.915)], orthophosphate phosphorus [0.082±0.010 (0.008-0.354)], sodium [5.72±0.269 (1.3-9.7)], potassium [2.40±0.400 (0.3-10)], BOI5 [4.85±0.350 (0.51-11.72)] and chlorophyll a [1.240±0.159 (0.019- 5.558)]. Monthly mean levels at each of the stations were not significantly different (p>0.05), but between the months, there were significant differences (p<0.05). Moreover, statistical analysis of the data demonstrated significant linear correlations between several parameters (pH and WT, EC, NH

3, O-PO

4 and WT,

EC, TDS, Salinity). Consequently, it can be said that Yağlıdere Stream has first class quality according to the physic-chemical data, but becomes under pressure because of the pollution periodically

Keywords: Water quality, Yağlıdere Stream, Giresun

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun University, Project no FEN-BAP-A-220413-33, for the financial support.

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25



IBCESS

227

OP2

26

INVESTIGATION OF Cr(VI)/As(V) EXTRACTIONCAPABILITIES OF CALIX[4]ARENE-BASED NATURAL

POLYMERS

Serkan Sayin

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,Giresun University, Giresun-28200, Turkey

[email protected]

In recent years, two of the top 20 most hazardous substances, oxyanions such as As (V) and Cr (VI), have become one of the most serious waterpollution problems in the world. Over 70 countries and about 150 million people has been suffered natural arsenic pollution of drinking water supplies. Arsenic pollution indeed causes to increase the risk for lung, bladder, kidney, and skin cancers. Water pollution due to dichromate ions remains a similarly serious environmental problem. Industrial needs is reason the Cr(VI) ion is mostly found in the environment. Calix[n]arenes are such cyclic oligomers, obtained from the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde, and are well known as very useful extractants because of their unique three-dimensional structure and almost unlimited derivatization possibilities. In the present work, a calixarene derivative has been synthesized under suitable reaction conditions, and immobilized onto two natural polymers in order to evaluate their sorption abilities towards dichromate and arsenate ions.

Keywords: Calix[4]arene, dichromate anion, arsenate anion, solid-liquidextraction.


IBCESS

228

ASSESSMENT OF POINT SOURCE POLLUTION IMPACTFROM SBR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ON THERECEIVING BODY

Başak K. Taşeli

Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering,Environmental Engineering Department, 28200 Giresun/[email protected]

Since SBR (Sequential Batch Reactor) system is sequentially removes carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in a single reactor by maintaining anoxic and aerobic stages, it recently has attracted a great deal of interest. This study evaluates the impact of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) with a SBR system on a creek which is the influent tributary to Aegean Sea. Accordingly, this study demonstrates (1) the treatment efficiency of full-scale WWTP; (2) how WWTP influences creek’s water quality from 2012 to 2015; and (3) how creek influences receiving body’s water quality. This study shows that full-scale SBR treatment plant operates efficiently by complying with standards set by Turkish Legislations but the accumulation of pollutants occurs during low flows when point source is dominant. This is the case in the downstream of WWTP’s effluent discharge point.

Keywords: Wastewater treatment; point source; sequential batch reactor;receiving body.

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27



IBCESS

229

IBCESS

PosterPresentations


IBCESS

230

PP1

230

AN INFECTION RATES AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF NEW NEOGREGARINE (APICOMPLEXA: NEOGREGARINIDAE) WHICH ISOLATED FROM ANISOPLIA SEGETUM (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN TURKEY

Çağrı BEKİRCAN, Mustafa CÜCE and Tuba BEKİRCAN

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon, TURKEY [email protected]

Anisoplia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) species are important pests of cereal crops virtually all Northwest Asia and Southern Europe. Especially in Turkey, Anisoplia segetum Herbst is common species of this genus. Both adults and larvae of A. segetum are harmful. While in larvae stage this pest feed on cereal roots, in an adult feeds with pollen and immature plant seeds. With these feeding behavior it cause the significant yield losses especially in wheat production. And this beetles are generally managed with using conventional chemical insecticides which are adversely affect the human health and environment. Based on this problem, and due to the large beetle population, we aimed to determine natural enemies of A. segetum in wheat fields in different cities of Turkey with present study. And in 2012, we determined one neogregarine infection for the first time in A. segetum on the world. In 2015, we conducted present study that aimed to determine distributions and rates of this neogregarine infection in different cities of Turkey like Nevşehir, Konya, Aksaray, Adana, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Osmaniye, Tekirdağ, Edirne, Erzurum and Bayburt.As a result of this study, neogregarine infection was determined 4 of the 10 cities. When the order to the rate of infection in these four provinces, Nevşehir was come first with 12.38 % infection rates then Osmaniye with 4.96 %, then Konya with 3.48 % and the last Aksaray with 0.47 %.

Keywords: Anisoplia, distribution, Neogregarine, Turkey, wheat.




IBCESS

231

NEW AMINOGLYOXIME DERIVATIVES: SYNTHESIS ANDBACTERIAL APPLICATION

İbrahim Karataş and Önder Alıcı

Selcuk University Science Faculty Department of Chemistry 42130 Campus/[email protected]

Oximes are very important for chemistry, engineering and the biological environment. Oxime compounds are used in following areas: many biochemical agent applications, molecular biology, environment and chemical applications by chemists, biologist and engineers. Recently, the increased use of antibiotics worldwide, the resistance to antibiotics has increased the importance of development. For this reason, many scientists working on these issues are to perform. For this purpose various synthetic compounds are synthesized and their effects on the bacteria that cause diseases are being investigated. Oxime compounds included the nitrogen and the hydroxyl group may be show effect on the bacteria. Also, oximes may be derivative with various amine compounds. So, these compounds may be increase effect on bacteria. In this study, chlorophenylglyoxime and chloroglyoxime were synthesized. And then, new aminoglyoxime derivatives were synthesized from reaction of 4-aminodiphenylamin and 3-amino-(9-ethyl-carbazole) with these oximes. Finally, these aminoglyoxime derivatives were investigated effect on various bacteria.

Keywords: Bacteria, Aminoglyoxime, Synthesis, Toxicity.

Acknowledgement: We thank SUBAP (Scientific Research Projects CoordinationUnit), Project no. 11201001, for the partial financial support.

PP2


IBCESS

PP3

232

FOREST AND ENVIRONMENT

Tuğçe Uğur

University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey [email protected]

Forests are extremely important natural resources that provide economic, ecological, social and cultural benefits such as food, fuel, shelter, medicine, income, employment, recreation, clean air and water. As being an ecosystem, the forests are living systems and community which are including trees in certain closeness, mutually interacting with other plant and animal communities; sheltering non-visible organisms in the soil. Turkey, with approximately 80 million hectares of area, has a rich diversity of the mountainous and ecogeography. As relevant to this ecological richness; forests are rich in the types and composition. According to determinations made in 2014, the forests cover 27.6% of the country’s surface area. Forests have countless benefits to the environment and nature. The most important one is to give oxygen into the atmosphere instead of the absorbed carbon dioxide. Thus; carbon dioxide and oxygen balance are maintained; and heat balance on the earth is protected. This makes a positive impact on the climate. As of 2012, the total amount of carbon stored in the forests of Turkey is estimated to be 1.1 billion tons. According to the calculations, national forests produce 38.7 million tons of oxygen annually. In addition, forests are natural source of water for plants and animals. Trees are preventing landslides and flooding; because they hold the soil with their roots. Besides, forests regulate the extreme heat; and they balance hot and cold. They lower the heat 5-8 degrees in summer, and increase 1-3 degrees in winter. They keep the humidity at a constant rate. They also condense vapor which feed the water cycle and rains; and absorb the powders which are causing environmental pollution; moreover prevent noise and air pollution around residential areas. As it seen; forests have many benefits to environment. Therefore, this study will examine the forest and environment relationship; and it will be discussed the advantages of forests to humanity by analyzing utilities to nature and environment.

Keywords: forest, environment, Turkey



IBCESS

PP4

233

MICROPLASTICS IN EASTERN BLACK SEA COASTAL WATERS

Serhat Öge1, Coşkun Erüz1 and Koray Özşeker2

1 KTÜ, Deniz Bilimleri Fakültesi, 61530, Çamburnu Trabzon,Turkey2KTÜ, Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Enstitüsü, Trabzon, Turkey

[email protected]

Plastic, which is quite common and increasing use areas, in recent years has become a major pollutant for the land and marine environment. Over the last fifty years, solid waste and micro-plastic pollution in the sea and freshwater systems have become a important research topics. One of the first research report on plastic waste in the ocean were Carpenter and Smith (1972), Colton and Knapp (1974) studies. But it was not enough to take attention of the scientific World to microplastic polution issue. In the following years, due to widespread of these pollutants, it create social and health problems and get more attention to the issue and has led to the investigations. According to Arthur et al. (2009), classification method of small plastic particles which range in size from 0.3 to 5 mm called microplastic. Although referred as to smaller than 0.3 mm of plastic is nano plastics some of available studies are called all plastics particles as microplastic.which are smaller than 5mm in size. The studies of micro-plastic focused on water, sediments and other natural environments, but also they are consumed as food by birds and aquatic creatures. Plastics have been found in the stomach contents of the water creatures. In this study, the physical and chemical polluting microplastics in the Trabzon coastal waters and Uzungol water was determinated. Micrroplastics colected by using 330μm mesh size plankton net. Although microscope used to determinate size, color and derivative analysis. Microplastic consentration and distribution were also discussed. İn the area water refresh rate and current speed is high. It was found that an average concentration of 0.3-5mm range microplastic is in coastal surface water 0.3piece/m3 In the area, microplastic pollution is existing but level is not at the high.

Keywords: Microplastic, Black Sea, Uzungöl, Trabzon


IBCESS

PP5

234

EFFECT OF FEEDING WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE DURING TWO GENERATIONS ON WEIGHT GAIN

Çavuşoğlu K1, Yalçın E1, Çiçek F2, Seven B1 and Yapar K3

1Giresun University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey [email protected] University, High School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Technical, Giresun, TURKEY3Giresun University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Giresun, TURKEY

When a gene from one organism is purposely moved to improve or change another organism in a laboratory, the result is a genetically modified organism (GMO). It is also sometimes called “transgenic” due to transfer of genes. In the present study, we present for the first time a comparative analysis of weights of body, liver and kidney through two generations in New Zealand rabbits fed with commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (MON 810), which are present in food and feed in the world. The rabbits were divided into three portions: parent, first-generation and second-generation. In each section was divided into two groups in itself. The control and treatment group (GM). The rabbits in the control group were fed with conventional maize (non-GM) and the rabbits which are in the treatment groups were fed with GM maize. At the beginning of the study, six females and six male New Zealand rabbits were used those obtained from Experimental Animals Production Center of Giresun University, in Giresun, Turkey. All rabbits were provided with tap water ad libitum through the study and were housed singly in polycarbonate cages with stainless steel cover. Liver and kidneys were obtained for weighing. The average weight of body and organs were measured with the aid of precision scales. As a result, long-term feeding of non-GM maize to rabbits did not change weight of body and organs in the control groups of parent and both generations. No statistically significant differences were found in relative body and organ weights of rabbits within groups (P>0.05). The weight of body, liver and kidneys in GM maize groups of rabbits were different from those in controls which feed with conventional maize. The increased liver weights were also observed significant reduce in the relative weights of the kidney and body in parent and both generation. The results of this study showed that even if GM maize in a short time can cause adverse effects on the weight of body and organs of rabbits the over generations.

Keywords: Genetically modified organism, body weight, kidney, liver, maize.



IBCESS

PP6

235

MICRONUCLEUS TEST ON RABBITS FED OVER TWO GENERATIONS WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE

Çavuşoğlu K1, Yalçın E1, Demirtaş G1 and Acar A2

1Giresun University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected] University, High School of Health Services,

Department of Medical Services and Technical, Giresun, Turkey

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. The objective was to determine the effect of fed with GM maize (MON 810) on the frequency of micronucleus in New Zealand rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three portions: parent, first-generation and second-generation. In each section was divided into two groups in itself. The control and treatment group (GM). The rabbits in the control group were fed with conventional maize (non-GM) and the rabbits which are in the treatment groups were fed with GM maize. At the beginning of the study, six females and six male New Zealand rabbits were used those obtained from Experimental Animals Production Center of Giresun University, in Giresun, Turkey. All rabbits were provided with tap water ad libitum through the study and were housed singly in polycarbonate cages with stainless steel cover. At the end of work, the rabbits were anesthetized with ether, and the blood samples were collected from a vein on the ear of the rabbits. About 5 mL of peripheral blood collected from each rabbit was immediately mixed with 3% EDTA solution in a cell well and smeared onto a clean slide. The erythrocytes were fixed in 70% methanol for 2 minutes and allowed to dry in a high temperature (40 oC) incubator overnight. Then, slides were stained with 5% May-Grunwald Giemsa stain (15 minutes). As a result, there was no evidence at all of micronucleus in the control groups of parent and both generations. In addition, has not been observed in the micronucleus in the parent and first generation of rabbits fed with GM maize. However, frequency of micronucleus increased from 0.00 to 10.00±2.83 in the erythrocytes cells of second generation of rabbits fed with GM maize. The results of this study showed that even if GM maize in a short time can cause genotoxicity in rabbits the over generations.

Keywords: Genetically modified organism, maize, micronucleus, rabbit.


IBCESS

PP7

236

THE EVALUATION OF FISH WASTE AS BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER

Tugba BAYRAK OZBUCAK1, Bengisu ELLIBES2, Oznur ERGEN AKCIN1,Dondu KABUL2 and Dogus YILMAZ2

1 University of Ordu, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Ordu, Turkey [email protected] 2 University of Ordu, Institute of Science, Department of Biology, Ordu, Turkey

The rapid increase of environmental problems has caused the formation of huge natural hazards in Turkey as well as all over the world in recent years. Population growth, deforestation, the decline of green areas, traffic and industrialization are just some of the environmental problems. Furthermore, the increase of the chemical inputs used in the agricultural fields to meet the food needs of the growing population is also another important factor that increases the environmental pollution. However, both overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in an unconscious way and dependence on them to increase the amount of product pose serious risks for the sustainability of agricultural production systems in the longer term as well as economic losses. This problem led to increase in studies to develop alternative methods that reduce the use of the chemicals in agriculture. The aim of all these studies is intended to re-establish the lost natural balance result of wrong applications in ecological system. These include human and natural environment-friendly production systems. In this regard, the use of some components with biological origin instead of chemical inputs is very important in increasing plant productivity and in preventing losses yield due to disease or pests in plants. Millions of fish wastes without evaluating are discarded to land and natural waterways every year in the world and Turkey. These wastes are increasing the burden of solid waste of their region. Evaluation of these wastes is very important in terms of both environmental health and country’s economy. In our country, there are lots of fish productions and processing factories at world standards. However, there are no studies about the use of fish waste especially for use in agriculture and contribution to the economy. Considering from this point, this study is aimed to investigate usage of fish waste as biological. For this purpose, we investigate the effects of fish waste fertilizer on growth and productivity of the tomato plant that has high economic value and, the potential and sustainability of fish waste using as a biological fertilizer.

Keywords: Biological fertilizer, fish waste, maintainability, tomatato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)



IBCESS

PP8

237

THE COMPARISION OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL SOILS

Tuğba B. Özbucak1, Gülaycan Polat1, Öznur E. Akçin1, Tümay Karataş2 and

Selahattin Özbucak3

1 University of Ordu, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Ordu, Turkey

[email protected] Kumru High School, Ordu,Turkey

3 Başöğretmen High School, Ordu,Turkey

In this study, some physical and chemical properties were compared in forest and agricultural soil taken from different localities in Ordu province (Turkey) depending on the elevation gradient (sea level, 500 and 1850 meters). According to the results of soil analysis, 1850 meters (forest soil) and sea level (agricultural land) localities have sandy-loam soil and locality of 500 meters (agricultural land) has sandy-clay-loam soil. In addition, it has been determined locality of 1850 meters (Çambaşı) has strongly acidic while the sea level locality has weakly acidic character. Statistically, there was found significant differences among soil samples along an elevation gradient in terms of humidity (0.011*), soil water content (0,012*), EC (0.004**), total salt (0.0088**), available K (0,002**), extractable Ca (0,000***) and Mg (0,011*), total N (0,001**). However, there were no significant differences in available P (0,053) and pH values (0,081).

Keywords: Forest soil, agricultural land, elevation gradient, soil parameters


IBCESS

PP9

238

ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACITIVITY OF HERACLEUM PLATYTAENIUM BOISS

Ramazan Erenler

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Gaziosmanpasa University, TR-60240, Tokat, Turkey [email protected]

Natural products, significant secondary metabolites drived from plants play a vital role in drug discovery and development process. Heracleum platytaenium belonging Apiaceae family is medicinal plant, has been used as traditional medicine in many countries. Aerial part of the plant material was extracted hexane and methanol sequentially. Methanol extract was subjected to the antiproliferative assays including C6 (rat brain tumor), HeLa (human cervix carcinoma), HT29 (human colon carcinoma) and Vero (African green monkey kidney epithelium) cells lines using BrdU cell proliferation ELISA and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. The results revealed that the H. platytaenium possess the moderate antiproliferative activities on all tested cell lines.

Keywords: Heracleum platytaenium, antiproliferative activity, HeLa, C6, Vero, HT29.



IBCESS

PP10

239

SEPARATION OF ORGANIC VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM WATER BY USING STARCH/PVA MEMBRANES

Esra Guler and Gülsen Asman

GaziUniversity, Faculty of Sci., Department of Chemistry/ Ankara-TURKEY [email protected]

Dehydration of volatile organic compounds is a very important topic for clean water processes. Membrane separation processes are commonly preferred for removing such solvents. Since the green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal, the use of gren-membranes appears as an important factor for the membrane separation processes. In this study starch was used as a green chemistry material to prepare the membranes for the separation of such solvents. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) that is known as biologically compatible polymer was used as a supporting material. Acetone was preferred as a volatile organic compound. Evapomeation method was used as a separation process in the study. It was determined that starch based membranes are highly selective for the separation of acetone-water mixtures. In the study the effect of the membrane thickness, feed composition, operation temperature and starch/PVA ratio on the separation performance of the membranes was studied. Increase in the membrane thickness, decreased the permeation rate while increasing the temperature increasing the permeation rates of the membranes.

Keywords: green chemistry, volatile organic compounds, membrane, separation


IBCESS

PP11

240

SYNTHETIC HOSPITAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY USING ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS WITH DIFFERENT CURRENT DENSITY

Özgür Nazikcan and Ali Savaş Koparal

Anadolu University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir, [email protected]

Hospital wastewater is considered a subcategory of domestic wastewater, however as a complex mixture of various units, including those which may contain pathogenic microorganisms and various residual drugs, its disposal is an issue that must be taken into consideration. A variety of organisms living in aquatic environments may be affected, either directly or indirectly, by hospitals’ wastewater due to the number of residual chemicals which can also affect their genetic formation and development. In 2013, roughly 2 billion boxes of drugs were consumed in Turkey. Moreover, Turkey now has the highest level of antibiotic usage per capita in the world. Various residual pharmaceuticals and personal care products can all be found with diffusion into aquatic environments ranging from nanograms to micrograms per liter, which are considered relatively low levels of pollution. However, conventional wastewater treatment plants cannot treat wastewater containing pharmaceuticals, and it is particularly difficult to convert into harmless forms. In this study, an investigation was carried out into electrocoagulation of synthetic hospital wastewater at natural pH, containing cefazolin (the most overprescribed antibiotic of 2013), at 1x10-4mM initial concentration by using parallel iron plates. The effects of different current density and corresponding energy consumption on the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) are investigated. In the experiments, the current density is increased gradually from 5 to 20mA/cm2 and COD removal efficiency is monitored. Optimal values are recorded. As a conclusion, the importance and benefits of sustainable onsite wastewater treatment in Turkish hospitals are emphasized.

Keywords: Cefazolin, Electrocoagulation, Sustainability, Synthetic hospital wastewater, Wastewater treatment.

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Anadolu University under grant no. 1505F419.



IBCESS

PP12

241

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIALAND ANTI-UREASE ACTIVITY OF FLAVOPARMELIA CAPERATA AND

XANTHOPARMELIA STENOPHYLLA LICHENS

Bahar Bilgin Sökmen1, Kadir Kınalıoğlu2 and Sinem Aydın2

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, TURKEY

2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, TURKEY

[email protected]

Lichens are symbiotic associations between a phycobiont and a mycobiont. In current study, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-urease activity of ethyl acetate extract of Flavoparmelia caperata (FC

E), diethyl ether extract of F.

caperata (FCD),ethyl acetate extract of Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (XS

E) and

diethyl ether extract of X. stenophylla (XSD) lichens are investigated. Lichen

extracts were more effective against gram positive bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was found in FC

E against Bacillus subtilis; while the least

activity was observed in XSE against Staphylococcus aureus.The diethyl ether

extracts of the lichens have higher total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. Moreover, diethyl ether extracts of the tested lichens had better metal chelating activity and 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Standard antioxidants showed better activity than tested lichens in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. F. caperata(FC) and X.stenophylla (XS) lichens as a natural antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-urease sources appears to be an alternative to synthetic antibacterials, antioxidants and urease inhibitor.

Keywords: Antibiotic, Anti-ureas, Bacteria, Lichen, Free radical


IBCESS

PP13

242

A STUDY ON BIOCATALYTIC HYDROLYSIS OF WASTE EDIBLE OIL

Fatma Güler 1, Neşe Karasungur 1, Togayhan Kutluk1,2, Başar Uyar1,2 and Nurcan Kapucu1,2

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey2 Alternative Fuels R&D Center, Kocaeli University, 41040 Kocaeli, [email protected]

This study clearly reports that waste edible oils (WEOs) can be hydrolysed by lipase under the mild processes conditions. Biocatalyst (Lipozyme TL IM) loading and temperature effect on hydrolysis of WEO were investigated. Reactions were carried out in 250 ml erlenmeyers with oil:water mass ratio of 1:10 at 600 rpm for 30 hours and at different biocatalyst amounts and temperatures. After the reactions, % free fatty acids (FFA) were determined by NaOH titration according to the ASTM-D5555-95 standard. As a result of the experimental studies, maximum free fatty acids content of 96% was obtained with 60 mg biocatalyst at 55°C.

Keywords: hydrolysis, lipase, waste edible oil



IBCESS

PP14

243

DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS: A GREEN SOLVENT SYSTEM FOR DIGESTION AND ULTRASOUND ASSISTED LIQUID

PHASE MICROEXTRACTION OF COPPER IN LIVER SAMPLES

Gülsah Saydan Kanberoglu1, Erkan Yilmaz2 and Mustafa Soylak2

1Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Science Faculty Chemistry Department Van, Turkey2Erciyes University Science Faculty Chemistry Department 38050 Kayseri, Turkey

[email protected]

A green, simple, inexpensive and sensitive method named ultrasound assisted-deep eutectic solvent based emulsification liquid phase microextraction method (UA-DES-ELPME) was used for the preconcentration and separation of copper in sheep, bovine and chicken liver samples. The presented method includes two step: (1) Deep eutectic solvent based digestion of liver samples and (2) Deep eutectic solvent based emulsification liquid phase microextraction for digested liver samples. Sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate (NaDMDTC) as complexing agent, choline chloride-phenol (DES) as water-miscible extraction solvent and tetrahydrofuran as emulsifier agent were used. The liver samples were digested on hot plate at 1000C by using Choline chloride-Lactic acid deep eutectic solvent and the mixture was filtered. The solution was diluted with water and NaDMDTC was added to obtain hydrophobic Cu(II)-DMDTC complex. Then, 0.45 mL of choline chloride-phenol DES was added to sample solution containing Cu(II) ions and NaDMDTC. A homogeneous solution was formed immediately. After Injection of 0.45 mL of THF into homogeneous solution, the mixture was kept in an ultrasonic bath for 2 min leading to aggregation of DES molecules and consequently a turbid solution. After extraction, phase separation (aqueous phase/DES rich phase) was performed by centrifugation. DES rich phase was withdrawn by a micro-syringe and submitted to microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The accuracy of proposed method was checked by analyze of certified reference material (NIST SRM 1577b bovine liver) and addition/recovery tests for liver samples.

Keywords: Deep eutectic solvent, copper, liver samples, microextraction, flame atomic absorption spectrometer.


IBCESS

PP15

244

HYDROTHERMAL AND ACID PRETREATMENT OF WASTE BIOMASS TO ENHANCE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS

Murat KILIÇ and Başak B. UZUN AKINLAR


Pretreatment of biomass prior to the pyrolysis process has been shown to alter the structure and chemical composition of biomass. This method provides the potential to vary bio-oil chemical and physicalproperties for specific applications. In this work, valuable products via pyrolysis from waste pine wood chip (PWC) was obtained in two stage study. At the first stage PWC was treated by hydrothermal process using several concentrations of sulfuric acid (H

2SO

4) At the second step, bio-oils were produced from

untreated and pretreated PWC feed stocks in a fixed-bed reactor. Physical and chemical characteristics were determined in order to determine the effect of the pre-treatment on the yield and composition of the pyrolysis products. Characterization studies showed that pretreatment conditions have a significant effect on thephysical and chemical characteristics of the products and changing the pretreatment parameters, can be used to increase the yield of valuable products.The two stage study showed a promising way to enhance the product propertyin converting of non-edible waste biomass by pyrolysis.

Keywords: Biomass, hydrothermal, sulfuric acid, pretreatment, pyrolysis.

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank “Anadolu University Scientific Research Council” for the financial support of this work through the project 1506F496.



IBCESS

PP16

245

PYROLYSIS KINETICS AND THERMOGRAVIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUDE OIL SLUDGE USING

TG-FTIR-MS

Murat KILIÇ1, Gamzenur ÖZSİN1, Ersan PÜTÜN2, Esin APAYDIN VAROL1 and Ayşe E. PÜTÜN1

1Anadolu University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir, [email protected]

2Anadolu University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskişehir, Turkey

The petrochemical refineries generate a large volume of oil sludge from a variety of sources, such as crude oil tank bottoms and oil/water separators. The oil sludge accumulated due to several refining processes is considered as one of the most hazardous wastes due to its flammable and explosive nature.For recovery of hydrocarbons, reprocessing of oil sludge by pyrolysis offers an important advantage for both disposal and conversion of such wastes. In the present study, oil sludge obtained from the crude oil storage tank of a petroleum refinery plant located in Turkey (TÜPRAŞ-Turkish Petroleum Refineries Co.) was used as the raw material. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) coupled with mass spectrometer (MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Different heating rates (5, 10, 20 and 40 °C/min) were used to summarize the pyrolysis characteristics through analysing the change of mass loss by heating textile waste from room temperature to 1000 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. According to obtained TG and dTG thermograms, rate of mass loss changed with increasing heating rate and maximum dTG peak shifted to higher temperature regions. Temperature regimes were selected for studying the non-isothermal kinetics and dependences of the activation energy on the degree of conversion. For this purpose, different iso-conversional methods were applied to non-isothermal thermogravimetric data and results were compared among themselves. Moreover, released gases determined by MS and FT-IR spectra during pyrolysis. Results showed that pyrolysis of oil sludge could be an environmental friendly way for the transformation of such wastes into valuable solid, liquid and gaseous products.

Keywords: Kinetics, petroleum sludge, pyrolysis, TG-FTIR-MS.

Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank “Anadolu University Scientific Research Council” for the financial support of this work through the project 1202F030.


IBCESS

PP17

246

THERMAL DEGRADATION AND PYROLYSIS BEHAVIOR OF BREWED TEA WASTE BY TG-FTIR-MS: KINETICS AND EVOLVED GAS ANALYSIS

Murat KILIÇ, Gamzenur ÖZSİN, Elif Saraçoğlu and Esin APAYDIN VAROL


This study deals with the iso-conversional pyrolysis kinetics of brewed tea waste (BTW) in order to get information about its pyrolytic degradation in a model-free way. Experiments were conducted in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) coupled with mass spectrometer (MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Thermal degradation regions, weight losses and variation profiles during pyrolysis were determined with the obtained data. Kinetic parameters were determined by applying different iso-conversional kinetic models. Released gases were determined by MS and FT-IR spectra during pyrolysis and temperature-dependent profiles of main volatile products were obtained.

Keywords: Brewed tea waste, pyrolysis, TG-FTIR-MS, kinetics.



IBCESS

PP19

247

MICROPROPAGATION OF VACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM L. (BOG BILBERRY) NATURALLY GROWING IN THE

TURKISH FLORA

Mustafa Cüce, Tuba Bekircan and Atalay Sökmen

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon TURKEY

[email protected]

The purpose of this study was determined micropropagation by Vaccinium uliginosum L., in the Turkish flora. In order to specify the most effective basal medium, lateral buds were selected as explants, which were then individually cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS), Anderson’s rhododendron medium (AN), and McCown’s woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 1.0 mg L–1 zeatin in combination with either 0.1 mg L–1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or 0.1 mg L–1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). WPM, supplemented with zeatin and IBA, was found to be the most effective basal medium tested with 13.97 mm shoot length. Since shoot regeneration ability highly depends on the medium and cytokinin concentration, WPM basal media containing various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg L–1) of 3 different cytokinins, namely zeatin, thidiazuron, and N6-[2-isopentenyl] adenine, were used together with IBA (0.1 mg L–1) and were compared with basal media containing none of the growth regulators. In terms of shoot multiplication, 2.0 mg L–1 zeatin was found to be superior to the other tested growth regulators when combined with 0.2 mg L–1 IBA with 36.97 mm shoot length. WPM was also used as a basal medium for rooting and was supplemented with different concentrations of IBA, IAA and NAA (0.25–1.0 mg L–1) with or without activated charcoal (AC). For root formation, WPM supplemented with 0.5/1.0 mg L–1 IBA/AC was the best culture medium with 18.89%.

Keywords: Micropropagation, Vaccinium uliginosum, indole-3-butyric acid, zeatin

Acknowledgement: We thank Science, Industry and Technology Ministry, Turkey. Project no. 0360.TGSD.2011


IBCESS

PP20

248

EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CHANGES ON NEOGREGARINE INFECTION DETERMINED ANISOPLIA SEGETUM HERBST.

Çağrı BEKİRCAN, Mustafa CÜCE and Tuba BEKİRCAN

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon, TURKEY [email protected]

The study was planned to determine the effect of climatic changes on Neogregarine infection in Anisoplia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) species. Especially in Turkey, Anisoplia segetum Herbst is a common species of this genus. Both adults and larvae of A. segetum are harmful. And this beetle is generally managed by using conventional chemical insecticides which are adversely affecting the human health and the environment. Based on this problem, and due to the large beetle population, we aimed to determine natural enemies of A. segetum in wheat fields in different cities of Turkey with the present study. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of climatic changes of different city in Turkey (Nevşehir, Konya, Aksaray, Adana, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Osmaniye, Tekirdağ, Edirne, Erzurum and Bayburt). Effect of climatic changes has found so influential only Konya, Osmaniye and Nevşehir on infection of A. segetum. According to correlation coefficient statistical analyses, changes of years and months, temperature, humidity and precipitation data show differences and infection rates shows an important increase during years (P < 0.01). The infection rate showed strong positive correlation between years (r = 0.325**). In addition, there is positive strong correlate on between infection rate and precipitation (r = 0.095**). On the other hand, months, temperature and humidity showed negative correlation with infection rates (P < 0.01).

Keywords: Anisoplia, Humidity, Infection. Temperature, Wheat




IBCESS

PP21

249

COLORIMETRIC AND FLUOROMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SCHIFF BASES INCLUDING IMIDAZOLE

Meliha Kutluca Alıcı

Nigde University, Bor Vocational School Laboratory and Veterinary Health, Bor, Niğde

[email protected]

In recent years, the determination of useful or harmful anions and cations for living organisms and the environment using highly sensitive colorimetric and fluorescence sensors has been received great attention by chemists. These compounds are used in following areas: many biochemical agent applications, molecular biology, medical and chemical applications. Fluorescent sensors have several advantages such as their high sensitivity, easy handling and real-time monitoring over other methods. Schiff bases and their metal complexes are used various qualitative and quantitative analyses, the pharmaceutical industry, the paint industry, the plastic industry, and biochemical studies. In recent years, the synthesis of schiff bases having colorimetric and fluorometric responses has increased the importance of these compounds. A few studies have been reported on Schiff bases containing imidazole derivatives in literature. Imidazole derivatives are selected as the core structure due to they are heterocyclic compounds as well as display fluorescence property. In this study, Schiff-base derivative including imidazole was designed. Its fluorometric and colorimetric behaviors toward anions and cations were investigated by the help of UV–vis, fluorescence and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.

Keywords: Anion, cation, colorimetric sensor, fluorescent, turn on.


IBCESS

PP22

250

ANTIOXIDANT ACITIVITY OF SOME GREEN ALGAE

Tünay Karan1 and Ramazan Erenler2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Gaziosmanpasa University, TR-60240, Tokat, Turkey2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Gaziosmanpasa University, TR-60240, Tokat, Turkey [email protected]

Algea are potantially prolific source of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that represent useful guidance in the drug discovery and development process. In this work, Chlorella vulgaris, Spirogyra spp. and Cladophora fracta algae were collected and isolated from Tokat, Yesilirmak river district. They were cultuvated in a valne medium and seeded in a petri disc. After identification of the species under the light microscope, they were hervested to be analysis for antioxidant acitivity. Three algae species were applied to the antioxidant assays including 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging and reducing power activities. Spiragoyra spp. has outstanding ABTS•+ activities whereas it did not reveal the noteworthy DPPH•+ effect. Cladophora fracta exhibited excellent ABTS•+, DPPH•+ and reducing power activities. Chlorella vulgaris has not noteworthy effect on these radicals.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, green algae, Chlorella vulgaris, Spirogyra spp., Cladophora fracta.



IBCESS

PP23

251

SIMULTANEOUS BIOSORPTION OF TWO DIFFERENT DYES FROM AQUATIC MEDIUM

Fatih DENİZ1 and Elif TEZEL ERSANLI2

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Sinop University, 57000 Sinop, Turkey

2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Sinop University, 57000 Sinop, Turkey

[email protected]

In this research, co-bioremediation of Basic red 46 (Br46) and Basic violet 3 (Bv3) model dyes from liquid media by novel green composite biosorbent composed of Spirogyra sp. and Rhizoclonium sp. algal biomasses was investigated. The effects of various influential parameters such as pH, biosorbent amount, dye concentration and contact time were evaluated using a batch biosorption approach. Biosorption equilibrium experiments indicated that the best fit was achieved with Sips isotherm model. The maximum values of biosorption from binary component system were estimated to be 53.303 and 37.734 mg g-1 for Br46 and Bv3, respectively. Kinetic modeling studies showed that the co-bioremoval process of dyes from binary solution was described the pseudo-second-order model well. These results presented that the composite biomaterial could be used as a promising biosorbent to co-eliminate such dyes from aqueous environment.

Keywords: Biosorption, dyes, algal biomaterials, co-bioremoval.


IBCESS

PP24

252

DETERMINATION OF SOME BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OF THE NEST PAPER MATERIALS FROM TRABZON VESPA CRABRO GERMANA CHRIST, 1791 (HYMENOPTERA: VESPINAE) IN TURKEY

Ömer ERTÜRK1 and Duygu ODABAŞ2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey2Vocational School of Health Care, Giresun University, Giresun, [email protected]

The purpose of this work was to identify the nest materials and some physical characteristic features and elemental composition of Vespa crabrogermana nests. The nest surfaces were observe with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the inner surface of Vespa crabro germane ‘nest the medium thickness of the fibers were mix: 5.30, max: 11.90 μm and Average 9.07 μm respectively. In the outer surface of Vespa crabro germane ‘nest the medium thickness of the fibers were mix: 4.46μm, max: 11.40μm and Average 7.684 μm respectively. The nitrogen concentration of nest was 0.224% and the amount of protein was 1.4%. The percentages of the fibers, saliva, oil and oily and the water absorption capacity were calculated to be 70-75%, 25-30%, 16-20% and 120-150 %, respectively.

Keywords: Nest material, physical properties, SEM, Vespa crabro germana.



IBCESS

PP25

253

DETERMINATION OF SOME STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NEST PAPER FROM TRABZON MATERIALS

DOLICHOVESPULASAXONICA (FABRICIUS,1793) (HYMENOPTERA: VESPINAE) INTURKEY

Ömer Ertürk1 and Duygu Odabaş2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.2Vocational School of Health Care, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

The purpose of this work was to identify the nest materials and some physical characteristic features and elemental composition of Dolichovespulasaxonica (Fabricius,1793) nests. The nest surfaces were observed with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the inner surface of Dolichovespulasaxonica‘nest the medium thickness of the fibers were mix: 7.14, max: 26.9 μm and average 16.4 μm respectively. In the outer surface of Vespacrabrogermana ‘nest the medium thickness of the fibers were mix: 3.52 μm, max: 5.70 μm and average 4.63 μm respectively. The nitrogen concentration of nest was 0.616 % and the amount of protein was 3.08%. The percentages of the fibers, saliva, oil and the water absorption capacity were calculated to be 67-70%, 23-30%, 12-18% and 110-140 %, respectively. However it was found value of 0.2 ppm cd in the analysis element. The chemical structure and composition of bee nests plant lift have found that replaced by the environmental conditions of bees nest.

Key words: Dolichovespulasaxonica, nest material, physical properties, SEM


IBCESS

PP26

254

CLIMATE CHANGES AND ITS SOCIAL EFFECTS

Ufuk Gültekin


The latest data about the climate since the middle of the 19th century show that the world’s temperature has rose between 0.4 ° C and 0.8 ° C. Recently occurred and cannot be predicted extraordinary climate events are likely to show that the world’s climate is changing. Sea water level will rise as a result of temperature increase; and floods, droughts, and extreme weather events such as storms will be encountered more frequently. The global change in climate will trigger a chain social reaction all over the world. For example; leading to an increase in epidemics, causing the formation of heat waves, increasing variability in weather conditions and reducing the quality of the air may lead to the emergence of serious health problems. In addition; sea level rising, water shortages and droughts cause some specific areas to become no more available for human habitation. This may cause continental migration and natural resource induced wars (water wars) to be on the agenda. One of the major problems that may be caused by climate change is also unemployment. Especially reductions, occurring in the agricultural population and in agricultural production, may lead unemployment problem in agro-industrial sectors. The movement of human migration caused by disasters such as tsunami, desertification, floods, drought, and environmental problems is called “climate migration”. This climate migration also will blow up unemployment problem. While mentioning migration, unemployment and decline in production; in the usual manner, the deteriorating economy and poverty are coming connectively. Along with climate change; although some sectors will be affected positively, negative impact on the overall total is greater. Thus; on a global scale, because both habitats and large numbers of communities will be affected; contingency plans should be developed for climate changes. In this paper, climate change and its social effects are reviewed with possible scenarios. It’s pointed social effects of climate change; and how important taking measures are.

Keywords: Climate, environment, social effect



IBCESS

PP27

255

COVERING IRRIGATION CHANNELS WITH SOLAR PANELS

Kasım Eren Tuna


By the rise in world population and global warming, the demand for water is increasing day by day. On the other hand; available water resources in quality, is decreasing. The largest user of fresh water resources is agriculture. So increasing the efficiency of water used in agriculture has become a necessity. In other words; in order to meet the needs of growing world population; the yield obtained from per unit area must be increased. Most of the irrigation in Turkey is done through concrete coated lined canals. When compare Turkey and USA about water loss in coated lined canals; Turkey’s average loss is 133 times greater than USA (DSI report, 2014). Total water loss in Turkey is unfortunately above %50, and leakage losses constitute the majority of these losses. The renewal of old concrete channel is a difficult, long and costly process. But evaporation losses, which are the second major losses, can be decreased by an improvement in the covering up the open channels’ tops with solar panels. This method is relatively faster and that also will pay for itself in medium term. The solar roofs covering top of the channels not only prevent the solar radiation which provocate surface evaporating; but also produce electric energy. This also makes the flooding water more efficient for drinking and irrigation. Moreover; the cooler water flowing under tops decreases the heat of panels; which increase solar cells’ efficiency. In other words; cooler solar panels means: both, more energy producing on unit time; and a longer life span than the ones on dry conditions. Free land use for solar panels is also extra advantage in investment costs. In this paper; it is mentioned the world’s growing need for water, and the losses occurring during irrigation in Turkey. Economic and practical solutions are offered to prevent this problem; and alternative usage of solar panels presented in win-win situation.

Keywords: water, solar, irrigation, Turkey


IBCESS

PP28

256

INVESTIGATION OF ANTICARCINOGEN PROPERTIES OF HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS ON HUMAN COLON CANCER

Ayşegül Yaman 1, Gülşin Arslan2 and Serdar Karakurt2

1Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Konya-Turkey [email protected] University, Science Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Konya-Turkey

The most important and dangerous disease in this century is cancer in which colon cancer gain crucial importance due to wrong eating habit. Helianthus tuberosusone of the edible fruit has been consumed not only by human being but also animals. This plant contains many phenolic and flavonoid compounds whose anticarcinogen properties on colon cancer was proved. High vitamin A content of the plant also increases protective properties against cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate anticarcinogen properties of Helianthus tuberosus on human colon cancer. Dried and crunched Helianthus tuberous was extracted through the Soxhlet device in methanol. Colon cancer cell line, SW-620, was grown in Leibovitz growth medium containing10% of FBS.3x104of cells were seeded into 96-well plate to observe cell proliferation with/without the presence of plant extract. The IC

50 value which shows theextract

concentration decreases50% ofcell growth was determined by Alamar Blue reagent. From sigmoidal plot of the inhibition vs log of concentration he IC

50

value was calculated. By this way the impact of Helianthus tuberosus extract on the proliferation of colon cancer cells was observed. Alamar Blue kit was applied for the detection of cytotoxic impact. Following the extraction, the yield was calculated as 23%. According to the Alamar Blue test, it was found out that Helianthus tuberosus extract dose dependently inhibited proliferation of SW-620 cells and IC

50 value was calculated as 46.89 µM. In conclusion,

Helianthus tuberosus was found to have cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells. This properties of plant might increase the resistance against proliferation of colon cancer in human being.

Keywords: Helianthustuberosus, Colon Cancer, Cytotoxicity, IC50



IBCESS

PP29

257

Cu2+AND I- SELECTIVE CALIX[4]ARENE DERIVATIVE APPENDED WITH NAPHTHALENE AS FLUORESCENT

PROBE

Mehmet Oguz1, Asif Ali Bhatti1,2, Shahabuddin Memon2 and

Mustafa Yilmaz1

1Selcuk University, Department of Chemistry, 42031 Konya, Turkey [email protected]

2National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

Fluorometry is becoming important for ion sensing because of its simplicity, high selectivity, and sensitivity. Design of a fluorescence sensor requires a molecule that possesses two functional units: an ionophore responsible for selectively binding ions and a fluorophore responsible for signal transduction. Calx[4]renes have been widely used as base for versatile fluorescent compounds. In this study we plan to synthesize new naphthalene appended calix[4]arene (5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-di((2-amido(1-naphthlene)ethyl)26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene) (6) by simple reactions. UV-visible and fluorescence studies were carried out with series of metal cations and anions that include solvatochromic effect, ion-ligand response and interference on absorption and fluorescence spectra. Results show that the ligand 6exhibited high selectivity for Cu2+ and I-. The ligand ion interaction follow photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. The stiochiomatric ratio of ion-ligand was calculated as 1:1 by using Job’s plot method and binding constant Ka

values were calculated by using Benesi-Hildebrand equation as 1×103 and 8×102 M-1 with detection limit calculated of 1.05×10-5 and 4.0×10-5 ML-1 for Cu2+ and I-

respectively.

Keywords: Fluorescent, PET, metal ions, binding constant.


IBCESS

PP30

258

REMOVAL OF REACTIVE BLACK 5 (RB5) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY AGRO-WASTE

Çiğdem Ay1,2

1Kutahya Vocational School of Technical Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey [email protected]

Synthetic dyes have been constituted the most dangerous source of environmental pollution in recent years. They are extensively used in several industries such as cosmetics, textile, paper-making, printing, plastics, rubber, food and dyehouse. Most of dye molecules consist of organic and inorganic substances. Among these dyes, reactive dyes are colored compounds that have highly soluble. Various physical and chemical treatment mehods have been used for textile effluents. However, these methods are not mostly successful to treat the wastewaters. Biosorption is used as an alternative to these methods in recent years. Biosorption is superior to the others due to its easier, waste-free, clean, selective and cost-effective. In this study the biosorption ability of Agro-waste (AW) for Reactive Black 5 (RB5) was investigated. The biosorption of RB5 onto AW was investigated by means of pH, contact time and temperature; besides biosorption kinetic and isotherm parameters were deduced by using experimental data. Effective pH for the biosorption of RB5 onto AW was around1.5. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to be the best to represent the equilibrium with experimental data.

Keywords: Agro-waste, biosorption, dyes, Reactive Black 5.

Acknowledgement: I thank DPU-BAP (Scientific Research Projects of Dumlupinar University), Project no. 2014/13, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP31

259

THE CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOSORPTION BEHAVIOR OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED AGRO-WASTE

Çiğdem Ay1,2

1Kutahya Vocational School of Technical Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey

[email protected]

Agro-waste materials such as wheat straw, oats straw, sugarcane dust and agave bagasse have functional groups (i.e. carboxyl and hydroxyl) that play a major role in dyes sorption. The advantages of these materials include availability, low-cost, and a reasonable metal sorption capacity. The aim of the present study was to enhance the biosorption capacity of a agro-waste biomass using various chemical modifications. Among these modifications, hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) modification indicated the best performance with regards the improvement of RB5 removal from aqueous solution. The characterization of HMDA modified agro-waste (HMDA-AW) was achieved by using elemental analysis, FT-IR, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and zeta potential measurement techniques. Based on FTIR study, the chemical modification of AW take place with its carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl etc. groups and these groups are responsible for the biosorption of RB5 onto unmodified biomass or modified biomass. The biosorption property of RB5 ions onto biosorbents was investigated. A contact time of 50 min and pH 1.50 were found to be optimum.

Keywords: Agro-waste, biosorption, dyes, modification, Reactive Black 5.

Acknowledgement: I thank DPU-BAP (Scientific Research Projects of Dumlupinar University), Project no. 2014/13, for the partial financial support and Department of Chemistry at Anadolu University.


IBCESS

PP32

260

POSSIBLE ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THREE DAMS (ALADEREÇAM, GÖKÇEBEL, YAŞMAKLI) AT HIGH ALTITUDES IN GIRESUN

Mustafa YILMAZ

Mustafa YILMAZ, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, [email protected]

Hydrological dams are big constructions and greatly effect their environments, local people life, and habitats of plants and wild animals. Yaşmaklı, Gökçebel, and Aladereçam are very interesting three hydrological dams at high altitudes in mountainous areas of Giresun, Turkey. These three dams in three different watersheds are linked to each other with underground tunnels and water is transported from one watershed to another one in order to maximize hydroelectric power production. Hydrological dams have ecological impacts in watersheds such as more relative humidity, movement of animals and fishes, suitable survival conditions at higher altitudes for plants, changes in fungi and insect populations, etc. Fragmentation in the population of animals and plants, changes in water temperature, alteration in forest ecosystems, changes in aquatic ecology and river hydrology are other possible influences. On the other hand, surrounding areas of dams are often very attractive recreational and ecotourism activities sites. The effects of dams can be both beneficial and detrimental to the plant, animals, and people. Possible ecological impacts should be considered and necessary measures should be taken to minimize the negative effects on the habitat. For example, the changes on the natural salmon populations should be observed and recorded. Ecological impacts should be considered in the future management of these dams’ watershed. In this paper, the possible effects of three dams on the surrounding habitat, plants, animals and local people have been evaluated.

Keywords: Watershed, Dam, Forest, Fragmentation



IBCESS

PP33

261

SYNTHESIS OF BENZIMIDAZOLE SCHIFF BASE DERIVATIVES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES

Cennet ARSLANER and Ziya Erdem KOÇ

Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Kimya Bölümü, Konya, [email protected]

Benzimidazoles have been known to be a very important class of heterocyclic organic compounds. Theirs contain a phenyl ring fused to an imidazole ring. Benzimidazole and their derivatives have diverse applications in coordination chemistry, photophysics, photochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry. In recent years, this class of organic compounds has garnered a lot of attention, especially due to their applications in various biological studies. Some noteworthy because of their widespread pharmaceutical importance and biological activities of benzimidazoles are against several viruses including antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory, potential anti-tumor agents, anti-parasitic agents, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antifunga, anti-inflamatory, antiviral and analgesic properties. The compounds with azomethine group in its structure are known as Schiff bases, which are synthesized by the condensation reaction of primary amines and active carbonyl groups. Schiff bases of benzimidazole have been reported with remarkable antibacterial, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Traditionally, benzimidazoles have most commonly been prepared from the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with carboxylic acids under harsh dehydrating reactions, utilizing strong acids. However, though the use of milder reagents. The imidazole family of compounds plays an important role in biological and chemical systems. The present study reports a method for achieving benzimidazole Schiff base systems formed by reaction 2-(4-Aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Herein, we reported the synthesis of aldehydes and its Schiff base as a new template. The aldehydes is then reacted with 2-(4-Aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole to afford the corresponding benzimidazole Schiff bases. Synthesis of Benzimidazole Schiff base derivatives of Transition Metal Complexes.

Keywords: Benzimidazole, schiff base, transition metal complexes, PPA.


IBCESS

PP34

262

THE SYNTHESIS OF BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE AND INVESTIGATION OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES

Esra KAPLAN and Ziya Erdem KOÇ Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Kimya Bölümü, Konya, [email protected]

During the last few years the potential of benzimidazole derivatives in agrochemical and medicinal properties have been subjected to investigation. Benzimidazole derivatives have been received central attention due to their significant antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-HIV, anticancer, and a wide array of other biological activities. The study of Benzimidazole containing Schiff bases is also of interest as some of them have shown the ability to anticancer. The formation of 2-aryl-substituted benzimidazoles, by the polyphosphoric acid-catalyzed condensation of a carboxylic acid is described. The structures of the substances obtained FT-IR, 1H NMR, elemental analysis and magnetic susceptibility analysis methods were illuminated. With the increasing environmental concern and the regulatory constraints faced in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, development of environmentally benign organic reactions has become a crucial and demanding research area in modern organic chemical research. Today benzimidazole ring system which is used in many clinical drug. Much condensation intermolecular and intermolecular reaction with polyphosphoric acid has been demonstrated in recent years. This reaction has been obtained by Phillips benzimidazole. Synthesis of benzimidazole carboxylic acid with o-phenylenediamine as a result of heat setting condensation reaction with the formation of the free arylamine formed in the PPA ring is formed by dehydration of the water formed. The resulting 2,2’-bis benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid and novel benzimidazole metal complexes with transition metals have been synthesized.

Keywords: Benzimidazole, schiff base, transition metal complexes, PPA.



IBCESS

PP35

263

EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON ENVIRONMENT

Aybüke Kaya and Erdal Dağıstan

Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture Economics, Antakya, Turkey

[email protected]

Food is one of the vital needs of people. The demand for food based on population growth exhibit continuous increase, as well. Owing to their limited agricultural lands, countries also get started on increasing agricultural productivity with a number of agricultural practices (fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, etc.). But in case of practising unconsciously such applications, it is known to lead to very serious health and environmental issues which its effects may not be seen immediately but in long term it creates problems. Especially chemical fertilizers, pesticides, the usage of incorrect methods of irrigation constitute a serious threat to sustainable agriculture and environment. This study will examine in terms of agricultural and environmental relationship, will be executed to determine the environmental problems caused by agricultural practices and to find a solution for these problems. Because it is necessary to ensure both the sustainability in agricultural production and to protect the natural environments in which is habitat of living creatures. Otherwise; due to wrong and excessive irrigation, as well as the soil salinity problem might come up, reduction in available agricultural lands with the misuse of it, and many living creates might face with the danger of extinction. Therefore, the farmers who are in the activities of agricultural production should be raisen awareness abort the problems which are possible to appear and regular training program should be applied to manufacturers in this regard. It has also negative effects on it if practiced unconsciously as well as agricultural production has positive effects on environment. Thus, the harms of agriculture on environment will be determined and what kind of precations need to be taken will be discussed.

Keywords: agricultural practices, pollution, extinction, environmental effects, sustainability.


IBCESS

PP36

264

COMPARISON OF PINE CONE POWDER/MICA CONTENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER COMPOSITES

Alev Akpınar Borazan1, Gökhan Açıkbaş2, Duygu Gökdai3 and Sevcan Yılmaz4

1Authors’ Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Chemical and Process Engineering Department, Bilecik, Turkey [email protected]’s Vocational School of the Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Metallurgy Program, Bilecik, Turkey

Wood as a building material is as old as mankind and the availability of this natural resource is diminishing. This situation has led to the development of alternative materials. Pine trees are the most common coniferous tree worldwide. Large woody cones are a key element for pine trees. Besides the obvious use of cones for decorations, pine cone can be used for a variety of purposes. The present study are explored the suitability of pine cone powder and mica fillers for composite productions and also compared their mechanical properties. These composites are made using matrices of polyester with pine cone powder, P and mica, M as filler. Corresponding polyester composites (C) are also made using pine cone powder increasingly into two different set; 1st code PC, 2nd code PMC. Loading filler weight ratios (wt%) of composite are given respectively 1st set P/M ratios; 6:0, 9:0 and 12:0, and 2nd set P/M ratios; 6:6, 9:6 and 11:6. The flexural strength is decreased up to increasing the reinforcement amount of pine cone powders from 6 to 12% in composite structures. The elastic modulus and hardness values are similar for all compositions in each set separately. The modulus of PMC increases 3 to 17% with adding ceramic mica phase content. After the addition of 6% mica to increasing the amount of cone powders, the flexural strength of PMC is lower than the PC’s. Impact strength of fibrous organic cones phase is higher than inorganic ceramic mica phase, 13-18%. It is considered that the byproduct composites do provide a viable material and have the potential to become a sustainable replacement option for furniture panel composites.

Keywords: Pine cone powders, mica, composites, mechanical properties

Acknowledgement: This research work was supported by TÜBİTAK BİDEB 2209-A Graduate Scholarship Programme.



IBCESS

PP37

265

EFFECTS OF LAND USE DIFFERENCES ON NITROGEN MINERALIZATION AND SOIL FERTILITY IN RIZE

Mehmet KÜÇÜK

Artvin Çoruh University Forester Faculty, Department of Forest Engineering, Artvin, Turkey

[email protected]

In this study, the effects of land use differences in soil properties and nitrogen mineralization were investigated. For this purpose, tea, kiwi fruit, nut and forest areas were selected by Kalkandere district, Rize. Soil samples were taken 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm soil soil depth. Some soil physical and chemical properties analyzed such as a texture, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, skeleton content and nitrogen mineralization. According to the obtained data, effects of land use differences on sand, clay, pH, organic matter, carbonate, bulk density and nitrogen mineralization of 63 days are statistically significant in both deep. As a result of the study, conversion of forests to farmland has changed significantly soil properties and soil fertility. This conversion leads to forest degradation and erosion. Keywords: Land use, tea, organic matter, nitrogen mineralization, Rize.


IBCESS

PP38

266

PRICING POLICY OF AGRICULTURAL WATER USE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND TURKEY

Zeynep Zaimoglu


Agricultural irrigation is among the major biggest water consumption groups both in our country and in the world. Potable water, municipal water and industry follow this. Agricultural water usage, its rate and collecting agents all differed in history of the republic in our country. Whereas pricing in developed countries is the most efficient tool which is used for arranging irrigation water as a result of global warming and depletion of water resources. Together with being organized of the principals of water and indirectly soil sources’ protection equally depends on remarkable prices occurring all around. Methods of pricing water are differently sensitive to physical, social, corporative and political occurrences in every country even in different regions of countries. In this work European Union countries, the United States of America and Turkey’s water pricing methods have been investigated. To create the most optimum usage, pricing suggestions have been created especially for water and land resources.

Keywords: Irrigation, pricing, irrigation policies.



IBCESS

PP39

267

URANIUM(IV) TOLERANCE, REMOVAL AND BIOACCUMULATION BY USING THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS

MOJAVENSIS AND ITS UV- SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION

Sadin Özdemir1, M. Kadir Koyuncu1 and Ersin Kılınç2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey

[email protected] Services Vocational High School, Medical Marketing and Promotion

Programme, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200, Mardin, Turkey

In this study, Uranium(IV) tolerance and bioaccumulation were investigated by using thermophilic Bacillus mojavensis. The level of U(VI) was determined with UV-vis spectrophotometry. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value of U(IV) was determined as 85 mg/L after 72h. Bacterial growth was not affected in the presence of 1 and 2.5 mg/L U(IV) at 36h and the growth was partially affected in the presence of 5 mg/L U(IV) at 24 h. The U(IV) removal rates were 100%, 100% and 99.9% in the presence of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/L U(IV), respectively at 48h. What was obtained from this study is that there was diversity in the various periods of the growth phases of metal bioaccumulation capacity, which was shown by B. mojavensis. In presence of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/L U(IV), the maximum bioaccumulation capacities were found to be 11.11, 22.72 and 41.62mg U(IV)/dry bacteria weight at 48h. In addition to these, various concentration of U(VI) on α-amylase production was also studied. The α-amylase activities at 0, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/L U(IV) were found as, 3803.6, 3070.1, 2891.9 and 2514.2 U/mg, respectively at 48h.

Keywords: Bacillus mojavensis, resistance, bioaccumulation, U(IV)


IBCESS

PP40

268

SEED PRIMING TO OVERCOME EXTERNAL STRESS CONDITIONS UNDER CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

Muhittin KULAK

Kilis 7 Aralık University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Kilis, Turkey [email protected]

External stress conditions such as drought, salt, flood or extreme temperatures cause significant alterations in both yield and quality in many crop species but the adverse effects of abiotic stress factors can be alleviated with exogenous chemical priming in order to stimulate induced resistance. Seed priming is defined as a method promoting rapid and uniform growth in plants. There are many seed priming techniques in improving germination and growth, then increase tolerance to subsequent stress conditions.Some of them are salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, mepiquat chloride, brassinosteroid, jasmonate, 5-aminolevulinic acid.A few decade years, there have been many studies concerned with priming processes related to the resistance of susceptible plants against a wide ranges of abiotic ranges of stress factors and the modulation roles of seed priming in response to the abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, chilling, heat, ultraviolet, radiation, and heavy metals have been well demonstrated in the recent years.Studies on priming-modulated induction of abiotic stress tolerance have been performed at the biochemical and physiological levels.In this mini review, plant growth, development and subsequently metabolite changes after priming process will be described and discussed.

Keywords:Seed priming, stress factor, plants, changing environment



IBCESS

PP41

269

POLLUTION EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES OVER THE BLACK SEA

Aysel Kekillioğlu

Nevşehir HBV Uni. Faculty of Science & Letters, Dept. of Biology, 2000 Evler, 50300 Nevşehir-Turkey

[email protected]

The Black Sea is a natural inland water basin situated between Europe and Asia. Six countries share The Black Sea coast: Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. The Black Sea with ıts total area of roughly one third the size of continental Europe is one of the largest inland water basins in the world. The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean only through the narrow and winding Bosphorus Straits, a 35-km natural channel, as little as 40 m deep and 700 m wide in places. It leads to the Sea of Marmara and then to the Aegean Sea through the Dardanelles. This complex natural system makes the replenishment of seawater in the Black Sea very slow. Environmental issues and the protection and rehabilitation of the Black Sea area of great interest for the coastal population. In recent times the entire Black Sea environment has suffered a major and very evident decline. The sea has been used for fishing, tourism, mineral extraction and marine transport and as a convenient dumping place for solid and liquid waste. The large influence of the land and the intensive use of the sea by shipping suggested that pollution was the cause of the decline. It was also clear that this pollution was the result of the human activities in all coastal countries and if the crisis was to be averted, the issue had to be addressed jointly. The most significant process causing degradation of the Black Sea as far as pollution is concerned has been the massive over-fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, coming largely from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources. This phenomenon, called eutrophication has changed the entire Black Sea ecosystem. Toxic substances such as pesticides and heavy metals do not appear to pollute the whole sea, but appear in ‘hot spots’ near certain well-identified sources. The main purpose of this study is to find out the results with reasons about these polluters that are usually associated with heavy industry and with the economic decline in the region their use has decreased considerably. Recent studies have shown the presence of DDT in Turkish rivers, streams, and domestic and industrial discharges, which indicates their illegal use. The use of these chemicals in other Black Sea countries is currently unclear.

Keywords: Pollution, Environment, Black Sea, Pesticides, DDT, Sustainability,


IBCESS

PP42

270

ENERGY DIVERSITY & POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF TURKEY

Aysel Kekillioğlu

Nevşehir HBV Uni. Faculty of Science & Letters, Dept. of Biology, 2000 Evler, 50300 Nevşehir-Turkey [email protected]

Today’s world energy systems, relying on fossil and nuclear fuels, endanger the very existence of humanity. It also causes adverse environmental and societal effects, notably climate change which was the severest global problem in the modern age as rapid increase of population and industrialization in the 20th century resulted in a huge energy demand across the world. Energy is one of Turkey’s most important development priorities. Hence, utilization of indigenous renewable energy sources is of vital importance for Turkey to reduce its dependence on foreign energy supplies, provide supply security and prevent the increase in greenhouse gas emission. Turkey has a quite diverse energy resources, including hard coal, lignite, oil, hydropower, natural gas, geothermal, wood, animal and plant wastes and solar. However, utilization of these resources is not at desired levels to meet the demand of the country as, the energy demand of Turkey is increasing more than its energy production. At this point, it is needed to note that, Turkey is quite a rich country in terms of renewable energy potential. Finally In this study, renewable ecological energy sources of Turkey and their potentials will be discussed separately as hydropower, wind energy, solar energy and biomass. Hydropower has the highest share with 93.8% among renewable energy sources in Turkey in terms of installed capacity. Wind energy has shown a rapid development all over the world in recent years. Turkey has a very high geothermal energy potential since it is located along the Alpine–Himalayan belt. Because of its geographical location Turkey has a higher solar energy potential than most of the other countries. The annual biomass potential of Turkey is around 32 Mtoe. Though their financial and environmental disadvantages, incentive policies and privileges foster the utilization of renewable energy sources. In this context, it is considered that the increase of the utilization of renewable energy sources strongly depends on government policies. Keywords: Energy, Renewable Environment, Sustainable, Policy, Turkey



IBCESS

PP43

271

ECOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS ON RAPID HABITAT LOSSES OF GIRESUN ISLAND (ARETIAS)

Ümit İncekara

Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Erzurum, [email protected]

The “isolation” factor that affects the islands forms unique fauna and flora elements. Therefore, the biodiversity of the islands is very important in terms of biogeography and always interesting. Ecological data are necessary for the protection and management of such interesting areas. 71 plant species were detected by the floristic studies on Giresun Island. Faunistic studies have mostly focused on the birds. Giresun Island, which is home to 26 bird species comes to the forefront with its intense bird population. However, there is no study regarding the island’s ecology and management. This study is the first study regarding the ecology of the island and was carried out during the 2015 summer season within the scope of the “Ecological Based Scientific Research Project of Natural Protected Areas of Trabzon, Artvin, Rize, Gümüşhane and Giresun Provinces” of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. In the field survey carried out in October 2015, it was observed that the archaeological excavation works initiated on the island completely destroyed or damaged many aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In particular, the invertebrates settled at the bottom of the trees were adversely affected by the excavation works carried out there or close by those trees. However, the presence of other similar habitats on the island was considered as a chance for the future flora and fauna of the island. On the other hand, the archaeological excavations initiated here will determine the future of the habitats on the island. When it is considered that the archaeological excavations have just started and how much space they will take is uncertain, it is a fact that many terrestrial and aquatic habitats on the island will be adversely affected by this or even will completely disappear in the near future.

Keywords: Giresun Island (Aretias), Habitat Losses, Ecological Evaluations


IBCESS

PP44

272

APPLICATION OF ISO 14001 IN HEALTH SERVICE SECTOR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Asude Ateş1 and Hülya Demirel2

1Sakarya University, Environmental Engineering Department, Sakarya, [email protected] Sakarya University, Environmental Protection Technologies Department, Sakarya, Turkey

In recent years, environmental pollution control and the preservation of natural resources have become one of the most important issues that concern all humanity by increasing of industrialization. The increase of environmental pollution, global environmental problems has reached a level that threatens human health and ecological balance. With the aim of protection of environmental pollution, industrial enterprises have the necessity to act in conformity of many regulations are applied by governments. Also, new environmental policies have developed. In the respect, ISO 14001 Environmental Management System has played to solve the problems such environmental pollution and natural resources consumption. ISO 14001 management system is the standard enabling companies to control their potential environmental impacts of operations on environment. ISO 14001 management system is standard that provides the necessary structure to control their potential environmental impacts of operations on environment. The objective of this standard pave the way for pollution protection, providing of effective waste and source management and the process of compliance with legal requirements. In this study, environmental management system and related standards has been explained and especially the application of ISO 14001 to platinum and screw manufacturer for health sector has been examined. Production workflows of enterprise, environmental policy waste management plan are examined and wastes that occur in the 2015-2016 year are classified. In 2015, total waste amount is approximately 30 ton. 13,5 ton of these wastes is solid waste (metal waste, plastic, paper and household waste), electronic waste and contaminated waste are 1519 kg and 119 kg, respectively. In 2016, waste amount will be 29 ton according to waste management plan done as part of the standard. On the other hand, the experience with ISO14001 of enterprise and the benefits of implementing and maintainability of it has been assessed.

Keywords: ISO 14001, platinum and screw manufacturer, waste management.



IBCESS

PP45

273

SOME BIOLOGICAL RESULTS FOR THE MIRIDAE (HEMIPTERA) IN THE HABITATS OF TIRANA

Eltjon Halimi and Anila Paparisto

University of Tirana; Faculty of Natural Science; Department of Biology, Tirana, Albania

[email protected]

The family of Miridae Hahn, 1831 (plant bugs), presents a considerable number of species on Hemiptera, approx. 9800 species. It is evaluated that these insects can damage the agricultural crops. Due to their features they are applied as integrated biological weapons. This paper aims to increase the Entomophauna knowledge of the country. This study aim to present a sysmtematic and ecological analysis to the family Miridae the true bugs, in the different ecosystems of Tirana region, Albania. The collection of biological material is performed during the period 2012- 2013. The collection of biological samples was achieved through the use of entomological nets of 80cm diameter, and Pitt’s traps. The fine biological materials were placed in plastic flacons 150-200 ml. They were preserved to the scientific laboratory in bottles of ethanol solution 95%, acetic acid, and distilled water. The biological samples were analyzed and determined by Stereomicroscope ZEISS. The study analyzed 105 individuals, which are represented by 21 genus and 31 species. By analyzing the collected material, the genera Deraeocoris is the most represented with 4 species and a frequency of 12.09%. Habitats of Petrela station are represented by more species than the other stations, with 12 species and a frequency of 38.71%, with less species Ndroqi station with 5 species and a frequency of 19.35%. Based on the “Jaccard index of similarity coefficient”, Dajti with Farka and Krraba with Farka stations, have a higher similarity coefficient than the other stations, of 21.42%, with the lowest coefficient Krraba and Petrela with 5%, showing a similarity of the ecological factors between these stations, which means a similarity between these habitats. Zoogeographic regions of Palearctic, representing most of the species of the species Miridae, with 12 species and frequency 32.36%. Compared to the elevated number of species for that family, it has been found that thier number is limited in the area of the study. We think that the main reason is the economical development in the Western part of the country.

Keywords: Dominance, ekosystems, habitats, Hemiptera, Miridae.


IBCESS

PP46

274

INVESTIGATION OF p(EPMA-CO-AMPS) BASED HYDROGEL AS A DRUG CARRIER

Pinar Ilgin1, Tuğba Gür2, Necdet Karakoyun2 and Aycan Gür3

1Scientific Research and Application Laboratories, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey2Vocatioanal School of Services, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey

Nowadays, hydrogels are used in a variety of applications such as hygiene products, agriculture and other specialized areas like controlled drug delivery systems. The high water content of hydrogels renders them biocompatible to living systems and their soft nature can minimize damages to the surrounding tissues. Due to their unique characteristics functional hydrogels have enormous potential for future development. These crosslinked polymers are known to stimuli-responsive hydrogels and are also called “intelligent hydrogels”. Environmental factors like pH, temperature, electric field, ionic strength and salt concentration cause an abrupt volume changes in hydrogels. Due to these reasons, hydrogels have received significant attentions in many fields like drug delivery systems, tissue and cell application, contact lenses, biosensors, artificial organ production. In this study, pH-sensitive poly(epoxypropylmethylacrylate-co-acrylamidopropansulfonic acid) hydrogels were synthesized as controlled release systems in the presence of N,N-methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as initiator. Hydrogels were characterized by SEM, ATR-FTIR, TGA as well as equilibrium swelling uptake measurements. Prepared hydrogels were loaded with a model drug like Rhodamine 6G which is also used as a laser dye, or gain medium, in dye lasers and in-vitro release of Rhodamine 6G from hydrogels were examined in buffer solutions of varying pH values.

Keywords: Drug Release, hydrogels.



IBCESS

PP47

275

THE COP21 PARIS AGREEMENT AND TURKEY

Fuat Budak and Sevgi Yılmaz

Cukurova University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Adana, [email protected]

At the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015, 195 countries adopted the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate agreement. The new agreement ends the strict differentiation between developed and developing countries that characterized earlier efforts, replacing it with a common framework that commits all countries to put forward their best efforts and to strengthen them in the years ahead. This includes, for the first time, requirements that all parties report regularly on their emissions and implementation efforts, and undergo international review. The agreement sets out a global action plan to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C, while urging efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. The 187 countries responsible for more than 97 percent of the world’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have announced specific reduction plans also known as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)., Turkey, in its INDC, offers a 21% reduction in emissions by 2030, compared to a business-as-usual scenario (BAU) and requests financial support, including from the Green Climate Fund. Turkey plans to use carbon credits from international market mechanisms to achieve its 2030 mitigation target in a cost effective manner and in accordance with the relevant rules and standards. This paper will discuss the outcomes of Paris Agreement and its impact on Turkey.

Keywords: COP21, Paris Agreement, greenhouse gas, climate change, Turkey


IBCESS

PP48

276

SYNTHESIS OF ECO-FRIENDLYGRAFT COPOLYMERS BY “CLICK” CHEMISTRY

Hıdır Ayyıldız, Ergül Meyvacı and TemelÖztürk

Giresun University, Department of Chemistry, Giresun, 28100, [email protected]

Synthesis of environmentally eco-friendly poly(epichlorohydrin-g-ethylene glycol) [poly (ECH–g–EG)]graft copolymerwas reported by means of “click” chemistry. For this purpose, epichlorohydrin (ECH) was polymerized by using H2

SO4 via cationic ring-opening mechanism. Propargylpolyethylene glycol

(propargyl PEG) was synthesized by the reaction of PEG with 1000 Da and propargyl chloride. Terminallyazide poly epichlorohydrin (PECH-N3

) was obtained by reaction of poly (epichlorohydrin) (PECH) and sodium azide. By using PECH-N3

and propargyl PEG, poly (ECH–g–EG) graft copolymers were synthesized.The graft copolymers were relatively obtained in high yield, and molar weight. The basic outline ofgraft copolymer was shown in Scheme 1. The characterization of products was accomplished by using multi instruments and methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and fractional precipitation [solvent (THF, mL)/non–solvent (petroleum ether, mL)] techniques.This method which is used for polymer synthesis is simple, effective,environmentallyfriendly, and eco-friendly and has low energy consumption.

Keywords:Eco-friendlygraft copolymer, “click” chemistry, poly (epichlorohydrin), polyethylene glycol.

Acknowledgement: We thank the Giresun University Research Fund, Project no. FEN-BAP-C-250414-12, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP49

277

INVESTIGATION OF CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF HALOXYFOP METHYLESTER HERBICIDE WITH

THE ALLIUM TEST

Mehmet Cengiz Karaismailoğlu

Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 034116 Istanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

In this study, the cytotoxic and the genotoxic effects of the herbicide Haloxyfop methylester on the root meristem cells of onions (Allium cepa L.) were investigated. The onion bulbs were exposed to 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 ppm concentrations of the herbicide for 6, 12 and 24 h. Distilled water was used as a negative control, and ethyl methanesulfonate was used as a positive control. Test concentrations were determined according to the doses which are suggested for use in agricultural areas and its multiples. The formation of the morphological changes such as decline of the root prolongation, and discoloration in the A. cepa roots utilizing the herbicide concentrations are as follows. The mitotic index was defined in both controls and test groups. The mitotic index decrease generally with increasing the herbicide concentrations. The mitotic anomalies were recorded as disturbed prophase, c-mitosis, stickiness, laggard chromosomes, chromatid bridges and fragment formation in the anaphase. In addition, the micronucleus was observed at the interphase and its frequency was calculated in the used test solutions. In this paper, the occurrence of chromosomal anomalies, cell death, and impairments in the cell membrane by Haloxyfop methylester herbicide has been shown for the first time. Thus, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potency of the used herbicide with different tests was assessed by using the root tip cells of A. cepa, and the use of a determined non-toxic dose was recommended.

Keywords: Chromosome, Genotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Micronucleus, Haloxyfop methylester


IBCESS

PP50

278

EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF THE TEPRALOXYDIM HERBICIDE

Mehmet Cengiz Karaismailoğlu

Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 034116 Istanbul, Turkey [email protected]

In the present study, the potential genotoxic effects of Tepraloxydim herbicide were examined with searching mitotic index, mitotic phase, chromosomal anomalies and micronucleus frequency of the root tip cells of Allium cepa. The roots were exposed to 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 ppm concentrations for 6, 12 and 24 h. The Mitotic index was clearly diminished by the used herbicide in each application group when compared with the controls. The frequencies of the mitotic phases have been significantly changed. The used herbicide importantly, increased the abnormality cell percentage at all concentrations and exposure periods in comparison to their control. Mitotic abnormalities were recorded as disturbed prophase, c-mitosis, stickiness, laggards and chromatid bridges. At the same time, the micronucleus was observed in the interphase and its frequency was calculated in the test solution used.

Keywords: Genotoxicity, Micronucleus, Allium cepa, Tepraloxydim, Herbicide



IBCESS

PP51

279

PRESORPTION IN CASTANEA SATIVA MILLER (SWEET CHESTNUT)

Şule Güzel and Ali Bilgin

Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, Rize, Turkey

[email protected]

Nutrient resorption is one of the most important mechanisms of nutrient conservation, which enables a plant to reuse nutrients directly and be less dependent on external nutrient supplies. In this study, phosphorus (P) resorption parameter associated with forest ecosystem was estimated in Castanea sativa Miller (Sweet chestnut) along with the altitudinal gradient. For this purpose, Fırtına Valley in Rize province was selected as a study area and the leaves collected along an elevation gradient from 347 m to 1039 m. From these chosen localities, leaves were regularly collected in May, June, July, August, September and October. P concentration by the stannous chloride method was determined. P resorption efficiency and proficiency were calculated with the formulas. While P resorption proficiency (P-RP) showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01), there were no significant differences in terms of P resorption efficiency (P-RE). The highest and lowest P-RE (%) values were at 347 m and 690 m, respectively. The highest and lowest P-RP (%) values were at 347 m and 1039 m, respectively. P-RE and P-RP (%) values were 43 and 1.14, respectively. According to the obtained data, P-RE (43%) was found to be within the normal levels when compared to the other deciduous species. P-RP (1.14%) value was above of the stated limits (<0.05%). While P-RE values showed full resorption with respect to threshold values, P-RP values did not show full resorption. P-RE and P-RP values significantly changed along with the altitudinal gradient. Keywords: Altitude, Castanea sativa, P resorption efficiency, P resorption proficiency.

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Scientific Research Projects Unit [Project No: 2013.102.03.14].


IBCESS

PP52

280

COMPARISON OF SEX AND SIZE STRUCTURE OF CAPOETA TRUTTA POPULATIONS IN ATATURK AND KARAKAYA DAM LAKES

Ayse Gul SAHIN1, Unal ISPIR2 and Rıdvan TEPE1

1Elazig Directorate of Fisheries Research Station, Elazig, Turkey2Inonu University, Fisheries Faculty Battalgazi, Malatya, [email protected]

The aim of this study is to analyze the sex and size structure of Capoeta trutta populations in Ataturk and Karakaya Dam Lakes. The survey was conducted in April and May 2015. Were got 32 (16 male and 16 female) and 16 (10 male and 6 female) sexually mature C. trutta from Ataturk and Karakaya Dam Lake, respectively. The sex percentage was determined as 50 % males and females in Ataturk Dam Lake. But, the number of males and females of C. trutta population in the Karakaya Dam Lake is the females (37.50%) over the males (62.50%). Fork length of fish ranged from 25.00 cm to 46.10 cm and body weight of fish ranged from 154 g to 786 g. The linear measurements of the males in the C. trutta population is significantly smaller, than those of the females in Ataturk and Karakaya Dam Lakes.

Key Words: Ataturk dam lake, Capoeta trutta, growth parameters, Karakaya dam lake



IBCESS

PP53

281

HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN RAINBOW TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, AFTER EXPOSURE TO

IBUPROFEN

Unal ISPIR1 and Ayse Gul SAHIN2

1Inonu University, Fisheries Faculty Battalgazi, Malatya- Turkey2Elazig Directorate Fisheries Research Station, Elazig, Turkey

[email protected]

Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, have been detected in the aquatic environment, but little is known about their effects in fish and other aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ibuprofen on hematological and immunological parameters, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were exposed to immersion two different doses of ibuprofen concentrations (50 and 500 µg L-1) for 96 hours. Exposure to acute toxicity resulted in abnormal behavior of some fish. In this study, a significant decrease in red blood cells (RBC) and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed throughout the study period. Hematocrit (Hct), Hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), mean cellular volume (MCV) and mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH) levels were increased. This study demonstrated that different doses of Ibuprofen were associated with different toxic effects on the hematological parameters in rainbow trout.

Key Words: Blood parameters, Ibuprofen, Hematology, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Rainbow trout


IBCESS

PP54

282

ENDEMIC PLANTS OF ORDU

Öznur ERGEN AKÇİN and Tuğba ÖZBUCAK

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Ordu University, Ordu,[email protected]

In this study, it aimed to introduce the endemic plants distributed in Ordu vicinity. General information, morphological properties and uses of endemic plants were exspressed. Red data categories and family name of plants weree showed. Endemic plants are special because they are found in only narrow location. Ordu is located Middle and East Black Sea Region of Turkey. 309 taxa has been listed in Ordu city according to Turkish Plants Data Service (TUBIVES). Nearly 46 endemic plant taxa are distributed in Ordu province (A6- A7) Alchemilla orduensis B. Pawl, Lilium akkusianum R. Gamperle, Ophrys karadenizensis M.Schönfelder & H.Schönfelder grow only in Ordu. Other endemic species are either Blacksea Region endemic or Turkey endemic. Most of endemic plants are Euro-Siberian elements. Most of the endemic plant species have been located around plateau.

Keywords: Endemic plant, Ordu, Turkey.



IBCESS

PP55

283

THE MORPHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL AND MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF LEAF OF ALNUS

GLUTINOSA SUBSP. BARBATA ALONG AN ELEVATION GRADIENT

Öznur ERGEN AKÇİN1, Uğur YILDIZ1, Gülcan ŞENEL2 and TUĞBA ÖZBUCAK1

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Ordu University, Ordu,[email protected]

2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun,Turkey.

Understanding the adaptive modifications of plants in relation to changes in environmental conditions, especially altitudes are very important. In this study, it aimed to determined the morphological, anatomical and micromorphological changes of leaf of Alnus glutinosa(L.) Gaertner subsp. barbata (C.A. Meyer) Yalt. (alder-kızılağaç) along the height gradient. Specimens were collected at three different altitudes (10m, 500m,1000m). Anatomical studies were carried out on specimens that were fixed in 70% alcohol. Cross and surface sections of leaf were cut freehand and the permanent slides were photographed with a Nikon FDX-35 microscope including software (NIS - Elements, Version 3.00 SP5). For scanning electron microscopy, dried mature leaves were mounted on stubs using double-sided adhesive tape. Samples were coated with 12.5–15 nm of gold. Coated leaves were examined and photographed with a JMS-6060 LV scanning electron microscope. Our results showed that some morphological and anatomical characters changed with increase in altitude. Especially stomata index, leaf and mesophyll thickness were effected altitude changes.

Keywords: Alnus glutinosa, anatomical, elevation gradient, morphological, micromorphological.

Acknowledgement: We thank Scientific Research Project Unit of Ordu University, Project no. (TF-1503), for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

PP56

284

THE SOME BOTANİCAL CHARACTERS OF CYCLAMEN (CYCLAMENCOUMSUBSP.COUMMİLL.)

Tuğba Bayrak Özbucak1, Döndü Kabul2, Gülaycan Polat2, Öznur Ergen Akcin1 and Sevda Turkis3

1University of Ordu, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Ordu, Turkey2UniversityofOrdu, Instituteof Science, Department of Biology, Ordu, Turkey3 University of Ordu, Facultyof Education, Departmentof Science Education, Ordu, Turkey [email protected]

In this study was determined some morphologic, anatomic and ecologic characters ofCyclamen coum subsp. coum samples which are collected from three plots near to Ordu University Campus. The shoot length, number of nodes and branches, leaf length and width, living leaves, dead leaves, the num-ber of flowers, root/shoot ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf weight/leaf area (LMA) were calculated separately in the plant samples. In anatomical studies, epidermis and stomata cells, the thickness of the mesophyll layer, number of stomata and stomatal index were determined in the surface sections of leaves. Ecologically, the N content of flower, root, stem and leaf parts were determined. There were statistically differences among three plots in terms of number of branches and dead leaves. There were no statistically signifi-cant among N content of plant parts, width/ length of stoma and the width/length of upper and lower epidermis.

KeyWords: C. coumsubsp. coum, ecology, anatomy, morphology.



IBCESS

PP57

285

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID APPLICATIONS ON YIELD OF

POTATO

Ayşegül KIRLI and Özbay DEDE

Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Ordu, [email protected]

This research was carried out to determine the effects of different gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-butryric acid (IBA) doses on plant growth, yield and quality parameters of potato. Before planting, seed potatoes were treated with 4 doses of GA3 (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/L) and 3 doses of IBA (0, 250 and 500 mg/L) solutions. The results revealed that GA3 and IBA treatments had no significant effect on plant growth and yield. On the other hand, interaction effect of GA3 and IBA on all yield parameters was found to be significant. In comparison with control, joint application of 5 mg/L GA3 and 250 mg/L IBA increased tuber yield and marketable yield from 3.39 ton/da to 3.78 ton/da and from 2.76 ton/da to 3.10 ton/da, respectively.

Keywords: Plant growth regulators, phytohormones, GA3, IBA, Solanum tuberosum L.

Acknowledgement: We thank Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Ordu University, Project no. TF-1444, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

PP58

286

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY FOR LOCAL CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GENOTYPES

Mehmet Akgün and Kürşat Korkmaz University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Ordu, Turkey [email protected]

The purpose of this study was to determine phosphorus (P) use efficiency in local corn genotypes. For this purpose, three levels of phosphorus (0, 50 and 100 mg kg-1) were applied to 30 different local corn genotypes in greenhouse conditions using completely randomized design with three replications. Root phosphorus concentration was significantly affected by genotypes (P<0.01) and phosphorus levels (P<0.001) whereas genotype x dose interaction was not significant (P>0.05). In all parameters (shoot and root dry weight, P concentration, total P uptake, root length and phosphorus efficiency (PUE)) evaluated, the effect of genotypes, phosphorus levels and genotype x dose interaction was found to be significant (P<0.001). Also, in all the studied parameters, a linear increase was determined with the increase in phosphorus levels. Based on dry matter production and efficiency index; i) 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26 and 27 number genotypes were classified as efficient and nonresponsive, ii) 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 15, 20, 21 and 29 number genotypes were classified as non-efficient and responsive, iii) 9, 16, 22, 23, 28 and 30 number genotypes were classified as non-efficient and nonresponsive. The results of the present study revealed there were significant differences in phosphorous use efficiency among local maize genotypes.

Keywords: Nutrient use efficiency, P fertilization, P uptake, Root length.

Acknowledgement: We thank Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Ordu University Project no:TF-1323, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP59

287

BIOSORPTION OF Ni(II) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY LYTHRUM SALICARIA L.

Ferda ÖZMAL1, Nüket A. BİNGÖL2 and Betül AKIN2

1Dumlupınar University, Science and Art Faculty, Biochemistry Department, Kütahya, Turkey

2Dumlupınar University, Science and Art Faculty, Biology Department, Kütahya, Turkey

[email protected]

The increase in heavy metal contamination is an important environmental problem in this century and this problem continuous to increase with the developing industrialization. Wastewaters of different industries such as electroplating, automotive manufacturing, mining and the steelwork are the main sources of heavy metals. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable and therefore it is very important to remove them from environment in terms of health of living organisms. Biosorption is an effective and low-cost method in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In the study, the roots of Lythrum salicara L. was used as biomass for the biosorption of Ni(II) ions. The biomass was inactivated and ground to a certain size to use in all experiments. Biosorption experiments were carried out at different pH levels (1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7). The effect of biomass dosage, contact time and initial concentration were the other parameters studied. As a result, it was found that the optimum conditions were obtained by using a nickel solution at pH 7 with the biomass dosage of 6 g/L at a contact time of 40 minutes. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to describe the biosorption of Ni(II) ions on L. salicaria.

Keywords: Lythrum Salicaria L., Ni(II), biosorption, isotherm.


IBCESS

PP60

288

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CONDITIONS OF LITHIUM EXTRACTION FROM BOROGYPSUM

Ferda ÖZMAL1 and Yunus ERDOĞAN2

1Dumlupınar University, Science and Art Faculty, Biochemistry Department, Kütahya, Turkey2Dumlupınar University, Science and Art Faculty, Chemistry Department, Kütahya, Turkey [email protected]

Turkey has the richest boron reserves in the world and nearly half of these reserves are in Emet-Hisarcık region. In Emet there are two boric acid plants each of which has the capacity of 120,000 tones H

3BO

3/year. According to

the 2CaO.3B2O

3.5H

2O + 2H

2SO

4 + 6H

2O 6 H

3BO

3 + 2CaSO

4.2H

2O reaction,

during the boric acid production from 3 tones enriched colemanite 1 tonne borogysum (CaSO

4.2H

2O) exists as dam waste. In recent years, lithium is

mainly used for electrical vehicles, aircrafts as a light alloy when mixed with Al, rechargeable batteries for mobile devices and nuclear fusions. In Turkey, there is no economical resource of lithium but in spite of that boron industry in our country is developing day by day. Industrial boron wastes contain at least 300-600 mg/kg lithium. In borogypsum nearly 300 mg/kg lithium is found. Recovering this valuable metal from borogypsum is significant both in economic aspect and for the prevention of environmental pollution. In the study, borogypsum was prepared at a certain grain size and after that chemical composition and characterization of this waste were determined. In order to recover the lithium from borogypsum, first lithium must be extracted from this waste. For this reason, optimum extraction conditions of lithium from borogypsum was determined. When water was used as a solvent, extraction yield was too low. Therefore, 0.1 M HCl solution was used for this study. Roasting temperature and time, leaching time and solid to liquid ratio were the parameters that studied. The extracted metals at the optimum conditions were analyzed by ICP-OES. As a result, maximum extraction yield was found as 68%.

Keywords: Borogypsum, lithium, extraction.



IBCESS

PP61

289

DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY IN SOME MICROALGAE USING FOURIER TRANSFORM

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

İlkay Açıkgöz Erkaya1, Tülay Özer2, Dilek Yalçın3 and Abel Udo Udoh3

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey [email protected]).

2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey3 Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

In recent years the use of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the structure of biological macromolecules has dramatically expanded. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique which is used to analyze the chemical composition of many organic and inorganic chemicals. The aim of these studies is to prepare a database of molecular fingerprints which will define the chemical structure of the microalgae and adopt the approach of metabolic fingerprinting through the use of FTIR technique to understand changes in the chemical structure in Stigeoclonium nanum, Pediastrum boryanum and Phormidium sp. These cultures were grown in a chemically-defined media under photoautotrophic culture conditions isolated from eutrophic freshwater lakes in Ankara for a three-week period in the laboratory. IR spectrum in the mid-infrared region (4000–400 cm−1) was used for discriminating and identifying various functional groups as presented in S. nanum, P. boryanum and Phormidium sp. All FTIR spectra showed a closely similar sequence of 11 distinct bands and were assigned a range of vibrationally active chemical groups, including residual water (–OH), lipid (–CH

2), cellulose (–C=O), protein (amide), nucleic acid (>P=O)

and starch (–C–O). All statistics were done using EXCEL and SPSS software. Band intensities (normalized to amide I) of S. nanum were compared to P. boryanum and Phormidium sp. Bands 3, 6 and 9-11 showed that significant differences between the three algal species at the 99% significant level. Six band pairs -1/2, 7/8, 8/9, 9/10 and 11, 10/11- showed high degree of correlation. PCA comparison of the spectral region, 1750-900 cm-1, followed by data visualization using scores plots and loading plots, also demonstrated quantitative differences. Dendrogram generated by Ward Analysis of the strains, based on data from first derivative spectra (1750-900 cm-1) and HCA analysis separated the spectra of S. nanum better than the other species. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique has been successfully used as a tool to study, identify and determine spectral features of the species.

Keywords: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), infrared spectroscopy, Microalgae.

Acknowledgement: We thank GAZI UNIVERSITY Scientific Research Project (BAP), Project no. 04/2007-28, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

PP62

290

SYNTHESIS OF VARIABLE POINTED MACROMOLECULES AND INVESTIGATION OF METAL COMPLEXES BY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS

Mustafa Sahin1, Hilal Ay1, Nuriye Kocak2 and Ozlem Sahin1

1Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 42075 Konya, Turkey2Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, 42090 Konya, Turkey [email protected]

Schiff bases contain the azomethine (-C=N-) group and are usually synthesized by the condensation of primary amines and active carbonyl groups.2 Schiff base complexes of transition metals are of particular interest to inorganic chemists because their structural, spectral and chemical properties are often strongly dependent on the nature and structure of the ligand. Schiff bases ligand and their metal complexes have various application areas such as protein separation and recovery of toxic metal ions or organic substances from water, air, soil, polluted waste water or different solvent system. The coordination chemistry of transition metal complexes of unsymmetrical Schiff base ligands has attracted much attention in recent years because the ligands around central metal ions in natural systems are unsymmetrical. Unsymmetrical Schiff-base ligands have many advantages over their symmetrical counterparts in the composition geometry and properties of transition metal complexes. Unsymmetrical Schiff bases may also serve as models of relevance for biologically important species and catalysts for various organic transformations; and their magnetic and optical properties are promising for optoelectronic applications and the design of biosensors. The aim of the present study is to investigate complexes formed by reaction transition metal ions with a two unsymmetrical tridendate Schiff base ligands The aim of the present study is to investigate complexes formed by the reaction of transition metal ions with a two unsymmetrical tridendate Schiff base ligands. Two new unsymmetrical Schiff base ligands (L1’ and L2’) were synthesized and characterized. The coordination behavior of Schiff base ligands (L1’ and L2’) towards Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), electron spin resonance (ESR), fluorescence spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis, elemental analysis, and magnetic moment measurements.

Keywords: Metal complex, schiff-base ligands, spectroscopy.

Acknowledgement: We thank the Selcuk University Research Foundation (SUBAP) for the financial support of this work. (project number: 15201078).



IBCESS

PP63

291

A STUDY OF ENDOHELMINTHES IN SOME FISH SPECIES CAUGHT BETWEEN KUMLUTARLA-GEMICI REGIONS OF

KARAKAYA DAM LAKE

Abdulselam GUN1 and Mustafa DORUCU2

1 Elazığ Directorate Fisheries Research Station Elazığ, Turkey2 Tunceli University, Fisheries Faculty, Tunceli, Turkey

[email protected]

In this study, 5 fish species caught from Kumlutarla, Tabanbükü and Gemici region of the Karakaya Dam Lake were examined. A total of 595 fish; 200 Alburnus mossulensis, 117 Chondrostoma regium, 103 Capoeta trutta, 98 Capoeta umbla and 79 Acanthobrama marmid were used as study material. In terms of endohelminthes. Three parasite species were found in 405 fish host Diplostomum sp. Metacercaria (Trematoda) was found in the eyes of. Alburnus mossulensis, Chondrostoma regium, Capoeta trutta, Capoeta umbla and Acanthobrama marmid. Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala) was found in the abdominal cavity of Capoeta trutta. Khawia sinensis (Cestoda) was found in the intestine of Alburnus mossulensis and Acanthobrama marmid.

Keywords: Karakaya Dam Lake, Kumlutarla, Tabanbükü, Gemici, Fish, Parasite, Endohelminthes.


IBCESS

PP64

292

DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF EPILITHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY IN BATLAMA STREAM (GIRESUN) TURKEY

Sibel ALTÜRK and Elif Neyran SOYLU

Giresun University, Faculty of Arts and Science,


[email protected]

The diversity and seasonal succession of epilithic algae community were studied in Batlama Stream, Giresun, Turkey during June 2013 through to May 2014. To determine the epilithic flora of Batlama Stream, water samples were taken from the defined stations periodically. A Total of 90 taxa were identified belonging to divisio of Ochrophyta (80 taxa), Euglenozoa (3 taxa), Cyanobacteria (3 taxa), Charophyta (2 taxa) and Chlorophyta (2 taxa) on epilitihic algae of Batlama Stream. Ochrophyta members were rich in species diversity and intensity in the algal flora of Batlama Stream. Navicula cryptocephala, Cymbella minuta and Synedra ulna were predominantly found species in all sampling stations in the study area. Total organisms decreased their numbers during the months of high rainfall.The amount of chlorophyll-a were calculated monthly and chlorophyll-a showed usually similar values in the sampling stations. Cluster analysis, Shannon-Weaver diversity, evenness and MDS were applied on epilithic community.

Key words: Batlama Stream, Epilithic Algae, Seasonal Variation, Shannon Diversity, Evenness



IBCESS

PP65

293

INVESTIGATION OF ENZYME PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES IN BACILLUS SP. STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT

ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCE

Burak Akaydın, Hüseyin Yılmaz, Reyhan Asar, Sultan Kaya and Hatice Katı

Giresun University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

Bacillus species are a soil bacteria forming Gram positive, rod shapes and spore. Bacillus species were isolated particulary from soil, water, the weather and agricultural products. Many species of Bacillus can produce high amounts of enzymes which are made use of in different industries such as bread making, food, textiles, beverages, detergents, leather prosessing, alcohol production from renewable energy sources, cosmetics, synthesis of compounds in the chemical field. Therefore, it is extensively used in the production of industrial enzymes. In this study, fiftyfive Bacillus strains were isolated from different environmental sources (leaf and hazelnut) in Giresun city and its provinces in Turkey. Bacillus strains detected enzyme activities were idenfied based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular tests. According to results, the strains shown enzyme activities were determined as Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus altitudinis, B. safensis, B. firmus, B. aerophilus and Bacillus sp.These species were exhibited different enzyme activities including cellulase, lipase-esterase, amylase, protease and chitinase. Further studies will be focus on the purifing and characterization of these enzymes.

Keywords: Bacillus, leaf, hazelnut, enzyme.

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun Scientific Research Projects Department (BAP), Project no. FEN-BAP-A-220413-42, for the partial financial support


IBCESS

PP66

294

ORGANIC FARMING AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Nermin BAHŞİ

OsmaniyeKorkut Ata University, Kadirli Appplied Sciences, Osmaniye, [email protected]

The materials and the applications used to improve the efficiency of agricultural production worldwide have been seen to damage the environment in different ways. As a result of this damage and an increase in concern about the environment; organic agriculture has been emerged.Based on the idea that “To prevent the damage of agriculture production to the environment, should return to the natural forms of productions”, organic agriculture has been a subject on the agenda since 1920’s.This issue has caused improvements in some amounts in different regions of the world. However, especially in the period from 1970-80; increased sensitivity in communities to the environment, and tendency of society to food which are not harmful; made an increase in the demand for organic agricultural products. After 1980, national and international standards for organic agriculture was established. Unfortunately; it seems impossible for organic farming done in narrow lands and for the products provided in thisareas, to meet the food needs of the world population. In Turkey; organic farming practices are done not to meet the domestic demand; but supply the needs of recipient countries; in other words, for export.The purpose of this study is to discuss the Turkish government’s policies about to increase the developoment of organic farming which is thought that protects the environment and sustainable agriculture; and to expand applicability of this farming for our farmers.

Keywords: Organic farming, agriculture, environment, Turkey.



IBCESS

PP67

295

SEPARATION OF MINERAL MATTER FROM SEYITOMER-KUTAHYA LOW RANK LIGNITE

Caglayan Acikgoz and Senay Balbay

Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Process Engineering Department, Bilecik, Turkey

[email protected]

It is well known that minerals in coal inhibit the effective utilization of coals. If the ash-free coal can be produced in a reasonable price, it will contribute not only to solve the ash problems, but also to bring the high efficiency utilization of coal energy. In this study, the removal of mineral matter from the Seyitömer-Kütahya low rank lignite was investigated under various extraction conditions. Determination of ash, moisture and volatile matter was performed according to ASTM Standards. Lignite sample was analyzed to determine its elemental composition and calorific value. The functional group compositional analysis of lignite sample was investigated using FT- IR spectrophotmetry. Experimental investigation for removal of mineral matter from Seyitömer-Kütahya low rank lignite by using inorganic and organic solvents such as HCl, NaOH and CH

3OH. In this experimental studies; It was

examined that the effect of the extraction temperature (25, 50, 75 and 100 0C), the extraction time (1, 3 and 5 hour) and solvent concentration (10, 15, 20 % acid; 2, 4, 8 % NaOH; 5, 10, 20% CH

3OH) on the removal of mineral. At the

end of demineralization, 80-95 % of the original mineral content of the low rank lignite was removed. Demineralization has affected the calorific value positively according to the calorific value determination results.

Keywords: Low rank lignite, hyper-coal, extraction, demineralization, desulfurization.


IBCESS

296

PP68

TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR(MBR)

Caglayan Acikgoz and Kadir Özan

Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Process Engineering Department, Bilecik; TURKEY [email protected]

The reuse of waste water after treatment has become widespread all over the world. By treating the waste water, the fresh water supplies can be protected by shortening the water cycle in the nature, and the need for water can be compensated. In this study, the reuse areas of waste water have been investigated by treating the synthetic waste water with domestic characteristics via a lab/pilot scale membrane bioreactor system(MBR). The daily domestic wastewater and kitchen waste generation were estimated in a real household. The domestic wastewater generation from four person household as 728L/d (TUİK,2015). In the experiment studies, synthetic wastewater was prepared to represented wastewater with partial urine separation and kitchen wastewater was mixed to from the required wastewater stream. Activated sludge used in MBR system was collected from wastewater treatment facility in Bilecik First Organized Industry Zone, Bilecik, Turkey. The sludge was taken from aeration tank of the treatment plant. After that, it was acclimatized with influent wastewater for two weeks. The temperature of the aeration tank was controlled at 20 ± 1 °C, the pH value and the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) was kept respectively, in the range of (7,0-8,0) and 3-4 mg/L in the aeration tank. Samples were taken for analysis from wastewater tank, aeration tank and permeate outlet. COD, phosphate and nitrogen concentration value were measured daily in influent as well as effluent to assess the removal efficiency. As result of experimental studies, the removal efficiency of COD, phosphate and nitrogen was determined as %90; %88 and %91, respectively. The results obtained have exposed that by treating the waste water with domestic characteristics via a MBR system, the filtrate can be reused for fire hydrants, field irrigation, and toilet flushing.

Keywords: activated sludge 1, biological treatment 2, domestic wastewater 3, Membran Bioreactor (MBR) 4, Acknowledgement: The authors would like to express their thanks to the Bilecik Seth Edebali University, Research Foundation 2013-01.BİL.03-06 for the financial support that made this work possible.



IBCESS

PP69

297

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND BUSINESS; WITH THE FRAMEWORK OF THE CONCEPT OF

SUSTAINABILITY OF BUSINESS

Eray ÇETİN

Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, [email protected]

Businesses are economic units that produce and offer goods and services by organizing scarce resources in order to meet the unlimited needs. Businesses carry out these activities for their own sake and without any time limit. So, businesses have different entity from their owners and share holders. Moreover, the lifespan of the businesses, as different legal entity, are not limited to the lifespan of their owner or shareholders. Thus, the relationship of the busineses with the environment should be assesed in the thier limitless lifespan. Since the existence of businesses is bound to the environment, businesses should approach more sensitive to protecting it and make long term plans to sustain the environment The purpose of this study is to assess the interaction between businesses and environment with the concept of business sustainability.

Keywords: Business, business sustainability, environment, environmental accounting.


IBCESS

298

PP70

EFFECTIVE Co(II) AND Cu(II) CATALYSTS FOR THE DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

Ece Tuğba SAKA1 and Yasemin ÇAĞLAR2

1Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Trabzon, [email protected] Universtiy, Department of Genetic and Bioengineer Engineering, Giresun, Turkey

Phenol and phenolic compounds derived from pesticides, coal conversion, petroleum and petrochemical industries, besides of some other, are considered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as most toxic water pollutants, based on their carcinogenic effects and high chemical stability even in concentrations less than 1 ppb. In this work, the novel cobalt(II) and copper(II) phthalocyanine complexes were synthesized and characterized by the spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV-Vis and mass spectroscopies). Catalytic activities of these complexes are investigated with different kinds of oxidants on the oxidation of some organic pollutants (2-chlorophenol, 2,3-dichlorophenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,3,6-trimethylphenol). The catalytic reactions were carried out varying the reaction temperature, time and different oxidants, substrate/catalyst ratio to determine the optimal conditions for oxidation of these organic pollutants. In the presence of these complexes, the obtained results showed that new catalysts have proved to be a promising candidate to be used in an oxidation process and to be integrated with industrial step for the effective removal of emerging organic pollutants. the novel cobalt(II) and copper(II) phthalocyanine complexes could easily be recycled and reused without noticeable loss of activity for the degradation of organic pollutants.

Keywords: Phthalocyanine, cobalt, copper, organic pollutants, degradation.

Acknowledgement: We thank Research Fund of Karadeniz Technical University Project no. 5302, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP71

299

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BACILLUS SPP. ISOLATED FROM SOIL FOR PRODUCTION

OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES

Cumhur AVŞAR and Hilal Koyuncu

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Sinop University, 57000, Sinop, Turkey

[email protected]

The main objective of our study was to investigate the morphologic and phenotypic properties, antibiotic resistance, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) profiles of the Bacillus spp. isolated from soil of Sinop environs, Turkey. The aim of the investigation was also to check their ability for protease, amylase and cellulose enzyme production. A total of thirty-nine isolates were identified as Bacillus spp. based on morphological and physiological properties. In this study, isolates were resistant on the percentage of 100% to penicillin; 66.6% to rifampicine; 23.7% to novobiocin; 48.7% to cefepime; 87.1% to ceftazidime; 89.7% to oxacillin; 2.5% to streptomycin; 30.7% to clindamycin; 7.6% to tetracycline; 12.8% to ampicillin/sulbactam; 10.2% to gentamicin; 56.4% to ceftriaxone; 84.6% to polymyxin B and 12.8% to amikacin were determined. In addition, all isolates were susceptible to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, ofloxacin and penicillin G. Of 39 bacterial strains tested, all of the isolates produced at least two of the three enzymes, and 53.8% of strains were able to produce all three enzymes. The denrograms generated by using M13-10, OPL3 RAPD primers and P11/P13 SSCP primer (this primer was selected based on reported conserved sequence resulting in amplification products less than 250 base pairs from the 16S rRNA gene) revealed that the strains were separated into two major groups at similar levels of 5%, 2% and 15% or above, respectively. As a result, SSCP and RAPD analysis revealed 100% polymorphism indicating the strength of these methods in the differentiation of Bacillus isolates. In addition, it appears that Bacillus strains associated with soil are the source of industrial enzymes and may play an important role in enzyme catalyzed organic matter cycling in soil environments.

Keywords: Bacillus spp., SSCP, RAPD, Antibiogram, Bacterial enzymes.


IBCESS

300

PP72

ANALYSES OF PARC AND GYRA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD

Cumhur AVŞAR1 and E. Sümer ARAS2

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Sinop University, 57000, Sinop, Turkey2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey [email protected]

The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strains were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantages for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.

Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP.



IBCESS

PP73

301

SEPARATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE/WATER MIXTURES USING

MAGNETITE-POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) MEMBRANES BY EVAPOMEATION

Gülsen Asman1, Ebru Kondolot Solak2 and Nawash Al-ghezawi3

1Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey2Gazi University, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Department of Material and

Material Processing Technologies, Ankara, Turkey 3Mutah University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Karak, Jordan

[email protected]

The primary use of DMF is as a solvent and is toxic. It is also used as a solvent in the development and production of pesticides, manufacture of adhesives, synthetic leathers, fibers and films. In this study, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and mixtured with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). By using this mixture, membranes were prepared. These membranes were used to separate dimethylformamide (DMF) and water mixtures by the evapomeation (EV) method. The effect of the feed composition, operating temperature and membrane thickness on the permeation rate and the separation factor were investigated. The highest separation factor was obtained with 90 wt % DMF concentration in the feed. The optimum membrane thickness and operating temperature were determined as 20 ml and 40 0C, respectively.

Keywords: Membrane, evapomeation, water, dimethylformamide.


IBCESS

302

PP74

CONTROLLED RELEASE OF INSECTISIDE DIAZINON FROM BIODEGRADABLE MICROSPHERES

Ebru Kondolot Solak1, Gülsen Asman2, Seçil Akgül3 and Nurcan Çiçek Kırkayak4

1Gazi University, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Department of Material and Material Processing Technologies, Ankara, Turkey2Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey3Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Advanced Technologies, Ankara, Turkey 4Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Advanced Technologies, Ankara, Turkey

[email protected]

Diazinon is an insecticide that belongs to a group of chemicals known as organophosphates. It is used in agriculture to control insects on fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops. However long term exposure to diazinon in humans can be dangerous. So, diazinon was encapsulated with biodegradeble polymers in this study. We carried out the controlled release of diazinon for the less use of diazinon in the agriculture. For this aim we prepared the biodegradable microspheres of poy(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate (PVA/Na-Alg) and sodium alginate (Na-Alg) microspheres to encapsulate insectiside diazinon. Microspheres were prepared by liquid curing method by crosslinking whith glutaraldehyde, then characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Prepared microspheres were also characterized by particle diameter, equilibrium swelling values and release profiles. Equilibrium swelling experiments indicated that the swelling of the spheres decreased with an increase in crosslinking time and concentration however diameter of the spheres does not affect considerably. The release studies were carried out at three pH values 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4 respectively. The release of diazinon from the micropheres increased as the amount of polymer increased. Optimum condition for the preparation and release of the spheres were determined as PVA/Na-Alg: 1/2, insecticide/polymer: 1/4 and pH: 7.8. The release of these conditions was found as 85 % at the end of 6 hours.

Keywords: Insecticide, diazinon, controlled release, agriculture.



IBCESS

PP75

303

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGNETITE IN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) MATRIX MEMBRANES

Sinan Mithat Muhammet and Ebru Kondolot Solak

Gazi University, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Department of Material and Material Processing Technologies, Ankara, Turkey

[email protected]

Poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) is a suitable polymeric material for the membrane preparation since it has an excellent film forming property, good chemical resistance and biodegradable nature. Even though PVA membranes has good mechanical strength in dry state, they have poor stability in aqueous solutions. To overcome this problem, polymeric materials were filled with micro and nanosized fillers to increase the mechanical strength. For this purpose we synthesized the nanosized magnetite (Fe

3O

4) particles. They were

synthesized in Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix by blending Fe+2 and Fe+3 solutions and then poured onto round glass dishes. In this study, magnetite nanocomposite membranes were prepared and characterizated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Contact angles were measured for the description of the surface hydrophilicity of the membranes.

Keywords: membrane, magnetite, characterization.

Acknowledgement: We thank the Gazi University Scientific Research Foundation for support of this study. Project no. 65/2015-02.


IBCESS

304

PP76

INVESTIGATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ENZYME INHIBITORY PROPERTIES OF SOME PLANTS USED TO DIABET IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Gokhan Zengin

Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, [email protected]

The antioxidant properties of ethanol extracts of three medicinal plants were evaluated by different chemical assays, including total antioxidant, free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) assay), metal chelating, ferric and cupric ion reducing power. Enzyme inhibitory properties were investigated against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase and glucosidase. Moreover, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured in the extracts. The all studied species were exhibited a significant antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. The results suggest that the studied species could be exploited as new sources of natural agents in food and pharmacological industry.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, antioxidant capacity, enzyme inhibition, Phenolic content, Turkey.



IBCESS

PP77

305

PHTHALATES AND HUMAN HEALTH

Ramazan Ceylan and Abdurrahman Aktümsek

Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Konya, [email protected]

Phthalates are a group of chemicals used as plasticizers, which provide flexibility and durability to plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Phthalates are a family of industrial compounds with a common chemical structure, dialkyl or alkyl/aryl esters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Since about the 1930s phthalates have been used for a variety of purposes, including personal-care products (e.g. perfumes, lotions, cosmetics), paints, industrial plastics, and certain medical devices and pharmaceuticals. These plasticizers have been shown to elute at a constant rate from plastic products to the environment: Consequently they are widely distributed in the ecosystem and have been described as being among the most abundant man-made environmental pollutants. In particular, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used plasticiser. Humans are exposed to these compounds through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure for their whole lifetime, since the intrauterine life. Public and scientific concern has increased in recent years about the potential health risks associated with exposure to phthalates. The main focus has moved away from the hepatotoxic effects to the endocrine disrupting potency of these chemicals. The present review is provide up-to-date data for the importance of phthalates on human health.

Keywords: Phthalates, DEHP, plasticizers, environment, human health.


IBCESS

306

PP78

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS FROM POTENTILLA REPTANS

Sengul UYSAL and Abdurrahman AKTUMSEK

Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, [email protected]

Potentilla is a genus of plants belonging to the family of Rosaceae and consists of about 53 species in the Turkey. Potentilla species have been used for treatment of various ailments such as ulcer, coldness, respiratory problems, and diabetes mellitus. The different solvent extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of the aerial parts of P. reptans was studied for antioxidant effects. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, metal chelating activity, CUPRAC, and phosphomolybdenum assays. All extracts showed antioxidant properties. The antioxidant properties of P. reptans depend on the type of solvent used. P. reptans is considered as a natural source of antioxidant for industries.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Potentilla, Natural product, Turkey.



IBCESS

PP79

307

ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF ONOSMA BOURGAEI BOISS.

Ozkan Sen

Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, 60250, Tokat, Turkey

[email protected]

The genus Onosma has about 150 known species. Some Onosma species are used for the treatment of wounds in rural areas in Turkey. In this work, Onosma bourgaei BOISS. plant was collected fom Tokat. The plant materials were dried and powdered then extracted with hexane, dichloramethane and methanol. Anticancer effects of hexane, dichloramethane extract and methanol extract were executed on C6 (rat brain tumor) cell lines using BrdU Cell Proliferation ELISA kit. The methanol and dichloromethane extracts revealed the good activity on C6 cell lines at high concentrations. However, hexane extract exhibited excellent activity on C6 cell lines at all concentrations. The methanol extract showed the same activity with 5-FU but hexane extract exhibited the better activity than 5-FU at all concentrations. As a result, Onosma bourgaei BOISS. is a potential source of biologically active compounds that may be useful as an anticancer agent.

Keywords: Onosma bourgaei BOISS. Antiproliferative activity, C6 cell lines.


IBCESS

PP80

308

CONSERVATION OF SOME BATS IN AN ARTIFICIAL UNDERGROUND ROOST IN KIRIKKALE PROVINCE

Nursel Aşan Baydemir1, Merve Şimşek Gür2, Ayten Çelebi Keskin3 and Meryem Genç2

1 Department of Biology, University of Kırıkkkale, Kırıkkale, Turkey2 Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Kırıkkale, Kırıkkale,Turkey [email protected] of Bioengineering, University of Kırıkkale, Kırıkkale, Turkey

Thirtynine bat species are existed in Turkey. The most encountered species are Greater and Lesser Mouse-eared bats, Greater and Lesser horseshoe bats, Common Pipistrelle, Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Long-fingered bat and Common Wing-bent bat. This study was conducted on Greater and Lesser Mouse-eared bats and Greater horseshoe bat from an artificial underground roost in Kırıkkale province between 2014 and 2016. Annual temperature and humidty were stable in the roost throughout the year. We examined the roosting behavior of both species during spring, summer, autumn and winter months. Two sibling bats occupied the roost sympatrically however the greater horseshoe bat used the roost only in late autumn. Males and females formed mixed colonies in April and females of both species gave birth from late April to May. Later females abandoned the roost in autumn and males began to form small colonies for the hibernation. In addition, we detected a spider, Tegenaria faniapollinis in the roost throughout the year. We also analyzed the genetic variability in both sibling species by using RAPD-PCR in this study. Clear species-specific RAPD bands were detected separating Myotis myotis and M. blythii. However, a third group was determined in the analyzes. In additon to the RAPD-PCR bands, cranial measurements of one of the adult specimen of the third group, were found to be of an intermediate form between both species. We concluded that a possible interbreeding occured in this man made roost. Therefore, we suggested a conservation method for the colonies of bat species to the Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks in Kırıkkale.

Keywords: Myotis myotis, Myotis blythii, vespertilionidae, conservation, RAPD-PCR.

Acknowledgement: This study was financially supported by SRP Coordination Unit of Kırıkkale University, Project no: 2014/31



IBCESS

PP81

309

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND REJECTION STUDIES OF POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE

TERPOLYMER BLENDED POLYSULFONE MEMBRANES

Adem Sarihan1 and Erdal Eren2

1Bilecik Seyh Edebali University/Higher Vocational School, Bilecik, [email protected]

2Bilecik Seyh Edebali University/Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bilecik, Turkey

Ultrafiltration is one of the most widely used techniques for water purification. Polysulfone (PSf) membranes are most commonly used in ultrafiltration. Polybenzimidazole derivatives which possess both proton donor (–NH-) and acceptor (–N=) groups and they have high hydrophilicity through the good water adsorption capasity. Also, they forms miscible blends with different polymers like PSf. These excellent features make them good additives for PSf membranes, in water treatment processes. Therefore, in this study polybenzimidazole derivative terpolymers were prepared by using 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine, isophthalic acid and 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid monomers and prepared terpolymers were used as additive in PSf membran casting solutions. In this way novel composite membranes were prepared by blending the terpolymers with PSf. After the preparation of composite membranes, their structures and morphologies were characterized by using SEM, contact angle and porosity analysis. Then, rejection performances of composite membranes were investigated and compared with the neat PSf membrane. When the results were analyzed, porosity of the blended membranes increased about 33% than neat PSf membrane. Finger-like pores turned into sponge-like in some parts of the membrane structure. Contact angles of membranes were decreased from 69° to 53° with the increasing of additive amount.Rejection performances of prepared membranes were investigated by using Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Reactive orange 16 dye (RO16). The rejection results showed that rejection performances of composite membranes were higher about 2.3 and 3.4 times than neat PSf membrane, for BSA and RO16, respectively. Also, flux recovery ratio results of the membranes showed that terpolymer additive improved fouling resistance of the membranes.

Keywords:Polysulfone, membrane, ultrafiltration, terpolymer.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK, “Scientist Support Department” for supporting by 2211-C Scholarship Program.


IBCESS

PP82

310

THE EFFECT OF LYTHRUM SALICARIA L. EXTRACTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF EPILOBIUM HIRSUTUM L.

Nüket A. BİNGÖL1, Betül AKIN1 and Sema LEBLEBİCİ2

1Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 43100, Kutahya, [email protected]Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Horticultural Plants, 11210, Bilecik, Turkey

In this study, the effect of Lythrum salicaria L. root, shoot and leaf extracts, obtained from ethanol, acetone and hexane, on seed germination (%), root-stem length and fresh-dry weight of Epilobium hirsutum L. were investigated. Distilled water was used as control group. According to results, extracts obtained from ethanol and acetone were affected germination (%) and seedling growth of L. salicaria negatively when compared to control group. Whereas, seeds germination percent in hexane extracts shown similar results as control group. It was determined that extracts obtained from ethanol had the lowest germination % and the seedling growth. According to the results of GC-MS analysis, tetradecane, hexadecane, octadecane, eicosane, heneicosane, tricosane, nonacosane, docosane, pentacosane and 1, 2 benzenedicarboxylic acide were determined in all extracts.

Keywords: Germination, purple loosestrife, root-shoot-leaf extracts.



IBCESS

PP83

311

A NOVEL Ni(II) COMPLEX BASED-ON BODIPY-SALOPHEN AND ITS ELECTRONIC SPECTRA

Ahmed Nuri Kurşunlu and Ersin Güler

Selçuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry,[email protected]

Schiff bases as Salen/Salophen and their complexes attractive due to their some important application in pharmacology, biochemistry, medicine and technology. The synthesis, spectral properties of Salophen were studied previously by several chemists. Otherwise, in the last decade, most Bodipy (boron difluorodipyrromethene) dyes have been improved with their stability, specific fluorescence quantum yields, negligible triplet state formation, sharp absorptions, and solubility in most solvent. Bodipy derivatives (just as porphyrins) can be prepared into an energy transfer cassette in order to creating a good Stoke shift. The energy transfer cassettes generally study on PET(photoinduced electron transfer) or ICT (internal charge transfer)mechanisms. In this study, we synthesized a novel Ni (II) based on Bodipy-Salophen. The salophen was prepared with the condensation between 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde ando-phenylenediamine. After nickel (II) complexation, the Salophen complex was reacted by two Bodipy units with alkyl chloride terminal in appropriate conditions. The absorption spectrum of the Ni (II) complex based on Bodipy-Salophen given a curve with four hills. The peak around 520 nm can be attributed to the classical Bodipy absorption and other transition in lower wavelength assign to π→π* or n→π* transitions. The emission spectrum gives a sharp peak at 540 nm. The emission of chloro-Bodipy quenched by the binding of Ni (II) Salophen complex and its fluorescence intensity decreased. This effect could be attributed to the energy transfer between Bodipy units and Salophen complex terminal.


IBCESS

312

PP84

INTEGRATE CROP MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Ali Turan1, Hasan Karaosmanoglu1, Nebahat Sule Ustun2 and Ali Islam3

1 Giresun University, Hazelnut Expertise Programme, Giresun, Turkeyhasan.karaosmanoğ[email protected] Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, Samsun, Turkey 3 Ordu University, Faculty of Agricultural, Ordu, Turkey

Today, in our country and around the world, a wide variety of chemical pesticides and fertilizer use in order to enhance the quality and efficiency of agriculture and to combat with the harmful ones is applied.These practises have led to the social awareness with the increasing environmental issues.Today, even in developed countries, the share of other methods apart from the intensive chemical control methods based on chemical drug practise does not exceed %5.0 in methods of combating pasts and diseases. As the result of associating diseases of cancer types with increased use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, developing new combat techniques that are environmentally friendly and could be the alternative to chemical substance use has become necessary. In this regard, it has been influental in the emergence of the technology called IPM,which is the abbreviation for the expression of Integrated or Insect Pest Management in the literature, and translated into Turkish as Integrated Combat Method. In this study, Integrated Crop Management has been examined in terms of its outline and Essentials.

Keywords: IPM, fertilizer, good agricultural practice, pesticide



IBCESS

PP85

313

EXAMPLE USING DIFFERENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF TEACHING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Lütfiye ÖZALEMDAR

Giresun University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Child Care and Youth Services, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

The negative interaction process created on the environment associated with the factors such as developing science, technology, economy, population etc. by living creatures since the day that life emerged on earth causes environment, of which natural balances are suffering, to react this situation and, as a result, to lead many environmental problems. Systematic progress of environmental problems, which appear on the ecosystem and addressed under separate topics, by triggering each other over time necessitates to find permanent solutions for these problems and to eliminate the threat on natural life. Accordingly, education and training programs, which will enable individuals to acquire awareness and sentiment to protect natural balance and will provide efficient learning and teaching environment to perceive and resolve environmental problems and different educational methods and techniques to be determined within the scope of education and training programs will be required. The aim of this study is to prepare a sample lesson plan where different methods and techniques are used based on active learning in teaching environmental problems. In the learning environment, by using different methods and techniques based on active learning, it is considered that the interests of students on lesson can be increased, they may gain different thinking skills and they can deal with environment problems through a wider perspective.

Keywords: Environmental Problems, Environmental Education, Active Learning, Method, Technique


IBCESS

314

PP86

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE(CA) INHIBITORS AS POLLUTION BIOMARKERS: INVESTIGATION OF ENZYME INHIBITION BY USING ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS

Ayla Balaban Gündüzalp, Demet Uzun, Ümmuhan Özdemir Özmen and Ebru Erdoğdu

Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Ankara, [email protected]

Carbonic anhydrase (CA), is a metallo-enzyme, present in the bacterial, plant and animal kingdoms, which catalyses the reversible hydration of CO2

to produce H+ and HCO3

−. The CA inhibition is interesting as indicator of environmental health because it offers a rapid and sensitive mean of monitoring the impact of chemicals on living organisms. Recently, a number of evidences have emerged regarding the effect of pollutants on carbonic anhydrase catalytic activity. In this study, the redox behaviors of 3-t-buthylsalicylaldehydemethanesulfonylhydrazone ligand (L) and its copper (II) complex (Na[CuL2

Cl]) were investigated by cyclicvoltammetry (CV). In CV of ligand, the reduction peak which belong to azomethine groups CH=N→CH2

-NH was observed at -1.09 V. The reduction peaks of Cu(II)→Cu(I) and Cu(I)→Cu(0) in copper complex were observed at 0.496 V and 0.217 V, respectively. In addition to electrochemical properties of ligand and copper (II) complex, hCA I inhibitor activities of these compounds were investigated by CV and differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV) in pH7.4 TRIS buffer. The inhibition effect of the copper(II) complex was concluded by measuring the reduction peak of the product p-nitrophenol (PNF) produced from the enzymatic hydrolysis of substrate p-nitrophenilacetate (PNFA) by hCA I. The enzymatic function was evaluated by decrease in PNF peak current values with increasing concentration of sulfonylhydrazone and its copper(II) complex.

Keywords: Carbonic anhydrase, electrochemical behavior, sulfonylhydrazone



IBCESS

PP87

315

POTENT HEAVY METAL REMOVER: SCHIFF BASE CONTAINING THIOPHENE RING AND ITS

ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR

Damla Akkaya1, Naki Çolak2, Ayla Balaban Gündüzalp1 and Serhat Mamaş1

1Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey2Hitit University, Faculty of Art&Science, Department of Chemistry, Çorum, Turkey

[email protected]

Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals are not biodegradable and tend to accumulate in living organisms and many heavy metal ions are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. Heavy metal pollution becomes one of the most serious environmental problem with the rapid development of industries. In recent years, removal of heavy metals have been extensively studied by various technologies including chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, flotation and electrochemical methods. Schiff bases exhibit excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards heavy metalions causing pollution in the environment. In this study, schiff base as potent heavy metal remover was synthesized by the reaction of 2-aminothiophene with 4-methoxy-salicylaldehydeand characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-13C NMR), mass (LC-MS)and infrared (FT-IR) methods.The electrochemical behavior of Schiff base was also investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), controlled potential electrolysis and chronoamperometry (CA) techniques in the presence of 0.10 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at glassy carbon electrode.

Keywords: Schiff base, 2-aminothiophene, heavy metal pollution, electrochemical behavior.


IBCESS

316

PP88

CHITOSAN-ULVA SP (GREEN ALGA) COMPOSITE MICROBEADS AS A SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR PALLADIUM CATALYST

Ayfer Menteş1, Talat Baran1, İdris Sargın2 and Murat Kaya2

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey [email protected] Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey

Ulva spis an ubiquitous fast growing macroalga. Due to functional moieties (e.g., thiol, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino and imidazole groups) on the cell surface, biomass from Ulva sp has been applied in uptake of metal ions. Chitosan is widely considered as an eco-friendly biopolymer thanks to its biodegradable, non-toxic and renewable nature. It is cheaply and abundantly produced by deacetylation of chitinous waste. Chitosan-Ulva sp composite can bind palladium ions efficiently and therefore they can exhibit desired catalytic activity in C-C coupling reactions. This study aimed to synthesize a new green palladium catalyst for the Suzuki coupling reaction, characterise the chitosan-Ulva supported Pd(II) catalyst via analytical tools (e.g., FT-IR, TGA, SEM-EDAX, XRD and ICP-OES), investigate the performance of the catalyst in synthesis of biaryls under mild conditions by microwave irradiation technique without using any solvents and determine the reusability of the synthesized green catalyst. This green catalyst exhibited high selectivity and efficiency in the reactions of phenyl boronic acid with different aryl halides in only 4 min at low temperature (50°C). Excellent TON and TOF values were achieved for the catalyst. In addition, the catalyst did not lose its activity even after 8 cycles. It showed high thermal stability (216.8°C) and durability in presence of oxygen.

Keywords: Chitosan, Ulva, palladium, catalyst, microwave.



IBCESS

PP89

317

DETECTION OF ANION POLLUTANTS IN WATER WITH NEW SCHIFF BASE CHEMOSENSOR

Ümmühan Özdemir Özmen, Ömer Şahin, Burcu Aydıner and Zeynel Seferoğlu

Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, [email protected]

Industrial, mining, refinery, and chemical storage sites pose risks of exposing harmful pollutants to the environment. Of the numerous toxic organic and inorganic species potentially generated at such sites, anion contaminants can be leached into groundwater and lead to environmental and health hazards. Fluorescent anion chemosensors are under development recently, with goals of minimal sample preparation, high selectivity and sensitivity, novel emission mechanisms geared for specific sensing tasks, and possible miniaturization of instrument optics. Despite the growing field of optical anion sensing, detection and discrimination of a large number of hazardous anions from one another remains a challenge. Therefore, coumarin Schiff base derivatives have served as good chemosensors of anions including cyanide, fluoride, and acetate. In our study, the new Schiff base chemosensor containing coumarin derivative was synthesized. We set out to differentiate nine potential anion pollutants in aqueous media. We chose anions that range widely in elemental composition, oxidation states, and we included both organic and inorganic species commonly found in contaminated waters. They are as follows (with abbreviations/formulae):acetate (acO-), cyanide(CN-), fluoride (F-), chlorite (CI-

), bromide (Br-), iodide (I-) nitrate (NO3

-), dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO

4-), bisulfate

(HSO4

-). We report a simple Schiff base chemosensor which can selectively detect cyanide besides interfering anions like AcO- and F− in aqueous medium via UV-vis and fluorimetric spectroscopic methods as shown in Figure. Interaction mechanism between CN-, F- and AcO- and sensor could be possibly explained by the hydrogen bonding ability and the nucleophilic addition of the anions. In conclusion we have developed Schiff base highly selective CN- chemosensor in DMSO solvent (10-5M).

Keywords: Schiff base, Chemosensor, CN-, AcO-,F−

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK, Project no. 214Z152, for the partial financial support


IBCESS

318

PP90

DETECTION OF CYANIDE ANION POLLUTANTS WITH NEW COUMARIN-BASED CHEMOSENSOR

Ümmühan Özdemir Özmen, Ömer Şahin, Esra Bakan, Burcu Aydıner and Zeynel Seferoğlu

Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, [email protected]

Cyanide is useful in various industrial processes such as gold mining, metallurgy, and production of organic chemicals and polymers. The widespread industrial use of cyanide inevitably causes the accidental release of cyanide into the environment, therefore leading to serious problems. Consequently, it is highly required to exploit effective ways for monitoring the presence of cyanide anion. Various analytical methods and techniques have been developed for the determination of CN, including titrimetry, voltammetry, colorimetry and fluorometry. Many of these methods involve strict requirements of the sample handling, such as acidification of the CN-followed by extraction of HCN. Therefore, quick methods that permit selective in situ determination of CN-with high selectivity are highly required for medical point-of-care, industrial, and environmental online monitoring. Fluorometric assays based on optical probes possess advantages over other techniques, because of their fast response times, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity. Among the fluorescent probes, there are mainly four strategies for CN-sensing: (i) coordination to electron-deficient center, (ii) nucleophilic addition to the electron-deficient𝜋-system, (iii) hydrogen-bonding interaction and (iv) metal-CN-affinity. In this study, coumarin-based chemosensor have been synthesized and characterized by using spectrophotometric methods (1H/13C- NMR, FT-IR, LCMS).UV-visible absorption and emission spectra were obtained for analyzing the chemosensor photo- physical properties. The cyanide anion sensitivity against coumarin-based chemosensor was investigated. For the CN- anion titration study it was obtained optimum absorption spectrum in DMSO solvent. The same method was used influorescence studies.Fluorescence was determined against rising cyanide ions. Coumarin-based chemosensor behaves selectivity and sensitivity toward cyanide anion in DMSO solvent (4X10-4M).

Keywords: coumarine, chemosensor, ciyanide anion

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK, Project no. 214Z152, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP91

319

OTOLITH ASYMMETRY OF MEDITERRANEAN HORSE MACKEREL Trachurus mediterraneus,

(STEINDACHNER, 1868) IN THE MIDDLE BLACK SEA

Derya BostancıI1, Serdar Yedier1, Gülşah Kurucu1 and Nazmi Polat2

1 Department of Biology, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey2 Department of Biology, 19 Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey

[email protected]

The otolith asymmetry is assumed to reflect the developmental instability of the fish in caused by genetic or environmental stress. Mediterranean horse mackerel, Trachurus mediterraneus are a commercial important species living different depths in the water column of the middle Black Sea.The fish stay in contact with not only pelagic waters but also near the bottom waters.As fish placed under greater stress, less energy is available to buffer their development compared to unstressed individuals of the fish species and increasing levels of asymmetry. T. mediterraneus samples were obtained from the fishermen in the middle Black Sea coast of Ordu, Turkey. A paired t-test showed significant differences between the right and left sagittal otolith measurements (P<0.001). The asymmetry was calculated for the sagittal otolith measurements such as length, width, area, and perimeter. The results showed that the level of asymmetry of the sagittal otolith length (8.717) was the highest among the four asymmetry values obtained for the otolith. The highest and lowest values of the asymmetry level were determined for each otolith characters such as otolith length (8.717), width (4.337), area (7.151), and perimeter (4.913) in the T. mediterraneus. The asymmetry scores within total length classes can be used as a measure of the species ability to buffer their development in the habitat.

Keywords:Asymmetry, sagittal otolith, environmental stress, Trachurus, Black Sea.


IBCESS

320

PP92

DISSOLUTION KINETICS OF CALCINED ULEXITE IN AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS AT HIGH SOLID-TO-LIQUID RATIOS

Gur Aycan

Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 65100, VAN-TURKEY [email protected]

The dissolution kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium chloride solutions at high solid-to-liquid ratios were investigated. In the experiments, calcination temperature, solution concentration, reaction temperature, and pre-hydration were chosen as parameters. It was observed that the dissolution rate increased with increasing calcination temperature, solution concentration, and reaction temperature, whereas it was not affected by pre-hydration. Employing graphical and statistical methods, the dissolution rate, based on homogeneous reaction model, canbegivenas: [1-X(B

2O

3)]-1-1=k[c(NH

4Cl)]1.982t. The activation energy

for the dissolution of the ulexite sample calcined at 160 oC was found to be 84.04 kJ·mol-1.

Keywords: Ulexite, Dissolution kinetics, High solid-to-liquid ratios, Ammonium chloride



IBCESS

PP93

321

INVESTIGATION OF BLACK SEA WITHIN THE GEOPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK

Hatice Evrim Tütünsatar and Mustafa Nuri Dolmaz

Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye [email protected]

The Black Sea is one of the largest enclosed marine seas, occupying an area of 432,000 km2 with the depths of 2 km. The Black Sea Basin is located between Ukraine in the North, Russia in the NE and Georgia in the East, Turkey on the South, Bulgaria and Romania in the west. The Black Sea Basin consists of two deep sub-basins (the West Black Sea Basin -WBS and the East Black Sea Basin -EBS) that are separated by the mid Black Sea Ridge, NW trending basement uplift. The WBS runs in a WE direction with a triangle shape. Its wide is 150-300 km and its distance is about 600 km. The EBS is NW oriented with the almost same length but narrower. Geophysical surveys with potential field data processing and interpretation technics are being used to enlighten geological and tectonic properties. This study deals with the interpretation of magnetic data of Black Sea in order to investigate subsurface features affecting the structural framework due to different magnetic field patterns causing magnetic anomalies. First, magnetic anomalies were interpreted in the region and then the Reduced to Pole (RTP) was applied to the data. The highest intensity (up to 1500nT) of magnetic anomalies are seen in the northwest of the Black Sea corresponding Odessa Shelf due to causative sources in the Precambrian basement of the East-European Craton that lies to the north of the Black Sea. The Odessa- Sinop anomaly in NW striking is seen above WBS with 100-200nT amplitude. The WBS and EBS basins have several negative and positive anomalies because of the changes of the thickness of sediment deposits in the East and West Black Sea. The other anomalies are seen around Alushta- Batumi, Shatsky Rigde, Andrusov and Arkhangelsky Ridges, around the Sinop trough, and on the offshores in the south and East.

Keywords: Black Sea, Magnetic, Geophysical surveys.


IBCESS

322

PP94

RHIZOFILTRATION OF NICKEL CONTAMINATED WATER USING PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (LYTHRUM SALICARIA L.)

Nüket A. BİNGÖL1, Betül AKIN1 and Ferda ÖZMAL2

1Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Kütahya, Tü[email protected]ınar Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyokimya Bölümü, Kütahya, Türkiye

Nickel (Ni) is released into the environment during manufacturing process of electro-plating, the production of alloys, alkaline storage batteries and also minning, smelting and conbustion of coal, diesel oil and fuel oil.In this study, the usability of purple loosrstrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) for rhizofiltration of Ni contaminated water was determined using hydroponic culture method. The experiment had three steps. In the first step, L. salicariaseedlings were treated with %10 Hoagland solution with eight different Ni concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/L) for seven days to determined the maximum Ni concentration that plant accumulate. In the second step, L. salicaria seedling were treated solution containing 10 mg Ni/L at three different pH levels (5, 6 and 7). In the last step, L. salicaria seedlings were treated solution containing 10 mg Ni/L at pH=7 to determine the accumulation of Ni in vegetative parts of the plant (root, shoot and leaf). Results showed that maximum Ni accumulation by L. salicaria was 10 mg Ni/L at pH=7 and distribution of Ni was in the root > stem > leaf.

Keywords: Hydroponic culture, Lythrum salicaria, nickel, rhizofiltration.



IBCESS

PP95

323

THE EFFECT OF LYTHRUM SALICARIA L. EXTRACTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF

EPILOBIUMHIRSUTUM L.

Nüket A. Bingol1, Betül Akin1 and Sema Leblebici2

1Dumlupınar University,Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 43100, Kutahya, Turkey

2 Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Horticultural Plants,11210, Bilecik, Turkey

[email protected]

In this study, the effect of Lythrum salicaria L. root, shoot and leaf extracts, obtained from ethanol, acetone and hexane, on seed germination (%), root-stem length and fresh-dry weight of Epilobium hirsutum L. were investigated. Distilled water was used as control group. According to results, extracts obtained from ethanol and acetone were affected germination (%) and seedling growth of L. salicaria negatively when compared to control group. Whereas, seeds germination percent in hexane extracts shown similar results as control group. It was determined that extracts obtained from ethanol had the lowest germination % and the seedling growth. According to the results of GC-MS analysis, tetradecane, hexadecane, octadecane, eicosane, heneicosane, tricosane, nonacosane, docosane, pentacosane and 1, 2 benzenedicarboxylic acide were determined in all extracts.

Keywords: root-shoot-leaf extracts, germination, purple loosestrife


IBCESS

PP96

324

SHALLOW RECEIVING WATER BOUNDARY EFFECTS ON INITIAL DILUTION OF HORIZONTAL HEATED WATER JETS

Fatma DJAMAA1 and Semih NEMLİOGLU2

1 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Algeria, Guelma, [email protected] Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

Thermal power plants and many of thermal activities in industries need cooling processes. Cooling could mainly be maintained by either open cycle water circuits near shorelines or cooling towers. Cooling waters can be widely used as open cycle pipeline systems near shore lines. An open cycle cooling water system is a kind of thermal effluent source, which should be mixed into receiving water in order to protect from thermal shock. A quick dilution between thermal effluent and receiving water can be enough to protect marine life from extra heat. High level of mixing can be maintained by a thermal outfall system with a multiport diffuser. In order to decrease operational expenses and to keep shortest pipeline length during instruction phase of thermal marine outfalls, shallower receiving water depths could be selected to take into account minimum costs. However, a proper initial dilution needs enough depth for best solutions. This dilemma needs an optimization between port depth and initial dilution. In this study in a lab scale physical model was used in 5 different depths. Dye tracer added heated jets from a horizontally mounted a circular port were discharged 5°C heated effluent into stagnant and unstratified receiving water. Initial dilutions were compared with or without upper boundary effects. Upper boundary effects on heated water jets can be decreased initial dilution with decreased port depths. However, impact point and beyond of this location initial dilutions were shown still effective performance, if they are properly taken into account during designation stage of horizontally placed thermal outfall multiport diffusers.

Keywords: Thermal Marine Outfall, Heated Water Discharge, Shallow Water, Initial Dilution, Boundary Effect.

Acknowledgement: This study, partially supported by Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Algeria, management of co-operation and inter-university exchanges under the direction of training and development, abroad scholarship program No. 054 /bis./PG./ TURKEY studies).



IBCESS

PP97

325

METAL LEVELS IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE AREA WHERE EFFLUENTS OF WWTP OF ELAZIĞ DISCHARGING INTO

THE KEBAN DAM LAKE

Memet Varol1 and Muhammet Raşit Sünbül2

1 Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Basic Aquatic Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

2 Aquaculture Research Institute, Elazığ, Turkey [email protected]

In terms of electric power generation, irrigation, fish farming, fisheries and recreation, Keban Dam Lake are among the most important dam lakes of Turkey. Thus, Keban Dam Lake ecosystem is of great importance. In this study, heavy metal levels of sediment samples taken seasonally from the region where effluents of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Elazığ Municipality discharging into the Keban Dam Lake were investigated between the years 2014-2015. Levels of ten metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the sediment samples were determined by using an atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Heavy metal levels of sediment samples were compared with consensus-based sediment quality guidelines to determine whether the levels of heavy metals pose a threat to aquatic organisms. The results indicated that Fe, Mn, Cr, and Zn elements were the most abundant in the sediments, whereas Cd and Pb elements were the less abundant. The lowest total concentration of heavy metals was determined in spring season. Because the concentrations of Cr and Ni exceeded the consensus-based PEC (probable effect concentration) value, these elements are likely to lead to harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms.

Keywords: Effluents of wastewater treatment plant, heavy metals, Keban Dam Lake, sediment quality guidelines

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 114Y018, for the financial support.


IBCESS

PP98

326

REMOVAL OF ARSENIC FROM SURFACE WATER BY ION EXCHANGE RESINS

Sevtap Karakurt1,2, Serdar Karakurt3 and Erol Pehlivan1

1 Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey [email protected] Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), 4th Regional Directorate, Konya, Turkey3Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

One of the most important pollutants in the water is arsenic which can bind pyruvate dehydrogenase resulted with the inhibition of cellular respiration. The current limit of arsenic in drinking water according to WHO standards is 10 µg/L. Hence removal of arsenic from high arsenic containing water sources gains crucial importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of arsenic from Aksaray-Selime-Stone Bridge water by ion-exchange resins. Water sample from Aksaray-Selime-Stone Bridge was collected from the field and artificial arsenic containing water at a concentration of 100 µg/L was prepared from stock solution at laboratory conditions. Three commercial ion exchange resins (Fluka Dowex 1x8, Lewatit Monoplus MP66, LAR 714) were supplied and they were utilized for the removal of arsenic. Total arsenic concentrations were determined by using ICP-MS. ICP-MS measurement results showed varying arsenic removal rates. While the arsenic removal rates ranged from 60% to 94% for the artificial water, they ranged from 10% to 85% for the real surface water. Ion exchange resins behave differently in the artificial water and real surface water samples. The difference in the removal rates of the resins is due to the different matrix and different arsenic species included in the real surface water sample.

Keywords: Arsenic, ion exchange resin, ICP-MS, surface water



IBCESS

PP99

327

INVESTIGATION OF SOME ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN CYPRINUS CARPIO FROM BÜYÜK MENDERES

RIVER, TURKEY

Gokalp Ozmen Guler1, Abdurrahman Aktumsek2 and Bunyamin Kiztanir3

1Department of Biological Education, Ahmet Kelesoglu Education Faculty, University of Necmettin Erbakan, Konya, Turkey

[email protected] of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey

3Food Control Laboratory Directorate, Konya, Turkey

Pesticides are chemical substances widely used against plant pests and diseases. However, the use of pesticides requires great care and control as they can pollute the environment and harm human health. In this study, organochlorine pesticide residues in Cyprinus carpio L. from Buyuk Menderes River, Turkey, were analyzed. C. carpio is the main species for the fresh water fisheries in Turkey. These samples were bought from the local fishermen at Buyuk Menderes River. These fishes were analyzed for winter and summer seasons. 29 pesticide residues in winter and 26 pesticide residues in summer were found in C. carpio. In conclusion, organochlorine pesticides detected in the fish species from Buyuk Menderes River of Turkey has shown the contamination of environment due to the use of pesticides.

Keywords: Organochlorine pesticides, Buyuk Menderes River, Cyprinus carpio

Acknowledgement: We thank S.Ü. BAP (Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation), Project no. 14401095, for the financial support.


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328

NATURALLY OCCURING FLAVANOID, RUTIN REGULATES TOXIC COMPOUND METABOLISM

Serdar KARAKURT

Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Konya 42031, Turkey [email protected]

The cytochromes P450 (CYPs) is the major enzyme family which catalyzes the oxidative biotransformation of most lipophilic xenobiotics including drugs, toxicants and food additives and are hence of particular relevance for clinical pharmacology. Like many enzymes CYPs can be modulated with several factors, one of which is flavonoid molecules. The aim of this study is to investigate modulatory effects of naturally occurring plant origin flavonoid molecule, rutin on toxic compound metabolism as well as antioxidant enzymes. Characterization of rutin was done by using FT-IR and NMR and cytotoxicity was evaluated by using Alamar Blue. The effects of rutin on migration, invasion and colony formation properties of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HEPG2 were investigated wound-healing, matrigel-invasion and colony-formation assays. The effects of rutin on apoptosis-induced cell death were examined by flow cytometry. Effects of rutin on toxic compound and drug-metabolizing CYPs and antioxidant-enzymes gene/protein expressions were performed by using qRT-PCR and Western Blotting, respectively. Rutin inhibited proliferation of HEPG2 cells dose-dependent manner with IC50

value of 52.7 µM. Rutin was found to significantly inhibit invasion of HEPG2 cells (21.6%, p=0.0018), and colony formation of those invaded cells (57.4%, p<0.0001). Rutin treatment also significantly increased (28.9 %) early/late-stage apoptosis in HEPG2 cells. Notably, treatment of rutin significantly inhibited protein expressions of cytochrome P450 dependent CYP3A4 (75.3%, p<0.0001) and elevated CYP1A1 enzymes (1.7-fold, p=0.0084), and increased protein expressions of antioxidant and phase II reaction catalyzing enzymes; NQO1 (2.42-fold, p<0.0001) and GSTP1 (2.03-fold, p<0.0001). Beside this, rutin treatment significantly inhibited mRNA expression of CYP3A4 (73.2%, p=0.0014) while CYP1A1, NQO1 and GSTP1 mRNA expressions were increased 2.77-fold (p=0.029), 4.85-fold (p=0.0051) and 9.84-fold (p<0.0001), respectively. The results show that rutin might be a good candidate for combinational therapy and highly effective strategy for reducing the occurrence of HCC.

Keywords: Rutin, Cytochrome P450, cytotoxicity, hepatocellular carcinoma

Acknowledgement: I thank The Research Foundation of Selçuk University, Project no. 14401126.



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329

RESEARCH ABOUT THE REFORMATION OF SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATERS WITH VESICULARIA

DUBYANA (BROTHERUS)

Ustunol S. G.l1, Karadag A.2 and Sivaci E.R.3

1Graduate School of Sciences, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey2Graduate School of Sciences, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey

3Department of Biology, Art and Science Faculty, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey

[email protected]

In our research, making the slaughterhouse wastewaters harmless to the environment with the Vesicularia dubyana (Brotherus) application by analyzing some of the pre-contamination parameters in slaughterhouse wastewaters and benefiting from these parameters is intended. Applications made by diluting for 20 days every other day and the results have been analyzed. According to the results of the research made with wastewater, respectively for solutions with 10%, 25%, 40% and 50% concentration; the average turbite has been measured as ( 7.93, 22.8, 44.57, 54.57 ntu), the average pH as (8.91, 8.88, 8.35, 8.58), the average % of dissolved oxygen as (8.57, 48.26, 31.94, 35.73 %/ L), the average dissolved oxygen as ( 7.11, 5.11, 2.29, 3.72 mg/ L), the average ammonia as ( 1.75, 1.20, 2.42, 2.22 mg/ L), the average ammonium as ( 35.84, 63.96, 93.94, 90.97 mg/ L) and ( 0.99, 2.77, 6.94, 5.58 mg/L), total dissolved solid material as ( 2.21, 4.21, 5.72, 6.04 mg/ L), soluble phosphate concentration as ( 3.34, 7.18, 8.73, 9.53 mg/ L). At the end of sowing Vesicularia dubyana, it has been observed that transparancy in slaughterhouse wastewaters has decreased, and the pH level has alkalized in the measurements made. Based on our findings, the usage of macrophyte types such as V. dubyana in biological treatment of waters with high chemical contamination has been demonstrated. In conclusion, subjecting macrophytes to a biological treatment process by selecting the types which will suit to this extreme aquatic system in order to improve slaughterhouse wastewaters has demonstrated that it will be very important for biological struggle.

Key Words: Treatment, Waste water, Macrophyte, Slaughterhouse, Vesicularia dubyana.


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330

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY OF DEREPAZARI STREAM, RIZE, TURKEY

Tanju MUTLU1, Bülent VEREP2, Tamer AKKAN3, Vildan ÇAKIR2, and Cengiz MUTLU3

1 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Department of Fisheries, Rize, Turkey [email protected] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Fisheries, Rize, Turkey3 Giresun University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun, Turkey

Water quality monitoring and assessment in aquatic ecosystems is very important issue in industrialization and civilisation of the world. In this presentation, water quality of the Derepazarı Stream in Rize city in Eastern Black Sea Region which has a rich freshwater capacity was investigated and monitored of physico-chemical water quality parameters. The study was carried out between July 2010 and May, 2011. Water samples were taken from the four different stations with 10 km intervals between each other, up to 30 km inwards from the river mouth and up to 94 m altitude from the sea level. Some chemical water quality parameters such as pH, HCO3

, CO2, BOI

5, Ca, Mg, total hardness, nitrite,

nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and alkalinity were performed with the water samples. At the same time, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and saturation of dissolved oxygen in water, TDS, conductivity, suspended matter and turbidity were also determined by multiple environmental parameter measuring probe in situ. As a result of evaluated data of eleven-month monitoring of physico-chemical water quality parameters, the following water quality characteristics were determined; the average water temperature 14,59°C, BOI5

0,57 mg/L, pH 7,74, electrical conductivity 142.57 µS/cm, dissolved oxygen 10.83 mg/L, TDS 66,73 mg/l, turbidity 4,03 NTU, suspended matter 8,42 mg/l, CO

2 2,77

mg/l and HCO3 69,72 mg/l. From the all physical and chemical characteristics points of

view, based on the inland water quality standards declared in water pollution law, it is obvious that the stream has a high water quality standard (Class 1). Thus, it can be said that Derepazarı stream water can be used not only for drinking purpose by disinfecting it, but also for recreational aims, animal production and other aims. When the results of water analysis are compared with the water quality for aquaculture, it was identified that Derepazarı stream has a good quality without a serious pollution problem and at the same time, all parameters except HCO3

are sufficient for aquaculture in Derepazarı stream.

Keywords: water quality, Derepazarı Stream, Rize, physico-chemical

Acknowledgement: We thank Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, RTEÜ-BAP Project no 2011.103.01.1, for the partial financial support.



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331

INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT ON GOOD KERNEL OF CERTAIN PREPARATES IN HAZELNUT

Ali TURAN1, Mine RUŞEN2, Kibar AK3 and Celal TUNCER4

1Giresun University, Hazelnut Expertise Programme, Giresun, [email protected]

2Yalova Horticulture Research Institute, Yalova, Turkey3Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun, Turkey

419 May University, Faculty of Agriculture, Samsun, Turkey

This research was performed on Tombul in Hazelnut Research Institute during 2002-2004 years. The aim of project was investigated to determine effective of organic preparates on good kernel. Different doses of the neeemazal, spinosad and sulphur+lime+ash(mixed) were used in the study. 20 cluster were collected and investigated each ocak for two years at harvest season. According to 2004 results spinosad was found effective against hazelnut weevil. In addition this spinosad 40ml dose was found effective 85.52% on good kernel. However, the dose was not found effective for grey-black nut, black nut and holed nut. The sulphur+lime+ash (mixed) preparate was found effective 68.00% on good kernel, but was found effectiveless for grey-black nut, black nut and holed nut. Neemazal 100ml dose was found effective 86.8% on good kernel in 2003. The neemazal was not found effective against hazelnut weevil in 2003. Furthermore, the neemazal was showed fitotoxite effect. But the other preparates was not showed fitotoxite effect.

Keywords: Good kernel, hazelnut weevil, nut damage, organic preparate, spinosad.

Acknowledgement: We thank TAGEM, Project no. TAGEM-BS-03/05-113, for the partial financial support.


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332

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4

REMOVAL OF NICKEL FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER BY ELECTROCOAGULATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION PROCESS

Merve Dönmez Öztel and Ferya Akbal

Department of Environmental Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey [email protected]

The aim of this research is to investigate nickel removal from industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation combined with ultrafiltration. The wastewater used in experimental studies was provided by metal finishing factory in Samsun, Turkey. Firstly, the industrial wastewater was subjected to electrocoagulation in a batch reactor consisting of three anodes and three cathodes made of iron. The effect of electrolysis time on nickel removal was investigated between 0 and 15 minutes at 1 A applied electric current (current density of 5mA cm-2) and pH 1.38. The results indicated that nickel removal increased with electrolysis time. The effects of initial pH and current density on nickel removal were also investigated. Current density was varied from 2.0 to 7.0 mA cm-2 and the range of pH was 2.0 - 9.0. It was found that nickel removal was majorly pH dependent and slower at lower pH values. The increase of current density accelerated the nickel removal and decreased the residual nickel concentrations. The optimum operating conditions for nickel removal were 1 A applied electric current (current density of 5 mA cm-

2) and pH 8.0. After electrocoagulation process, the wastewater was treated by ultrafiltration process for 30 minutes. Two different membranes (50 kDa and 100 kDa) were used in ultrafiltration process. The effect of filtration time on nickel removal was investigated. The maximum nickel removal efficiency was recorded as 87% at 1 A applied electric current and pH 8 for 50 kDa membrane. Results of this work will be useful for future scale up using the electrocoagulation combined with ultrafiltration for the removal of nickel from industrial wastewater.

Keywords: electrocoagulation, ultrafiltration, nickel, metal industry, wastewater.



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5

333

COLOR AND COD REMOVAL FROM TREATED TEXTILE INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS WITH VARIOUS ADSORBENTS

Gül KAYKIOĞLU, Elçin GÜNEŞ, Yalçın GÜNEŞ and Suna Özden ÇELİK

Namık Kemal University/Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu/Tekirdağ, Turkey

[email protected]

The rapid depletion and pollution of water resources are extremely negative impact on all life in Ergene River Basin in Turkey. The highly polluted sites were Çorlu and Çerkezköy in the basin which located near the most urbanized and industrialized area. New discharge standards were developed by Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR) for COD and color to prevent pollution caused by insufficient wastewater treatment in the basin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color and COD removal efficiency of various adsorbents for biologically treated effluents of a local textile factory in Çorlu which has COD:200 mg/L and color:39.4 m-1. In the study four adsorbents were used: the waste metal hydroxide (WMH) obtained from aluminum electroplating industry, colemanite waste (CW), ulexite waste (UW) collected from boron ore wastes and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe

3O

4) (MNP). The

adsorption of color and COD onto different adsorbents were studied at natural pH (pH 7.5), different adsorbent doses (2-30 g/L) and different contact times (0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min). Adsorption with UW achieved to equilibrium at 120 min and with WMH at 180 min. The maximum color removal efficiencies were 67% for UW and 57% for WMH. The maximum COD removal efficiencies were 72% for UW and 70% for WMH. Both adsorbents were reduced COD below 100 mg/L and color below 20 m-1. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Freundlich model yielded better fit than the Langmuir model for the adsorption of color and COD on UW and WMH.

Keywords: Adsorption, waste metal hyroxide, ulexite waste, colemanite waste, magnetic nanoparticles


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334

PP10

6

THE INVESTIGATION COLIFORMS AND E. COLI IN DRINKING AND USING WATERS OF KONYA AND REGION

Tufan AKYÜZ1 and Emine ARSLAN2

1Konya Province Public Health Laboratory, Konya, Turkey 2 Selçuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Konya, Turkey [email protected]

In this study, was aimed that drinking and using waters are investigated in terms of coliform group and Escherichia coli in Konya and the province. Causing disease by infecting of many pathogens with water and increasing of antibiotic resistance among individuals with the wrong antibiotic treatment, have increased the importance of water sanitation. Therefore, measures should be taken by researching the levels of contamination in drinking and using water and factors. In this study; E.coli and coliform bacteria in 3145 drinking and using waters that sent to the Konya Public Health laboratory in 2015 years were determined. These water samples were analyzed by the membrane filtration method and evaluated. The obtained results showed that the water samples are suitable for drinking of %95.521) 3004) in terms of E. coli and of 2755 (87.283%) in terms of total coliform. when this case is proportioned to all water samples, it was detected as pathogen factor 141 (4,478%) of E. coli (fecal coliform), %12,716) 390) of total coliform. The contamination of coliform and E. coli has demonstrated variability according to the particular month of the year and it was observed increase in some months. As a result; it is thought that need to be disinfect of drinking and using waters before drinking, be control of disinfection efficiency in the disinfected water, be detect of resources led to pollution for the prevention of diseases derived from contagion and antibiotic resistance and be apply of the purification process for these sources. Keywords: Water, Coliform, E. coli, Membran Filtration.



IBCESS

ADSORPTION OF DYESTUFF FROM AQUA SOLUTIONS BY BIOCHAR

Nahide Narin and Gülce Çakman

Ondokuz Mayıs University, Chemical Engineering Department, Samsun, [email protected]

This research presents the adsorption of dyestuff from the water onto biochar which is produced by hazelnut husk. Methylene blue, methyl red, congo red and methyl orange are widely used to color products in textile industries. One of the major problems concerning textile wastewaters is removing of coloring agents. The textile wastewater contains toxic substances, which are harmful to environment. This wastewater must be purified to avoid damage to the environment. The most preferred technique for this is adsorption because of its suitable properties such as high efficiency and more economical. Since the last few years, natural materials started to use as adsorbent due to it is cheap and eco-friendly. In this study, biochar derived from pyrolysis of hazelnut husk will be used for the adsorption of dyestuff. Adsorption experiments will be carried out by varying adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature to determine the optimum conditions. The biochar will be activated with pretreatment. The activated biochar will be used at optimum conditions for investigate pretreatment effect. To describe the equilibrium isotherms the experimental data will be analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Pseudo first-order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models will be used to find out kinetic parameters and mechanism of adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters such as ∆G, ∆H and ∆S will be calculated.

Keywords: Adsorption, hazelnut husk, biochar, dye, kinetic.

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335


IBCESS

336

PP10

9

THE SELECTION CRITERIA OF VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS FOR THE NOISE EXPOSURE LEVEL DETERMINATION

Serden Basak1 and K. Onur DEMİRARSLAN2

1 Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Artvin, Turkey [email protected] Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Artvin, Turkey

Sound is a pressure wave, which is produced by vibrations. These vibrations set particles in the surrounding medium, such as air or water, in vibrational motion thus transporting energy through the medium. Noise is unwanted sound and is among the most pervasive pollutants today. Noise from road traffic and trucks, jet planes, construction equipment and manufacturing processes to name a few, are among the unwanted sounds that are routinely broadcast into the air. The problem with noise is not only that it is unwanted, but also that it negatively affects human health and well-being. Problems related to noise include stress, sleep loss, hearing loss, high blood pressure, distraction and lost productivity, and a general reduction in the quality of life and opportunities for tranquility. Therefore, the date 28.07.2013 in the Official Gazette No. 28721 “the Protection of the Workers from the Risks Relating to Noise” Regulation entered into force. Many employees or workers are exposed to noise from the different sectors. However, the exposure values are different and related to the work and time. The aim of this study is, to put forth selecting criteria of various occupations for the noise exposure level determination for a research in Artvin province center (Turkey). As a result of the study, three different places with different occupations were selected.The selected first place is one institution in the health sector, the second place is a private workplace and the third one is an office.

Keywords: Noise, health, criteria, occupation, exposure level

Acknowledgement: We thank Artvin Çoruh University, Projects of Scientific Investigation (BAP), Project no. 2015.M80.02.06, for the financial support.



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337

SHORT AND LONG TERM EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON ALGAE

Serden Basak1, Dilek Ozgun2 and Ozer Cinar3

1 Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Artvin, Turkey

2 Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Kahramanmaras,Turkey

3 Yıldız Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

One of the most relevant topics in environmental engineering is water quality. The concentration of some organic compounds, such as pesticides have been used to characterize water quality. In addition to this, the increasing use of pharmaceuticals in human and in animals has become a new environmental problem in past years. Their possible effects on human and on ecological systems are considerably increased. A significant number of these level compounds have been often detected both in aqueous (wastewater, drinking water, surface water, and groundwater) and solid (sludge, soil, and sediments) samples. Caffeine is stimulant, diuretic and found in some pharmaceuticals and also found in coffee, tea, cola, cacao and in several foods as additive. Conventional wastewater treatment plants, which are usually designed to remove carbon (C), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), cannot treat caffeine. Several treatment alternatives of pharmaceuticals are studied in past decades. The algae could be another alternative for caffeine treatment. However, the caffeine could have an adverse effect on algae. The present study has aimed to detect the short and long term of caffeine on algae. The mixed culture algae were taken from local pond in Kahramanmaras/Turkey. The adaptation time of algae was 90 days. The algae were fed with modified BG-11 medium and caffeine. Chl-a, hemocytometer, TOC, TN, NO

2 and NO

3 values were

determined in short and long term.

Keywords: Algae, Caffeine, Short Term Effect, Long Term Effect, Pharmaceutical


IBCESS

338

PP11

1

PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESEARCHES OF HAZARDOUS DYES REMOVAL FOR THE ENVIRONMENT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Ali Kara2 and Sibel Han1

1Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Uludag University, Bursa, [email protected] Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey

The environmental impact of dye is different. Dyes are so problematic because the families of chemical compounds that make good dyes are also toxic to humans. Most of dyes in wastewater are generally harmful. One of the hazardous dyes for the environment is azo dye. Azo dyes are one of the main types of dye used by the textile industry. However, some azo dyes break down during use and release chemicals known as aromatic amines, some of which can cause water pollution and cancer. The other one is anti-fouling dye (also its called bottom dye). It contains tributyltin (TBT) which is considered to be toxic chemicals with negative effects on the environment. Some synthetic and reactive dyes are also highly toxic and carcinogenic. Nowadays, removal of dyes is carried out generally by physical and chemical methods. There are several techniques for the removing of harmful dyes, such as adsorption, adsorption on activated carbons, chemical coagulation followed by sedimentation and flocculation, reverse osmosis, activated sludge, bacterial action, chemical oxidation, UV, photochemical, ultrasonic decomposition, ozonation and physical methods like membrane filtration, ion exchange and electrochemical techniques. Adsorption process is related with many physicochemical factors such as, dye/sorbent interactions, surface area of adsorbent, particle size, temperature, pH and contact time. In our studies, the physicochemical researches of hazardous dyes removal from aqueous solutions were achieved.

Keywords: Dyes, Adsorption, Removal of dyes, Textile wastewater.

Acknowledgement: We thank Uludag University, Project no. KUOP-20313/29 and Project no. OUAP (F)-2012/28, for the partial financial support.



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339

REMOVAL OF BORON FROM GEOTHERMAL WATER BY A NOVEL CHELATING FIBER

Yaşar Kemal Recepoğlu1, Nalan Kabay1, İdil Yilmaz İpek1, Müşerref Arda2, M.Yuksel1, Kazuharu Yoshizuka3 and Syouhei Nishihama3

1Ege University, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, 35100 Izmir, Turkey

2Ege University, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, 35100 Izmir, Turkey3The University of Kitakyushu, Faculty of Environmental Engineering,

Department of Chemical Engineering, Kitakyushu, Japan [email protected]

Boron is one of the important micro-nutrients for plants but excess boron in water is harmful for the growth of some plants. There are many techniques such as chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and electro-coagulation for boron removal from water and wastewater. Among these methods, ion exchange processes using chelating resins containing N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) groups are the most extensively used materials. Recently, the development of new selective chelating resins and fibers with large capacity, high selectivity and high sorption rate has received great interest for boron removal from natural waters and wastewater. In this study, batch and column mode tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency of novel boron selective chelating fiber adsorbent Chelest GRY-HW for boron removal from geothermal water containing 10-11 mg B/L. The optimum amount of fiber adsorbent for boron removal from geothermal water was determined as 4.0 g fiber/L-geothermal water. It was found that the sorption kinetics was influenced by particle size of the fiber adsorbent. The rate determining step for boron separation from geothermal water was found to be particle diffusion. According to the results of column-mode study, breakthrough and total capacities of the fiber adsorbent were obtained as 6.05 and 13.05 mg/g-fiber, respectively. The efficiency of novel chelating fiber adsorbent was also compared with boron selective chelating resins Diaion CRB 02 and Diaion CRB 05 resins containing NMDG groups by batch and column mode tests. The results show that it is possible to reduce boron concentration in geothermal water below the permissible level for irrigation water (<1.0 mg/L) by using boron selective novel chelating fiber along with chelating resins.

Keywords: boron, fiber adsorbent, geothermal water, ion exchange, N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG)

Acknowledgement: The financial support of TUBITAK-JSPS (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 214M360 is greatly acknowledged. We thank Izmir Geothermal Co. for providing us with the geothermal water sample. We are also thankful to our diploma project students Bahar Oflay, Nurcan Demirli, Gül Beste Sezer and Elif Bay for their supports.


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340

PP11

3

PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESEARCH FOR EFFECTIVE ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING MAGNETIC POLYMER MICROSPHERES

Ali Kara and Ebna Ceyhan

Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Uludag University, Bursa, [email protected]

Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals are not biodegradable and take risks in living organisms and many heavy metal ions are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This research aimed to develop the effective method that will used to treat heavy metal wastewater. A number of Technologies such as precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, flotation and electrochemical methods studied for removal of heavy metal pollutant from wastewater. A lot of published studies from the literature survey articles discuss that adsorption method is one of the most frequently studied for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater. Adsorption has advantages over the other methods because of simple design and can involve low investment in term of initial cost required. The adsorption process offers flexibility in design and operation and in many cases will produce high quality treated effluent. Many adsorbent types such as chitosan composites, natural polymers, activated carbon are studied for removal of heavy metals. In this research our aim is to develop and synthesize highly efficient adsorbents for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution using polymer microspheres and settle the physicochemical parameters such as kinetic and thermodynamic.

Keywords:Heavy Metal, Polymer microspheres, Adsorption, Heavy Metal Removal



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PP11

4

341

MASS BALANCE FOR NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LOADS IN LAKE SAPANCA

Seda Tunay, Bulent Sengorur and Rabia Koklu

Sakarya University, Environmental Engineering Dept., Sakarya, Turkey [email protected]

Input and output loads of total nitrogen and phosphorus for Lake Sapanca were conducted to determine in this study. Water samples were collected from 12 tributaries discharging to the lake every month and from the lake every 2 months. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads were calculated evaluating the loads from point and non-point sources. The total loads to the lake were calculated as the sum of the nonpoint source load (from rural areas, forest areas and atmosphere) and point source load. Total nitrogen load and loading value were calculated as 28.9 T/year and 6.31 g/m2 year and total phosphorus load and loading value were calculated as 19.0 T/year and 0.42 g/m2 year for the water year of 2013. Nonpoint source load values were found higher than point source load values for total nitrogen, whereas the opposite situation was observed for total phosphorus load values. The difference between input and output loads were calculated as 24.2 T/year for total nitrogen and 15.5 T/year for total phosphorus. These amounts are thought to be accumulated in the lake or used by the aquatic organisms. It was identified that nutrient loads in the lake were very high with respect to critical loading values. The trophic status of the lake has been examined by Vollenweider approach and determined as eutrophic for both total phosphorus and total nitrogen parameters.

Keywords: Lake Sapanca, total nitrogen load, total phosphorus load

Acknowledgement: We thank BAPK (Scientific Research Project Unit Sakarya University), Project no. 2012-01-04-016, for the partial financial support.


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342

PP11

5

THE TOXICOLOGICAL IMPACT LEVELS OF Hg2+ FOUND IN HYDRODROMADESPICIENS (MÜLLER, 1776) (ACARI, HYDRACHNIDIA), A COMMON ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES

Gülderen Uysal Akkus1, Ferruh Asci2 and İrem Yaman1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey [email protected] of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Science, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

The resistance points of Hydrodromadespiciens which is a dominant and common water mite species regarding Hg metal have been determined and their ecological impact levels have been assessed in this study. It is vital for the health of lake ecosystems to be aware of the impacts of various chemicals on the zooplankton populations in lakes since they comprise the basic structure of the food chain. Any negative impact on the zooplankton has a direct effect on the biological life in lakes. Such negative factors are headed by numerous industrial plants which release heavy metals into watercourses and lakes. The samples used in this study have been collected from Karamık Lake within the boundaries of Afyonkarahisar province. The collected samples were delivered with appropriate methods to the laboratory environment and specific amounts were placed into aquariums. These aquariums were further filled with plant samples collected from the lake as well as lake water. Thus natural ecosystems were established in the aquariums. Hg(NO3

)2 salts were added

into one of the aquariums in gradually increasing concentrations (1x10-5, 1x10-

4 and 1x10-3M) at regular intervals. Another aquarium was used for control purposes without adding metal salts. Sampling was done six times with one week intervals. These samples were analyzed with ICP (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy ICP-OES; Spectro Genesis, Germany). The tolerance limits were determined for the organisms from the results obtained for the absorbed metal amounts.

Keywords: Acari, water mites, Accumulation, Heavy metals, Ecological effect.

Acknowledgement: We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Afyon Kocatepe University Research Fund (Project No: 14.FEN.BİL.27).



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6

343

PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESEARCH FOR ADSORPTION OF DYES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING POLYMER ADSORBENTS

Ali Kara and Nilay Turan


In recent years, water pollution has become a more and more serious problem and has attracted considerable public attention. Synthetic dyes, as a class of major water pollutants, have been found to have adverse effects on public health and environment, even at trace levels. because most of them are toxic and even carcinogenic. They also affect photo-synthesis by inhibiting penetration of sunlight into water bodies. Dyes are widelyusedin various fields suchastextile, plastics, food, cosmetic, printing etc. forthe coloration of their related products printing, paper and other industries and they are rather difficult to be removed from wastewater becauseof their complex aromatic structures. To improve the quality of water, the effective removal of organic dyes from wastewater is urgently required. At present, several techniques and methods including photo-degradation, extraction, biological treatment, Liquid–liquid extraction chemical oxidation and adsorption have been developed to remove organic dyes from water. Among them, adsorption is regardedas one of the most competitive methods due to its high efficiency, low cost, and simplicity of operation at ambient temperature. In our study, the physicochemical researches of harmful dyes removal from aqueous solutions were substantiated.

Keywords: Dyes, Adsorption, Magnetic micro beads, Wastewater Treatment


IBCESS

PP11

7

344

ADSORPTION OF Cr(VI) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY SYNTHESIS MAGNETIC POLYMERS

Ali Kara and Nilay Turan


Chromium has applications in a variety of industries for industrial growth of any society. Chromium is highly toxic pollutant generated from many industrial processes such as leather tanning process, electroplating, and manufacturing of dye, paint, textile, pigment manufacture and paper. Although the most common oxidation states of chromium are from +2 to +6, two states, +3 and +6, are of environmental significance. Cr(VI) ions are 500 times more toxic than the trivalent one, and because of Cr(VI)’s mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, Cr(VI) includes skin irritation to lung cancer, as well as kidney, liver and gastric damage. Several treatment processes have been in practice for removal of Cr (VI) ions from water and wastewater. Cr(III) is proved to be biologically essential to mammals as it maintains an effective glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. In contrast, Cr(VI) can diffuse as CrO42 - or HCrO4- through cell membranes and oxidize biological molecules. Many methods have been used for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions, including chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation and reduction, ion exchange, filtration, electrochemical treatment and evaporative recovery. However these high-technology processes have significant disadvantages, including incomplete metal removal, requirements for expensive equipment and monitoring systems, high reagent or energy requirements or generation of toxic sludge or other waste products that require disposal. Adsorption is one the most advanced and economical method. In this study, we synthesized new polymeric beads for the removal of Cr(VI) from the aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Adsorption, Cr(VI) removal, , magnetic polymers, wastewater treatment



IBCESS

PP11

8

345

A NOVEL REACTION-BASED “TURN ON” PYRENE DERIVATIVE FOR FLUORESCENT SENSING OF FLUORIDE

Sait Malkondu1, Ahmet Koçak2, Nuriye Koçak3 and Neslihan Şahin2

1 Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected] Selçuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Konya, Turkey.

3 Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, Konya, Turkey.

Fluorine is a naturally occurring element in the environment. Due to its high reactivity, it easily forms compounds with the most of the other elements including the noble gases. Therefore, it is used in many industrial processes including water treatment in the form of sodium fluoride (NaF). Fluoride is a serious threat to humans and a cumulative threat to the environment through its nature and manufacture. Its harmful accumulation inecosystems and humans add to already rising medical costs. Fluoride is a known toxic compound that should never have been allowed into our water beyond natural occurrences. Natural occurrences can often be too high as well. Very low fluoride levels (3-5 mg per day) are recommended, though not necessary, for maintaining the health of teeth and bones. This amount is naturally present in many water supplies without need of additional supplements. Due to above-mentioned reasons, fluoride sensing is one of the most attractive goals in anion recognition for its importance in health and environmental issues. It is necessary to develop fast, highly selective and sensitive methods to determine fluoride levels. Compared to the costly and complicated ion-selective electrode and ion chromatography which were widely used in fluoride detection, fluorescence method is a convenient and satisfactory method with simplicity and real-time detection for fluoride. In this regard, the fluorescent sensing of a fluoride ion has attracted growing attention. In most cases, hydrogen bonding between the N-H of a urea or pyrrole group and fluoride was used for the recognition. Here, we report a new reaction-based amidoxime ester derivative that displays a selective fluorescent changes with fluoride ion among the halide ions.

Keywords: fluoride, anion recognition, fluorescence.

Acknowledgement: We thank SUBAP (Selcuk University’s Scientific Research Projects) for the financial support.


IBCESS

346

PP11

9

ENHANCED BIOSORPTION OF COBALT (II) ONTO PLANT BASED IMMOBILIZED BIOMASS: BATCH STUDIES

Fatih Sayın1, Sibel Tunalı Akar1, Dilek Yılmazer2 and Tamer Akar1

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey2 Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey [email protected]

Quality of the surface and drinking waters is threatened and affected by the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in food chain. They have to be removed from water sources by using effective purification methods. Cobalt is essential element for humans and has serious effects on living things. Higher cobalt concentration in water sources results in low blood pressure, paralysis and diarrhea. Cobalt may be discharged into the wastewater from numerous industries such as metallurgy, mining, electronics, dying and pigment industries. Therefore, it should be removed from these industrial effluents. Biosorption is an alternative technique used for the removal of metals and dyes from waters by biological materials. This method is increasingly examined by many researchers because of its low cost, selectivity, rate of uptake, toxicant affinity and recovery properties. In this study, we studied Co(II) biosorption efficiency and capacity of silicagel immobilized Lactariussalmanicolor (L. salmanicolor,ILS) using batch technique. Operating conditions were investigated by the function of biosorbent dosage, initial pH, contact time and initial Co(II) ion concentration. The biosorption of Co(II) onto ILS was found to be pH-dependent and optimal pH value was pH 4.0. Co(II) biosorption process rapidly attained equilibrium within 30 minand some kinetic models were used to evaluate the time-dependent data. The maximum experimental uptake capacity was found to be 118.06 mg Co/g biosorbent.The equilibrium biosorption data were modeled using some isotherm models.As a conclusion, prepared biosorbent is low cost, effective and promising for removal of heavy metal pollutants such as cobalt.

Keywords:Biosorption, Cobalt, Heavy metal, Lactariussalmonicolor, Immobilization.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Commission of Scientific Research Projects of Eskişehir Osmangazi University (ESOGU) with the project number 201519041. The authors gratefully acknowledge for financial support by ESOGU.



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0

347

MODELLING AND MULTIVARIATE OPTIMIZATION OF SYNTHETIC DYE BIOSORPTION BY SURFACE MODIFIED

PLANT BASED BIOSORBENT

Sibel Tunali Akar, Fatih Sayin, Serpil Turk Yilmaz and Tamer Akar

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey

[email protected]

The increasing population and industrial wastes cause pollution of water sources by different contaminants. Synthetic dyes are one of the water pollutants widely used in different industries. Many types of dyes and their degradation products are significantly toxic in natureand have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on whole nature at even smaller amounts. Additionally these are stable against light and oxidants. The presence of these substances in the aqueous media may be harmful to living systems. Biosorption is emerging as a promising alternative method for the elimination of organic and/or inorganic pollutants from contaminated aquatic media. Response surface methodology (RSM) is an experimental modeling and analyzing technique, which is a useful statistical design for the optimization of operating parameters. The main advantage of this technique is reducing the number of experiments and the description of the interactive parameters of biosorption procedure. The objective of this study was to investigate the decolorization potential of anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS) modified Pyracantha coccinea (P. coccinea). Methyl violet is chosen as model dye. RSM involving three levels of Box-Behnken design was employed for the process optimization. Maximum decolorization yield was determined as 94.09% at optimal conditions (pH:6.0, biosorbent amount: 0.055g, contact time: 30 min) for the biosorption of Methyl violet (MV).Experimental data were fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with the highest r2

values of 0.999. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm was recorded as 254.88 mg/g. Real wastewater conditions were also examined and biosorption yields of SDS modified-P. coccinea were found as 86.23% and 94.51% in batch and column systems, respectively. The results indicated that SDS modified-P. coccinea could be potential and cost effective biosorbent for cationic dye removal from aqueous solutions.

Keywords:Biosorption, Box-Behnken design, Modification, Response Surface Methodology, Synthetic dye.


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348

PP12

1

INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT LOADS DERIVED FROM MUNICIPAL WATER AND AQUACULTURE ON WATER QUALITY AND PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY IN RESERVOIRS

Nehir Kaymak¹, Senol Akin¹, Zekeriya Altuner2, Bulent Verep3, Ahmet Mutlu Gozler3, Fatih Polat5, Ayse Olmez6 and Evren Cetin1

1 Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey: 2 Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey3 Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey: 4 Faculty of Art and Science, Biology Department, Balikesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey5 Almus Vocational School, Department of Environmental Protection and Control, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey6 Almus Vocational School, Department of Forestry, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey [email protected]

Fish farming in cages causes the waste material that is directly released in the aquatic environment, thus it may lead to increase the concentration of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the water column and sediment, and impacts on freshwater assemblages. The objective of this study was to assess the differences between reservoirs with fish cage farming (Almus reservior) and without fish cage farming (Suat and Hasan Uğurlu reserviors) in relation to water quality parameters and subsequent primary production sources. Mean water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration of Almus reservoir were lower than those of the Suat Ugurlu and Hasan Ugurlu reservoirs. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrite were slightly higher in Suat and Hasan Ugurlu reservoirs, while nitrate and orthophosphate were the highest in Almus reservoir. There was shift in phytoplankton taxonomic structure and composition among reservoirs. The phytoplankton community was dominated by Cyanobacteria in particular Aphanothece clathrata (West & G.S. West 1906) in the Suat Ugurlu reservoir, and Aphanizomenon sp. (A.Morren ex E.Bornet & C.Flahault 1886) in Almus reservoir, whereas diatoms, with Cyclotella ocellata (Pantocsek) as the dominant taxon in Hasan Ugurlu reservoir especially in summer. Blooms of cyanobacteria (especially toxic Aphanizomenon sp.) are becoming prevalent in Suat Ugurlu reservoir and Almus reservoir due to municipal water and aquaculture practices, respectively.

Keywords: Fish cage farming, water quality, phytoplankton, reservoir, aquaculture waste

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 107 O 519, and Gaziosmanpaşa University Research Fund, Project No. 2010/38 for the partial financial support



IBCESS

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2

349

PHOTOSYNTHETIC MACHINERY STATUS OF DROUGHT TREATED MAIZE

Özlem ARSLAN

Giresun University,Espiye Vocational School, Giresun, [email protected]

Drought stress is one of the most adverse factors that limit the growth and yeild of cereals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of drought-induced alterations in photosynthetic machinery, both RuBisCo and PSII photochemical activities, of maize (Zea mays L., cultivar Sakarya). Maize cultivar grown in perlite medium at optimum conditions (at 25oC, 250 µmol m-2s-1 light intensity, 16 hour light/8 hour dark, %40-50 humidity) for 8th days with half strength Hoagland solution was subjected to drought occured by -0.8 MPa PEG 6000 for 5 days. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements and RubisCo activity showed that drought led to photoinhibition of photosynthesis in leaves of maize. Drought stress resulted in a decline in the total performance index (PI

total). Total chlorophyll of leaves decreased

according to controls while carotenoid level remained unchange. Additionally, RubisCo activity adversely affected by drought condition. Effect of drought stress on lipid peroxidation was examined by determining MDA content of the leaf tissues and MDA content increased at stress condition. These results showed that drought stress induced the photoinhibition of PSII, increased the membrane degredation and decreased the chlorophyll pigments content in maize leaves.

Keywords:Drought, maize, PItotal

, photoinhibition, ruBisCo activity.

Acknowledgement: This workwas supported by Giresun University, Foundation of Scientific Researches under grant, Project no. FEN-BAP-A-250414-41.


IBCESS

350

PP12

3

DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY IN HARŞIT STREAM, GIRESUN

Cengiz MUTLU1, Buse ERASLAN AKKAN1 and Bülent VEREP2,

1 Giresun University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun, Turkey 2,Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Fisheries, Rize, [email protected]

Because of effects of freshwater on public health and other similar issues, the worldwide interest on pollution problems of these resources is increasing. The studies on defining both human effects on aquatic environment and(water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, salinity, conductivity, suspended solids, turbidity, BOI5, alkalinity, total hardness, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, silica, total phosphorus, orthophosphate phosphorus, sodium, potassium, sulphite and sulphate) natural processes in the environment are used to determine water quality. Therefore, this study focuses on the changes in some physico-chemical parameters in water body of Harşit River, the longest river of Giresun which has the second highest level of surface water volume among TR90 cities, are examined with water samples from 7 different stations for 12 months. After the confirmation of homogeneity in data and differences among seasons, the data is tested and analyzed with One Way Anova and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Also, the data gathered during the process of defining physico-chemical water quality and pollution levels are evaluated according to EPA and Regulation of Surface Water Quality Management (RSWQM). It is defined that according to seasonal average data of the parameters, it has Class I Quality water in terms of water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and nitrate ammonium, Class II Quality in terms of BOI5, and generally Class II Quality in terms of nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus. Moreover, it is stated that alkalinity value is above the critical level according to EPA. As a result, the changes in physico-chemical parameters are generally appropriate for RSWQM and Class IV Quality values are determined in discharge points of the river depending on the months. When the present data is evaluated according to RSWQM, it can be said that Harşit River water can be used for recreational purposes, aquaculture and other purposes.

Keywords: Water quality, harşit, Giresun, physico-chemical

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun University, Project no FEN-BAP-C-250414-02, for the financial support.



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4

351

EVALUATION OF EXPANDED PERLITE AS A SORBENT FOR PRECONCENTRATION OF COPPER(II) FROM AQUEOUS

SOLUTION

Rukiye Saygılı, Orhan Murat Kalfa and Yunus Erdoğan

1 Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Kütahya, Turkey

[email protected]

Water, air and soil contamination with metal ions has become a global environmental problem. The presence of trace metals in environment may result from various sources such as industrial activities, combustion of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, mining activities, atmospheric emissions, soils and bedrocks. These sources cause continuous release of trace metals into the environment. Some of these metals are essential (e.g. copper) and needed in very small quantities for the proper functioning of the living organisms. But some of them are toxic. The determination of trace metal ions in various samples is a subject of great interest. However, the direct determination of extremely low concentrations of analytes can be difficult because of matrix interferences or insufficient sensitivity of most analytical techniques. For this reason, preliminary separation and preconcentration of trace analytes from matrices are usually required. The most commonly employed techniques of sample treatment are solid-phase extraction (SPE). Perlite is an inert glassy volcanic ryholitic rock and can be expanded up to 10–20 times its original volume when heated rapidly at 700–1200 oC. Most of perlite contains greater than 70% silica. The expanded pelite is inexpensive and abundantly available in Turkish markets. This could make it avaiable candidate as an economical sorbent for removing heavy metals such as lead, copper, cadmium and chromium. In this study, preconcentration conditions of copper (II) using expanded perlite (EP) were investigated. EP was dried at 80 ºC and then the dried sorbent sieved by a 63 µm sieve. Column technique was used and for this purpose, 0,8 mm glass column was used. The morphology of sorbent was characterized by FT-IR, SEM and XRD. To determine optimum preconcentration conditions firstly, pH was studied and optimum pH value was found to be at 5.5all other parameters will be studied at this pH value.

Keywords: Expanded perlite, trace element, copper(II), preconcentration, flame atomic absorption spectrometryAcknowledgement: We are thanks to Dumlupinar University Advanced Technology Center (DPU-ILTEM) for support of our research work.


IBCESS

352

PP12

5

A SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION BY RAMBUTAN (NEPHELIUMLAPPACEUM) PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF Cu(II)

Ümran Zeren, Fatma Kurun, Merve Dağcı, Rukiye Saygılı andOrhan Murat Kalfa

Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, [email protected]

The direct determination of trace metals by this technique is generally difficult because of matrix interference problems and low concentration of metals in samples. These problems can be overcome by using preconcentration and separation procedures before the detection procedure. Among the preconcentration techniques,solid phase extraction (SPE) technique has increasingly become a popular technique. Solid-phase extraction is a high effective, ecologically safe method for the preconcentration of trace metals.In this study, a new method was developed for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Cu(II)ions by using rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peece as a solid phase and then determining by atomic absorption spectrometry. Several factors affects the extraction of the metal ions such as pH, the eluent type and concentration, flow rate, sample volume and interfering ions. In this study pH, the eluent type and concentration, flow rate for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Cu(II) ions were investigated.

Keywords: Atomic absorption spectrometry, preconcentration, rambutan, solid phase extraction.



IBCESS

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6

353

PRECONCENTRATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF Cu(II) IONS BY MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA)

Gülşah Dinç, Enis Günay, Merve Dağcı, Rukiye Saygılı and Orhan Murat Kalfa

Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, [email protected]

Preconcentration techniques which can simultaneously remove the sample matrix and increase the concentration of analytes. Among the preconcentration techniques, solid phase extraction (SPE) technique has been widely used in compared with other preconcentration techniques. SPE has many advantages such as reduced solvent usage, low disposal costs, short extraction times, high efficiency, ecologically-safe, elimination of some of the glassware, isolation of analytes from large volumes of sample with minimal or zero evaporation losses, reduced exposure of analysts to organic solvents, more reproducible results. The aim of the present study is to investigate the use of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) as a new absorbent for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution. Various parameters, pH, type and concentration of effluent, flow rate of sample, the volume of sample have been evaluated.

Keywords: Atomic absorption spectroscopy, mangosteen, preconcentration, solid phase extraction.


IBCESS

354

PP12

7

INVESTIGATION OF ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF TETRACYCLINE WITH SODIUM ALGINATE

Mehtap Erşan, Feride Düğenci, Aysun Karasu, Meryem Bayalan,Büşra Kırkgöz, and Özge Kendir

Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 58140, Sivas, [email protected], [email protected]

Antibiotics which have wide usage area are frequently used for the therapeutic purposes in human and animal medicine. Antibiotics are ranked first among the most widely used drugs in the world. Some of the parts of the antibiotics are used by metabolism and the unused paits reach to these wage viaurine and excreta and then reach to the treatment plant. The antibiotics which reach to thetreatment plant cause environmental problems in the receiving environments because the could not be eliminated by conventional treatment methods. The highconcentrations of the antibiotics in the surface waters cause toxicity on aquate organisms. In this study the removal of tetracycline (TC) from aqueous environment by alginate, was studied in a batch system. The experimental parameters (pH, C

initial, time (min), temperature, ionic

strength) that affect the sorption of TC were optimized to achieve maximum removal yield. TC adsorption was moderately fast and almost reached equilibrium in 180 min. According to the result of the evaluation of the experimental adsorption isotherm data it has been determined that better fit the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9813). Examining the adsorption kinetics ΔH, ΔS and ΔG values were calculated. NaCl was used to investigate the effect of ionic strength on the adsorption efficiency. The ionic strength was observed to reduce the efficiency of adsorption. The results show that waste alginate can use removal a ntibiotics, tetracycline. Therefore, it is thought to be an alternative to tetracycline removal in wastewater sodium alginate.

Keywords: Sodium alginate, tetracycline, adsorption, waste water, thermodynamic parameters.



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8

355

A SEQUENTIAL MODELING FOR THE TRANSPORT OF ALAZRINE YELLOW ACROSS POLYMER INCLUSION

MEMBRANE USING CALIXARENE DERIVATIVE

Fozia T. Minhas1, Gulsin Arslan2,3 and Mustafa Ersoz3,4

1Sindh University, National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan

2Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, 42075, Konya, Turkey

[email protected] University, Advanced Research Technology and

Application Center, 42075, Konya, Turkey4Selcuk University, Faculty of Science,

Department of Chemistry, 42075, Konya, Turkey

The current study elaborates the ability of calixarene carrier for the transport of dye across the polymer inclusion membrane (PIM). The p-Morpholinomethylcalix[4]arene (1) was proved to be selective for Alazrine yellow (AY) dye by performing traditional solvent extraction experiments. Optimization of initial dye concentration, pH for complexation/decomplexation and salt effect on the extraction process were carried as well. Afterwards carrier 1 was incorporated into cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane by following diffusion induced phase inversion procedure. The morphology and changes in the chemical composition of CTA with carrier 1 relative to blank CTA were evaluated by FTIR, SEM, AFM and Contact Angle measurements. Finally dye transport was examined in permeation cell by keeping optimized parameters from extraction. Thus, concentration of carrier 1, stirring speed and time dependency for dye transport were investigated through membrane permeation. Overall, calixarene carrier is evidently suitable choice for the remarkable remediation of dyes through PIMs.

Keywords: p-Morpholinomethylcalix[4]arene; Polymer inclusion membrane; Permeation; Transport; Alazrine yellow

Acknowledgement: The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) are gratefully acknowledged regarding financial support for this project through 2216 Research Fellowship for Foreign Citizens.


IBCESS

356

PP12

9

ASSESSING POTENTIAL OF PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Gulsun Akdemir Evrendilek1, Musa Buyukada2, Fatih Evrendilek2 and Nusret Karakaya2

1 Department of Food Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, [email protected]

Wastewater treatment is a very complex operation that reorients physical, chemical and biological processes towards achieving environmentally safe standards of water quality. Most traditional wastewater treatment processes such as disinfection, neutralization, coagulation, and oxidation need chemical agents. These chemical agents may also become source of water pollution. For this reason, green-chemistry wastewater treatment processes need to be explored. Although pulsed electric fields (PEF) was developed primarily for liquid food and sterilization processing, it may be a promising new technology for low cost, environmentally safe, and easily adaptable wastewater treatment process without chemical agents used in disinfection and coagulation. PEF processing involves the application of short burst of electric fields strength for a very short period of time. Depending on the magnitude and duration of the electric field strength, PEF processing can inactivate pathogenic microorganisms and spores by “electroportion” and “electrical breakdown” mechanisms without the use of chemical agents or heating. Introduction of positively charged ion would also assist in coagulation process. In this study, the opportunities and limitations of PEF processing for wastewater treatment in different industries were investigated.

Keywords: PEF, green chemistry, wastewater treatment

Acknowledgement: We thank Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), Project no. 2015.09.02.920, for the partial financial support.



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357

USING OF A NEW ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM PLANT WASTES FOR SEPARATION/PRECONCENTRATION

OF Cr(VI) IONS IN VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MATRICES

Harun Ciftci1, Cigdem Er2, Ergin Kariptas3, Esin Kiray4 and Mehmet Erdem5

1Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kirsehir, Turkey

[email protected] Evran University, Mucur Vocational Training School, Kirsehir, Turkey

3Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kirsehir, Turkey

4Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Kirsehir, Turkey5Firat University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,

Elazig, Turkey

Chromium is a major pollutant for environment, usually as a result of some industrial pollution including tanning factories, steel works, industrial electroplating and artificial fertilizers. Chromium exists in Cr(III) and Cr(VI) oxidation states in aqueous solutions. Cr(VI) oxidation state is detrimental to health as it may be involved in the pathogenesis of some diseases like liver, kidney and lung cancers whereas Cr(III) is essential to human glucidic metabolism and exhibits much less toxicity and mobility. Therefore, it is of increasing importance to accurately define of trace chromium in environmental and biological samples. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, low cost and environmental-friendly separation and preconcentration method for trace Cr(VI) ions in samples. In the present study, recovery and separation parameters of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions on activated carbon from grape stalk (ACGS) were investigated. Some experimental parameters, such as solution pH, sample flow rate, type and concentration of eluent and effect of common matrix ions were investigated. 5 mL of 2 mol L-1 HCl solution was used for elution of adsorbed Cr(VI) on ACGS. After elution, analyte ions were determined by High Resolution Continuum Source Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HR CS-FAAS). The quantitative recovery (above 95 %) of Cr(VI) ions were obtained at pH 6.5-8.0. The preconcentration factor was found as 100. Under the optimized conditions, detection limits for Cr(VI) ions was found as 0.68 μg L−1. The relative standard deviation of the recovery value of repeat samples (RSD) was found is 2.1%. The developed method has good reproducibility, accuracy, high preconcentration factor and low detection limit. The developed solid-phase extraction method was successfully applied to the analysis of different water samples and human urine samples.

Keywords: Separation, Adsorption, Chrome, Preconcentration, Activated Carbon, Grape StalkAcknowledgement: We would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK Grants no. 110T111).


IBCESS

358

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1

OPTIMIZATION OF SEPARATION PARAMETERS OF NICKEL (II) IONS ON ACTIVATED CARBON FROM VINE SHOOTS

Cigdem Er1, Harun Ciftci2, Esin Kiray3, Ergin Kariptas4, Mehmet Yetis5 and Mehmet Erdem6

1Ahi Evran University, Mucur Vocational Training School, Kirsehir, Turkey 2Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kirsehir, Turkey HYPERLINK “mailto:[email protected]” [email protected] Evran University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Kirsehir, Turkey4Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kirsehir, Turkey5Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir, Turkey6Firat University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Elazig, Turkey

In the present study, a new solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for determination of trace nickel in water samples by using High-Resolution Continuum Source Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HR CS-FAAS). Activated carbon that produced vine shoots (ACVS) was used as the adsorbent. The column technique for optimization of analytical and experimental parameters have been applied. In order to determine the most favorable conditions; pH of the sample solution, type and concentration of the recovery solution, flow rate of the sample solution and recovery solution, volume of the sample solution, effect of foreign ions on the yield of recovery of analyte ions were investigated. The adsorbed nickel ions on ACVS were eluted with 5 mL of 2 mol L-1 HCl solutions. The optimum pH values were found between 3.0 and 5.0. The enrichment factor was calculated as 160 (1.0 L sample solution containing 5 μg nickel ions). The accuracy of the method was checked by recovering of the known amount analyte ions added to the samples. The developed method was successfully applied to a variety of water samples.

Key words: Activated carbon, enrichment, nickel, separation, vine shoots

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Ahi Evran University Scientific Research Projects (TIP.E2.16.013).



IBCESS

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2

359

A BIOSEPARATION PROCESS ON COLUMN SPE TECHNIQUE WITH RHODOCOCCUS RUBER DRY BIOMASS FOR DETERMINATION OF TRACE COBALT IONS IN WATER

AND URINE

Ergin Kariptas1, Esin Kiray2, Cigdem Er3 and Harun Ciftci4

1Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kirsehir, Turkey [email protected]

2Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Kirsehir, Turkey

3Ahi Evran University, Mucur Vocational Training School, Kirsehir, Turkey 4Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry,

Kirsehir, Turkey

A new bioseparation/preconcentration method was developed for trace analysis of Cobalt ions by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) on Rhodococcus ruber dry biomass (RrDB). The genus Rhodococcus comprises genetically and physiologically diverse bacteria, known to have a broad metabolic versatility, which is represented in its clinical, industrial and environmental significance. Cobalt is used in electroplating because of its attractive appearance, hardness and resistance to oxidation. It is an essentialtrace element, and forms part of the active site of vitamin B12. The amount needed is very small and the body contains only about 1 mg. Co(II) in large doses is carcinogenic. Therefore, the separation and determination of Cobalt ions from various samples important to protect public health. In this study experimental conditions for effective separation of trace levels of the analyte ions such as sample solution pH, sample flow rate and volume of the sample solution, type, concentration and volume of eluent concentration of eluent, flowrates of the sample solution and eluent, amount of biosorbent, and interference ions were investigated. The optimum pH value for quantitative biosorption of Co(II) ions was found between 6.5 and 8.5. Under the optimized conditions, limit of detection was calculated as 1.3 µg L-1. The preconcentration factor was found as 120 for 600 mL aqueous solution containing 5 μg Co(II) ions. The presented preconcentration procedure was applied to the determination of cobaltions in reference standardmaterials (NIST SRM 1640a (traceelements in naturalwater)) and some realsamples including human urine and water samples.

Keywords: Biomass, cobalt, preconcentration, Rhodococcusruber, FAAS.


IBCESS

360

PP13

3

RHODOCOCCUS RUBER DRY BIOMASS AS A NEW SOLID PHASE EXTRACTOR FOR PRECONCENTRATION AND/OR SEPARATION OF CD(II) IONS IN VARIOUS WATER SAMPLES

Esin Kiray1, Ergin Kariptas2, Mehmet Yetis3, Cigdem Er4 and Harun Ciftci5

1Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Kirsehir, Turkey2 Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kirsehir, [email protected], [email protected] Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir, Turkey4 Ahi Evran University, Mucur Vocational Training School, Kirsehir, Turkey5Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kirsehir, Turkey

In this study, Rhodococcus ruber dry biomass (RrDB) was used as a biosorbent extractant for preconcentration of trace Cd(II) previous to measurement by flame atomic absorpiton spectrometry (FAAS). R. ruber is important in many biotransformations and some transformations results in useful commercial processes. Another important application of Rhodococcus comes from bioconversion, using biological systems to convert cheap starting material into more valuable compounds, such as its ability to metabolize harmful environmental pollutants, including HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene”toluene, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene”naphthalene, and herbicides. Therefore, these organisms have environmental, commercial and economical aspects major importance. In present study, we investigated parameters bio adsorption of in various water samples. The experimental parameters that affected the extraction efficiency of the method such as pH, flow rate and volume of the sample solution, concentration of eluent, amount of biosorbent, and effect of common matrix ions were investigated and optimized. A high preconcentration factor of Cd(II) 150 was obtained. The quantitative recovery (above 95 %) of cadmium ions was obtained at pH 6.5-8.0. Some analytical parameters such as limit of detection (LOD) and linear dynamic range of the method were obtained. The LOD for Cd(II) was calculated as 0.86 µg L-1. The accuracy of the method was verified by analysis of a certified standard reference material. The used procedure was applied to the definition of the analytes in various water samples with convincing results.

Keywords: Biomass, cadmium, FAAS, Rhodococcus ruber, SPE



IBCESS

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361

ASSESMENT OF SEDIMENT QUALITY OF PAZARSUYU STREAM (BULANCAK, GIRESUN)

Fikret Ustaoğlu and Yalçın Tepe

Giresun University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

Sediment quality is an important factor to determine the bio variation and to protect ecological stability of streams. Sediment are the places for many aquatic species to feed, hide, spawn. Heavy metals released into aquatic systems generally bind to suspended solid matters then sink and accumulate in the sediment. Thus, sediment may affect water quality and indirectly on all aquatic organisms considerably. Aiming to determine sediment quality of Pazarsuyu stream, flow into Black Sea from the west side of Bulancak, Giresun. The present study was carried out between June 2014 and May 2015. pH of the sampled sediment was measured by means of Hanna brand pH meter. Organic matter analyses were made by taking 2gr dry sediment and put into furnace at 550 ºC for 2 hours. Weight lost between initial and last measurement expressed as percentage. Heavy metal analyses were made on samples, taking seasonally from different stations and digest with microwave (EPA method 3051,1998) Cem mars brand, then metals levels were determined by means of Bruker 820-MS brand ICP-MS spectrophotometer. At the end of this processes sediment pH averaged as 6,64 and organic matter % 5,02. Heavy metal levels were as follows; Cr; 10,64 ppm, Mn; 155,83 ppm, Fe; 8312 ppm, Co; 5,73 ppm, Cu; 17,79 ppm, Zn; 32,74 ppm, Cd; 0,16 ppm, Pb; 19,69 ppm. Result were assessed according to Macdonald 2000 and levels were found quite low when compared with PEC (probable effect concentrations). Consequently, heavy metal accumulation in Pazarsuyu stream sediment showed no pollution. The present study is important as the first study in the stream and therefore will be a reference further studies.

Keywords: Giresun, Pazarsuyu Stream, Sediment Quality, Pollution

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun Scientific Research Projects Department (BAP), Project no. FEN-BAP-C-250414-30, for financial support of a part of this work.


IBCESS

362

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DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION LEVEL OF PAZARSUYU STREAM (BULANCAK, GIRESUN)

Fikret Ustaoğlu and Yalçın Tepe

Giresun University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey [email protected]

Aiming to determine water quality and pollution level of Pazarsuyu stream, flow into sea from Bulancak- Giresun in east Black Sea region. This study was carried out between June 2014 and May 2015. Stream length 80 km, catchment basin is 874 km2. Annual flow amount is 674 hm3 and flow rate is 21,4 m3/s. The Water quality of Pazarsuyu stream is quite important as city of Bulancak and Piraziz obtain their drinking water from the stream. On site measurements was carried out by using YSI pro1030 model multiprob. Additionally, dissolved oxygen concentrations were taken by means of YSI 550A model oxygen meter. Shimadzu brand UV 1240 model spectrophotometer were used for photometric analyses. Water quality parameters were analyzed according to standard methods defined in Boyd and Tucker 1992. The annual mean of water quality parameters were as follows; temperature; 10,93°C, pH;7,98, dissolved oxygen;10,30 mg/L, oxygen saturation; 95,66, conductivity; 65,53 µScm-1, specific conductivity; 87,02 µScm-1, salinity;0,03 ppt, ORP;-61,02 mV, TDS; 54,80 mg/L, total alkalinity; 30,17 mg/L CaCO3, total hardness; 40,52 mg/L CaCO3, total phosphate; 0,11 mg/L, SRP; 0,02 mg/L, TAN; 0,31 mg/L, TSS; 31,67 mg/L, BOİ

5;1,24 mg/L, chlorophyll-a; 3,74 µg/L, silica; 4,49 mg/L, free chlorine;

42,35 µg/L, nitrite; 0,04 mg/L, nitrate; 1,17 mg/L, sulfite; 2,29 mg/L, sulfate; 8,30 mg/L, surfactant(anionic);0,12 mg/L, phenol; 0,21 mg/L, COD;7,07 mg/L, NH

4;

0,28 mg/L, NH3;,03 mg/L. According to SKKY free chlorine, nitrite and phenol

values were in III. class (Polluted water), NH4

value in II. class (moderately polluted) and the rest of the parameters were in I. class (good quality water). Keywords: Giresun, Pazarsuyu Stream, Water Quality, Pollution

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun Scientific Research Projects Department (BAP), Project no. FEN-BAP-C-250414-30, for financial support of a part of this work.



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363

REMOVAL OF SURFACTANT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTE MODIFIED

BENTONITE CLAY

Nevin ÖZTEKİN

Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey [email protected]

Surfactants are found in the wastewaters due to their widespread usage in household and industrial products. The adsorption is efficient and low cost methods for removal of surfactants from water sources. Natural clays are an ineffective adsorbent for anionic surfactants. If the inorganic interlayer cations found in the structures of clays are exchanged by certain organic cations, the resulting organo-clay minerals have the capability to sorb anions. In this work the adsorption of the anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDBS) on bentonite clay modified with a cationic polymer (polyethlyleneimine, PEI) was investigated. The adsorption studies was carried out by batch-equilibrium method at 25 0C. SDBS content of solutions were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. The equilibrium was achieved in 10 min. Kinetic data were analyzed by using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich equations. The adsorption kinetics well fitted the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The intraparticle diffusion model described that the intraparticle diffusion was not the rate-controlling step. The adsorption isotherms were described by means of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Temkin models. Langmuir and Temkin isotherms showed better fit than Freundlich and D-R isotherms. Monolayer adsorption capacity was calculated as 439 mg/g from the Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption of SDBS was found to be effective in lower pH. The experimental results and high adsorption rates showed that the adsorption is due to the electrostatic attraction between the negative head groups of SDBS and positively charged PEI-modified bentonite particles. The results suggested that the PEI-modified bentonite clay can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of anionic surfactants from aqueous solution.

Keywords: Bentonite clay, anionic surfactant, PEI, adsorption, kinetic.


IBCESS

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REMOVAL OF NITRITE (NO2-) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ANION EXCHANGE RESINS

Betül Aşçı, Eda Kövenç, Özgür Arar and Müşerref Arda

Ege University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Dept., 35100, Izmir, [email protected], [email protected]

Determination and speciation of NO2

– and NO3

– in waters and foodstuffs have received increasing attention in recent years because of their potential harmful impact on human health. NO

2– is highly toxic to certain species of fish.

NO2

– enters the bloodstream through the gill by a mechanism that normally transports chloride. After entering the bloodstream NO

2– oxidizes iron in the

hemoglobin molecule from ferrous state (Fe2+) to the ferric state (Fe3+).The resultant product, called methemoglobin, is incapable of reversibly binding with oxygen, so exposure to NO

2– causes respiratory distress because of the

loss in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.In principle, removal of nitrite from water (also called denitrification) can be achieved through a physicochemical method such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or a biological route.The objective of this study is to investigate the nitrite removal from water by anion exchange resins.A strong base (Purolite A 200) and weak base (Purolite PFA847) anion exchange resins evaluated for nitrite removal.The different parameters on the removal of NO

2– were investigated in batch

sorption mode. Experimental results showed that the equilibrium data tend to follow Freundlich isotherm model for weak base resin and Langmuir model for strong base resin. The ion exchange of NO

2– on anion exchange resins

was found to follow the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The values of thermodynamic parameters proved that ion exchange reaction of NO

2– onto

both resins are exothermic (ΔH < 0).

Keywords:Nitrite, Anion exchange resin, Purolite A 200, Purolite PFA847,

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 2209, for the partial financial support and Purolite Int. Co. for ion-exchange resins samples.



IBCESS

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365

RECOVERY OF ZINC FROM FEED PRODUCTION PLANTS̀ WASTES BY CHELATING RESINS

Ceren Okuyucu, Ayça Aksoy, Özgür Arar and Müşerref Arda

Ege University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Dept., 35100, Izmir, [email protected], [email protected]

Zinc is a raw material for corrosion-resistant alloys and brass, and for galvanizing steel and iron products. On the other hand, zinc also is an essential element for human health life. Although zinc is a key element for humans, free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates and even vertebrate fish. The most popular removal materials are ion exchangers/zeolites whereby zinc can exchange preferentially with other ions, such as, H+, Na+. The aim of this study is to remove Zn(II) from aqueous solution and recover from feed production plant`s wastewater by ion exchange resins. For this, two types of chelating ion exchange resins have been tested. The analysis of Zn(II) was performed spectrophtometrically. The solution pH has an important effect on Zn(II) removal. When the pH ≥4, the concentration of Zn (II) in the aqueous solution decreased from 50 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L with about % 99 of Zn (II) removal for two type of resins. The obtained results shows that the kinetic of iminodiacetic acid containing resin (Lewatit TP 207) is faster than the resin bearing aminomethylphosphonic acid groups (Lewatit TP 260). The experimental equilibrium data were tested for the different isotherms. Correlation coefficients indicate that Langmuir isotherm fit better than Freundlich isotherm for both resins.

Keywords:Aminomethylphosphonicacid, chelatingionexchangeresin, heavy metal, iminodiaceticacid, zinc.

Acknowledgement: This study has been supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-Program code: 2209). We thank to Lanxess - Lewatit and their distributor in Turkey; Ökotek Environmental Technologies and Chemical Industries to send us resins and ÇamlıYemBesicilikforwatersamples.


IBCESS

366

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COMPARISON OF LIQUID, GAS CHLORINE AND ON-SITE CHLORINE GENERATION IN DRINKING WATER FACILITIES: IN TERMS OF TECHNICAL, ECONOMICAL AND PROPER PLACE USAGE Eprar Özel Çelik1, Hakan Çelik1 and Ümmükülsüm Özel Akdemir2

1 İller Bankası A.Ş., Ziraat Mah. 657. Sok. No:14 Altındağ/ Ankara, [email protected] Giresun University, Civil Engineering Department, Giresun, Turkey

Nowadays, many methods are available for drinking water disinfection and most widely used method is chlorine disinfection. If it is performed at the correct dose, chlorination eliminates the water related diseases by deactivating many microorganisms. In water treatment plants constructed by ILBANK, chlorination is usually used as a disinfection method and sodium hypochlorite (liquid chlorination) and gas chlorination is to find the most common application. Besides, alongside of the commercial sodium hypochlorite (liquid chlorine) and gas chlorination, chlorine generators namely on-site production of sodium hypochlorite (production of chlorine from salt) chlorination has been recently used in our country. In this study, information about mechanical equipment, working principle and storage conditions of the commercial sodium hypochlorite (liquid chlorine), gas chlorination and on-site sodium chlorine generation (salt chlorine) is given. Also, initial investment cost and operating costs are compared with the costs obtained from the companies. For this purpose, cost analysis is done on two different flows, considering only the storage chlorination among the projects prepared for Municipalities by İLBANK - Project Department. In this study, the initial investment cost of site-generated sodium hypochlorite system is found to be higher than other chlorination systems while operation cost is lower.

Key Words: Drinking water, disinfection, on-site chlorine generation, chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite



IBCESS

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367

DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION BY SOLAR RADIATION

Arzu TEKSOY and Sevil ÇALIŞKAN ELEREN

Uludag University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Görükle, Bursa, Turkey

[email protected]

A primary concern of developing countries throughout the world is that of obtaining safe drinking water. Waterborne diseases are still common in developing countries as drinking water sources are contaminated and the conventional rural water treatment plants are often inefficient to produce safe drinking water. This situation in developing countries is a major problem in terms of preventing public health. It is estimated that diarrhea accounted for 9·9% of the 6·9 million deaths among children before the age of five. Inadequate operation and maintenance after installations caused by a lack of trained operators, by an unreliable supply of chemicals and spare parts, and by financial problems leads to produce unhealthy drinking water. Since major urban water supplies are also not always capable of maintaining a regular supply of qualitatively good water, the distributed water is often considered unsafe for direct consumption. Treatment of water at household level (etc. boiling) or purchase of mineral water for consumption is more a reality than an exception in urban areas of developing countries. Recently, another small-scale approach which is using the disinfectant properties of sunlight has gained importance to treat contaminated water. Solar disinfection (SODIS) is one of the simplest methods for providing acceptable quality drinking water, and consists in filling transparent containers (plastic bags, plastic bottles or glass bottles) with water and exposing the containers to sunlight for approximately 6 hours. Due to the low cost and simple application, solar disinfection is commonly used in Asia, Africa and South America. However, to attain sustainability, locally available material should be used whenever possible. The aim of this literature review is to give information about solar disinfection mechanism, to compare the efficiency of solar disinfection on different microorganisms based on the past studies, and to discuss the several applications of solar disinfection on the world.

Key Words: Drinking water, microorganism, rural area, solar disinfection.


IBCESS

368

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1

FACILE SYNTHESIS OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE/NANODIAMOND/PALLADIUM NANOCOMPOSITES WITH ENHANCED CATALYTIC ACTIVITY

Erkan Yilmaz and Mustafa Soylak

Erciyes University Science Faculty Chemistry Department 38050 Kayseri, Turkey

[email protected]

Catalysis has dramatically prompted the success in environmental remediation for removal of toxic compounds and aqueous organic pollutants. Current catalytic processes, which facilitate the efficient decontaminations, heavily depend on metal active sites. We reported a facile hydrothermal method to prepare a highly active graphene oxide/nanodiamond/palladium (GO/ND/Pd) composite catalyst, which was fully characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The as-prepared GO/ND/Pd composite was explored as a catalyst for reduction of 2-nitrophenol and degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye for the first time, which exhibited a great activity. The dosages of catalyst and NaBH

4 are both less than those reported. Hence,

the GO/ND/Pd composite plays an important role in the fields of catalysis and environmental remediation.

Keywords:Catalysis, graphene oxide, nanodiamond, palladium, reduction, degradation.



IBCESS

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369

OIL/ORGANIC SOLVENTS CLEANUP FROM WATER SURFACE BY CROSS-LINKED SORBENT MATERIALS

Soner Kızıl and Hayal Bülbül Sönmez

Gebze Technical University/ Facult of Science/ Chemistry, Kocaeli- [email protected]

There is a possible risk of oil spill during the production, the transportation and the storage steps because of the fact that increasing consumption of oil, oil derived fuels and toxic organic solvents. The water and soil pollution occur as a result of these oil spread. Organic pollutants that spread around the ecosystem effect the plant, animal and human population. Oil and oil derived organic liquids need to be cleaned urgently and effectively in case of sudden spillage. In recent years, the usage of absorbents in the removal of oil and oil derived organic liquids from body of water appears as an increasing application method. The preferable sorbent materials are those which, besides being inexpensive and readily available, demonstrate fast oil sorption rate, high oil sorption capacity, hydrophobicity, low water pickup, and high oil retention capacity during transfer, high recovery of the absorbed oil with simple methods, good reusability, high buoyancy, and excellent physical and chemical resistances against deformation, photo degradation, and chemical attacks. In this work, we prepared cross-linked polymers through the condensation of branched hydrophobic macro monomer with multifunctional cross-linker, at moderately high temperature without using any initiator, catalyst or activator. The prepared materials were used as absorbent for oils and organic solvents including gasoline, diesel, benzene, toluene and dichloromethane. Structures of synthesized cross-linked polymers were identified by using FTIR, 13C and 29Si CPMAS NMR, elemental analysis as well as thermal analysis.

Keywords: oil spill, absorption, clean-up, cross-linked polymer.



IBCESS1st INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA CONGRESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (IBCESS)Giresun, Turkey • August 31 - September 03, 2016

IBCESS

THE INVESTIGATION OF KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS PROPERTIES OF CATALASE ONTO DIATOMITE

Özkan DEMİRBAŞ1, Mehmet Salih NAS2 and Aycan GÜR2

1 Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Chemistry, University of Balikesir, Balikesir, Turkey2 Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, [email protected]

In this study, the thermodynamic parameters and adsorption kinetic of catalase onto diatomite were investigated in aqueous solution for determining the effect of contact time, stirring speed, initial enzyme concentration, initial ionic strength, temperature and pH. Maximum adsorption capacity values (qm) showed a great dependence on pH. It was found that qm–pH curves reached a maximum at around isoelectric point (iep) of catalase enzyme. The pH values where the maximum adsorbed mass occurred might be considered as the conditions where electrostatic attraction is the most favourable. Both structural and electrostatic effects must be invoked to explain the diminution of adsorbed catalase enzyme on either side of the iep. Three different kinetic models, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion were used to fit the kinetics data. The pseudo-second-order model best described the experimental data. The thermodynamic activation parameters, such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy and activation energy were determined. The obtained results confirmed the applicability of diatomite as an efficient adsorbent for catalase.

Keywords: adsorption, catalase, diatomite, kinetics, characterization

370

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IBCESS

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371

HEAVY METALS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY THERMALLY DEHIDRATED HOSAP CLAY

Adnan YILDIZ1 and Aycan GÜR2

1Department of Chemistry, Education Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey

[email protected] of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey

In this study the removal of zinc and lead onto thermally dehidrated Hosap clay from aqueous solution carried out using a batch reactor. For this experimental section the solution pH and initial concentrations were chosen as parameters at constant reaction temperature. All adsorption experiments were carried out about equilibrium conditions attained certain hours in for all the initial concentrations of zinc and lead solutions. Batch adsorption experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the solution pH and initial concentrations on adsorption of Zn2+ and Pb2+ from the aqueous solution. The obtained results showed that, the adsorption of the metal ions was depended on the solution pH and initial concentrations at constant reaction temperature. The

study also showed that thermally dehidrated Hosap clay can be efficiently used as low cost alternative for removal of metal ions.

Keywords: Adsorption isotherms, environmental toxicity, heavy metals, Hosap clay.


IBCESS

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372

PYRIDINE-BASED DIPODAL SCHIFF BASE SENSORS AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TOWARDS COPPER(II) AND LEAD(II) METALS

Aslihan Yilmaz Obali, Halil Ismet Ucan

Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, [email protected]

The topology of the sensor is important in determining thereceptor–ion interactions. The dipodal sensors constitute a special class of acyclic ionophores, which consist of two-armed compounds with each arm bearing a functional group that can coordinate with the target ion. This study is about novel dipodalSchiff base molecule as sensor, that provide multiple interaction sites toward some cations. The dipodal sensors have been reported to be used in selective recognition and sensing of cations are of importance in many fields, ranging from environmental monitoring, industrial purposes to medicine.In this study, dipodalSchiff base compound 1,2-benzyloxy-bis[3-(benzylideneamino)- pyridine]was synthesized and sensing actions were confirmed by UV–Vis absorbance and emission spectroscopic studies in presence of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II),Cu(II), Zn(II), Sn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in methanol medium (1x10–4 M). The dipodalpyridine based compound can selectively bind to Cu(II) and Pb(II) metal ions with a significant change in its emission and absorption spectra. The host–guest complexes formed were determined by Job’s plot method. As a chemosensor, dipodal Schiff base compoundshows a selectivity towards Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions in according to all spectroscopic data.

Keywords: Absorbance, Emission, Metals, Schiff base, Sensor.



IBCESS

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373

ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF CATIONIC DYES BY ACTIVATED CARBON

Ünal Geçgel1, Osman Üner2 and Yüksel Bayrak3

1 Arda Vocational College, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey [email protected]

2 Department of Chemistry, Kırklareli University, 39020 Kırklareli, Turkey3 Department of Chemistry, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey

The prevalent usage of synthetic dyes in the dyeing and textile industries have led to severe problems to the health of humans and aquatic life worldwide due to the poisonous, mutagenic, or carcinogenic properties of the dyes and their potential to pollute water resources. Accordingly, the effective removal of synthetic dyes from aqueous solutions has been a prominent concern. Different chemical, physical, and biological methods for dye removal have been developed. One of these methods is adsorption, which is an advantageous technique on account of its simplicity of design, availability of adsorbents, and low cost. In recent adsorption experiments for the removal of pollutants, various types of adsorbents have been examined, and activated carbon, produced from waste biomaterials by using physical and chemical activation methods, has become a common used adsorbent. Elaeagnus stone, a waste bio-material, has not yet been evaluated as a raw material for producing activated carbon. Therefore, Elaeagnus stone was used by using ZnCl

2 at the chemical activation process in order to produce activated carbon

with high surface area and proper microporous structure. The performance of the obtained Elaeagnus activated carbon was compared for the adsorption of three cationic dyes, i.e., methylene blue, rhodamine B, and malachite green. Moreover, the results obtained were explained by relating to the molecular weights and structures of these cationic dyes.

Keywords: Water pollution, Elaeagnus stone, methylene blue, rhodamine B, malachite green.


IBCESS

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374

ADSORPTION OF MALACHITE GREEN BY ACTIVATED CARBON OBTAINED FROM ELAEAGNUS STONE

Yüksel BAYRAK1, Ünal GEÇGEL2 and Osman ÜNER3

1Department of Chemistry, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, [email protected] Vocational College, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey3Department of Chemistry, Kırklareli University, 39020 Kırklareli, Turkey

Dyeing process which is one of the textile production phases is completed by using various textile dyes. However, some portion of these textile dyes is released into water streams at the end of the dyeing process. The amount of these dyes released into water streams corresponds to around 1 percent of the dye consumption in the textile industry worldwide which is more than 10,000 tons per year (Yagub et al. 2012). Also, the dyes released into water streams affect aquatic life harmfully by reducing light penetration into water since dye molecules are very stable and resistant to biodegradation.This leads to increasingly serious environmental problems toxicologically.To decrease the damaging effects of dyes released into water streams, physical techniques such as adsorption, coagulation and flocculation, ultrafiltration, electro-flocculation and reverse osmosis are used (Robinson et al. 2001; Vandevivere et al. 1999). From these techniques, the widely used process is adsorption as it is effective and economic. In adsorption process, activated carbon is usually used as adsorbent since activated carbon has complex pore structure, high specific surface area and good chemical stability. In this study, activated carbon was obtained from waste Elaeagnusstone with chemical activation method by using ZnCl2. The surface properties of obtained Elaeagnus stone activated carbon (EAC) were investigated by using appropriate methods (SEM, BET, and pH

ZPC).

The adsorption performance of EAC was tested by altering some parameters (temperature, pH, initial concentrations, etc.) for the removal of malachite green from aqueous solutions. Moreover, EAC adsorption mechanism was enlightened through adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics.

Keywords:Water pollution, malachite green, adsorption, adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics.



IBCESS

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375

REMOVAL OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM

WATERMELON RIND

Osman Üner1, Ünal Geçgel2 and Yüksel Bayrak3

1 Department of Chemistry, Kırklareli University, 39020 Kırklareli, [email protected]

2 Arda Vocational College, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey3 Department of Chemistry, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey

Annually, the industries of plastic, textile, leather, cosmetic, paper-making, printing, and dye manufacturing discharge millions of tons of colorful wastewater into rivers, lakes, seas, etc. Many dyes have non-biodegradable nature causing their accumulation in sediments and surface water, and dyes have the abilities which are the absorption and reflection of sunlight because of their complex aromatic structure. Accordingly, the sunlight which is obligatory for the growth of bacteria and photosynthesis is prevented to reach into water, and most of dyes display toxic characteristics by affecting all aquatic lives damagingly, and also ultimately human health. Methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, is the most commonly used for dying industries to protect materials, and facilitate sale or make goods more expensive. Nevertheless, MB exhibits plenty of harmful effects on human health and environment due to their structural stability and complexity. This study aims to exhibit MB adsorption properties onto the activated carbon produced by watermelon rind (WAC), and solve the adsorption mechanism in aqueous solution. The effects of adsorption parameters such as adsorbent concentration, initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature were examined. Additionally, the adsorption process was studied using the kinetic and equilibrium data on batch adsorption, and its adsorption mechanism was explained using FTIR, the point of zero charge, and SEM.

Keywords: Wastewater, water treatment, adsorption, activated carbon, methylene blue.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBAP (Trakya University Research Fund), Project no. 2014/130, for the financial support.


IBCESS

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376

PIGMENTS CONTENT OF SEA LETTUCE (ULVA RIGIDA C. AGARDH)

Beyhan Taş and Burcu İncu

Ordu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Cumhuriyet Campus, Ordu, Turkey [email protected]

The Ulva rigida C. Agardh (green algae) is one of the macroalgae which spread every season in Turkey coast, naturally. U. rigida known as sea lettuce is used as food because of its rich nutritional content. In this study, it was aimed to be determined as to the chlorophyll and carotenoid content of U. rigida, which has a potential assessment in different sectors. Green pigment chlorophyll which is found in the content of the plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria always has been involved in human nutrition. Chlorophyll is called as “natural green 3” with E 140 code in the Turkish Food Codex Regulation and used as a natural food coloring. In addition, chlorophyll carries many therapeutic properties. Sea lettuce that is study material was collected at the end of the summer of 2015 Ordu coast (Southern Black Sea). The content of photosynthetic pigments was analyzed by both direct spectrophotometric method and hand-held chlorophyll meters. This study was measured chlorophyll content index (CCI), chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents. With aim to compare, the same analysis was performed in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plant and made statistical comparisons. Average CCI values in U. rigida and L. sativa were measured as 3.739 and 5.957 respectively. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid content were evaluated as 51.20 ppm and 4.12 ppm at U. rigida; 36.26 ppm and 5.87 ppm at L. sativa. In the made measurements, a significant difference was found between U. rigida and L. sativa species as to CCI (p<0.001). In Turkey where is surrounded by sea on three sides, macroalgae can be used as both food and food additive, which can be obtained from renewable natural resources.

Keywords: Chlorophyll, natural green 3, sea lettuce



IBCESS

PP15

0

377

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN SOME RIVERS OF SAMSUN PROVINCE IN

THE BLACK SEA DISCHARGE

Beyhan Taş and Zeynep Kolören

Ordu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Cumhuriyet Campus, Ordu, Turkey

[email protected]

Samsun province, which is found in the Middle Black Sea has two big basins which named Yeşilırmak and Kızılırmak. Rivers in this basin are exposed to the spot and diffuse pollution and water quality is impaired. We aimed to investigate some of the surface water quality parameters in stream’s mouth, such as Terme Creek, Yeşilırmak River, Gelemen Stream and Mert River, which are located in the Yeşilırmak River Basin and Kızılırmak River which are located in the Kızılırmak Basin. The sampling was performed in the investigated sites during the rainy seasons (2013-fall, 2014-spring). The mean values a total of 17 different parameters of the surface water in the rivers mouth are as follows: Water temperature 13.37 °C, pH 8.22, dissolved oxygen 9.68 mg/l, oxygen s aturation 92.87 %, total dissolved solids (TDS) 452.10 mg/l, electrical cond u ctivity (EC) 945.93 µS/cm, salinity 3.652‰, turbidity 119.56 NTU, ammonia-N 0.8 0 5 mg/l, nitrite-N 0.018 mg/l, nitrate-N 0.758 mg/l, sulfate 35.286 mg/l, phosphate 0.321 mg/l, phosphate-P 0.105 mg/l, calcium 58.282 mg/l, magnesium 17.72 8 mg/l and total hardness 124.88 mg/l. Compared results of Water Pollutio n Control Regulation and Surface Water Quality Parameters in Regulation; the temperature of the river water, pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, TDS, nitrate-N and sulfate values are the water quality class I property. EC, nitrite-N and phosphate-P values are the water quality class II. property. The water pollution among priority environmental problems in Samsun is in the ranks first. The drinking water of the rapidly growing cities in the coming years and the growing industry can be difficult to meet demand for water because of the surface contamination of our water resources . The water basins are very well preserved and they should be developed and monitored for the fulfillment of Water Framework Directive in Turkey in the EU integration process.

Keywords: Yeşi l ırmak Basin, Kızılırmak Basin, runing water, water quality, water pollution.


IBCESS

PP15

1

378

EFFECTS OF MERCURY IN SALINITY INCREASED FRESHWATERS ON THE OSMOREGULATION SYSTEMS OF THE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)

Alper Dogan and Mustafa Canli

Çukurova University, Faculty of Science and Letters/Department of Biology 01330, Balcali, Adana, [email protected]

Salinity increase in the freshwater may cause serious health problems in freshwater fish and may also affect metal uptake by them. Therefore, in this study freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were individually exposed to different salinities (0, 1, 10 ppt, as NaCl) alone in 2 protocols, namely acute (0,3 µg/ml Hg2+ and 3 d) and chronic (0,03 µg/ml Hg2+ and 30 d) exposure protocols. Following exposures, activities of Na+/K+- ATPase, Mg2+- ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in the gill and Ca2+-ATPase activity in the muscle of fish was measured. Results showed that fish did not have any apparent health problems in all expsoured conditions. There were some significant alterations in ATPase activities in the gill and muscle of fish exposed to metals, in both single or combination exposures. In 1 and 10 ppt salinity group, there were significant increases in Mg2+- ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activitiesa, whereas there was decrease in Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gill. In 1 ppt salinity group, muscle Ca+2-ATPase activity showed an increase comparing to control group. There was no significant change in tissue protein levels of fish. This study demonstrated that salinity levels of freshwaters should be taken into account when fish metabolisms in concern in the field.

Keywords: ATPase, Oreochromis niloticus, Fish, Salinity, Mercury

Acknowledgement: This study was financially supported by the Research Fund of Çukurova University (Project no. FYL-2015-3875).



IBCESS

PP15

2

379

EFFECT OF CORN, PEA AND WHEAT PLANTS ON LEACHING AND UPTAKE OF NICKEL IN SOIL-PLANT

SYSTEM

Nurcan Koleli, Zeynep Gorkem Dogaroglu and Aydeniz Demir

Mersin University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 33342 Mersin,TURKEY

[email protected]

Human activities such as industrial production, exhaust gases, mining, the use of fertilizers and pesticides cause heavy metal pollution in soil. Heavy metals in the soil include some significant metals of biological toxicity, such as nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As). In recent years, accumulation of these heavy metals in ecosystem (soil, water and air) cause significantly adverse effect to the environment and living organisms. These metals can uptake by plants and they translocate and accumulated in several parts of plants such as root and leaves so, they can be increased in the food chain for long time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of corn, pea and wheat plants on Ni leaching and uptake in soil. The Ni contaminated soil sample was collected from Mersin-Fındıkpınarı/Turkey (0-30 cm depth). Every plants were grown which containing 1 kg Ni contaminated soil and 5 seeds in different pots during 37 days. Pots were saturated 3 days intervals and about 3 mL soil solutions were collected after seed germination (7 days). After the filtration of soil solution were analyzed for pH, EC and Ni concentration, and also morphological changes, chlorophyll content and Ni uptake by plants were determined. Results showed that corn is the most accumulator plants for Ni in chosen plants and Ni concentration in corn, wheat and green pea soil solution were not determined (<5 µg/L) after 15th, 12th and 9th day, respectively.

Keywords: Nickel, Corn, Wheat, Soil, Leaching.


IBCESS

PP15

3

380

UTILIZATION OF CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ENCAPSULATED LIPASE WITH ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MATERIAL SPOROPOLLENIN

Elif OZYILMAZ1 and Serkan SAYIN2

1Department of Chemistry, Selcuk University, Konya-42075, [email protected] of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun-28200, Turkey

Sporopollenin is a natural biopolymer which contains spore and pollen membranes with two layers, an inner intine and an outer exine for which the name sporopollenin was given. Sporopollenin can survive in geological strata over millions of years with full retention of morphology and highly resistant to chemicals [1]. Because of large pore size and exhibition of high resistant to chemicals, sporopollenin would be functionalized with suitable supramolecule such as calixarene to enhance the catalytic efficiency. Calixarenes are prominent receptors in supramolecular chemistry, which relies on the host-guest attraction. Thanks to their unique three-dimensional structure with almost unlimited derivatization possibilities, calix[n]arenes have been employed as effective ionophores for many studies [2,3]. A number of calixarene based receptors have been successfully used as additives for the encapsulation of lipase, thereby improving the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of lipase. In the present the prepared calixarene-adorned sporopollenin has been used as an additive for the encapsulation of Candida rugosa lipase via sol-gel process in order to enhance the stability and enzymatic activity of lipase in the enantioselective hydrolysis reactions of racemic 2-phenoxypropionic acid methyl ester and (R,S)-naproxen methyl ester.

Keywords: Calixarene, sporopollenin, enantioselectivity, lipase, racemic pro-drugs

Acknowledgement: We thank the Scientific Research Foundation of Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey (BAP) for financial support of this work.



IBCESS

PP15

4

381

ENERGY USAGE AND CARBON EMISSIONS AT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Ömer Emin DEDE1 and Özlem TUNÇ DEDE2

1 Department of Economics, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey2 Environmental Engineering Department, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

Nowadays, more than half of the population are living in urban areas in the world. It’s also predicted that the population in the urban areas will be nearly 6.5 billion in 2050 (two out of three of total population). Fossil fuels are the main energy source (more than 80% of total usage, 2013) in the world today. However, carbon dioxide emerges as an important side effect from the fuel combustion. Population growth in urban areas rises the total real estate demand (residential and commercial). 40% of global energy usage is due to the construction and the operation of the buildings. Residential buildings constitute 74% of it. (Non-residential buildings, particularly commercial ones, accountable for the rest). Thus, the growth in the residential buildings will reveal some consequences in terms of energy usage and carbon emissions. In this study, the areas of the energy usage and carbon emissions at residential buildings have been investigated. We, as human kind, must specifically aware the energy leaks in our residential areas and we can take necessary actions. We are at the beginning of a new era. It’s the age of sensors and exponential development in information and communication technologies produce the “big data” via sensors. The big data refers to the tremendous amount of data which is needed to be processed by automated tasks. In this context, the concept called “machine learning” can cope with the big data. Technologies for smart objects, called as “Internet of Things”, might potentially provide revolutionary new way of life. One of the key concept may be the “Smart Buildings/Homes/Cities” for the solution. The new technologies useable at our homes should be reviewed. It will be investigated in the further studies. That may lead us to live longer in a green world.

Keywords: Energy usage, carbon emissions, residential building, big data, smart homes.


IBCESS

PP15

5

382

COPPER(II) AND LEAD(II) SENSITIVITY OF NOVEL DIPODAL SCHIFF BASE LIGAND

Halil Ismet Uçan and Aslıhan Yılmaz Obalı

Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, TURKEY [email protected]

Development of Schiff base molecular sensors for the sensing of specific metal ions is of great importance due to applications in broad areas of chemistry, biology, and environment. This study is about the novel dipodal Schiff base molecule as a chemosensor that provide multiple interaction sites toward some cations. In general, podal sensors which are used in selective recognition and sensing of cations have an importance in many fields, ranging from environmental monitoring, and industrial purposes to medicine. Selective recognition and sensing of transition metal ions such as lead and copper have become a focus of numerous studies in chemistry due to their significant importance in chemical, biological and environmental processes. In this study, dipodal Schiff base compound 1,2-benzyloxy-bis-[2-(benzylideneamino) phenol was synthesized and sensing actions were confirmed by UV–Vis absorbance and emission spectroscopic studies in presence of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II),Cu(II), Zn(II), Sn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in methanol medium (1x10–4 M). It was found that the dipodal compound can selectively bind to Cu(II) and Pb(II) metal ions with a significant change in its emission and absorption spectra, while the addition of other metal ions (Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Sn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II)) produces insignificant or minor changes. The host–guest complexes formed were determined by Job’s plot method. As a chemosensor, dipodal Schiff base compound shows a specific selectivity towards Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions in according to all spectroscopic data.

Keywords: absorbance, emission, metals, Schiff base, sensor.



IBCESS

PP15

6

383

LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS IN RICE GROWN AROUND ERGENE- MERIÇ BASIN

Ayşe Handan Dökmeci

Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Health, Namik Kemal University, 59030, Tekirdag, Turkey [email protected]

Many industrialized processes give rise to the contamination by heavy metals, such as chromium (Cr), nicel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in plant, soil, water and air. The contaminants can be accumulated and transferred in rice. However, heavy metals such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) are considered to be useful micro-nutrients to plants when used in amounts which facilitate the physical growth and development of plants. When these metals exceed maximum acceptable limits they become toxic to the plants. Just like in plants - Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn are useful in humans when used in trace amounts. A survey of paddy fields in Ergene-Meriç Basin was conducted at a wider scale in different locations in Edirne. The objective of the study was mainly to determine heavy metals in rice cultivated around Ergene-Meriç Basin. The results showed that the levels of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc in rice are generally within the acceptable levels for human food. Toxic heavy metals enter the food chain due to uptake and accumulation by crops, posing a potential threat to human health. Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) are commonly considered as toxic to both plants and humans. For heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn and Ni) determination, samples were collected from the paddy field before harvest time. Rice samples were collected from sixty different sites of the paddy fields around İpsala and the trace elements were estimated. The samples were analyzed according to EN Standard method (EN 15662/2008) by ICP OES, Agilent 700 series. The values for Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn and Ni in rice were (1.09-5.18), (7.47-29.71), ND, ND, ND, (7.89-28.08) and (1.37-3.86) mg/kg rice respectively. The obtained concentrations were compared with the permitted values International and National Standards, all below the national and international permission level.

Keywords: Paddy field, rice, heavy metals, ICP OES, Meriç-Ergene Basin

Acknowledgement: We thank NKUBAP.23.GA.16.012 (Namık Kemal University Scientific Research projects), for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

PP15

7

384

NOVEL BISPHENOL-A-RHODAMINE CONJUGATE CHEMOSENSOR FOR Zn2+ AND Hg2+ IONS

Mesut Yuksekogul, Ozcan Kocyigit and Serkan Erdemir

Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Konya 42031, [email protected]

The development of fluorescent chemosensors for cations of biologically important and environmental pollutant is always important and generally involves the design and synthesis of fluorophore containing more than one binding sites and a signaling unit. Sensing multiple analytes with a single chemosensor is a challenging task. It involves eliciting different responses by the molecule in the presence of different analytes. A novel Schiff base derivative based bisphenol A-rhodamine B (R) was easily synthesized, and used as fluorescence “turn-on” sensors for distinct detections of Zn2+ and Hg2+ ions in this study. Receptor R was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, APT, COSY, FTIR, elemental analysis. The association constants and detection limits of R towards Zn2+ and Hg2+ ions were determined by using fluorescence titration experiments. Also, distinct color changes from colorless to pink provided “naked eye” detection of Hg2+.

Keywords: Bisphenol A, Fluorometric, Zinc, Mercury,Rhodamine

Acknowledgement: We thank the Scientific Research Projects Foundation of the Selcuk University (BAP) for financial support of this work.



IBCESS

PP16

0

385

INVESTIGATION OF CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF CLOTHIANIDIN USING MICRONUCLEUS TEST

Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu, Vedat Şekeroğlu, Ebru Uçgun, Seval Kontaş Yedier and Büşra Güneş

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey [email protected]

In this study, we examined cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of clothianidin, a novel neonicotinoid insecticide, in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. While nuclear division index (NDI) was calculated to measure the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects, frequency of micronucleus (MN) in binucleated cells was examined to determine the genotoxic effects of clothianidin. Cultures were treated with clothianidin at three different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 µg/ml) for 48 h. Both solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) and positive control (mytomycin-C) groups were also established. Clothianidin decreased the NDI values and induced MN formation in BN cells in a concentration-dependent manner. However, these alterations observed in the NDI and MN frequencies were found statistically significant at the highest concentration of clothianidin compared with the solvent control. The results of this study show that clothianidin has genotoxic potential especially at higher concentrations on human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures under the experimental conditions. We are continuing to perform our studies using other genotoxicity tests to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of clothianidin.

Key words: Clothianidin, micronucleus, human peripheral lymphocytes.

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding provided for this research by Ordu University Scientific Research Project under grant no. BAP TF-1515/2015-191.


IBCESS

PP16

1

386

THE DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDES IN RICE GROWN IN THE IPSALA/EDIRNE

Taner Atabey and Temine Sabudak

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Namik Kemal University, 59030, Tekirdag, Turkey [email protected]

The aim of this project is to determine pesticide residue in rice cultivated in Ipsala/EDIRNE. In our country, rice is cultivated in almost every region even if just in small areas. However, yield considerably differs from region to region. In Turkey, the Marmara Region is the most important cultivation and production land with 67% cultivation and 72% production rates. The highest yields are gained from the west of the Marmara Region (Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ)(Ocaklı, 2012). It is highly important to plan and control pesticide use in our agricultural production-especially in export products- to be able to prevent residue problem. In terms of both human health and environment and exportation process of agricultural products, it is necessary to make production conforming to developed country standards. In recent years, food safety which has increasingly come to the fore has been controlled strictly by the regulations of FAO, WHO, EPA and EU countries. In the literature, we did not find studies on the determination of pesticide residues in rice in Turkey. Therefore, this study will be presented for the first time in literature. For pesticide determination, samples were collected from the paddy field before harvest time. The collected paddy samples are washed with deionized water, husk of the rice was removed and brown rice samples was obtained. Then, samples were dried and ground. Multiple pesticide residue determination in the samples were performed according to EN Standard method (EN 15662/2008) by LCMS. The obtained results, showed that, among 167 studied pesticides, 12 samples contained tebuconazole from 0.017 to 0.153 mg/kg; three samples contained cyproconazole (0.024 – 0.040 mg/kg), propiconazole (0.015 – 0.030 mg/kg), Tebuconazole (0.030 – 0.052 mg/kg) and trifloxystrobin (0.098 – 0.116 mg/kg). No pesticides were detected in the other samples.

Keywords: Paddy, rice, pesticides, Edirne, LC-MS / MS.

Acknowledgement: We thank NKUBAP (Namik Kemal University Scientific Research projects), for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP16

2

387

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BRAIN OF RANA MACROCNEMIS TADPOLES EXPOSED TO AMMONIUM

SULFATE

Nurhayat Özdemir1, Tuğba Ergül Kalaycı1, Büşra Karaca1, Yıldıray Kalkan2 and Levent Tümkaya2

1RecepTayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Art and Science, Rize, [email protected]

2RecepTayyip Erdoğan University, Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey

In this study, we evaluated the brain histopathology of Rana macrocnemis tadpoles at Gosner stage 25 after acute toxicological test for different concentrations of ammonium sulfate (0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/L). We revealed toxicologic effects of ammonium sulfate fertilizer on brain histopathology of Rana macrocnemis for the first time in literature. Before the histopathological examination, tadpoles were exposed to ammonium sulfate solution for 96 hrs and 5 replications per concentration were performed. Total of 25 tadpoles were examined per each concentration. At the end of the test, animals were euthanased and kept in 4% formaldehyde for 2 hrs. Then they were fixed in Bouin’s fixative for 10 hrs and after treatment go directly to 50-70% ethanol for 24 hours, washed for 4 hours. For dehydration, we used alcohol series (50-100%) and xylene, and embedded in paraffin. Then, fixed tissue was sectioned between 3-5 μm and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosine. Tissue integrity was disappeared starting with concentration of 50 mg/L. In concentration of 100 mg/L, we encountered light expansion among granular cells and accumulation of pigmentational melanin was seen in ome cells.Canaliscentralis were started to lose the cuboidal shape of epithelium in 250 mg/L concentration and in 500 mg/L, we detected intensive degeneration in neurons of subcorteks. According to Kruskal-Wallis test; groups were differentiated each other in terms of neuron degeneration (p<0.05, X2=24.16), vacuolization (p<0.05, X2=22.59), edema (p<0.05, X2=27.00) and pigmentation (p<0.05, X2=22.13). Our study demonstrated that the histopathological parameters were significantly changed in the brain of ammonium sulfate exposed tadpoles. Thus, the information presented in this study may be helpful for understanding effects of pollutants in fresh-water system.

Keywords: Acute toxicology, ammonium sulfate, brain, histopathology, Rana macrocnemis. Acknowledgement: This study was conducted with permission by RecepTayyipErdoğan University Animal Ethic Council with protocol number of 2013/19.


IBCESS

PP16

3

388

ZINC RESPONSE OF THE SHOOT CULTURE OF THE MEDICINAL SPECIES PRUNELLA VULGARIS L.

Burcu ÇETİN1 and Çiğdem AY2,3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey2Kutahya Vocational School of Technical Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, [email protected]

Phytoremediation involves the utilization of some plant species for the clean-up of metal-contaminated sites. Toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn etc.) and organic pollutants are the major targets for phytoremediation. It offers an innovative and cost-effective option to address difficult environmental contaminants to people of metal-contaminated sites. It is an emerging non-intrusive, esthetically pleasing and low cost technology using the remarkable ability of plants in soil reclamation at hazardous waste sites. Plant tissue cultures are applied frequently in phytoremediation research as model plant systems. In this study, the zinc(II) accumulation capacity of a heal-all plant cultured in in vitro tissue culture conditions and subjected to increasing concentrations of zinc(II). In this study, plant seed subjected to sterilization procedure were germinated on MS media. The shoot tips isolated from the obtained sterile plantlets were transferred into 3 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L IBA supplemented MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) media. The plants were grown by supplementing the media with increasing concentrations (100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg dm−3) of zinc(II). The amounts of zinc(II) accumulated in plants were defined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer PinAAcle 900T) according to the standard supplementation method. Crop reductions were determined in plants subjected to high zinc(II) concentrations.

Keywords: Phytoremediation, Plant Tissue Culture, Prunella vulgaris L., Zinc(II)



IBCESS

PP16

4

389

CADMIUM ACCUMULATION IN PRUNELLA VULGARIS L. IN IN VITRO TISSUE CULTURE CONDITIONS

Burcu ÇETİN1 and Çiğdem AY2,3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey

2Kutahya Vocational School of Technical Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey

3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science/Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey

[email protected]

Heavy metals effluents have been the most important and dangerous sources of environmental pollution in recent years. Among these heavy metals, cadmium is harmful to humans, plant and animals. Cadmium poisoning can cause nausea, salivation, diarrhea, muscular cramps, renal degradation, lung insufficiency, bone lesions, cancer and hypertension in humans. Its major sources are industrial processes such as electroplating, smelting, alloy manufacturing, pigments, nickel–cadmium and solar battery production. In last years, studies about the utilization of plants to clean-up soils polluted by heavy metals have gained importance. The plant tissue culture techniques used for their cultures appear to be the most important approach for the determination of this potential of plants, independently from environmental factors. In this study, Prunella vulgaris L. shoot tip cultures were performed in MS (Murashige & Skoog, 1962) media supplemented with different concentrations (5, 20, 50, 100, 150 mg dm−3) of cadmium. The cadmium accumulation in the obtained plants was measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The cadmium accumulation capacity and biomass amounts were defined in plants cultured in controlled conditions.

Keywords: Cadmium, Heavy Metals, Phytoremediation, Prunella vulgaris L.


IBCESS

PP16

5

390

CONTENTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN WILD CHESTNUT FROM GIRESUN/TURKEY ORIGIN

Ümit Şengül1, Elif Apaydın2, Rıdvan İlgün2 and Bünyamin Şengül3

1 Giresun University, Education Faculty2 Giresun University, Central Research Laboratory, 28100 Giresun, Turkey 3Giresun University, Vocational School of Higher Education, Giresun, [email protected]

There are thousands of years old wild chestnut trees in natural forest in Giresun. This study aimed to determine of trace elements in the wild chestnut from Giresun/TURKEY origin by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chestnut samples were collected from ten wild chestnut trees from three different locations in Giresun. A total of 9 elements (manganese, iron, zinc, nickel, chromium, copper, selenium, cobalt, and lead) were determined using ICP-MS. The contents of trace elements were determined separately in fruit, bark and pellicle parts of chestnut. Significant differences in Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co, Se and Pb levels were observed between both different parts of chestnut and chestnut trees in different location. In chestnut fruit samples, highest concentration values in mg kg-1 of Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Se, Co and Pb are: 88.29, 72.96, 27.76 8.25, 8.10, 7.81, 2.28, 0.056 and 0.043 respectively. Chestnut bark has been shown the highest values as Mn 176.01, Fe 96.55, Zn 26.97, Ni 4.33, Cr 3.13, Cu 8.91, Se 3.08, Co 0.089 and Pb 0.058 mg kg-1. The highest concentration of trace elements in chestnut pellicle are found as Mn 176.26, Fe 92.98, Zn 60.06, Ni 5.79, Cr 4.57, Cu 11.4, Se 3.29, Co 0.135 and Pb 0.095 mg kg-1. These results suggest that different parts of chestnut were good source of trace elements.

Keywords: Chestnut fruit, Chestnut bark, chestnut pellicle, trace element, ICP-MS.

Acknowledgement: We thank Giresun University Research Fund (Project No. FEN-BAP-A-200515-60) for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP16

6

391

INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION ON CAUSED FROM VEHICLES IN BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR.

SABELLICA (BLACK CABBAGE)

Elif APAYDIN, Rıdvan İLGÜN and Ümit ŞENGÜL

Giresun University, Central Research Laboratory, 28100 Giresun, Turkey [email protected]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the heavy metal pollution in Brassica oleracea var. Sabellica (black cabbage) which grows in roadside in the Black Sea region. The pollution caused by vehicle is an important parameter in disrupts of our natural environment. For this purpose, the black cabbage which is very important commercially in the Black Sea province of Giresun coastal road along the roadside in the districts are planted and exposed to exhaust waste determined heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). So that, cabbage samples were collected from different countryside and roadside and made comparison with each other. A total of 11 elements (manganese, iron, zinc, nickel, chromium, copper, selenium, cobalt, lead, cadmium, arsenic) were determined using ICP-MS. Six different roadside samples were compared with two different samples of countryside. Significant differences in Pb and Zn observed in different samples. The values like these: the least concentration in ppm of Zn, Pb; 17.561, <LOD of countryside samples, and highest values in ppm of Zn, Pb: 78.265, 778. 772 of roadside samples, respectively. The other metals don’t have scientific relations due to air pollution. Based on these results the black cabbage is a good lead and zinc adsorbent.

Keywords: Black cabbage, brassica oleracea. Sabellica, heavy metal pollution, ICP-MS.


IBCESS

PP16

7

392

ACUTE TOXIC EFFECT OF THE ANTIFREEZE (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) ON RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS)

Fikri BALTA, Bülent VEREP and Ertuğrul TERZİ

Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Fisheries, Rize, [email protected])

Antifreeze (ethylene glycol), a chemical substance derivatized from alcohol and contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a potential toxic pollutant, was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity. Ethylene glycol is used to prevent freezing in the motor vehicle engine cooling systems and hot water production installations sunny, some hot water heating installations in the world and in our country. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were selected for the bioassay experiments. The 96-h LC50 was determined for the Rainbow trout. The static acute toxicity tests were replicated as three times and a total of 300 Rainbow trout were used in bioassay tests. In addition, behavioral changes at each ethylene glycol concentration was observed for the individuals. Data obtained from the Antifreeze acute toxicity test results were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method based on Finney’s Probit Analysis using a computer program. The 96-h LC50 value for the rainbow trout was estimated as 14.21 g/L.

Keywords: Antifreeze, acute toxicity, rainbow trout, LC50.

Acknowledgement: We thank to Gökhan ÖZER and Hasan BİLGİ for the valuable efforts in this study.



IBCESS

PP16

8

393

ANTROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT IN ASARTEPE DAM LAKE SEDIMENT

Esra Üçüncü Tunca1 and Bedri Kurtuluş2

1 Ordu University/Marine Sciences and Technology Engineering, Ordu, Turkey

[email protected] 2Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Department of Geological Engineering,

Muğla, Turkey

Metal accumulation in serious level and pollution can be seen as a result of anthropogenic effects in the ecosystems. Several methods are available to investigate anthropogenic effect and metal accumulation in the sediment. The present study aims to detect the heavy metal concentrations in sediment samples taken from Asartepe Dam Lake and were evaluated contamination caused antropogenic effects in the sediment. Five stations were chosen and a total of 12 samples were taken from each station. The amount of the heavy metal in sediment samples were analyzed by using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy). Current contamination status in the lake sediment was determined by using many geochemical methods as contamination degree (C

d), contamination factor ( ), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation

index (Igeo

), pollution load index (PLI) and modified contamination degree (mC

d). Results indicated the highest was found in chromium and according

to the modified degree of contamination (mCd) analysis the contamination

of Asartepe Lake sediment is moderate. Chromium was also associated with the highest geoaccumulation index (I

geo) measured. The lake was found to be

moderate-to-strongly contaminated in terms of heavy metals according to the results of I

geo analysis method. Enrichment factors (EF) indicated that there

is a minor anthropogenic metal entry into Asartepe Dam Lake.

Keywords: Contamination degree, contamination factor, pollution assessment, sediment

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 112Y212, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

PP16

9

394

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF ZINC ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY AND LIPID PEROXIDATION

Mustafa Coskun1, Tamer Kayis1 and Iskender Emre2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science -Literature, Adıyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science -Literature, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey [email protected]

Heavy metal is a highly toxic and mutagenic. It spreads into the ecosystem as a result of human activities and natural sources. The aim of this study is to determine the changes caused by the Zinc on the antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation level, and some ion content of model organisms, Galleria mellonella. Larvae of G. mellonella were exposed to diet which contain different concentrations of zinc (0.00, 10.00, 50.00 and 100.00 mg/100 g). SOD activity was 0.160 U/mg of protein in the control group. It was significantly increased in 50 and 100 mg of Zn concentrations and measured at 0.322 U/mg of protein and 0.448 U/mg of protein respectively. The increase in CAT activity was also dose-dependent. It started to drop significantly from the control 0.187U/mg of protein to 0.217 and 0.224 U/mg of protein when diet contained 50 and 100 mg of Zn, respectively. The MDA content was 42.24 nmol/mg of protein in the control. It was not significantly affected by 10 mg Zn concentration. However, it was significantly increased in 50 and 100 mg of Zn concentrations when compared to control. Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is used as an indicator in physiological, biochemical, parasitological, and pathogenesis studies because of their short life cycle, larva size, easy rearing with artificial nutrients, and their virulence and immune factors similarity with mammals.

Keywords: Zinc, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, Galleria mellonella



IBCESS

PP17

1

395

DETERMINATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME TANACETUM L. (ASTERACEAE) TAXONS

Ayşe Gül Caniklioğlu1, Zafer Türkmen2 and Ali Acar3

1 Giresun University, Faculty of Education, Giresun, TURKEY2 Giresun University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun, TURKEY

3 Giresun University, Vocational High School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Technical, Giresun, TURKEY

[email protected]

In this study the antimicrobial activities of the chloroform and the ethanol extracts of the leaves of four different species spreading around Erzincan (Tanacetum argenteum, Tanacetum argyriophyllum, Tanacetum armenum and Tanacetum nitens) were investigated. The antibacterial activities of the extracts against Gram+ (Staphilococcus epidermidis, Staphilococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram- (Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella typhimirium, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were determined by using the disk and well diffusion methods. Also the antifungal activities of all extracts were determined by using disk diffusion method against Candida albicans and Candida parapilosis. Among the species studied, it was identified that the extracts of Tanacetum armenum showed effective antibacterial activity against Gram+ bacteria and some chloroform and ethanol extracts of the other species had antibacterial activity. In addition, it was determined that the chloroform extracts of Tanacetum armenum and Tanacetum argenteum had antifungal activity.

Keywords: Tanacetum, antibacterial, antifungal


IBCESS

396

PP17

2

DETERMINATION OF SOME ANIONS IN HERBAL TEA BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

Behice YAVUZ ERDOĞAN1 and A. Nur ONAR2

1Ondokuz Mayıs University, Technical Vocational School of Higher Education, Department of Food Technology Programmes,55600 Terme, Samsun, [email protected] 2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 55139 Kurupelit, Samsun, TURKEY

Nitrate and nitrite exist naturally at low levels in the environment, yet human activities increase their levels, and can lead to both environmental and health problems. Elevated amounts of nitrate and nitrite can exist in our drinking water, as a result of agricultural activities that involve the excessive use of fertilizers and animal waste, runoff, leaching and release of untreated sewage and industrial waste. Nitrate and nitrite levels can also exist in food products as a result of food processing, use of preservatives and improper storage. Herbal tea products may cause health problems, due to contaminated soils, improper cleaning and manufacturing processes. The presence of microorganisms and chemical contaminants such as heavy metals and nitrate (NO

3-), nitrite (NO

2-) ions in herbal tea was presented. In this study, a capillary

electrophoretic method has been developed for determination of nitrate and nitrite ions in some herbal tea. Large volume sample stacking was used to improve the limit of detection of ions. The electroosmotic flow is reversed by using low pH running buffer. Experimental conditions used were: pH 3.5, phosphate running buffer (50 mM); temperature 30 °C; applied voltage (-20 kV). Capillary electrophoretic (CE) method presented in this work is a valid technique for fast and economic analysis of nitrate and nitrite content of food samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to different kinds of herbal tea samples. Nitrate content was found between 1.92 – 8.56 mg/Lin different herbal tea samples. Nitrite concentration of herbal tea samples were found lower than maximum acceptable level that is given by WHO(1998).

Keywords: Nitrate, Nitrite, Electroosmotic flow reversal, Herbal tea.



IBCESS

PP17

5

397

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRIBENURON METHYL ON LIVER TISSUE OF ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio)

Cansu AKBULUT, Burcu ÖZTÜRK, Ceyda ÖZTÜRK and Nazan Deniz YÖN

Sakarya University Science and Letters Faculty Department of Biology, Serdivan SAKARYA TURKEY

[email protected]

Examination the histopathological effects of tribenuron methyl on liver tissue of zebrafish were aimed. Tribenuron methyl is an herbicide that used to control dicots in cereals and fallow land. It inhibits the synthesis of aminoacids, specifically valine and isoleucine, which prevents cell division and cell growth. It is generally applied as spray and it access to soil directly and transferred to the roots. Pesticides access aquatic ecosystems via ground waters and affect water quality and aquatic life. In our study, examination the histopathological effects of tribenuron methyl on liver tissue of zebrafish were aimed. After one-week adaptation period adult zebrafish individuals divided into four groups (n=10) as one control and 3 experimental groups (40 mg/l, 80 mg/l, 120 mg/l). For investigating the effects of tribenuron methyl, gill tissues were dissected after 5 days of the exposure. Tissues were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin and a routine histological process was applied. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and results were evaluated with the light microscope. In control group, normal liver histology was monitored. Parenchyma cells, hepatocytes and their cytoplasm were observed clearly. Sinusiods and nuclei were easily monitored.In the 40 mg/L exposure group, degeneration, contraction at vacuoles in hepatocyte cytoplasm, hypertrophy. Degeneration was detected at hepatocyte cells. In 80 mg/L exposure group, some kupffer cells were observed more elliptical form. Degeneration and vacuolization were observed kupffer cells. In 120 mg/L exposure group, drop off at vacuoles in hepatocyte cytoplasm were monitored. Vacuolization and degeneration were observed hepatocyte cells. changes in cell shape, vascular and sinusoidal degeneration and steatozis were detected. As a result of this study, it is proved that tribenuron methyl cause deterioration in fish liver tissues.

Keywords: Liver, zebrafish, tribenuron methyl, histology, toxicology.


IBCESS

PP17

6

398

INVESTIGATION HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRIBENURON METHYL ON ZEBRAFISH HEART TISSUE (Danio rerio)

Cansu AKBULUT, Ceyda ÖZTÜRK, Burcu ÖZTÜRK and Nazan Deniz YÖN

Sakarya University Science and Letters Faculty Department of Biology, Serdivan SAKARYA TURKEY [email protected]

Examination the histopathological effects of tribenuron methyl on heart tissue of zebrafish were aimed. Tribenuron-methyl is a selective systemic herbicide used to control annual and perennial dicots in cereals and fallow land. Tribenuron-methyl is applied as a foliar spray and directly to the soil as it is rapidly absorbed by the foliage and the roots, and is translocated throughout the plant to the growing points. Tribeneuron-methyl acts by inhibiting the synthesis of amino acids, specifically valine and isoleucine, which prevents cell division and cell growth. Pesticides access aquatic ecosystems via ground waters and affect water quality and aquatic life. In our study, examination the histopathological effects of tribenuron methyl on heart tissue of zebrafish were aimed. Zebrafish were raised in a computer-controlled incubation chamber, and received 14 hours of day light and 10 hours of darkness every day. After one week adaptation period zebrafish divided into four group (n=10) as one control and 3 experimental groups (40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 120 mg/L). For investigating the effects of trıbenuron methyl, heart tissues were dissected after 5 day of the exposure. Tissues were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin and dehydration were carried out in an ascending series of ethanol. After tissues were cleared in xylene, embedded in paraffin wax and cut into 5 µm sections on a microtome. The sections were stained with hematoxylin(H&E). Results were evaluated with light microscope. In control group, normal heart histology was observed. Bulb arteriosus, ventriculus, muscle cell and endocardial cell were monitored clearly. In 40 mg/L exposure group, degenerated muscle cells were detected. Vacuolization were observed at ventriculus. Pleomorphic situation was observed at muscle cells. In 80 mg/L exposure group, scattered multifocally within the myocardium degenerate muscle fibers are replaced by necrotic debris, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Vacuolization were observed at muscle cells. Leukocyte infiltration were monitored clearly. In 120 mg/L exposure group, degeneration was detected at muscle cells. Degeneration and vacuolization were monitored at pericardium cells. Vacuolization were detected at muscle cells. Leukocyte infiltration were monitored at ventriculus. As a result, with this study, it is proved that tribenuron methyl cause deterioration in fish heart tissues.

Keywords: Heart, zebrafish, tribenuron methyl, histology, toxicology.



IBCESS

PP17

7

399

NOVEL FLUOROMETRIC AND COLORIMETRIC SENSOR BASED ON TRIAZOLE-RHODAMINE FOR Hg2+ ION

Serkan Erdemir1, Ozcan Kocyigit1 and Sait Malkondu2

1Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Konya 42031, [email protected]

2GiresunUniversity, Department of Environmental Engineering, Giresun, Turkey 28200

Fluorescent and colorimetric probes for selective recognition of numerous biologically and environmentally relevant cations, such as the mercury ion have recently attracted great attention. Mercury causes strong damage to the central nervous system. Accumulation of mercury in the human body may lead to various cognitive and motor disorders, and well known Minamata disease.Therefore, rapid, highly sensitive, and simple mercury ion screening is desirable. In this study, a highly efficient and selective rhodamine B sensor bearing triazole unit (L) as the metal ion receptor was designed and synthesized. L was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, APT, COSY, FTIR, elemental analysis, and also its binding selectivity toward various metal ions was studied. Fluorescence enhancement by factors 24 times was achieved upon selective interaction with Hg2+ ion over other metal ions in aqueous solutions. Selective fluorescent enhancement of L was attributed to ring opening from the spirolactam (nonfluorescent) to ring-opened amide (fluorescent). Also, distinct color changes from colorless to pink provided “naked eye” detection of Hg2+.

Keywords: Colorimetric, fluorometric, rhodamine, triazole, turn on.

Acknowledgement: We thank the Scientific Research Projects Foundation of the Selcuk University (BAP) for financial support of this work.


IBCESS

PP17

8

400

SYNTHESIS AND DICHROMATE ANION EXTRACTION ABILITY OF BIPHENYL DERIVATIVE OF CALIX[4]ARENE

Ozlem Sahin, Mustafa Sahin, Ezgi Akceylan and Mustafa Yilmaz Selcuk University, Department of Chemistry, Konya, [email protected]

Calix[4]arenes are macrocyclic molecules with unique three-dimensional structures. They belong to a larger family of calix[n]arene molecules that is relatively old, and is generated from the chemical condensation of formaldehyde and phenol. As a consequence of their unique upper and lower rim topology, calixarenes are attractive molecular platforms for anions, cations and neutral molecules recognition. Toxic oxyanions like arsenite, arsenate, chromate, and dichromate contamination of water are serious hazards. Chromium(VI) is a common pollutant introduced into natural waters from a variety of industrial wastewaters including those fromthe textile dyeing, leather tanning, electroplating and metal finishing industries. Chromium(VI) is a carcinogen in humans and animals, with chromates and dichromates being both mutagenic and genotoxic. The selective anions recognition plays an important role in biology, medicine, catalysis, environment and supramolecular chemistry as documented in many review articles and books published recently. In this study, a new calix[4]arene derivative in the cone conformation was synthesized from 25,27-bis(3-aminopropoxy)-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene by treatment with biphenyl-4-carboxaldehyde and extraction studies of this compound with Na2

Cr2O

7 were

evaluated at different pH values.

Keywords: Calixarene, chromate, extraction.

Acknowledgement: We would like to thank the Research Foundation of Selcuk University (BAP) for financial support of this work.



IBCESS

PP17

9

401

THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION ON MARSH FROGS (PELOPHYLAX

RIDIBUNDUS) LIVING AROUND KARASU RIVER, TURKEY

Turgay Şişman1, Suat Çolak2 and Ümit İncekara1

1 Atatürk University Sicence Faculty Biolgy Department Erzurum, Turkey2 Erzincan University Üzümlü Technical College Erzincan, Turkey

[email protected]

The histopathologic effects of water pollution on Pelophylax ridibundus caught from Karasu River (K) and from its two tributaries; Serçeme (S) and Dumlu (D) Streams were investigated. According to water analysis, heavy metal levels were found higher in surface water on K site than the other two sites. Histopathological changes were evaluated in lung and testes of the animals. The pathologic abnormalities were epithelial degenerations in the lungs and deformation of seminiferous tubes in the testes of the animals caught from K and D sites. We were considered that heavy metals determined in the surface water might be responsible for these pathological alterations.

Keywords: Heavy Metals, Pelophylax ridibundus, Histopathology, Lung, Water pollution.


IBCESS

PP18

0

402

ASSESMENT OF HEAVY METAL BIOACCUMULATION IN SOME TISSUES OF KAPWAETI (CAPOETA UMBLA HECKEL, 1843) FROM KARASU RIVER

Turgay Şişman1 and Mucip Genişel2

1 Atatürk University Sicence Faculty Biology Department, Erzurum, Turkey2 Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Sicence and Art Faculty Biology Department, Ağrı, [email protected]

Karasu River is source of the famous Euphrates River. Karasu River is considered to be polluted by domestic, industrial and municipal wastes. To identify the pollution in the river, it were analyzed and determined Al, Fe, Cr, As, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg and Pb in gill, liver and muscle of kapwaeti (Capoeta umbla). Fish samples were caught at two different locations in the river (Aşkale and Dumlu). The live fish were transported to the laboratory and decapitated. Afterwards liver, muscle and gill samples were removed. The heavy metals were measured by ICP-MS. The metal concentrations in tissue of fish from the Dumlu were lower than the Aşkale fish tissue. High metal levels were determined in Aşkale fish. According to the results, metal concentrations in the all tissues of fish were under the limits for fish recommended by FAO/WHO, Turkish Standarts and European Commission.

Keywords: Capoeta umbla, Heavy metals, Kapwaeti, Fish tissues, Karasu River.



IBCESS

PP18

1

403

THE GENO-PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PROPOLIS ON ALUMINUM SULPHATE-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE IN

HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

Hasan Türkez

Erzurum Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, TURKEY

[email protected]

Aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO

4)

3) is used as a flocculating agent in the

purification of drinking water in several parts of the world. It is also used in paper manufacturing and textile industry. Aluminum cannot be destroyed in the environment; it can only change its form. Unfortunately, Al is determined to lead cause serious disorders such as Alzheimer’s and pulmonary fibrosis via forming oxidative DNA damage. Again, it was reported that there was no shortage of aluminum toxicity in the environment. Conversely, propolis (PRP) is a resinous hive item gathered by bumblebees and its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-oxidative properties were shown. The aim of this study was to determine whether the addition of PRP provided the protection against Al

2(SO

4)

3 exposure in cultured human blood cells. For

this aim, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rates and the levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine (8-OH-dG) and apurinic or apyrimidinic (AP or abasic) sites were determined. The propolis samples collected from hive bee’s located in the province of Erzurum, Turkey. Human peripheral blood cells were cultured and treated with 30 μM of Al

2(SO

4)

3 along with doses of 25, 50 and 100 μM of PRP

for 72h. A clear decrease in the oxidative DNA damage induced by Al2(SO

4)

3

was observed with increasing doses of PRP, suggesting a protective role for PRP during the chemical exposure. This study reveals for the first time the ameliorative role of PRP against DNA damage by Al

2(SO

4)

3 in human blood

cells in vitro.

Keywords: Aluminum sulphate, Propolis, Genoprotective, Human lymphocytes, Oxidative DNA damage


IBCESS

PP18

2

404

ULTRASONIC ASSISTED-CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION: AN EFFICIENT AND SIMPLE APPROACH FOR THE PRECONCENTRATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS FOR DETERMINATION BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

Nail Altunay1, Ramazan Gürkan1, Sema Korkmaz1 and Nimet Aydın2

1University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Sivas, Turkey [email protected] Kemal Atatürk Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School,Sivas, Turkey

In the current study, a simple and efficient analytical method for determination of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Sn(II) in some cosmetic samples, employing ultrasonic assisted-cloud point extraction (UA-CPE) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) tools, was developed. The method is based on the ternary complex formation of the Sn(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions, which are available in form of neutral and/or anionic hydroxo complexes (Sn(OH)3

-, Pb(OH)3

-, Cd(OH)2 and/or Cd(OH)

3-), with Victoria Pure Blue

BO (VPB+) as respective ion-pairing complexes in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as sensitive enhancement agent, and then extraction into the micellar phase of nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) as a extracting agent at pH 8.5. Using the optimized conditions, the linear working ranges were observed for Cd in the range from 15 to 330 μg L-1, for Pb in the range from 4.0 to 200 μg L-1 and for Sn in the range from 7.0 to 275 μg L-1, respectively. The limits of detection for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Sn(II) respectively were 3.7, 1.35 and 0.45 µg L-1 with a preconcentration factor of 50 and the relative standard deviations (RSDs %) were lower than 4.2 % for each metals. For validation purposes, two certified reference material (CRMs) were analyzed by the proposed procedure. It has been observed that the results obtained are statistically in a good agreement with certified values at 95 % confidence limit. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of trace levels of these heavy metals in various cosmetic samples.

Keywords: Cosmetic Samples, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Heavy metals, Ultrasonic Assisted Cloud Point Extraction.



IBCESS

PP18

3

405

A NEW METHOD FOR THE INDIRECT FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF

BISPHENOL A IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

Nail Altunay1, Ramazan Gürkan1, Emre Yıldırım1 and Nimet Aydın2

1 University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Sivas, Turkey

[email protected] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Vocational and Technical Anatolian

High School, Sivas, Turkey

Bisphenol A (BPA) contamination in environmental, food and beverage samples usually occurs as a result of migration from the packages that contains the BPA. In this context, a novel and simple method was developed for the indirect determination of bisphenol A in environmental samples in contact with plastic products by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) after preconcentration using ultrasonic-thermostatic-assisted cloud point extraction procedure (UTA-CPE). The effect of the experimental variables, including surfactants concentration, the concentration of complexing, temperature and ultrasonic power, matrix ions on the recoveries of the BPA were studied systematically. Under optimum conditions, the calibration cuve was linear in the range of 0.1–125 μg L-1 with a enhancement factor of 125. The detection limit (LOD) and relative standard deviation (RSD) are 0.04 μg L-1 and 1.3 % (n:5), respectively. The precision and accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by standard addition calibration and intraday or inter-day studies. As a result of studies, the recovery efficiency (η %) were 92.4–105.8%. Additionally, the method was applied successfully to the detection of the bisphenol A in environmental samples. Finally, compared with other analytical techniques, the proposed method is characterized with wider calibration graph, low detection limit, low RSD % and high enhancement factor.

Keywords: Bisphenol A, Plastic Products, Polycarbonate, Preconcentration, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Environmental Samples


IBCESS

PP18

4

406

DETERMINATION OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PEPINO SEEDLINGS UNDER LEAD (Pb) STRESS

Mustafa TEKTAŞ1 and Aysel SIVACI2

1 Adiyaman University, Institute of Science and Technology, Adiyaman, Turkey [email protected] 2 Adiyaman University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Adiyaman, Turkey

In this study, some physiological changes were observed in pepino seedlings (Solanum muricatum Ait.) to which lead nitrate (Pb(NO

3)

2) is applied

under natural greenhouse conditions. Pb(NO3)

2 solutions (0, 25, 50 and

100 ppm) is applied during 20 days. And then photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoids), total phenolic compounds and malondialdehyde contents were analyzed in sample leaves of plants. Photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds and MDA levels were found to be different in the groups where lead (Pb) stress is applied as compared with control group.

Key words: Solanum muricatum Ait., Lead stress, Photosynthetic pigments, Phenolic compounds, Malondialdehyde

Acknowledgement: We thank Adiyaman University Scientific Research Projects Unit (SRP) for financial support.



IBCESS

PP18

5

407

LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS IN RICE GROWN AROUND ERGENE- MERIÇ BASIN

Ayşe Handan Dökmeci

Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Health, Namik Kemal University, 59030, Tekirdag, Turkey

[email protected]

Many industrialized processes give rise to the contamination by heavy metals, such as chromium (Cr), nicel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in plant, soil, water and air. The contaminants can be accumulated and transferred in rice. However, heavy metals such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) are considered to be useful micro-nutrients to plants when used in amounts which facilitate the physical growth and development of plants (Aziz, 2015). When these metals exceed maximum acceptable limits they become toxic to the plants. Just like in plants - Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn are useful in humans when used in trace amounts. A survey of paddy fields in Ergene-Meriç Basin was conducted at a wider scale in different locations in Edirne. The objective of the study was mainly to determine heavy metals in rice cultivated around Ergene-Meriç Basin. The results showed that the levels of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in rice are generally within the acceptable levels for human food. Toxic heavy metals enter the food chain due to uptake and accumulation by crops, posing a potential threat to human health. Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) are commonly considered as toxic to both plants and humans. For heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn and Ni) determination, samples were collected from the paddy field before harvest time. Rice samples were collected from sixty different sites of the paddy fields around İpsala and the trace elements were estimated. The samples were analyzed according to EN Standard method (EN 15662/2008) by ICP OES, Agillent 700 series. The values for Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn and Ni in rice were (1.09-5.18), (7.47-29.71), ND, ND, ND, (7.89-28.08) and (1.37-3.86) mg/kg rice respectively, The obtained concentrations were compared with the permitted values International and National Standards, all below the national and international permission level.

Keywords: Paddy field, rice, heavy metals, ICP OES, Meriç-Ergene Basin

Acknowledgement: We thank NKUBAP.23.GA.16.012 (Namik Kemal University Scientific Research projects), for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

PP18

6

408

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS WASTEWATER IN SHOOT CUTTINGS OF PEPINO

Kübra BABA1 and Aysel SIVACI2

1Adiyaman University, Institute of Science and Technology, Adiyaman, [email protected] Adiyaman University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Adiyaman, Turkey

In this study, in shoot cuttings which doesn’t include any root of pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.) effects of wastewater taken from Eğri stream of Adıyaman, were investigated on root formation, some mineral substance contents and changes in proline. Different wastewater concentrations (0, 25%, 50% and 100%) were applied to shoot cuttings At the end of trials root formation is observed in all application groups of pepino cuttings, but root length and density was observed to have increased in wastewater-applied groups as compared with control group.Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, K, Mg P levels and proline contents are found to have changed as compared with control group.Key words: Solanum muricatum Ait., Wastewater, Root formation, Proline, Mineral substance

Acknowledgement: We thank Adiyaman University Scientific Research Projects

Unit (SRP) for financial support.



IBCESS

PP18

7

409

IN VITRO MULTIPLICATION AND ROSMARINIC ACID ACCUMULATION OF THYMUS LEUCOTRICHUS HAL.

Tuba BEKİRCAN1, Mustafa CÜCE1, Sercan YILDIRIM2 and Atalay SÖKMEN1

1Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080, Trabzon, TURKEY.

[email protected] Technical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 61080, Trabzon, TURKEY.

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid regeneration system of an important medicinal plant of Thymus leucotrichus Hal. (Labiatae). Initially in vitro grown seedling were exposed to Murashige and Skoog, (MS) medium, Gamborg (GB-5) medium , Linsmaer and Skoog (LS) medium and Shake Hildebrandt (SH) medium. Then, for root proliferation, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleacetic acid (NAA) with four different concentration, were tested for their ability to multiply T. leucotrichus. Maximum number of shoots (56,66± 6,67 %) was observed on the MS medium. 0,1 IBA was the best auxine concentration with the 66,66 ± 2,6% rooting value. Methanol extracts from plantlets were individually prepared and rosmarinic acid content was determined by using HPLC. Of all thirteen lines were examined, the highest rosmarinic acid (RA) production was obtained from those being grown on MS Basal Medium supplemented with 0.1 NAA with a value of 16,18 mg/ g dry biomass, while the control group (MS medium with no auxine) produced only 6,85 mg/g RA.

Keywords: T. leucotrichus, in vitro, auxine, HPLC, rosmarinic acid.


IBCESS

PP18

8

410

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON POLYESTER MATRIX COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH CHESTNUT WASTE

Akpinar Borazan Alev1, Acikbas Gokhan2 and Gokdai Duygu1

1,Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Chemical and Process Engineering Department, Bilecik, Turkey [email protected] Vocational School of the Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Metallurgy Program, Bilecik, Turkey

In recent years due to some ecological and environmental apprehension in the fabrication of thermoplastic composites natural fibers have been preferred instead of using inorganic fillers. The increasing demand for thermoplastic composites has led to find new resources. A wide variety of fiber materials are available for the polymer composites such as corncobs, nutshell, pepper stem, cereal straw and even cellulose wastes. One of these materials is chestnut shell. Turkey has a large quantity of chesnut tree in the East Black Sea subsection, the Marmara region, and the Antalya coastal area via the West Anatolia subsection. Aim of this study was to produce polymer matrix composites by using treated chestnut waste as filler and polyester as polymer matrix with casting method. Cobalt naphthenate as accelerator and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as hardener were used to produce polyester matrix composites. Chestnut powder was treated with sodium hydroxide and acetic acid solution. Polyester amount was kept in constant and chestnut ratios were changed from 3% to 12% in weight. Effect of chemical treatment was investigated by evaluating some mechanical properties such as flexural strength, elastic modulus, hardness and some physical features such as density and water absorption. According to test results using treated filler has decreased the bending strength values in 8% ratio. It was observed that chemical treatment has no significant effect on elastic modulus and hardness values of the composites. While impact strength values have decreased with the increase in chestnut there is an 8.5 % decrement when treated chestnut filler was used.

Keywords: Polymer matrix composites, chestnut wastes, chemical treatment, polyester, mechanical properties

Acknowledgement: This research work was supported by Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Scientific Research Project (2015-01BŞEÜ.03-06).



IBCESS

PP18

9

411

ALTERNATIVE USES OF WASTES OF FRESH HAZELNUTS AND HAZELNUT PROCESSING

N. Şule ÜSTÜN1 and Sanem BULAM2

1 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Kurupelit/Samsun-Turkey.

2 Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Program of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar/Giresun-Turkey.

[email protected]

The total bio-waste amount of Black Sea Region in our country is 5.675.438 tons and 246.932 tons of the waste comes from hazelnuts. Today, fresh hazelnut waste is used as a fertilizer for good plant development, hazelnut cake is utilized as animal feed and hazelnut shells and husks are used as compost in mushroom cultivation. In addition, with various techniques, other products such as biodiesel and bioethanol from hazelnut oil and hazelnut cake, biomass with esterification of the hazelnut husk (çotanak) pellets and briquettes, charcoal from hazelnut branches can also be obtained. The calorific value of the hazelnut husk is 4.226 kcal. Thus, to meet the heating requirements and the usage in the production of electricity and hot water-steam are also possible. With the emerging technologies, the possibilities of using these wastes in other diverse fields such as painting of the fabric (thread) and food packaging materials and enrichment of food products are also under investigation. As the results of studies in the food field, hazelnut husk, leaves, shells and membrane were assessed as useful food additives in terms of human health and nutrition both and thereof by evaluating these wastes high added value products is reported to be obtained. This contribution takes place with the addition of hazelnut wastes (testa, membrane) directly on foods such as bread; dairy products such as yogurt, ice cream and beef burger or by using of the extracts such as antioxidants, polyphenols, hemicellulose, lignin, dietary fiber, oligosaccharides derived from these wastes as functional additives. In this review, the information on alternative uses of fresh and processed hazelnut wastes has been given.

Keywords: Hazelnuts, hazelnut processing, waste, by-products, functional additives.


IBCESS

PP19

0

412

EVALUATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING INDUSTRY WASTES

N. Şule ÜSTÜN1 and Sanem BULAM2

1 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Kurupelit/Samsun-Turkey.2 Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Program of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar/[email protected]

To evaluate the waste generated during food processing effectively is important in terms of both prevention of environmental pollution and creating added value and diversification of products as well. The waste of fruit and vegetable processing industry - sub-branch the food industry - usually included large amounts of suspended solids waste and high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Many bioactive ingredients such as vitamins, natural colorants, essential fatty acids, digestible amino acids, pectin, dietary fiber, antioxidants and antimicrobials are used directly together with fruit and vegetable waste. Also, these components can be incorporated into the food products by enrichment via extracting with non-thermal techniques such as Supercritical Fluid Extraction and enzymatic treatments. However, bioethanol, bio-methane, the organic acids, surfactant, fungi, enzymes, food ingredients, food colorants and flavorings are also produced by biotechnological processes from fruit and vegetable waste. In this review, the usage of the fruit and vegetable wastes or some functional components extracted from these wastes in the production of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements and other by-products of these wastes evaluated as fuel, furfural, adsorbents, tinctures, essential oils, animal feed, paint raw material, solid media material for hydroponic cultivation techniques, edible coating agent in packaging, jam, tea, dried fruit peel are investigated.

Keywords: Fruits and vegetables, processing, waste, food additives, by-products.



IBCESS

PP19

1

413

EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER WASTE CONTENT ON POLYESTER MATRIX COMPOSITES

Gökhan AÇIKBAS1 and H. GÖÇMEZ2

1Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Vocational School, Metallurgy Program, Bilecik, Turkey

2Dumlupinar University, Department of Material Science and Enginering, Kütahya, Turkey

[email protected]

Glass fibers that are main constituent of polymer reinforced fibers composites are used in automotive, construction, marine, woods and many various industrial fields. These materials produce nearly 5 million tons per year draw attention the usage of waste from manufacturing and consuming stage owing to environmental, health and cost issues. Indeed, it need methods that manage efficiently waste disposable both cost effective and environmental friendly. There are three terms in solid waste utilization: reuse, recycle and recovery. The disposals of solid waste as well as the creating of added value in the manufacturing have been become compulsory due to the rising of solid waste volume in there as a part of drawback in the industrialization. In this study, the effect of various matrix/fibers weight ratio on the mechanical and physical properties of composites reinforced with glass fibers were investigated. The microstructure of composites was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with secondary electron (SE) detector. When the content of glass fibers increases, the bending and impact strength were reduced, elastic and bulk modulus were enhanced and also the water absorption was changed significantly.

Keywords: Polymer matrix composites, glass fiber waste, polyester, mechanical properties.


IBCESS

PP19

2

414

ADSORPTION KINETICS BEHAVIOUR OF METHYLENE BLUE ONTO AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Fatih KILIÇ1 and Çiğdem SARICI ÖZDEMİR2

1Tunceli University, Tunceli, 621002Inonu University, Malatya, [email protected]

All industrial dye processes involve a solution of a dye in water in which the fabrics are soak. Therefore, the textile factories across the world are dumping millions of Mg of dye effluent into rivers. accordingly, it is necessary to remove them from the wastewater before discharging. physical, chemical and biological methods have been investigated to remove these materials. Among the methods, removal of dyes by adsorption is counted as one of the competitive methods because of high efficiency, economic feasibility and simplicity of design/operation. Methylene blue (MB) is one of the well-known basic/cationic dyes and has been widely used in wood, silk, cotton, pharmaceutical industries. In this work, agricultural waste has been prepared from peanut and almond shells. The prepared agricultural waste is used as an adsorbent to remove methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The kinetic parameters of the adsorption processes have been investigated. To investigate the adsorption kinetics of MB two kinetic models, namely, pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models were analyzed at the concentration of 200 ppm. The correlation coefficient is 0.99, and the values of qe (63.93 mg • g-1) calculated from the equation agree with the experimental values, which shows that the process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetics. Methylene blue adsorption rate may be controlled by the concentration of the dye and the amount of the active sites on the waste surface.

Keywords: Agricultural waste, adsorption, kinetic studies, methylene blue.



IBCESS

PP19

3

415

EXAMINATION OF METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES WITH INTRAPARTICLE

ADSORPTION KINETICS

Fatih KILIÇ1 and Çiğdem SARICI ÖZDEMİR2

1Tunceli University, Tunceli, 621002Inonu University, Malatya, 44100

[email protected]

The adsorption phenomena occur to be adsorbed by the adsorbent material in the fluid phase. Adsorption of the gas or liquid phase, adsorbate is spread around the adsorbent to form a film. Adsorbate is incoming the film, wherein the adsorbent through the stagnant part is moving toward the inner pores. At this stage, adsorbate is moving in adsorbent pore space proceeds toward the surface where adsorption occurs. Eventually; adsorbate is kept on surface of the pores of the adsorbent. Adsorption kinetics of microporous solids include the site in different situations. Intraparticle molecular diffusion model is one of them and it determines the speed limit. In this study; for the agricultural waste of almond shell and peanut shell characterization studies were made by boehm titration. Thus, the value of adsorption capacity was found to be sufficient for two agricultural wastes. Intraparticle molecular diffusion was studied for two agricultural wastes at 25, 40 and 50 ºC for 2 hours. The high R2 values were obtained for both adsorbent. Intra-particle diffusion coefficients were calculated. Also; the temperature dependence of the boundary layer thickness was investigated. According to this; C values decreased with temperature for peanut shells but they were increased for almond shells.

Keywords: Agricultural waste, peanut shell, almond shell, adsorption.


IBCESS

PP19

4

416

MOBILE SOLID WASTE INCINERATION PROJECT FOR THE CASE STUDY OF ŞIRNAK - TRASH, ANIMAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTE-MOBILE CO-INCINERATION

Yıldırım İsmail TOSUN

Şırnak University, Engineering Faculty, Mining Engineering Dept., Şı[email protected]

Evaluation of Bio-waste for Sirnak Province in the context of solid waste management and aimed to create a mobile solid waste incineration system. In some plants burning solid waste management practices based on gasification and pyrolysis process it can be operated as interdependent as mobile or integrated. The implementation of bio-waste collection and waste separation methods the amount of solid waste to be recycled or composted will affect the amount produced. In Sirnak that approximately 120 thousand tons of solid waste generated and neighboring Siirt and Hakkari projecting a mobile mind similar waste incinerators in the province were studied in this work. Thus, waste and biomass waste streams that can be done in the conscious of the waste classification of the area, alongside environmental impact, recycling waste, such as energy recovery benefits will be provided. Mobile solid waste management, recycling, composting or waste of energy technologies are included. In this case, the classified as waste products should be investigated and should also be aware of the processing, depending on the market of products obtained from these requirements. Mobile waste management, design, integration and demonstrate flexibility in terms of existing business and to reach the village social, it is necessary to adapt the best economic and environmental conditions. This type of solid waste management including waste incineration and mobile units / economic and environmental conditions in the integrated system provides the flexibility to change waste diverted to other treatment systems.

Keywords: Mobile incinerator, waste combustion, waste management, incineration



IBCESS

PP19

5

417

ARTVIN INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Pelin ARAS1 and Ayşe KULEYİN2

1 Artvin Provincial Directorate of Environment, Artvin2 Ondokuz Mayis University Environmental Engineering Department,

Kurupelit Campus, Samsun [email protected]

After world population and industrial studies show up a fast development day by day, wastes and contents of them increase by showing up an alteration. This situation causes an increase of waste amounts and also waste types. For this reason common wastes can’t be disposing by standard methods. Because of making a waste management and running it for each waste type is a hard thing, a waste management which include all type of wastes is a necessity. In this study Artvin’s existent solid waste management and remove methods are researched, for the recommended integrated solid waste management instead of the existing one, solid waste characterisation is decided depending on region’s future population and solid waste projections. In the direction of this work integrated solid waste management system and components of it was chosen with the most appropriate solid waste collection, separation and transportation systems for Artvin.

Keywords: Artvin, waste management, remove methods, integrated, solid waste, recovery,


IBCESS

PP19

6

418

EFFECTS OF GENETIC MODIFICATION ON FATTY ACID AND CARBOHYDRATE PROFILES OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAINS

Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar1, Oksal Macar1, Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu2 and Emine Yalçın2

1 Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Giresun, Turkey [email protected] Giresun University, Faculty and Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey

Genetically modified (GM) corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most extensively cultivated GM plants. It is well-known that biotechnology is a tool that can be utilized for reducing the uses of environmentally hazardous chemicals as herbicides and pesticides. Cultivation of transgenic insect-resistant corn has helped increase corn yields while dramatically reducing the use of chemical pesticides. There is increasing concern whether genetic modification causes unwanted changes in nutritional values of corn kernels. In this study, it is aimed to determine the differences in fatty acid and carbohydrate compositions of GM (insect-resistant) and non-GM corn grains caused by gene insertion. Carbohydrate (fructose, glucose, saccharose, maltose, arabinose, ribose, trehalose, mannose, melezitose, melibiose) analysis was performed using HPLC system while fatty acid determination was based on gas chromatography method. Both GM and non-GM corn grains were lack of ribose, arabinose, maltose and melibiose sugars. Sucrose and trehalose were the most abundant sugars in GM and non-GM corn respectively. Moreover, GM grains were ten-times-rich in sucrose content when compared to non-GM grains. Total crude fat level was higher in non-GM grains. According to the fatty acid composition analysis, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and margaric acid were newly synthesized following genetic modification. Heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and arachidonic acid contents were higher in non-GM corn while linoleic acid and linolenic acid contents were higher in GM corn. These findings support the conclusion that genetic modification may affect the biochemical compositions in corn grains.

Keywords: Carbohydrate, corn, fatty acid, genetic modification, grain.



IBCESS

PP19

7

419

PACKAGING MATERIALS USED IN FOODSTUFFS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Duygu Balpetek Külcü

Giresun University Faculty of Engineering/Food Engineering Department, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

Depending on the increase in developing industry and personal consumption is one of the biggest problems of our era that environmental pollution has emerged. The packaging material used in “environmentally friendly” that is important in terms of reducing environmental pollution. According to the product’s properties; used in a variety of packaging materials such as glass, paper, plastic, wood and metal. Accordingly, recycling of packaging materials, principles of collecting materials separately and consumer education has become one of the mainly issues in this context. Almost all packaging materials are recyclable. Various factors play into any economic assessment of recycling, including costs for collection, separation, cleaning or reprocessing and transportation. In packaging, while brand image is important to manufacturer, retailer wants to the product of having remarkable features and intensive presentation. The expectations of consumers are generally reliable, easy to open products which no longer subject to any damage and the being used of environmental friendly packaging techniques. Materials that have traditionally been used in food packaging include glass, metals (aluminium, foils and laminates, tinplate, and tin-free steel), paper and paperboards and plastics. In addition to those materials; wood, cotton, ceramic are used for packaging. Environmental issues are becoming increasingly important to the consumer, consequently consumer pressure may trigger the use of bio-based packaging materials as an alternative to these materials. As research to improve food packaging continues, advances in the field may affect the environmental impact of packaging.

Keywords: Packaging materials, foodstuff, environment


IBCESS

PP19

8

420

THE PRODUCTION OF GOOD QUALITY SOLID FUEL FROM LOW GRADE LIGNITE AND WASTE TYRE CO-CHEMICAL PROCESS

Senay BALBAY and Caglayan Acıkgoz

Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Process Engineering Department,Bilecik, [email protected]

By the year 2013 the lignite mine reserves in Turkey were determined to be 13.8 billion tons. These lignite contain high levels of ash, humidity, and sulphur. Because of their high ash, humidity, and sulphur contents such coals deemed as low quality when burned or gasified for electricity production are known to cause environmental problems. The rubber based wastes such as expired tires and the scrap side products during their production that may be vulcanized or not, are qualified as biomass. The quantity of the expired tires produced in Turkey is around 300,000 tons per year. In this study, chemical degradation studies of the waste tyre rubbers crumb-Low Rank Lignite mixture were carried outusing oxidative cleavage by inorganic and organic chemicals to decompose easily on account of cross linking and stabilizers.it is aimed that both the waste tire degradation, and the scraping of ash and sulfur from the lignites have been performed with a co-process and obtained the high caloric value coal resembling solid products. Experimental studies were performed in these stages; 1)The preparation of waste tires and lignite samples and analysis, 2) Chemical degradation of the waste tire and lignite together and obtain a solid product, 3)characterisation of the solid product and the analysis of sulfur and ash removal efficiency.Elemental analysis of the waste tyre rubbers crumb, lignite and solid products was performed on a LECO CHNS 628 modelelemental analyzer. The HHV values were calculated by Beckman’s Formula HHV (MJ/kg) = 0.352C + 0.944H + 0.105(S–O). C, H, S, O represent carbon, hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen content of material, respectively, expressed in % by mass on dry basis. Determination of ash, moisture and volatile matter was performed according to ASTM Standards.The surface morphology of solid product was performed by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM-ZEISS Supra 40VP). BET surface area measurements using N

2 gas adsorption isotherms

were completed with a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 gas adsorption porosimeter. The Infrared analyses were obtained using Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 model FTIR spectrometer with (ATR). Density measurements by Automatic Gas pycnometer (Micromeritics Accupyc II 1340).As a result, the reduction of ash and sulfur content was found approximately 60% and the idea of the utilization of low quality coal together with the waste tire by the application of the chemical degradation results obtained are promising.

Keywords:Lignite, desulphurisation, ash removal, waste tyre, chemical degradation.



IBCESS

PP19

9

421

THE INVESTIGATION OF LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION BY PHYSICAL ADSORPTION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

ONTO DIATOMITE CLAY


1 Health Services High Vocatioanal School of Services, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey

3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey

2 Deparment of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technology, Vocatioanal School of Services, University of Tunceli, 62000, Tunceli-Turkey

The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of lipase enzyme onto diatomite clay were analyzed from aqueous solution. Batch system was used to analyze the effect of contact time, stirring speed, initial enzyme concentration, initial ionic strength, reaction temperature and medium pH. Maximum adsorption capacity fo Lipase enzyme values (q

m) onto diatomite

clay showed a great dependence on pH. It was found that qm

–pH curves reached a maximum at around isoelectric point (iep) of lipase enzyme. The pH values where the maximum adsorbed mass occurred might be considered as the conditions where electrostatic attraction is the most favourable. It was found at pH 7.0, 36.5 ºC, 7.5.10-2 M and 0.25 gL-1 the initial concentration of lipase enzyme from experimental data for the capacity of the maximum adsorption and the thermodynamic parameters (E

a, ΔHo, ΔGo, ΔSo) were calculated from

the data. The positive enthalpy and the negative Gibbs free energy changes showed that the adsorption of enzyme is endothermic and spontaneously, respectively. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion were used to fit the kinetics data on three different kinetic models. The pseudo-second-order model best described the experimental data. As a result, the diatomite clay in the adsorption process of lipase enzyme from aqueous solution was shown to be an good effective adsorbent.

Keywords: Adsorption, diatomite clay, lipase enzyme, morphology, thermodynamics


IBCESS

PP20

0

422

THE EXPLORING OF THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETIC PARAMETERS OF IMMOBILIZED CATALASE ENZYME VIA ADSORPTION ON KRIL CLAY


1 Health Services High Vocatioanal School of Services, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65100, Van-Turkey2 Deparment of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technology, Vocatioanal School of Services, University of Tunceli, 62000, Tunceli-Turkey

The thermodynamic parameters and immobilization kinetics of catalase enzyme via adsorption onto kril clay were performed in aqueous solution in batch system. The adsorbent was characterized by XRF, SEM and BET N2 adsorption measurements. The effect of some parameters to the adsorption process such as contact time, stirring speed, initial enzyme concentration, initial ionic strength, temperature and pH were analyzed. Experimental data were evaluated according to the pseudo-first, kinetics can be described according to the pseudo -second-order model, from which the rate constant and the adsorption capacity were determined. Furthermore, thermodynamic activation parameters such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy and activation energy (ΔHº, ΔSº, ΔGº, and Ea) which reveal that catalase enzyme adsorption occur spontaneously and in endothermic nature were determined. The obtained results confirmed that the applicability of kril clay is an efficient immobilizing supporter for catalase enzyme and krill clay material can be used as a very effective adsorbent in immobilization of this enzyme from aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Thermodynamics; immobization, Adsorption; Catalase enzyme; Kril clay; Kinetics



IBCESS

PP20

1

423

LAMP DETECTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPECIES IN SURFACE WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM RIVER

YESILIRMAK AND STREAM TERSAKAN (SAMSUN-AMASYA)

Zeynep KOLÖREN, Beyhan TAŞ and Burak K. DELİOĞLU

Ordu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Cumhuriyet Campus, Ordu, Turkey

[email protected]

The water samples collected from Stream Tersakan and River Yesilırmak which are last in Amasya center and its boroughs Suluova, Tasova, Samsun and its boroughs Havza, Carsamba were investigated for Cryptosporidium spp. by Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). The water samples were regularly collected in every month from the 14 stations in investigated area between 2010 December to 2011 November. Ten of 14 investigated stations were found contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocyst by LAMP. The pollution with Cryptosporidium oocysts were determined in stations which are Tersakan–Havza; Tersakan-Suluova, Celtek; Tersakan-Kanlıcay; Tersakan-Bogazkoy; Tersakan-Karasu Tersakan-Last, Yeşilırmak-Amasya Bridge, Yesilırmak-Yassıcal, Yeşilırmak-Durucasu, Yesilırmak-Tasova. The high contamination rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts was found in Tersakan–Suluova, Celtek and Tersakan-Bogazkoy stations in the all investigated stations. However, River Yesilırmak which is last in Samsun more clean than Stream Tersakan which is last in Amasya in terms of the Cryptosporidium oocysts contamination. The reason in excess of the rate of Cryptosporidium contamination in Stream Tersakan are more animal husbandry in Havza and Suluova Boroughs and no processing slaughterhouse waste water mixing to surface water.

Keywords: Cryptosporidium, surface water, Samsun, Amasya, LAMP.


IBCESS

PP20

2

424

INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF COMPOST ON DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETABLES CULTIVATION IN DIFFERENT REGIONS

Cemile OZCAN1, Yunus KOC2 and Goksel DEMIR3

1Department of Chemistry, Science and Art Faculty, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, [email protected]; [email protected]İBB-Atık Yönetimi Müdürlüğü, Paşa Mah. Piyalepaşa Bulvarı, No: 72, Şişli/İstanbul 3Department of City and Regional Planning, Architecture Faculty, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey

Advances in technology and increase in population have led to considerable improvement in production methods for waste contributes to recycling. So much waste are cause serious environmental problems. For this reason, the protection against pollution of environment and natural resources is also great importance in the solution of existing pollution and/or clearance of contaminated areas although it is extremely important in terms of prevention of environmental pollution. The objectives of this present study are:(1) fito- and bio-remediation of metals in soil using compost and plants, (2) determination of bio-accumulation factor of lettuce and wheat plant used for phyto-remediation of metals and (3) determination of effects of compost on the physiological parameters (such as rate of C/N, EC, pH…) of plants, which is researching the effects shown on crops such as durum wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv.) through the application into the soil compost. For this, the elemental analysis of prepared samples using microwave system were carried by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer). The compost was mixed with the soil samples in five ratios in a replicated field. The mixing ratios of compost in soil were applied 0%, 2%, 5% and 10%, respectively. pH values of compost were found ranged from 6.5 to 8.0. As a result, concentration values of all elements were below the toxic limit values. Despite the EC value high of compost, for compost mixed at low rates with land were not observed more an increase in the amount of major elements.

Keywords: Solid Waste, Heavy Metal, Compost, wheat, lettuce.

References: Yunus Koç, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kompostun Farklı Ortamlarda Seçilmiş Bazı Sebzelerin Gelişimi Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi, T.C. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Kentsel Sistemler ve Ulaştırma Yönetimi, İstanbul, 2014.



IBCESS

PP20

3

425

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBONS FROM WASTE GRAPE CANE BY USING THE

CHEMICAL ACTIVATION METHOD WITH ZINC CHLORIDE

Suat Tüysüz1, Osman Üner2, Ünal Geçgel1 and Yüksel Bayrak3

1 Arda Vocational College, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, [email protected]

2 Department of Chemistry, Kırklareli University, 39020 Kırklareli, Turkey3 Department of Chemistry, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey

One of the most widely used adsorbent for the removal of micro-polluters in aqueous solutions has been activated carbon. Activated carbon produced from environmental waste with high carbon content is the most important material to clean environmental pollution (gases and liquid impurities). The adsorption process in which activated carbons are used is operative, but its applications are limited due to its high production costs. In order to produce low cost activated carbon, many researchers have utilized agricultural wastes, such as walnut shell, almond shell, hazelnut shell, and apricot stone. In this study, waste grape canes obtained from Aegean region were used as starting material. The chemical reagent for the activation was ZnCl2, and the optimum ZnCl

2 concentration was determined by measuring BET surface

areas and pore volumes of activated carbons produced via Micromeritics II Star. Also, the effects of parameters (carbonization time, impregnation ratio, and carbonization temperature) on the surface area and pore properties of activated carbon were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the characterization of the activated carbon obtained from waste grape canes was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and elemental analysis.

Keywords: Activated carbon, grape cane, pore property, BET surface area, impregnation ratio.


IBCESS

PP20

4

426

REMOVAL OF LEAD FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY USING FLY ASH OF POWER PLANTS

Ümit Şengül1 and Bünyamin Şengül2

1Giresun University, Faculty of Education, 28100 Giresun, Turkey2Giresun University, Vocational School of Higher Education, Giresun, [email protected]

Fly ash is one of the largest waste product in the world that formed by coal combustion in thermal power plants. During the last decade different ideas have been discussed for its utilization. The purpose of this investigation were to removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by using fly ashes of thermic power plants. Samples of fly ashes were taken from four different power plants be about Tunçbilek, Soma-B, Seyitömer and Elbistan. The solution of fly ashes in different concentration were prepared that fly ash added to 100 mgL-

1 of Pb(II) solution. Their pH values were measured for four different fly ashes of power plants. The solutions were analyzed in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Pb(II) ions. The results indicated that fly ash has significant adsorption capacity on lead. The maximum removal efficiency of Pb(II) ions was observed in 10-12 pH range. The maximum removal of about 99% of Pb(II) ions was obtained at pH 10 for ash dose of 2500 mg L-1.

Keywords: Wastewater, removal of lead, fly ash, power plant.



IBCESS

PP20

5

427

PHYTOPLANKTON COMPOSITION AND SEASONALITY OF SERA LAKE, TRABZON, TURKEY

Arif AKSOY1 and Elif Neyran SOYLU2

1Avrasya University Health Services Vocational School / Medical Laboratory Program, Trabzon, Turkey

2Giresun University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

The aim of this study is to determine the composition, abundance, seasonal variations of the phytoplankton and to define physicochemical factors effecting these variations in Lake Sera. To achieve this aim, four sampling sites were selected and sampled between December 2010 and November 2011. A total of 61 taxa has been identified, 45 of which belong to Ochrophyta, 6 to Euglenozoa, 5 to Dinophyha, 4 to Chlorophyta and 1 to Cyanobacteria. Considering the number of taxon, frequency and abudancy at the stations, members of Ochrophyta have been the most dominant algae division. The members of this division were dominant, especially in winter and they reached the maximal level in February and August. Euglenozoa was to be found the sub-dominant group and these two groups were subsequently followed by Chlorophyta, Dinophyha and Cyanobacteria. Physical factors such as light and temperature have limited effects on the growth of phytoplankton. The results of the study suggest that there is a dominance of the diatom population, which prefers slightly alkaline water in our research area.

Key words: Lake Sera, Phytoplankton, Seasonality, Diatoms


IBCESS

PP20

6

428

WATER FOOTPRİNT AND SUSTAİNABİLİTY ASSESSMENT

OZKOC H.B.1, TAYLAN Z.S.2

1OndokuzMayis University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environment Engineering, 55139, Samsun, TURKEY2Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Head of Department Environment Protection and Control, Environment Protection Management, Kasimpasa-Beyoglu, Istanbul, TURKEY [email protected]

Increasing pressure on the Earth’s freshwater resources resulting from growing water consumption and pollution, in combination with the impacts of climate change, has led to widely accepted recognition of the centrality of freshwater in sustainable development and the critical need for improved water governance. Currently, the concern regarding the environmental sustainability of urban development, specifically the use of freshwater resources, has significantly increased due to population growth, which has increased water demand; this problem is exacerbated when combined with water scarcity (which implies limited water availability). More than 2.7 billion inhabitants in about 200 basins live with severe water scarcity during at least 1 month of the year. Water scarcity and high water pollution levels can result in poor access to water for meeting basic human needs, increased water risk for companies and environmental degradation. The Water Footprint (WF) concept introduced in 2002 is an analogue of the ecological footprint concept originating from 1990s. The WF concept has been introduced in 2002 by Hoekstra A.Y. at the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, which was held in Delft, Netherlands. The WF is an indicator that can be used to measure the direct and indirect water use (or the virtual water content) of a product, a facility, an organization, e.g., a company, or a sector. The WF can also be applied to a geographic area, e.g., a river basin or nation or an individual consumer or group of consumers. Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) were developed to measure the amount of water consumed and the pollution assimilation capacity used throughout a product’s value chain and to assess its sustainability within both the local and global context.

Keywords: water demand, water scarcity, sustainable assessment, water footprint (WF), water footprint assessment (WFA)



IBCESS

PP20

7

429

ADSORPTION OF CHROMATE BY MAGNETIC POLYSULFONE MICROCAPSULES CONTAINING

CYANEX 923

Ilker Akin

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey

[email protected]

Porous polysulfone (PSF) microcapsules containing both Cyanex 923 as extractant and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe

3O

4) that help the isolation

operation have been successfully prepared for the first time using a phase inversion method. Several techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) have been used to characterize the microcapsules. The adsorption of chromate from aqueous solutions on to the magnetic microcapsules has then been studied in a batch system as a function of contact time (15-240min), initial chromate concentrations (about 5-500 mg/L) and pH (1-8).The kinetic of Cr(VI) sorption by MCs- Cyanex923/Fe

3O

4 followed second-order kinetic

model.The thermodynamic parameters (free energy change ΔGo, entropy change ΔSoand enthalpy change ΔHo) for the sorption were also evaluated. The rise in the temperature caused an increase in the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the sorption of Cr(VI) by MCs- Cyanex923/Fe

3O

4.

Keywords: Chromate, Microcapsule, Cyanex923, Fe3O

4, Adsorption

Acknowledgement: We thank the Scientific Research Projects of Selcuk University for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

PP20

8

430

REMOVAL OF CRYSTAL VIOLET DYE BY SORPTION ONTO NATURAL DIATOMITE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Adem Karadağ1 and Özkan Demirbaş2

1University of Gaziantep, Naci Topcuoğlu Vocational School of Higher Education, Gaziantep, Turkey 2University of Balikesir, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Chemistry, Balikesir, [email protected]

In recent years, with the development of industry, there is an increase in search for materials to be used as adsorbent to remove factory wastes and water-soluble dyestuffs from water. The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the natural mineral, diatomite, as an adsorbent to remove crystal violet which is used in the textile industry and given to fresh water sources along with wastewaters. The structural characteristics of the natural diatomite sample was examined by performing some essential analyses such as SEM, FTIR, TGA and BET surface area. The adsorption of crystal violet onto diatomite was investigated by analysing the effect of some parameters such as temperature, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, time and pH. The effect of pH was analyzed in the pH range from 5 to 10. The experiments were carried out at a set of temperatures of 298, 308, and 318 K by use of a thermostat. All investigated parameters were observed to significantly influence the adsorption rate and capacity. Experimental data was tested in terms of suitability to some models such as pseudo-first order, second-order, mass transfer, and the intra-particle diffusion model. The adsorption kinetics data showed that this process can be best described by the pseudo-second-order model from which the rate constant and the adsorption capacity were determined. Then, the thermodynamic activation parameters such as the activation energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy were determined. The value of the standard enthalpy change indicates that the adsorption is physical in nature involving weak forces of attraction and is also endothermic. The results proved the applicability of this material as an efficient adsorbent for crystal violet dyes.

Keywords: Adsorption, diatomite, crystal violet, wastewater, thermodynamics.



IBCESS

PP20

9

431

ADSORPTION OF NEUTRAL RED DYE ONTO BENTONITE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Özkan Demirbaş1 and Adem Karadağ2

1University of Balikesir, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Chemistry, Balikesir, Turkey

2University of Gaziantep, Naci Topcuoğlu Vocational School of Higher Education, Gaziantep, Turkey

[email protected]

The control of water pollution has become increasingly important in recent years. The discharge of dyes into the receiving waters constitutes a big portion of the water pollution. Therefore, treatment processes removing dyes from textile effluents have become important in order to conserve receiving waters. In this study, the adsorption of the dye Neutral Red onto bentonite from aqueous solution was investigated. Bentonite used as adsorbent in this work was initially characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and BET. The effect of adsorbent dose, initial pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and contact time were investigated. Adsorption increased as adsorbent dose, initial pH, temperature and initial concentration increased. The effect of pH was analyzed in the pH range from 4 to 9. The experiments were carried out at a set of temperatures of 298, 308 and 318 K by use of a thermostat. All investigated parameters were observed to significantly influence the adsorption rate and capacity. The equilibrium data were tested for the fitness to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics data showed that this process can be best described by the pseudo-second-order model from which the rate constant and the adsorption capacity were determined. Thermodynamic parameters of ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0 indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The results above confirmed that bentonite had the potential to be utilized as low-cost and relatively effective adsorbent for Neutral Red dyes removal.

Keywords: Adsorption, bentonite, neutral red, wastewater, thermodynamics.


IBCESS

PP21

0

432

ADSORPTION OF DYESTUFF FROM AQUA SOLUTIONS BY BIOCHAR

Nahide Narin and Gülce Çakman

Ondokuz Mayıs University, Chemical Engineering Department, Samsun, [email protected]

This research presents the adsorption of dyestuff from the water onto biochar which is produced by hazelnut husk. Methylene blue, methyl red, congo red and methyl orange are widely used to color products in textile industries. One of the major problems concerning textile wastewaters is removing of coloring agents. The textile wastewater contains toxic substances, which are harmful to environment. This wastewater must be purified to avoid damage to the environment. The most preferred technique for this is adsorption because of its suitable properties such as high efficiency and more economical. Since the last few years, natural materials started to use as adsorbent due to it is cheap and eco-friendly. In this study, biochar derived from pyrolysis of hazelnut husk will be used for the adsorption of dyestuff. Adsorption experiments will be carried out by varying adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature to determine the optimum conditions. The biochar will be activated with pretreatment. The activated biochar will be used at optimum conditions for investigate pretreatment effect. To describe the equilibrium isotherms the experimental data will be analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Pseudo first-order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models will be used to find out kinetic parameters and mechanism of adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters such as ∆G, ∆H and ∆S will be calculated.

Keywords: Adsorption, hazelnut husk, biochar, dye, kinetic.



IBCESS

PP21

1

433

THE DISINFECTION OF BACTERIA BY ULTRAVIOLET INTENSITY AND ULTRASOUND POWER

Tuba Yetim1 and Arzu Gormez2

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey

2 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey

[email protected]

Physical, chemical and biological constituents such as organic compounds and microorganisms are released by wastewaters from fabrics, homes, facilities and other resources. Bacteria, viruses and fungi can be described as microbial pollutants. In this study the disinfection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain from the wastewater was aimed by using ultrasound power and ultraviolet light intensity. The 60% amplitude of ultrasound energy and also, 88 W/m2 light intensity at 254 nm wavelength was used. The ultrasound source was an ultrasonic generator and the ultraviolet light source was Pen-Ray ultraviolet lamp. The temperature was constant at 37°C temperature and the amount of TiO2

was 300 mg during the experiments. For investigating the effect of ultrasound energy, it was used alone to the system. Also, for the effect of ultraviolet light, it was used alone to the system. For the synergistic effect of ultrasound and ultraviolet, they were used together to the system. The results showed that the completely disappearance was seen at 30 min. when the ultraviolet light was used alone, 20 min. when the ultrasound was used alone and 8 min when the ultrasound and the ultraviolet light were used simultaneously. The most disinfection was determined when the ultrasound and the ultraviolet light were used simultaneously. Together using of the sound and light energies proved to be the most effective process on bacterial disinfection by generating greater •OH radicals. Also, having more piercing and devastating properties of 254 nm wavelength, it was seen more effective disinfection in this study.

Keywords: Ultrasound, ultraviolet light, Escherichia coli, water pollution, disinfection.


IBCESS

434

PP21

2

DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT QUALITY IN YAĞLIDERE STREAM (GIRESUN)

Arzu Aydin Uncumusaoğlu1, İlhami Kayiş2 and Cengiz Mutlu2

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey [email protected]

Sediments in aquatic systems are often contaminated with a variety of pollutants stemming from sources including industrial and agricultural discharges, municipal wastewater treatment plants and storm water. These effects underscore the need to develop sediment quality objectives that protect aquatic ecosystems and human health. The sediment samples were collected from 5 sampling sites and analyzed to identify the concentrations of some metals (As, Se, Ag, Cd, Na, K) and pH, conductivity, water content, organic matter in the Yağlıdere Stream. Finally, Geo-accumulation index values calculated using estimates of background trace element concentrations suggested anthropogenic influences in most of the samples. Consequently, it was observed that K, Na, As and Se dominantly accumulated in the study area. These metals may have a negative impact on the research area and create an environmental risk.

Keywords: Sediment, Pollution, Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Yağlıdere



IBCESS

PP21

3

435

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF POLLUTION INDICES WITH PLANT YIELD, PH AND EC UNDER ENRICH SOIL WITH

HEAVY METALS

D. Papaioannou1, I.K. Kalavrouziotis1, P.H. Koukoulakis2 and F. Papadopoulos2

1School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University,

Aristotelous 18, 26 335, Patras, [email protected]

2Hellenic Agricultural Organization ‘Demetra’ Soil Science Institute, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece

A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for the study of the following pollution indices relationship, i.e. Pollution Load Index (PLI), Elemental Pollution Index (EPI), Heavy metal Load (HML) and Total Concentration Factor (TCF) to Beta vulgraris yields, soil pH, and Electrical conductivity(EC). The soil was treated with six heavy metal (Zn, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb) treatment combinations. Each metal was participating in each combination with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, in the form of corresponding the respective chemical compounds i.e. ZnSO

47H

2O, MnSO

4H

2O, CuSO

45H

2O,

Na2Cr

2O

72H

2O, Co(NO

3)

26H

2O, Ni(NO

3)

26H

2O, Cd(NO

3)

24H

2O and Pb(NO

3)

2. The beet plants were irrigated with treated wastewater. The pollution indices were calculated on the basis of the analytical results of soil heavy metals, and in turn they were related to plant yield, soil pH and EC by regression analysis. The following were found:

All four pollution indices were negatively and

statistically significantly related to plant yield, which decreased significantly with the increase of soil heavy metal concentration. Also, the pollution indices were negatively related to pH. On the other hand, they were positively related to the EC. Based on these results, It was concluded that these relationships could be useful to be taken into account, when evaluating the level of the pollution indices, and hence, the actual level of the soil pollution with heavy metals.

Keywords: Pollution indices, heavy metals, treated wastewater, plant yield, electrical conductivity.


IBCESS

436

PP21

4

POLLUTED SOILS MICRO-ELEMENTS OF IRON THE INTERACTION WITH SOME HEAVY METALS

Sevinç ADİLOĞLU

Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tekirdağ, [email protected]

It was investigated interaction of Cr, Cd and Pb with Cu in Dock (Rumex patientia L.) medical and aromatic a plant with using phytoremediation method in heavy metal pollution soils. Therefore, 100 mg/kg Cr, Cd and Pb were applied each pots as Cr(NO

3)

3, Cd(NO

3)

3 and Pb(NO

3)

2 forms. 0, 5, 10 and

15 mmol/kg EDTA were applied to each pot in beginning of flowering season for the increasing of uptake heavy metals by plant. Plants were harvested after two months growing. It was determined with the increasing EDTA doses and Cr, Cd and Pb contents of Dock plant and the interaction of between heavy metal and Fe contents of Dock plant at the pot experiment. According to the pot experiment results, iron contents of roots and leaves of plant increased with increasing EDTA application to plants and increasing Cr, Cd and Pb contents of plants. These increases were found statistically significant at the level of 1 %. In this research, it was put forward that the heavy metals in the soil like Cr, Cd, and Pb can be removed by using phytoremedation method and Rumex patientia. As a result, with EDTA application, in the heavy metal contaminated agricultural areas, there is an important interaction between the amount of Cr, Cd, Pb and Cu removed by Rumex patientia.

Keywords: Heavy metal, Fe, soil pollution, Dock, Cr, Cd, Pb



IBCESS

PP21

5

437

NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE

Hatice DAĞHAN1 and Nurcan KÖLELİ2

1 University of Eskişehir Osmangazi, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 26160 Eskisehir, Turkey

[email protected] or [email protected]

2 University of Mersin, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 33343 Mersin, Turkey

Nanotechnology is widely used in recent years and that has appeared in almost every field is the source of new industrial materials. Nowadays, there are in many areas the usage of nanoparticles including medicine, pharmaceuticals, textiles, cosmetics, automotive and defense industries. Especially this technology is using agriculture such as fertilizers, pesticides, nano-sensor to increase crop yield and yield quality and management of plant health. On the other hand, nanoparticles which increased its applications day by day and participated in the ecosystem that is not known its effects on the environment exactly. For that reasons, a critical aspect of the risk assessment of nanoparticles on environmental and human health should be investigated. In this study, we discussed the nanotechnology application in agriculture, nano-product advantages and disadvantages in agriculture, economic and environmental effects importance of these produces.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, nano-fertilizer, nanoparticles, agrochemicals, pesticides.


IBCESS

438

PP21

6

ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE FACTORS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM PETROLEUM OIL CONTAMINATED SLUDGE

Belgin Erdem and Zeynep Karakaş

Ahi Evran University, Department of Biology, Kırşehir, [email protected]

The aim of this study, to asses can be harmful to public health of opportunistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from polluted environments with petroleum oil. A total of 12 strains were identified from 100 sludge, lake sediment and water samples polluted with petroleum oil, examined antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. After sludge samples diluted with sterile saline water, the water samples taken directly from the Mac Conkey Agar (MCA) to streaked feeding environment are made. A total of 12 strains of P. aeruginosa were tested rhamnolipids, biofilm productions, protease, hemolytic activities and antibiotics resistance profile using agar disk diffusion method against 10 commercial antibiotics. As a result all of the strains showed hemolytic activity, Protease activity, rhamnolipid and biofilm forming ability to create differences between isolates showed. Although all isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone 100% (12/12), P. aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to one or more antibiotics. P. aeruginosa was isolated from 20 different petroleum oils contaminated site which has virulence factors and multiple resistance and confirmed that it was common in the natural environment as well as the clinical field.

Keywords: P. aeruginosa, virulence factors, antibiotics resistance, petroleum oil



IBCESS

PP21

7

439

BACTERIAL BIOSENSORS

Belgin ERDEM

Ahi Evran University, Department of Biology, Kırşehir, [email protected]

The aim of this study, In recent years scientists focuses on the relationship between environmental contaminants and bacterial biosensor. There are no detailed studies carried out in our country literature. This review article concentrates on the summarization of the recent progress in the fabrication and application of bacterial biosensors. Bacterial biosensors are extremely sensitive biological agents or bioreceptor against a substance to be analysis for rapid analysis hidrocarbon at nanomolar Levels in polluted environment. These receptors should be feature bind one substrate and the other bind not substrate. This collection aimed at using important bacterial biosensors for rapid and sensitive measurements of pollution, detection, diagnosis of hydrocarbon compounds are urgently required in various fields such as environment, food industry and medicine. This review illustrates the general design principles for bacterial sensor-reporters, presents an overview of the existing biosensor-reporter strains with emphasis on organic compound detection. Therefore, this study was revealed once more the importance biotechnology and clinical applications of bacterial biosensors. These receptors should be feature bind one substrate and the other bind not substrate. In recent years, bacterial biosensors have been used widely in areas such as environmental, foodsafety, biosecurity, qualitycontrol, agriculture and veterinary medicine, bacterial and vira diagnostics, pharmaceutical manufacturing, industrial waste water treatment, mining, military defense industry and biomedical applications. Recently, there is a need to specific and sensitive bacterial biosensors due to increase the diversity of environmental pollutants. This study evaluates the suitability of bacterial biosensor for rapidanalysi shidrocarbon at nanomolar Levels in polluted environment. As a result, Due to world are increasing environmental pollution, bacterial biosensor research should be more given.

Keywords: Bacterial biosensors, environmental pollutants.


IBCESS

440

PP21

8

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS OBTAINED FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

Selin KALKAN

Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Giresun, [email protected]

Biodegradable or organic plastics, as different from the plastics produced petroleum fossil fuels, are derived from edible biomass sources such as vegetable oil, corn starch, pea starch. When these organic plastics decays, they caused lower greenhouse gas emulsion and so the production and use of these organic plastics are seen as a more sustainable activity compared to production of Petro plastics. Organic plastics significantly reduces the danger caused by the plastic derived from petroleum, which remaining in the soil for decades and are to launch a new era in packaging technology and industry. Currently the most prevalent biodegradable plastics are based on starch, which in used various fields. The use of these starch-based plastics is spreading every day in areas that are short-term, but heavily used such as shopping bags. Although polylactic acid-based polymer is not as common as starch is also an important place in biodegradable polymers. Plastics derived from these polymers also possess high strength and the desired optical properties in various plastic applications such as transparent. However, the use of these plastics such as starch derived mostly from corn increases, these plastics will compete with the nutritional function of the starch is one of the essential nutrients. In this case, when our world considered to be a serious problem of food shortages, it is the biggest question mark common on use of plastic such as starch based. In this study, I aimed to discuss the physicochemical properties and industrial use areas of the biodegradable plastic derived from agricultural products and their advantages and disadvantages of interacting with the environment.

Keywords: Biodegradable, Organic plastic, Agricultural



IBCESS

PP21

9

441

OLEANDER (NERIUM OLEANDER) SEED AS A SOURCE FOR FUNGAL AEROSOLS

Adem IMALI and Ferudun KOCER

Kilis 7 Aralık University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Kilis, Turkey

[email protected]

The present study was carried out to determine the fungal flora of oleander (Nerium oleander L.) seed, which is an evergreen shrub and extensively found in garden and parks in Kilis. In this context, seed samples were collected in ten different stations on people-intensive street and parks and then immediately preserved in sterile lab packages and transported to the laboratory for analysis. The samples were cultivated on rose bengal agar (RBA) and then microfungi isolated from RBA were inoculated to the czapek’s agar (CA) and sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. According to the results, six microfungi genera including Alternaria sp., Arachinotus sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Ulocladium sp. were identified. Penicillium sp.,corresponded to 37.5 % of the identified genera. The stations 4, 8 and 9 were found to be the most fungi- polluted area in Kilis.

Keywords: Fungal aerosols, Kilis, Nerium oleander.


IBCESS

442

PP22

0

AN EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON AIR POLLUTION IN AFYONKARAHISAR

Arzu Yakar 1 and Metin Aydoğan2

1Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, [email protected] State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey

Factors such as rapid population growth, industrial and technological developments, climate change have recently increased environmental pollution. Air pollution is one of the most important types of environmental pollution. The increase in the amount of gas, liquid and solid materials, which significantly affect living creatures and ecological balance in the air, has resulted in air pollution. In this study, a research has been conducted on air pollution in Afyonkarahisar. For this purpose, the temperature, wind, precipitation, particulate matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) data of the province between 2008-2012 years have been used. The temperature distribution of atmospheric layer, which is above Afyonkarahisar at 550 m of an altitude, has been detected by means of the linear interpolation method by using data obtained from meteorological stations in Isparta, Ankara and Istanbul where high atmospheric observations are made. Inversion analysis that is effective in occurrence of air pollution has been conducted. As a result of the study, it has been found that the most important cause of air pollution in Afyonkarahisar is originated from atmospheric conditions (inversion) of the province. Besides, other factors affecting air pollution order are listed as anthropogenic pollutants (heating, industry, transport), the topographical structure, position of the city in which perspective gets the sun’s rays, urban planning, meteorological factors, climate and geographical features, respectively.

Keywords: Air Pollution, Inversion, Topography, Temperature, Afyonkarahisar.



IBCESS

PP22

1

443

MONTHLY VARIATION OF AIRBORNE MOLDS IN ÇANAKKALE CITY, TURKEY

Sibel Mentese1, Elif Palaz1 and Muserref Tatman Otkun2

1Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Environmental Engineering Department, Çanakkale, Turkey

[email protected] Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University,

Clinical Microbiology Department, Çanakkale, Turkey

Bacteria, molds and their spores, toxins of bacteria and molds and their fragments are the main components of the microbiological agents in the air. Some of them are viable, in spore form or dead, depending on the origin and the residence time of the microbiological agents in the air. Their composition and the concentration are related with the environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, substrate availability etc. Exposure to microbiological pollutants, in particular molds and mycotoxins, can trigger several respiratory and allergic symptoms. Also, susceptible or sensitive people have hypersensitivity to mold exposure that can cause serious acute outcomes on their health. Thus, it is crucial to find out the sources and composition of airborne molds to improve the ambient air quality in terms of microbiological agents. Airborne mold composition of the ambient air was monitored for one-year round in different towns of Çanakkale city, Turkey. Both identification and enumeration of airborne mold was determined by NIOSH Method 0800. Briefly, airborne mold samples were collected on a selected culture medium by bioimpactor sampler and after incubation period, molds were identified under the light microscope according to their morphology. Mold concentrations showed significant monthly variation (p<0.05). The highest mold concentrations were observed in June and late spring time, while the lowest airborne levels were observed in the winter. Mold concentrations exceeded 1000 µg/m3 in some months especially in rural sites, which can pose a risk on sensitive people. In terms of the mold species; Cladosporium (56.5%), Penicillium (8.5%), and the yeast (5.1%) were the most predominant molds throughout a year. Since Cladosporium, the main source of the most common mold in this study area is the plant and soil degradation, potential effects of airborne mold is not expected to be as detrimental as found in tropical regions.

Keywords: Airborne mold, indoor air, outdoor air, Çanakkale, Indoor to outdoor (I/O) ratio.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 112Y059, for the financial support.


IBCESS

444

PP22

2

ASSESSMENT OF AIRBORNE HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN SOIL IN MERIC-ERGENE BASIN, TURKEY

Asude Hanedar

Namık Kemal University/Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu/Tekirdağ, Turkey [email protected]

Meric-Ergene Basin, where the study was conducted on, is located in the northwestern part of Turkey, in the lands of the country that fall in the European continent. The basin embodies 7 organized industrial zones and a total of 1284 industrial businesses serving in various sectors. All of the industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewaters are -either directly or indirectly- discharged to the Ergene River. Ergene River, which passes through many settlement areas such as villages, towns and districts within the region, is also utilized for agricultural irrigation purposes. As a result cases of soil contamination, desertification and degradation of agricultural product quality are also experienced as well as water pollution. In the present study accumulations of airborne heavy metals in soil samples were determined by conducting Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co) and Manganese (Mn) analyses on a total of 48 samples collected in the periods of May 2014, August 2014, October 2014 and February 2015 from 12 sampling points in a heavily industrialized area, a mixed industrial and residential area, an agricultural area and a background area in the Meric-Ergene Basin, and pH and TOC determination was carried out. With the obtained data, heavy metal levels were statistically assessed in details by being associated with each other and with their probable sources and spatial variances were set forth. Based on the results, it was observed that heavy metal pollution is at high levels particularly in industrialized areas, and that the differences between the cleanest and most polluted levels determined. The highest levels of all heavy metals were determined in soil samples collected from the areas in the south east part of the region, where industrial activities and particularly leather and chemical industries are concentrated. Keywords: Heavy Metals, Soil Production, Lichen, Pine Needles, Meriç-Ergene Basin.

Acknowledgement: The present study was supported by Namik Kemal University Scientific Research Fund under Grant Project No: NKUBAP.00.17.AR.14.04.



IBCESS

PP22

3

445

CONCENTRATION OF OCPS IN SOIL, LICHEN AND PINE NEEDLES IN MERIC-ERGENE BASIN, TURKEY

Asude Hanedar, Elçin Güneş, Gül Kaykioğlu and Suna Özden Çelik

Namık Kemal University/Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu/Tekirdağ, Turkey

[email protected]

Meric-Ergene Basin, which had a rural and agriculture-based economy in the past due to its qualities as embodying quite valuable agricultural lands and means of underground water, witnessed an intense industrialization process particularly focused on the high water-requiring textile and chemicals industries in the last 50 years. Although in general agriculture maintains its significance in the region, there are approximately 1.300 industrial plants, which serves in various sectors such as chemical, textile, food, automotive etc.-in the basin. In the study, 17 types of Organo Chlorine Pecticides (OCPs), including DDTs, HCHs, Aldrin and Endrin groups, were determined in 4 regions of in an intense industrialized area, industrial+residential area, an agricultural area and a background area which is not expected to be influenced by sources other than transportation or etc., in 3 sample points each (in total of 12 points), in May 2014, July 2014, October 2014 and February 2015, representing 4 seasons, in soil, lichen and pine needles samples. Collected samples was subjected to extraction with appropriate methods and analyzed in GC/MS device. With systematically planned field and laboratory studies, sampling and analyses of concerned organic pollutants were carried out. Total OCP values were obtained in the range of 5,9 - 83,2; 7,3 - 85,6; and 9,5 - 97,1 ng/g for soil, lichen and pine needles samples respectively. Obtained results were subjected to examination; spatial and seasonal changes in OCPs concentrations were set forth. Pollution maps, toxicity values and source apportionment studies, by Hierarchical Cluster Analyses, were conducted for the observed values. OCPs were determined in the highest values in Fall and Winter seasons and with the examination of the spatial distribution of the OCP results for all samples, it is observed that higher concentrations were observed for the areas which agricultural activities are high especially for soil samples. Keywords: Organo Chlorine Pecticides, Soil Pollution, Lichen, Pine Needles, Meric-Ergene Basin.

Acknowledgement: The present study was supported by TUBITAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) under Grant Project No:112Y070.


IBCESS

446

PP22

4

THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Ilker Kilic and Nesli Kocaalili

Uludag University, Agriculture Faculty, Biosystems Engineering Department, 16059, Campus of Gorukle, Nilufer, Bursa, [email protected]

Human population is 6.5 billion on average today and it is expected to be 9.2 billion by 2050. Increasing population will need more food products than today. Thus creates more demand for livestock products. Industry need to produce more good. Using intensive production systems the environmental pollutants in atmosphere increase resulting of more industrial production. Climate change was occurred at the end of the deposition at these pollutants. Climate change affects several industries in all parts of the world. Also livestock industry is affected unavoidably. Global warming is a result of climate change and has negative impress on animal’s performance and productivity. It changes environmental parameters in animal barns. For example, as a result of climate change seasons periods changed. Higher temperatures can cause drying of water sources. It is clear that climate change and global warming are important threat for livestock industry. The impacts of climate change on the livestock industry are heat stress, quantity and quality of feeds, water, livestock diseases, biodiversity, barn systems and incomes of farmers. This study aims briefly reviewing the effects of climate change on livestock industry. Keywords: Climate change, global warming, livestock production.



IBCESS

PP22

5

447

SYNTHESIS AND Cr(VI) EXTRACTION EFFICACY OF MERCAPTOALKYL-SUBSTITUTED CALIX[4]ARENE

DERIVATIVES

Serkan Sayin1, Huseyin Bekir Yildiz2 and Serkan Eymur3

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun-28200, Turkey

[email protected] Karatay University, Department of Materials Science and

Nanotechnology Engineering, 42020 Konya, Turkey3Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Giresun University, Giresun-28200, Turkey

Chromium and its derivatives, which are mostly used by many industries such as dying, photography, and etc., seep into water or soil sources. At the end, contaminants reach our nature in many ways. When people attach to chromium containing sources, people get its considerable hazardous effects such as severe diarrhea, liver damage, and etc. Just because of that, removing chromium from its contaminants is challenging. Using calixarene extractants, synthesized via the condensation reaction of phenol and formaldehyde, have been taken considerable attraction on removal of highly toxic and hazardous substances from their sources, so far. With respect, herein, we report on the synthesis and dichromate ion extraction behaviors of four mercapto derivatives of calixarene. In addition, we evaluated the effects of different pH on the extraction capacities of calixarene derivatives for dichromate anion in aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Calix[4]arene, dichromate anion, liquid-liquid extraction.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 113T022, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

448

PP22

7

DECOLORIZATION OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUATIC SOLUTION BY USING MODIFIED HAZELNUT SHELL

Erkan KALIPCI

Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Nevsehir, Turkey. [email protected]

Since dyed wastewater sourced from textile industry has a toxic structure, it is risky in terms of human and environmental health. In this study, removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by hazelnut shell (Corylus colurna L.) (HS) and ultrasonic modified hazelnut shell (MHS) is investigated. Adsorption process was performed for the removal of MB dye having 50 mg/L concentration with different amounts of adsorbents (1g, 1.5 g), within different contact times (0-300 min), at different pH values (3.0-12.00), at different temperatures (20°C, 35°C, 45°C) and with different stirring speeds (200-300 rpm). Structures of hazelnut shell materials before and after modifications was examined by the FTIR and SEM analyses. For MB dye removal, it was determined that the adsorption efficiencies with 1g and 1.5 g HS at the 60th minute were found as 42.2% and 63.4% respectively. The adsorption efficiencies by using 1 g and 1.5 g MHS at the 60th minute were calculated as 48.8% and 70.5% respectively. The adsorption process was investigated in terms of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. It was determined in this study that the experimental data obtained for HS and MHS used to remove MB dye were well fitted to Langmuir isotherm model, adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous. The results showed that the MB dye strongly interacts with ultrasonic modified hazelnut shell. Low-cost and environmentally friendly MHS can be preferably used for the removal of MB dye when compared to other adsorbents.

Keywords: Adsorption, removal, methylene blue, ultrasonic, hazelnut shell.



IBCESS

PP22

8

449

ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL BIOMAGNETIC COMPOSITE FOR THE REMOVAL OF CONGO RED FROM

AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Gülbahar Akkaya Sayğılı

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Dicle University, Diyarbakır/[email protected]

A novel biomagnetic composite (MnFe2O

4/PW) was synthesized and used

for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. The removal efficiency of CR was dependent temperature positively, indicating the process was endothermic. The maximum adsorption occurred at the dye’s original pH (6.95). The kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out under optimum removal conditions of CR by MnFe

2O

4/PW. The kinetics and equilibrium data

fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models and intraparticle diffusion studies showed the multilinearity of the process. Using CR as model pollutant, the prepared composite adsorbent showed good adsorption capacity of 86.96 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters showed the favorability and spontaneity of the process. The results showed that the synthesized biomagnetic composite sorbent could be regenerated and used repeatedly.

Keywords: magnetic composite, dye adsorption, MnFe2O

4 nanoparticles, Congo

red.


IBCESS

PP22

9

450

NICKEL NANOPARTICLES ENCAPSULATED IN CALIXARENE FUNCTIONALISED GRAPHENE/MoS2 AS A SYNERGESTIC CATALYST FOR OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTION

Babasaheb J. Waghmode, Sanhita V. Patil and Dipalee D. Malkhede

Department of Chemistry, SavitribaiPhule Pune University, Pune-411007, [email protected]

Oxygen evaluation reaction (OER) is the most important reaction in hydrogen production from water splitting. Here we developed Ni-Calixarene-Graphene/MoS2 material hybrids with high loading of metal catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal method, and their catalytic activity toward OER has been screened in alkaline medium. The Calixarene functionalised on mixture of 2D Graphene and MoS2 act as a nanoreactors that can absorb metal ions and form dispersed nanoparticles through reaction with an external reductant. The resulting nanoreactor can simultaneously act as a container, host matrix and template for formation of Ni nanoparticles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirmed that Ni/NiO nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed on calixarene stabilised Graphene and MoS2 nanosheets mixtures on both sides of nanosheets. The obtained composite shows enhanced catalytic activities in alkaline electrolytes. The onset potential towards the oxygen evolution reaction is 0.406 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 1 M KOH solution. The current density of 10 mA/cm2 has been achieved at the over potential of 313 mV in 1 M KOH. The formed composite exhibited an excellent stability in electrolyte. In particular, no obvious current density decay was observed after 10 hours testing in alkaline solution and the morphology of the material was well maintained, which could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of combining Ni/NiO nanoparticles and mixed Graphene/MoS2 nanosheets.

Keywords: Nickel nanoparticles, Calixarene, rGO, MoS2, Supercapacitor, OER catalyst



IBCESS

PP23

0

451

REDUCTION OF COD IN WASTEWATER FROM INDUSTRIAL METAL CUTTING BY ELECTRO-FENTON PROCESS

Hüseyin Cüce

Nevşehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Faculty of Eng. & Arch. Department of Environmental Engineering Nevsehir/TURKEY

[email protected]

Metal cutting fluids are widely used in metal industries because these fluids provide the combined cooling and lubrication required by different metal processing technics. Several technologies have been described in the literature for metal cutting wastewaters treatment, for example, chemical coagulation, centrifugation, membrane processes, adsorption, evaporation and granular activated carbon. These wastewaters are generally alkaline, high in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, and may contain toxic organic compounds that can inhibit biological treatment systems. In the study, COD reduction potential of metal cutting industry wastewaters by Electro-Fenton (EF) oxidation, as one of the AOPs, was experimentally evaluated. Experiments were conducted in a batch electrolytic system using iron electrodes. Effects of different parameters including pH, current density, additing catalyst (H2O2 conc.), and initial TOC concentration were studied in order to evaluate the efficiency of EF process. According to initial results of optimized the process, the removal efficiency of the COD after operation time was about 85 %. The experimental results have shown that increase in the supporting H2O2 concentration results also in increasing the COD removal until a given value. Consequently, under the certain experimental conditions, cutting oil wastewater was treated by EF, yielding discolored water and decreasing the organic compounds present by a high percentage, showing that EF is a real alternative for the treatment of wastewater from the metal cutting industry.

Keywords: Industrial wastewater, Metal cutting fluids, COD removal, Electro-fenton


IBCESS

452

PP23

1

ADSORPTION KINETICS OF TETRACYCLINE-ANTIBIOTIC TOWARD NANOPOROUS CARBON DERIVED FROM GRAPE (VITIS VINIFERA) PROCESSING WASTE

Hasan Sayğılı1 and Fuat Güzel2

1 Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Batman University, 72100 Batman, [email protected] Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey

Tetracyclines (TCs) are one of the most commonly used antibiotics. They are extensively applied to human and livestock therapy, and are difficult to metabolize. TCs have been used extensively for disease control and in livestock feed for several decades, due to their excellent therapeutic value. TCs in the environment have become a source of growing concern in recent years. Therefore, it is urgent to develop efficient and economical technologies to remove TCs. There are many technologies available for TC removal including adsorption, oxidation, and photochemical degradation. Among the available removal methods, adsorption, which is an efficient, economical and simple process, is widely used for low concentrations of antibiotics. Adsorption from pharmaceutical manufacturing wastewater or remediation of the contaminated environment using activated carbon (AC) is more practical, lower in cost, more efficient and a more environment-friendly approach, compared to the previously described methods of TC removal. However, commercially available ACs are very expensive. Therefore, in recent years, various kinds of AC have been prepared from low-cost precursor materials, which are predominantly biomass wastes. The main objective of the present work was to investigate the performance of a novel grape (Vitis vinifera) processing waste activated carbon (GPAC) under optimum preparation conditions from grape (Vitis vinifera) processing waste (GP) by ZnCl

2 activation for adsorption kinetics of TC from aqueous solution.To investigate the adsorption mechanism, two conventional kinetic models, namely pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order were used to analyze the kinetic data. The pseudo-second order kinetic model had the best-fit, according to the high R2 and low Δq(%). The q

e values calculated according to the pseudo-second order were closer to the q

e,exp

values, when compared with the pseudo-first order. These results indicated that the pseudo-second order kinetic model was suitable for explanation of the TC adsorption processes onto GPAC.

Keywords: Grape processing waste, Activated carbon, Tetracycline, Adsorption kinetics.

Acknowledgement: We thank The Scientific Research Fund of Dicle University, Project no. 12-ZEF-95, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP23

2

453

ASSESSMENT OF THE BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF HARŞIT STREAM IN GIRESUN, TURKEY

Bülent Verep1, Buse Eraslan Akkan2 and Cengiz Mutlu2

1 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Fisheries, Rize, Turkey [email protected]

2 Giresun University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun, Turkey

Polluted water runoff from the land is the leading cause of water quality problems nationwide. Water quality is often related to the degree of bacterial contamination. Fecal material as well as other pollutants can be transported to waterways through runoff. The World Health Organization estimated that up to 80% of all sicknesses and diseases in the world is caused by inadequate sanitation, polluted water or unavailability of water. The study was conducted to find out the bacteriological characteristics of Harşit Stream in Giresun, Turkey. Water samples were collected aseptically into 250 ml Nalgene containers and transported on ice to the base laboratories at the Department of Biology, University of Giresun. Microbiological investigations were done within 4 to 6 h after collection. Samples were analyzed for Total Plate Count (TPC), total coliform, feacal coliform, feacal streptococci and Escherichia coli. Enumeration of Total Plate Count, coliform bacteria, Total coliform, Feacal coliform, feacal streptococ and Escherichia coli were carried out as described by standard methods of the American Public Health Association. To enumerate the numbers of coliform bacteria and E. coli in water, a three-tube Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was employed. Positive tube from MPN was streaked onto eosine methylene blue (EMB) agar and then incubated overnight at 35°C. Typical isolates were confirmed based on their IMVIC pattern. The results for the indicators were higher than the acceptable maximum limits prescribed by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs of Turkey. In addition, according to water quality guidelines for drinking water, the results indicated that the various water sources were of poor microbiological quality. These untreated water sources are used for drinking and domestic purposes and pose a serious threat to the health of the consumers and therefore calls for urgent intervention by government.

Keywords: Water quality, Harşit, Giresun, bacteriology



IBCESS

454

PP23

3

REMOVAL OF MICROPOLLUTANTS IN WATER WITH ADVANCED TREATMENT PROCESSES

Sevde Ustun Odabasi and Hanife Buyukgungor

OndokuzMayis University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Samsun, [email protected]

Through improved methods of micropollutants, e.g. pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds and personal care products are increasingly being detected in our water systems. Micropollutants cause unwanted effect in the aquatic system. The term of micropollutants occur in the water in concentrations of a few nanograms or micrograms per litre which can fundamental affects in aquatic environment, like toxic, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. The discharge concentrations of most micropollutants are usually far below acute human toxic levels and it is mainly adverse long-term effects and the ecological impact that is of concern. The increase in reported detection of very low concentrations of micropollutants in aquatic system, is mainly attributable to technological advances in sensitivity and accuracy of detection equipment and analytical methods. Most of methods are used. These are gas chromatography with spectrometry (GC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MC2), Liquid chromatography with spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Advanced treatment processes are the most effective methods for micropollutant removal. Some of these methods are ozonation, ultrasound, ultraviolet, fenton processes and membrane systems. Above mentioned all the systems can be used with conventional water treatment system or separately for better treated water quality. Advanced treatment processes for micropollutant was investigated by the authors.

Keywords: Micropollutants, Water Treatment, Advanced Treatment Processes, Techniques and Removal Systems.



IBCESS

PP23

4

455

POLLEN ANALYSIS AND HEAVY METALS DETECTION IN PROPOLIS SAMPLES

Sevim ÇİFTÇİ YEGİN1, İlginç KIZILPINAR TEMİZER1, Ömür GENCAY ÇELEMLİ2, Elif APAYDIN3, Zafer TÜRKMEN4 and Aytaç GÜDER1

1Giresun University, Vocational School Of Health Services, Giresun, [email protected]

2Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Ankara, Turkey.3Giresun University, Central Research Laboratories Application and

Research Center Giresun, Turkey.4Zafer TÜRKMEN, Giresun University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun, Turkey.

Heavy metals change in the balance of ecological system and they have negative impact on both humans and other living systems. Surveying the environmental pollution condition by task of biological monitors, i.e., animal and plant organisms is increasing and able to supply helpful information. The use of biomonitors of the environment contamination, such as honey bee, over chemical or physical detectors, would appear to have potential in this respect. The aim of this work is to determine the pollen types and some heavy metal accumulation like chrome (Cr), Mangan (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in propolis samples collected from hives. Preparation of propolis for pollen identification was performed according to the method described by literature. A total of 10 elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Pollen types and amounts in propolis samples were different from each other. Propolis samples were separated mix and chestnut propolis based on pollen types. Heavy metal levels were found as Cr 2,8336 mg/kg, Mn 6,1842mg/kg, Fe 122,5591mg/kg, Co 0,1186 mg/kg, Ni 8,8976 mg/kg, Cu 0,2064 mg/kg, Zn 0, Se 7,2914 mg/kg, Cd 0, Pb 0 in mix propolis; Cr 4,0298 mg/kg, Mn 2,4421 mg/kg, Fe 74,3274 mg/kg, Co 0, Ni 1,9609 mg/kg, Cu 0,0868 mg/kg, Zn 2,0492 mg/kg, Se 5,1214 mg/kg, Cd 0, Pb 0 in chestnut propolis. These results are complying with the legal limits according to Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF).

Keywords: Biomonitor, ecological system, propolis, heavy metals, honey bee.


IBCESS

456

PP23

5

MICROBIAL WATER QUALITY OF THE GIRESUN COASTAL ZONE OF THE BLACK SEA

Nazmi POLAT1 and Tamer AKKAN2

1 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Samsun, Turkey 2 Giresun University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun, Turkey [email protected]

Contamination of seawater is a serious environmental problem as it adversely affects the human health and the biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystem. Enteric pathogens are typically responsible for waterborne sickness. The safety of sea water is evaluated by the results obtained from faecal indicators during the stipulated controls fixed by the legislation. However, seawater related illness outbreaks are still occurring worldwide. This has been, and still is nowadays an important challenge. Microbial pollution is a serious ecological and public health concern in marine coastal zones used for recreation. The World Health Organization estimated that up to 80% of all sicknesses and diseases in the world is caused by inadequate sanitation, polluted water or unavailability of water. Therefore, it has been investigated in this study microbial water quality in Giresun coasts. The seawater samples were collected monthly at a depth of 1 m from 24 substations (representing 8 base stations) between June 2012 and May 2013. Seawater samples were collected aseptically into 250 ml Nalgene containers and transported on ice to the base laboratories at the Department of Biology, University of Giresun. Microbiological investigations were done within 4 to 6 h after collection. The bacteriological analyses involved total viable bacterial counts (TVBCs), total coliforms (TC) and estimation of faecal coliforms (FC), faecal streptococci (FS) and Escherichia coli (EC). Enumeration of TVBCs, TC, FC, FS and EC were carried out as described by standard methods of the APHA. The results for the indicators were higher than the acceptable maximum limits prescribed by the Turkish standards. In addition, according to sea water quality guidelines for recreational water, the results indicated that the various water sources were of poor microbiological quality. In this vicinity seawater are mainly affected by freshwater runoff, domestic and agricultural discharges. Consequently, regular monitoring and evaluation of the coastline are recommended. Otherwise, this situation carries a potential risk for public health.

Keywords: Black Sea, coastal area, Giresun, pollution, water quality.

Acknowledgement: We thank Ondokuz Mayıs University, Project no PYO Fen.1904.12.009, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP23

6

457

A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT’S COOLING TOWER TO ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE

Emre Aşkın Elibol1 and Ferdi Özbilgin2

1Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Giresun, [email protected]

2Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Giresun, Turkey

The aim of this study is to investigate effects of flue gases temperature of cooling towers used in closed loop cooling systems of nuclear power plants to environment temperature. With boundary conditions, continuity, energy, momentum and k-ε turbulence equations were solved in control volume involved cooling tower of nuclear power plant, thus effects of flue gases temperature to environment temperature could be estimated. In accordance with results, effects on the environment of hot gases exhausting from cooling towers were examined.

Keywords: Cooling tower flue gases, Temperature analysis, Computational fluid dynamics.


IBCESS

458

PP23

7

EFFECT OF CHARA CONTRARIA (BRAUNEX. KÜTZING) IN REMOVING OF THE SYNTHETIC AND ORGANIC TEXTILE DYES

Tanriverdi Baris1, Koc Dilek1, Karadag Aslihan1, Ustunol Seyda Gul1 and Sivaci Erdal Ridvan2

1Department of Biology, Institute of Sciences, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey [email protected] of Biology, Art and Science Faculty, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey

World textile industry is a sector, which has a significant affect, depositing numerous varieties of chemical waste to the environment. Basically these substances have to be environment friendly and biodegradable. In line with this purpose, organic and synthetic based 0,1 mg dyes in three different colors (Black, Red and Orange) have been exposed on Chara contraria (Braun ex Kützing) for seven days by putting them into a culture medium during our research. At the end of the experiment, the highest Cl-a amount has been measured in synthetic red as 10,23mg/l, Cl-b3,87 mg/l and the carotenoid amount as 2,97 mg/l and the lowest amount has been measured in orange as 7,29 mg/l, Cl-b 2,99mg/l and the carotenoid amount as 1,73 mg/l. The average turbidity in organic dyes has been measured respectively as (1.35,10.9, 6.9 NTU), and in synthetics as (9.53, 2.17, 1.88 NTU). Also the start and end values of inorganic nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, silica etc. have been determined. While the darker colored ones in organic based dyes are providing a rapid decrease of inorganic nutrient from the environment, this effect has not been observed in synthetic based dyes (p<0,05). Although the pigmentation and turbidity decrease in time period, it has been determined that C. contrariawas less effective for the removal of synthetic dyes while the removal of organic dyes was more effective.

Key Word: Chara contraria, macrophyte, organic dye, synthetic dye, turbidity.



IBCESS

PP23

8

459

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PREFERENCES FOR DRINKING WATER AT THEIR HOMES AND DORMITORIES

Cemile Dede1, Nursan Cinar2 and Tijen Nemut2

1Sakarya University, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey [email protected]

2Sakarya University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Sakarya, Turkey

This study was conducted to determine the university students’ preferences for drinking water at their homes and dormitories. The sample group of this descriptive study consists of rondomly selected 786 university students at Sakarya University. Data were collected using a questionnaire prepared by researchers in accordance with the literature. The obtained data were analyzed on computer program by using mean and percentages. 76.2% (n=599) of students surveyed were female, 23.8 % (n=187) were male and the mean age was x = 21.14 ±2.41 (min=18, max=41). 67.8% of the participants were living at home and 32.2% of them were living at dormitories. 38.5 % (n=303) of the respondents stated that “I am very sensitive about my drinking water”. 18.3 % (n=144) of the participants defined that “ I always drink tap water at home or dormitory”. Water filters usage rate at home was 13.5 % (n=106) among the participants. The results denoted that 25.3 % (n=199) of the participants thinks that the risk of getting a disease due to tap water is high. 83.8% (659) of the participants expressed that they generally drink bottled water at their home or dormitory. It was determined in this study that the majority of university students prefers bottled water at home and dormitory and drinking tap water rate is very low.

Keywords: Drinking water preference, bottled water, tap water, university students

Acknowledgement: We cordially thank to the students who participated in this study.


IBCESS

460

PP23

9

URANIUM(IV) RESISTANCE AND BIOACCUMULATION BY THERMOTOLERANT BACILLUS VALLISMORTIS

M. Kadir Oduncu1, Sadin Özdemir1 and Ersin Kılınç2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey [email protected] Services Vocational High School, Medical Marketing and Promotion Programme, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200, Mardin,Turkey

Bioaccumulation and resistance of Uranium(IV) by thermotolerant Bacillus vallismortis were experimented. The minimum inhibition concentration of (MIC) value of U(IV) was found to be 82.5 mg/L. Furthermore, the effect of various U(IV) concentrations on the growth of bacteria and bioaccumulation on B. vallismortis were investigated in the liquid culture media. It was found that the bacteria in liquid media were more sensitive than in the solid media. The growth was not significant affected in the presence of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/L U(IV) up to 72 h. In 5 mg/L U(IV), the growth was inhibited by 10.1% at 36 h of exposure. The removal percentages were 100%, 82.4% and 86.2% in the presence of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/L U(IV), respectively at 96 h. The highest bioaccumulation value at 1 mg/L U(IV) concentration was detected at the 72th hours (10 mg/g metal/dry bacteria weight), while the maximum bioaccumulation value at 5 mg/L U(IV) concentration was detected at the 72th hours (45.4 mg metal/dry bacteria weight).

Keywords: Bacillus vallismortis, bioaccumulation, U(IV).



IBCESS

PP24

0

461

PRECONCENTRATION OF U(IV) BY BACILLUS MOJAVENSIS LOADED AMBERLITE XAD-4 AS A

SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION COLUMN USING UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

M. Kadir Oduncu1, Sadin Özdemir1 and Ersin Kılınç2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey

2Health Services Vocational High School, Medical Marketing and Promotion Programme, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200,Mardin, Turkey

[email protected]

Bacillus mojavensis was loaded onto an Amberlite XAD-4 and used for solid phase extraction (SPE) of Uranium(IV). A quick UV-VIS spectrophotometric method was used to determine U(VI) ions. The optimum SPE conditions were found as being a pH of 5.0-6.0 for; a sample flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; 200.0 mg of biosorbent; 800 mg of Amberlite XAD-4 and 5.0 mL of 1M HCl as eluent. The biosorbent capacity was found to be 26.3 mg/g. The foreing ions did not have interference effects on biosorption of U(VI). Relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 5.0%. The preconcentration factor was 80. The new method was performed to determine the U(VI) in a certified reference sample (NCS ZC-73014; tea leaves) and in natural water samples.

Keywords: Bacillus mojavensis, solid phase extraction, preconcentration, U(IV)


IBCESS

PP24

1

462

IMMOBILIZED THERMOPHILIC ANOXYBACILLUS KESTANBOLIENSIS AS A SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION COLUMN OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF Co(II) IN VARIOUS FOOD SAMPLES

Ersin Kılınç1 and Sadin Özdemir2

1Health Services Vocational High School, Medical Marketing and Promotion Programme, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200, Mardin,Turkey [email protected] of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey

Heavy metals are one of the major resources of pollution of water, food, soil and biological samples that found at trace levels in environment. The direct determination of the heavy metals in natural samples is limited because of low levels and matrix interferences. Various processes are utilized for the separation and preconcentration of heavy metal ions in samples. These processes include cloud point extraction, flotation, membrane filtration, electro deposition, solvent extraction, ion exchange and solid phase extraction for preconcentration of trace leve metal ions from natural samples. Among these processes, solid phase extraction (SPE) is the most important technique used for preconcentration of analytes in environmental samples due to ease of automation, speed, absence of emulsion, high preconcentration factor, simplicity, high retention, low cost, low pollution, flexibility and reusability of absorbents/biosorbents. The main purpose of the this research paper is to used an immobilized thermophilic Anoxybacillus kestanboliensis onto XAD-4 resin as a new solid phase extraction sorbent for the retention and preconcentration of Co(II) in natural samples. Important experimental parameters were investigated in details. Optimum conditions were found as pH 5.0, 2.0 mL/min of flow rate, 200 mg of dead bacteria on 800 mg of Amberlite XAD-4, 5 mL of 1.0 mol/L of HCl as a eluent. The recoveries percentages of Co(II) was found higher than 95% up to sample volume of 400 mL. The preconcentration factor was found as 80 with the eluent volume was 5 mL. Effect of possible interferic ions such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cu, Ni and Al were investigaated. It was determined that the thermophilic A. kestanboliensis loaded onto XAD-4 column can be utilized up to 35 times with ≥95% retentions.

Keywords: Anoxybacillus kestanboliensis, Co, food samples, preconcentration, solid phase extraction.



IBCESS

PP24

2

463

THE RESPONSES OF SOME BASIL GENOTYPES TO CADMIUM TOXICITY

M. Muharrem ÖZCAN1, Kürşat KORKMAZ2, Ş. Metin KARA1, Faruk ÖZKUTLU2, Özbay DEDE1, Ayşegül KIRLI1 and Mehmet AKGÜN2

1Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, ORDU, TURKEY

[email protected] University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and

Plant Nutrition, ORDU, TURKEY

Cadmium (Cd) is the most toxic heavy metal for humans as well as plants and it causes serious environmental pollution. Thus its removal from the polluted area is environmentally important. Plants canrestrain Cd accumulation or amplify its tolerance capacity. This study was carried out to determine the responce of some Basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) genotypes to Cd toxicity. In this research, eight basil genotypes were exposed to six different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1) of Cd with three replications in a greenhouse experiment. According to the results, different concentrations of Cd did not significantly affect plant height, leaf area and number of lateral branches of basil genotypes. However, significant differences (p<0.01) among Cd doses on dry weight of basil genotypes were identified and the highest dry weight (6.12 g) was obtained with the dose of 10 mg Cd kg-1. The dry weight increased in the genotypes up to 20 mg Cd kg-1 rate, but decreased at 20 and 40 mg Cd kg-1 applications due to toxic effect of Cd. This decline was 8,4% at 20 mgCd kg-1 and was 9,6 % at 40mg kg-1 of Cd compared to 10 mg Cd kg-1. However, no visual toxicity symptoms were observed in plants. The results showed that the basil genotypes responded differently to Cd toxicity.

Keywords: Cd tolerance, Cd toxicity, heavy metal, Ocimumbasilicum.


IBCESS

PP24

3

464

EFFECT OF OLIVE OIL CAKE ON THE QUALITY OF COMPOST AND VERMICOMPOST

Alev Akpinar Borazan and Levent Degirmenci

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Chemical and Process Engineering Department, Bilecik, [email protected]

Effect of olive oil cake on the quality of compost and vermicompost was investigated for varying amounts of olive oil cake. Compost and vermicompost were produced from a mixture consisted of egg shell, cabbage, banana peel, nutshell, napkin, manure, garden soil and olive oil cake. Amount of garden soil, manure and olive oil cake was adjusted to be 75% of total weight and the amount of other ingredients were remained constant. The amount of olive oil cake was determined as 0 (control), 14, 29 and 36% of the mixture. A total of 4 system with stated olive oil cake amounts was composted for 2 months for maturation. The feed mixture for vermicompost was initially composted for 15 days until the end of thermophilic phase and then Eisenia Fetida species earthworms was added to the feed mixture to initiate vermicomposting. The precomposting stage was conducted to enable faster adaptation of eartworms to the mixtures. The worms were held for 45 days inside the mixtures. The stocking density was adjusted as 5 for all systems and a total of 4 systems with mixtures identical to the ones used in compost were used in experiments. The quality of compost and vermicompost were determined based on the analyses conducted on the sample. Total carbon content, total nitrogen content, C/N ratio and soil available nitrogen and phosphorus contents were selected as distinctive parameters for compost and vermicompost quality.

Keywords: Compost, Vermicompost, Eisenia Fetida



IBCESS

PP24

4

465

EFFECT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE ON SELECTED MACRO ELEMENTS LEVELS IN NEW ZEALAND RABBITS

Yalçın E., Çavuşoğlu K., Taşlı B. and Demirtaş G.

Giresun University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Giresun, TURKEY

[email protected]

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism that has had its DNA altered or modified in some way through genetic engineering. In this study, we investigated the effects of GM maize on the levels of macro elements as calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) in the serum of New Zealand Rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three portions: parent, first-generation and second-generation. In each section was divided into two groups in itself. The control and treatment group (GM). The rabbits in the control group were fed with conventional maize (non-GM) and the rabbits which are in the treatment groups were fed with GM maize. At the beginning of the study, six females and six male New Zealand rabbits were used those obtained from Experimental Animals Production Center of Giresun University, in Giresun, Turkey. All rabbits were provided with tap water ad libitum through the study and were housed singly in polycarbonate cages with stainless steel cover. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected intra-cardiac for macro element analysis and centrifuged in 5000 rpm for 15 min to obtain serum and later stored at -20 °C until all experimental procedures is carried out. An Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the analysis of Ca, Na, K and Mg, following procedures reported in the literature. As a result, long-term feeding of non-GM maize to rabbits did not change the levels of the selected serum elements in the control groups of parent and both generations. However, there were statistically significant differences between GM maize groups of parent and both generations (p<0.05). GM maize caused significant increases in serum Ca and K levels and a decrease in serum Mg and Na levels over the generations. The results of this study showed that even if GM maize in a short time can cause changes in serum macro elements levels of rabbits over the generations.

Keywords: Genetically modified organism, maize, macro elements, rabbit.


IBCESS

PP24

5

466

EFFECTS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS PARAMETERS IN NEW ZEALAND RABBIT

Yalçın E., Çavuşoğlu K., Taşlı B. and Seven B.

Giresun University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey [email protected]

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system’s ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. MDA is one of the most known secondary products of lipid peroxidation, and it can be used as a marker of cell membrane injury. GSH and its metabolizing enzymes provide the major antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species–induced cellular damage. In this study, we investigated the effects of Genetically Modified (GM) Maize on changes in the levels of liver and kidneys malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in New Zealand Rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three portions: parent, first-generation and second-generation. In each section was divided into two groups in itself. The control and treatment group (GM). The rabbits in the control group were fed with conventional maize (non-GM) and the rabbits which are in the treatment groups were fed with GM maize. At the beginning of the study, six females and six male New Zealand rabbits were used those obtained from Experimental Animals Production Center of Giresun University, in Giresun, Turkey. All rabbits were provided with tap water ad libitum through the study and were housed singly in polycarbonate cages with stainless steel cover. At the end of the experimental period, liver and kidney samples were taken for determination of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. GSH and MDA levels in related tissues were measured spectrophotometrically (UV mini-1240, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) using the colorimetric methods described by Beutler et al. (1963) and of Yoshoiko et al. (1979), respectively. The results indicated that no significant differences in MDA and GSH levels were observed among the control groups of parent and both generations (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant decrease in GSH levels and a significant increase in MDA levels in liver and kidneys of groups fed with GM maize of parent and both generations (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that even if GM maize in a short time can cause changes in the levels of oxidative stress parameters over the generations.

Keywords: Genetically modified organism, maize, oxidative stress, rabbit.



IBCESS

PP24

6

467

DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF BLACK SEA

Koray OZSEKER1, Coskun ERUZ2, Ilknur YILDIZ1 and Muhammet BORAN1

1KTU Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Turkey2KTU Faculty of Marine Sciences, Engineering of Marine Sciences and Technology,

[email protected]

In the present study, the temporal and spatial distribution of terrestrial sediment transported by the streams was detected in three different locations of Eastern Black sea shores (Trabzon); the Değirmendere, Yanbolu, Solakli streams. In each of these areas, samples were taken from eight stations situated at different depths starting from the river banks. In scop of research, sediment grain size, proportional distribution of terrestrial material in the possession of the content and sediment pore volume were examined on the obtained sediment samples. Sampling started on 07.04.2012 and ended on 29.01.2013. Seasonal sampling was conducted during that period covering the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. The Orange Peel Bucket sampler was used to sediment samples. The great importance had been shown to preserve the sediment block during study. The samples which is taken sediment block (0-5 cm) were stored in the freezer (-18 °C) until the analysis phase. Sediment size analysis was performed using wet sieve analysis. The analysis was performed in chemical and oceanography laboratories in University of Karadeniz Technical, Faculty of marine science. The current which is an effective factor on sediment transport and accumulation was determined in using device of aqua Doppler current meter in situ. The current speed was identified between 14 cm/s and 35 cm/s in coast of Degirmendere region. The current speed was identified between 10 cm/s and 27 cm/s in coast of Yanbolu region. The current speed was identified between 12 cm/s and 28 cm/s in coast of Solakli region. The current direction for each region was identified 10-90º from west to east During all the sampling periods, lithogenic substances, which were seen as the predominant component of the sediment of the study areas, were terrestrial substances that were effective in the sedimantasyon on shores. The analysis of the distribution of material according to seasons shows that in Değirmendere and Yanbolu the structure of the sediment is composed of non-uniform, good quality material and the greatest part of that material was generated by thin sand. On the other hand, the structure of the sediment in the Solakli area is made of uniform and good quality material, the greatest part of which was formed by thin sand.

Keywords: Black sea, Sediment, Grain size, pore volume


IBCESS

468

PP24

7

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION ON ENVIRONMENT IN TURKEY

Dilek Bostan Budak

Cukurova University, Adana, [email protected]

Environmental problems have been an important issue not only in Turkey but also all over the world. These problems will be a big struggle for posterity. Since 1950, the industrialization and urbanization process had a negative effect on living conditions of farmers and it has led to internal migration from rural to urban areas. Over the past decade, large number of people has migrated from rural to urban as a result of the rapid industrialization in Turkish society. Of course, rapid industrialization is not the only reason for migration but the major one. Unplanned migration causes economic, social and environmental problems for the cities and also for citizens. People migrate to cities because of economic, social and political problems; just to have better life for their families. Migration emerges visible need on housing, health, education, social services and infrastructure services. One of the consequences of migration is the environmental problems which destroys the physical appearance of the city. When they migrate they have no choice but to live in slum places with unhealthy conditions. Migrants create unhealthy, illegal slums with no infrastructure, in and around the city, because they have to shelter with their limited budgets. Also, social and natural environment are harmed by unplanned immigrants. Air, water and soil pollution increase because of fuel and waste production and this pollution threatened the entire city people and also the ecosystem. This paper reviews the migration and its’ negative effects on environment for cities.

Keywords: migration, environment, pollution, Turkey



IBCESS

469

PP24

8

REMOVAL OF MANGANESE(II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ADSORPTION ON CARBONIZED

WALNUT SHELL

Bircan KÖSE1 and Saliha ERENTÜRK2

1Researcher, Giresun, Turkey2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Ataturk, Erzurum, Turkey. [email protected]

In this study a cheap and easily obtained adsorbent was prepared from walnut shell. Walnut shell was carbonized in 500 oC oven in nitrogen atmosphere. After then it was characterized by using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The specific surface area of the sample was determined as 431.99 m2 g−1. Its adsorption of Mn (II) by varying experimental conditions such as temperature (26 – 45 °C), pH (1,2-7) and metal ion concentrations (20–100 mg L−1) was investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of the carbonized walnut shell was obtained as 3.5 mg/g. Three empirical adsorption models (i.e. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin) were used for the evaluation of adsorption equilibrium data. The results showed the Freundlich model was more appropriate than the investigated other isotherm models for the equilibrium data.

Keywords: Adsorption, manganese, surface area, walnut shell.

Acknowledgement: We thank BAP (Atatürk University Research Foundation), Project no. 2013/108, for the partial financial support


IBCESS

470

PP24

9

PREDICTING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ORIGANUM SACCATUM P. H. DAVIS USING MAXENT MODELING

Canan DÜLGEROĞLU, Ahmet AKSOY and Orhan ÜNAL

Akdeniz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Antalya, [email protected]

Ecological niche modeling (ENM) has become an important part of conservation planning in recent years. Detecting how species that has economic importance affected by climate change is of great importance due to planning sustainable use of the species. Current and future potential distributions of species according to different climate change scenarios can be predicted with ENM by combining known GPS records with digital layers of environmental variables. Aim of the present study is to predict the impacts of climate change on geographic distribution of Origanum saccatum P. H. Davis an endemic taxon of East Mediterranean, which is very important from economic point of view. Occurrence records of the species were obtained from literature and GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) database. Environmental variables for current and future climate obtained from worldclim website. Current and potential distributions of the species in the year 2070 were predicted using all these data with Maxent (Maximum Entropy) software. According to eventual models, while probability of occurrence of the species may decrease in the current habitat in 2070, it will be a remote possibility to shift its habitat towards North. Consequently, O. saccatum will be under local extinction risk because of climate change in the future.

Keywords: Ecological niche modeling, endemic, global warming, oregano, potential distribution.



IBCESS

PP25

0

471

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN NEW ZEALAND RABBIT FED WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE

Çiçek F1, Yalçın E2, Çavuşoğlu K2 and Acar A1

1Giresun University, High School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Technical, Giresun, Turkey

2Giresun University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey

[email protected]

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered to contain a segment of DNA from another organism. In this study, we investigated the effects of GM maize on changes in the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in New Zealand Rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three portions: parent, first-generation and second-generation. In each section was divided into two groups in itself. The control and treatment group (GM). The rabbits in the control group were fed with conventional maize (non-GM) and the rabbits which are in the treatment groups were fed with GM maize. At the beginning of the study, six females and six male New Zealand rabbits were used those obtained from Experimental Animals Production Center of Giresun University, in Giresun, Turkey. All rabbits were provided with tap water ad libitum through the study and were housed singly in polycarbonate cages with stainless steel cover. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected intra-cardiac for serum biochemical analysis and centrifuged in 1200 g for 10 min to obtain serum and later stored at -20 °C until all experimental procedures is carried out. AST, ALT and ALP enzyme activities, BUN and creatinine concentrations were measured by commercially available kits using an auto analyzer. As a result, long-term feeding of non-GM maize to rabbits did not change the levels of the selected serum parameters in the control groups of parent and both generations. However, there were statistically significant differences between GM maize groups of parent and both generations (p<0.05). GM maize caused significant increases in the levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine over the generations. The results of this study showed that even if GM maize in a short time can cause changes in the levels of serum parameters of rabbits over the generations.

Keywords: Genetically modified organism, maize, serum parameters, rabbit.


IBCESS

472

PP25

1

TREATMENT OF LEACHATE BY ELECTROCOAGULATION USING THREE DIFFERENT ELECTRODES

Zürriye Gündüz and Yeliz Süzen

Balıkesir University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Balıkesir, [email protected]

Landfilling is the most widely used method for the waste treatment. Leachate has a complex structure and high pollutant load, and its treatment is quite hard to supply the discharge standards. Therefore, many pretreatment and combined treatment methods have been proven to treat leachate. In this study, treatment of leachate by electrocoagulation has been investigated in a batch process reactor. The sample of leachate was supplied from Balıkesir Landfill Site. Effects of process parameters such as electrode material (iron, zinc and aluminum electrode) and operating time (15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes) for EC process are investigated on Chemical Oxygen Demand removal efficiency. After the electrocoagulation process, all samples are measured for pH, turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, temperature and conductivity. Finally, the most suitable and efficient electrode type was found aluminum electrode. Chemical Oxygen Demand removal efficiency was found for aluminum electrode as %53 with 45 minutes operating time. All findings and evaluations of the study showed that conductivity and chemical oxygen demand of the leachate samples were decreased after the electrocoagulation. But temperature and pH were increased with operating time. As a result, treatment of leachate by electrocoagulation method can be used as a step of the joint treatment.

Keywords: Electrocoagulation, iron, landfill leachate, leachate treatment, zinc and aluminum electrodes.



IBCESS

PP25

2

473

APPLICABILITY OF Ca(OH)2 SOLUTION FOR MEMBRANE CO2 SEPARATION

Bahtiyar Öztürk1, Barbaros Durmuş2, Nilüfer Nacar Koçar2 andHülya Aykaç Özen1

1 Environmental Engineering Department, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Atakum, Samsun, P55200,TURKEY

2 Environmental Engineering Department, Fırat University, Elazığ 23119, TURKEY

[email protected]

An experimental investigation of membrane gas absorption for the removal of CO

2 using porous polysulfone membrane contactor was performed. Water

and Ca(OH)2 solution (10w%) were used as absorbing solvents at different

flow rates. Performance of membrane for gas absorption was evaluated as mass transfer through the membrane, selectivity and removal efficiency of CO

2. Because of the basic nature of Ca(OH)

2 solution, it showed a higher

CO2 absorption than water. Mass transfer of CO

2 increased by increasing

water flow rate, but increasing flow rate of Ca(OH)2 solution did not show

a regular effect on CO2 mass transfer. The mass transfer of CO

2 decreased in

time because of the deposition of CaCO3 which is the product of reaction

between CO2

and Ca(OH)2 onto the membrane surface. Cleaning of the

membrane using a diluted HCl solution recovered the membrane and gave its basic performance.

Keywords: membrane gas absorption, CO2 removal, Ca(OH)

2 solution, mass transfer


IBCESS

474

PP25

3

INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF PRUNUS LAUROCERASUS (KARAYEMIŞ)

Şahin Direkel1, Aytaç Güder2 and Mehmet Soner Engin3

1Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun, Türkiye [email protected] of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Giresun, Türkiye3Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, Türkiye

Prunus laurocerasus (cherry laurel) is a fruit native to the regions bordering the Black Sea in Southwestern Asia and Southeastern Europe and widely spread out in the North part of Turkey. The fruit is a small cherry, turning red to black when ripe. It is mostly consumed as fresh fruit in local markets, and the fruit of the cherry laurel is used in making jam, pickle, and cake; it is also eaten as dried and become more popular in the recent years. The fresh leaves of Prunus laurocerasus are used in herbal medicine because of their antispasmodic, narcotic and sedative properties. In this study, antimicrobial activity of the Prunus laurocerasus extracts was aimed to identify by considering antibacterial properties. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the Prunus laurocerasus fruit extracts were evaluated against the selected 11 bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the Prunus laurocerasus fruit extracts was determined by microdilution broth assay with Alamar Blue. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the Prunus laurocerasus fruit extracts were tested in MHB for bacteria by the two fold serial dilution method. Amikacin was used as standards for bacteria studies. Based on the assessed MIC values, as can be seen Table, the compound exhibited a substantial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Haemophilus influenzae and Salmonella spp. with an MIC of 800, 1.600, 1.600, 1.600 µg/ml, respectively.

Keywords: Prunus laurocerasus, antibacterial activity, alarm blue



IBCESS

PP25

4

475

THE DIFFERENT HABITATS IN TERMS OF OXYGEN ALTER MUSCLE FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF CLARIAS

GARIEPINUS.

Alpaslan Dayangac1, Gülender Akyildiz1 and Taylan Aktas2

1 Ahi Evran University, Art and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Kırsehir, Turkey

[email protected] Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Cicekdagı Vocational School Department of Veterinary and

Laboratory Kırsehir, Turkey.

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) can live in the outside of water environment during breeding season. This study was performed to compare the fatty acids values in the muscle tissue of Clarias gariepinus between aquatic conditions and 12 hours terrestrial living conditions. Authorization for the experiments was given by Ahi Evran University’s Committee for Ethical Treatment of Animals on 04.07.2011 with protocol number 2011/02. The animals were caught from Ceyhan River basin and divided into two groups: The ones kept in natural habitat as a control group (6 in total) and the ones made live in atmospheric environment for 12 hours (6 in total). The muscle tissues fatty acids values of all experimental groups were analyzed by Gas Choromatography. According to our findings, stearic acid (18:0), arachidonic acid (20:4, n6), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n3) values of atmospheric group in the muscle tissues decreased to compared with control groups (p<0,05). On the other hand, palmitoleic acid (16:1 n7), oleic acid (18:1 n9), linoleic acid (18:2 n6), α-linoleic acid (18:3, n3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n3) values of atmospheric group in the muscle tissues increased to compared with control groups (p<0,05). We suggest that long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid values were changed by habitat condition. The oxygen density of living environment is considered to affect the desaturase enzyme system on fatty acids metabolism. Similarly, the oxygen density of habitats is considered to affect the fatty acid synthase or fatty acid elongation enzyme on fatty acids metabolism. In conclusion, the oxygen density of living environment effects the fatty acids values and fatty acid metabolism of Clarias gariepinus.

Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, atmospheric environment, fatty acids, muscle.


IBCESS

476

PP25

5

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF EMET STREAM BASIN

Cem Tokatli1, Esengül Köse2, Naime Arslan3, Arzu Çiçek4, Özgür Emiroğlu3 and Hayri Dayioğlu5

1Trakya University, İpsala Vocational School, Department of Laboratory Technology, İpsala/Edirne, [email protected] Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir Vocational School, Department of Environmental Protection and Control, Eskişehir, Turkey3 Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Eskişehir, Turkey4 Anadolu University, Applied Environmental Research Centre, Eskişehir, Turkey5 Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Kütahya, Turkey

Emet Stream Basin, which feeds the Uluabat Lake (Ramsar Site), is one of the most important river systems in Turkey. Basin geological structure of the basin, mining activities carried out on the basin, agricultural applications, industrial activities and domestic discharges constitute an intense pollution on the ecosystem and lead to significant reductions on water quality. In our study, water quality of Emet Stream Basin was evaluated by investigating some limnologic water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, % oxygen saturation, temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, sulfate, phosphate, COD, BOD, total chlorine and CaCO

3). For this purpose, water samples were collected seasonally

from 8 stations selected on the Emet Stream Basin (one of them was on the Kınık Stream and one of them was on the Dursunbey Stream) between the dates of November 2010 - August 2011. The obtained data were compared with the limit values reported by various national and international organizations. Also Pearson Correlation Index was used to determine the statistically significant relations among the investigated parameters, One Way Anova Test was used to determine the significant differences among the investigated stations and Matrix Plot Diagrams was used to demonstrate the detected data visually. As a result of the study, Emet Stream Basin was found to be an intensive organic pollution pressure.

Keywords: Emet stream basin, arsenic, Pearson Correlation Index, One Way Anova Test, Matrix Plot Diagrams.



IBCESS

PP25

6

477

INVESTIGATION OF BIOSORPTION KINETICS OF AZO DYE USING ANAEROBIC SLUDGE

Meltem Sarıoglu Cebeci1 and Caner Deniz2

1 Cumhuriyet University/Department of Environmental Eng., Sivas, [email protected]

2 TEIAS / Environmental Engineer, Izmir, Turkey

In this study, removal of azo reactive dyes from aqueous solution using anaerobic sludge as biosorbent was investigated. Anaerobic sludge was taken from wastewater treatment plant for biosorption experiments with working volume of 100 ml in 250 ml capacity of erlenmayer by using temperature controlled shaker. The effects of various parameters such as pH, initial concentration of pollutants, amount of anaerobic sludge, contact time, temperature on removal efficiency were studied. The experimental equilibrium data fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models for single and binary pollutants. Scanner electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used in order to find morphology of anaerobic sludge before and after the equlibrium batch studies. Kinetic models were used in order to explain biosorption mechanism. Pseudo-second order kinetic model was suitable for biosorption kinetics. Kinetic parameters were calculated. According to calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG and ΔS), biosorption of dyes on to anaerobic sludge was exothermic or endothermic. Low-cost biosorbents such as anaerobic sludge can be used to remove azo dyes from wastewaters.

Keywords: Biosorption, azo dye, anaerobic sludge, kinetics, wastewater

Acknowledgement: We thank CUBAP (Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects), Project no.M-373, for the partial financial support.


IBCESS

478

PP25

7

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SECTOR IN THE TURKEY

Aytuğ TEKBAŞ, Mesut TEKBAŞ, and Nihal BEKTAŞ

Gebze Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Kocaeli, [email protected]

Greenhouse gases absorb the sunlight energy and trap it in the lower atmosphere, so less heat to escape back to space resulting an overall warming of the Earth. Many gases occur in nature show these “greenhouse” properties such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others can totally be human-made such as like gases used for aerosols. Turkish Statistical Institute published inventory related Greenhouse Gas Emissions recently. This inventory showed that the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as CO

2 equivalent for the year 2013 were

459.1 million tones and the largest portion (%67.8) was belonged to of the energy sector. Energy is a priority issue within the European Union (EU), climate change: the burning of fossil fuels to release energy is the major anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases. In this study GHG was emitted by energy sector will be examined. The reduction options will be evaluated specially for using Reference Documents on Best Available Techniques for Energy Efficiency.

Keywords: Energy sector emissions, greenhouse gas emissions.



IBCESS

PP25

8

479

THE PREPERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CALIX[4]AREN IMMOBILIZED MAGNETIC MICROCAPSULES

FOR ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM THE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Seydahmet Çay1, Mehmet Soner Engin2, Serkan Sayin1 and Serkan Eymur3

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey. 2Department of Food Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey

3Engineering of Energy Systems, Giresun University, Giresun, [email protected]

The calixarene derivatives have been used as adsorbent for the removal of toxic ions, they have led to a separation concern arising from the final step of the extraction. In the present study, we prepared new calix[4]aren immobilized magnetic microcapsules that would be used as potential adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, 5,11,17,23-tetrakis[(dimethylamine)methyl]-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy calix[4]arene was synthesized and then immobilized onto Fe

3O

4 magnetic

nanoparticles to easily form complexes with heavy metal ions. The objective of this study was to synthesize, calix[4]arene and its magnetic nanoparticles. The synthesized new compound was fully characterized by a combination of FTIR, TEM, TGA and elemental analysis techniques.

Keywords: Calixarene, microcapsule, heavy metal, magnetic nanoparticle.

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by Giresun University (FEN-BAP-A-200515-80) Scientific Research Project.


IBCESS

480

PP25

9

ROLE OF ALOE VERA L. LEAF EXTRACT ON PHYSIOLOG-ICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL PARAMETERS IN ALLIUM CEPA L. EXPOSED TO SALINITY


1Süleyman Demirel University, Atabey Vocational School, Department of Food Processing, Isparta, Turkey [email protected] Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Isparta, Turkey

The present study was performed to evaluate the role of Aloe vera L. leaf extract (AvLE) on some physiological and cytogenetical parameters of Allium cepa L. seeds exposed to salinity. The radicle length of the seeds germinated in the medium with AvLE alone increased as compared with ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium while their radicle number and fresh weight reduced according to the control. In addition, the germination percentage of the mentioned seeds statistically was the same as the control seeds. Furthermore, the seeds germinated in the media containing 0.1 mg/L AvLE alone showed a significant increase of mitotic index although they exhibited higher number of chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus (MN) formation as compared with the seeds germinated in control conditions. On the other hand, salt stress considerably inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa. Moreover, salinity markedly decreased the mitotic index in root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal aberrations. Whereas, the negative effect of salt on the seed germination, seedling growth, mitotic activity and MN formation was alleviated in dramatically varying degrees by AvLE application. In contrast, the detrimental effects of salt on the chromosomal aberrations greatly increased over with this treatment. Consequently, we reported that the application of AvLE alone induced the chromosomal aberrations and MN formation, which are an indicator of genotoxicity and had cytotoxic activity in normal conditions. But, frequency of MN is greatly reduced in root tip cells of the seeds germinated in the medium containing 0.1 mg/L AvLE + 0.15 M NaCl.

Keywords: Chromosomal aberrations, germination, mitotic activity, salinity, seedling growth.



IBCESS

PP26

0

481

ROLE OF GINKGO BILOBA L. LEAF EXTRACT IN ALLEVI-ATION OF DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF SALT STRESS ON

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL PARAMETERS


1 Süleyman Demirel University, Atabey Vocational School, Department of Food Processing, Isparta, Turkey

[email protected] Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Science,

Department of Biology, Isparta, Turkey

In this work, the effects of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract (GbLE) on the seed germination, seedling growth (radicle length, radicle number and fresh weight), mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations of Allium cepa L. germinated under both normal conditions and salt stress were studied. The radicle length of seeds germinated in the medium with GbLE alone increased in comparison with ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium while their fresh weight reduced according to the control. However, the germination percentage and radicle number of the mentioned seeds were statistically the same as ones of the control seeds. Furthermore, the mitotic index and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in root tip meristems of A. cepa seeds germinated in the medium with GbLE alone demonstrated a significant increase according to ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium. On the other hand, salt stress considerably inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa. In addition, it markedly decreased the mitotic index in root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal aberrations. Whereas, the inhibitive effect of salt on the seed germination, seedling growth and mitotic activity was dramatically alleviated in varying degrees by GbLE application. But, the detrimental effects of salt on the chromosomal aberrations greatly increased over with this treatment.

Keywords: Chromosomal aberrations, germination, mitotic activity, salinity, seedling growth.


IBCESS

482

PP26

1

PROTEIN PROFILES ALTERNATION OF SAFFLOWER UNDERDROUGHT STRESSES

Sinem Özenoğlu-Aydınoğlu1, Nil Kılıç1, İlker Büyük2, Sümer Aras2 andDemet Cansaran Duman1

1Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Central Lab.,Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey2Ankara University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Tandogan, Ankara, [email protected]

Safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.), also known as saffron or American saffron is an annual, drought resistant oil crop which has broad-leaves with barbsor without barbs, flowers with red, orange and white colors, and has an oil content of 30 to 50. Today 25 wild species of safflower is known to spread out worldwide and some of the sespecies can be easily found in natural habitats of different regions of Turkey. Safflower oil constitutes an important source of monoun saturated and polyun saturated fatty acid for the human and oleic acid (C18:1Δ9) and linoleic acid (C18:2Δ9,12) are the most important fatty acids. Botholeic and linoleic acid can be used for food and industrial applications. Abiotic stresses widely affect crop cultivation and productivity. Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses. It was aim to study drought stress responses at molecular level, we determined a comparative proteomic analysis. Aspir Remzibey-05 cultivar which was grown in agricultural perlite for 15 days in a controlled environmental growth chamber was exposed to 3 and 27 hours of PEG induced drought (PEG) stress. The changes of the total proteins were investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Ten proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. This study provides new insight that can lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought (PEG) stress response of safflower.

Keywords: Aspir, proteome, drought stress, MALDI-TOF-MS.

Acknowledgement: We thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), Project no. 115Z041, for the partial financial support.



IBCESS

PP26

2

483

LONG TERM VARIATION OF PM10 AND SO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF GIRESUN,

ORDU AND SAMSUN CITY IN TURKEY

Ülkü ALVER ŞAHİN1, Özcan AKIN1, Burcu UZUN2, Fatih ALVER2 and Nihat TAŞ3

1İstanbul University Department of Environmental Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey2Ordu University Fatsa Vocational Higher School-Vessel Construction Program,

Ordu, Turkey [email protected]İstanbul Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, Sayısal Yöntemler ABD, Avcılar, İstanbul.

Samsun Clean Air Center has made air quality measurements continuously since 2007 at air quality measurement stations (AQMS) located in 8 city of Blacks Sea Region of Turkey. The scope of this study, the statistical evaluation of the daily PM

10 and SO

2 values measured in Giresun, Ordu and Samsun

city at the last 5 years was done with correlation and differency (t-test, Anova) analysis. We observed that the PM

10 daily limit value

(EU limits-50 µg/m3) has been exceeded more than 35 day of year. The lowest daily average PM

10 and SO

2 concentration measured between 2010 and 2015

was 31±21 µg/m3 for PM10

and 7±7,3 µg/m3 for SO2 in Giresun AQMS.

The highest daily average PM10

and SO2 concentration was 54±28 µg/m3 for

PM10

and 18±20 µg/m3 for SO2 in Samsun-Tekkeköy AQMS. Giresun is different

for PM10

and Samsun-Tekkeköy is different for SO2 from all other stations at

5% significance level. The moderate correlation (0.60) between SO2 and PM

10

was calculated at Ordu. The average PM10

and SO2 values during the week

days and weekend and winter and summer showed a significant difference.

Keywords: Air quality, black sea region, PM10

, SO2, Samsun, Ordu, Giresun.


IBCESS

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ORGANIZED BY / Giresun University

SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS / Thanks for their contribution



IBCESS

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NSO

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485

CONGRESS SPONSORS / Thanks for their support

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