Absorption and Emission

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for theoretical studies on the structure of matter and for

qualitative and quantitative analyses. ecently, however, the

definition has broadened as new techniques have been

developed that utili!e not only visible light, but many other

forms of electromagneticand non"electromagnetic radiation#

microwaves, radiowaves, x"rays, electrons,phonons(sound

waves) and others. Impedance spectroscopyis a study of

frequency responsein alternating current.

Spectroscopy is often used inphysicaland analytical chemistry

for the identification of substances through the spectrum emitted

from them or absorbed in them. $ device for recording a

spectrum is a spectrometer. Spectroscopy can be classifiedaccording to the physical quantity which is measured or

calculated or the measurement process.

Spectroscopy is also heavily used in astronomyand remote

sensing. %ost large telescopeshave spectrographs, which are

used either to measure the chemical composition and physical

properties of astronomical ob&ects or to measure their velocities

from the 'oppler shiftof spectral lines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_shift


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Contents

hysical quantity measured

* %easurement processo *. +hree main types of spectroscopy

o *.* ommon types of spectroscopy

*.*. -lame Spectroscopy

*.*.* isible spectroscopy

*.*./ 0ltraviolet spectroscopy

*.*.1 2nfrared spectroscopy *.*.3 +hermal infrared

spectroscopy

*.*.4 5uclear magnetic

resonance spectroscopy

*.*.6 hotoemission

spectroscopy

o *./ 7ess frequently used 8 combined

spectroscopy

o *.1 9uadratic ompression

onversion (9) $lgorithm

o

*.3 :ac;ground Subtraction / See also

1 External lin;s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Physical_quantity_measured%23Physical_quantity_measuredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Measurement_process%23Measurement_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Three_main_types_of_spectroscopy%23Three_main_types_of_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Common_types_of_spectroscopy%23Common_types_of_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Flame_Spectroscopy%23Flame_Spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Visible_spectroscopy%23Visible_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Ultraviolet_spectroscopy%23Ultraviolet_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Infrared_spectroscopy%23Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy%23Thermal_infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy%23Thermal_infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy%23Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy%23Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Photoemission_spectroscopy%23Photoemission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Photoemission_spectroscopy%23Photoemission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Less_frequently_used_.2F_combined_spectroscopy%23Less_frequently_used_.2F_combined_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Less_frequently_used_.2F_combined_spectroscopy%23Less_frequently_used_.2F_combined_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Quadratic_Compression_Conversion_.28QCC.29_Algorithm%23Quadratic_Compression_Conversion_.28QCC.29_Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Quadratic_Compression_Conversion_.28QCC.29_Algorithm%23Quadratic_Compression_Conversion_.28QCC.29_Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Background_Subtraction%23Background_Subtractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Physical_quantity_measured%23Physical_quantity_measuredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Measurement_process%23Measurement_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Three_main_types_of_spectroscopy%23Three_main_types_of_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Common_types_of_spectroscopy%23Common_types_of_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Flame_Spectroscopy%23Flame_Spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Visible_spectroscopy%23Visible_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Ultraviolet_spectroscopy%23Ultraviolet_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Infrared_spectroscopy%23Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy%23Thermal_infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy%23Thermal_infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy%23Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy%23Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Photoemission_spectroscopy%23Photoemission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Photoemission_spectroscopy%23Photoemission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Less_frequently_used_.2F_combined_spectroscopy%23Less_frequently_used_.2F_combined_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Less_frequently_used_.2F_combined_spectroscopy%23Less_frequently_used_.2F_combined_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Quadratic_Compression_Conversion_.28QCC.29_Algorithm%23Quadratic_Compression_Conversion_.28QCC.29_Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Quadratic_Compression_Conversion_.28QCC.29_Algorithm%23Quadratic_Compression_Conversion_.28QCC.29_Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#Background_Subtraction%23Background_Subtractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy#External_links%23External_links


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Physical quantity measured

+he type of spectroscopy depends on the physical quantity

measured. 5ormally, the quantity that is measured is an amount

or intensity of something.

+he intensity of emitted

electromagnetic radiationand the

amount of absorbed

electromagnetic radiationare

studied by electromagnetic

spectroscopy(see also cross

section). +he amplitude of macroscopic

vibrations is studied by acoustic

spectroscopyand dynamic

mechanical spectroscopy.


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spectrum is usually called cross

section.

Measurement process

'ifferent types of spectroscopy use different measurement

processes#

Three main types of spectroscopy

Absorption spectroscopyuses the range of electromagneticspectra in which a substance absorbs. 2n atomic absorption

spectroscopy, the sample is atomi!ed and then light of a

particular frequency is passed through the vapour. $fter

calibration, the amount of absorption can be related to the

concentrations of various metal ions through the :eer"7ambert

law. +he method can be automated and is widely used to

measure concentrations of ions such as sodiumand calciumin

blood. =ther types of spectroscopy may not require sampleatomi!ation. -or example, ultraviolet8visible (08 is)

absorption spectroscopyis most often performed on liquid

samples to detect molecular content and infrared (2)

spectroscopyis most often performed on liquid, semi"liquid

(paste,grease,and petroleum &elly), dried, or solid samples to

determine molecular information, including structural

information.

Emission spectroscopyuses the range of electromagnetic

spectra in which a substance radiates. +he substance first

absorbs energy and then radiates this energy as light. +his

energy can be from a variety of sources, including collision

(either due to high temperatures or otherwise), and chemical

reactions.

Scattering spectroscopymeasures certain physical properties

by measuring the amount of light that a substance scatters at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_cross_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_cross_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer-Lambert_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer-Lambert_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IR_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IR_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_cross_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_cross_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer-Lambert_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer-Lambert_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IR_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IR_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectroscopy


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certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polari!ation angles.

Scattering spectroscopy differs from emission spectroscopy due

to the fact that the scattering process is much faster than the

absorption8emission process. =ne of the most useful

applications of light scattering spectroscopy is aman

spectroscopy.

Common types of spectroscopy

Spectrum of light from a fluorescent lampshowing prominent

mercury pea;s.

Fluorescence spectroscopy-luorescence spectroscopy uses

higher energyphotonsto excite a sample, which will then emit

lower energy photons. +his technique has become popular for its

biochemicaland medical applications, and can be used for

confocal microscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,

and fluorescence lifetime imaging.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_lifetime_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labelled.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labelled.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_lifetime_imaging


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Xray spectroscopyand Xray crystallography>hen ?"rays

of sufficient frequency (energy) interact with a substance, inner

shell electrons in the atom are excited to outer empty orbitals, or

they may be removed completely, ioni!ing the atom. +he inner

shell @hole@ will then be filled by electrons from outer orbitals.

+he energy available in this de"excitation process is emitted as

radiation (fluorescence) or will remove other less"bound

electrons from the atom ($uger effect). +he absorption or

emission frequencies (energies) are characteristic of the specific

atom. 2n addition, for a specific atom small frequency (energy)

variations occur which are characteristic of the chemical

bonding. >ith a suitable apparatus, these characteristic ?"ray

frequencies or $uger electron energies can be measured. ?"rayabsorption and emission spectroscopy is used in chemistry and

material sciences to determine elemental composition and

chemical bonding.

?"ray crystallography is a scattering processA crystalline

materials scatter ?"rays at well"defined angles. 2f the

wavelength of the incident ?"rays is ;nown, this allows

calculation of the distances between planes of atoms within thecrystal. +he intensities of the scattered ?"rays give information

about the atomic positions and allow the arrangement of the

atoms within the crystal structure to be calculated.

Flame Spectroscopy

7iquid solution samples are aspirated into a burner or

nebuli!er8burner combination, desolvated, atomi!ed, and

sometimes excited to a higher energy electronic state. +he use of

a flame during analysis requires fuel and oxidant, typically in

the form of gases. ommon fuel gases used are acetylene

(Ethyne) or hydrogen. ommon oxidant gases used are oxygen,

air, or nitrous oxide. +hese methods are often capable of

analy!ing metallic element analytes in thepart per million,

billion, or possibly lower concentrationranges. 7ight detectors

are needed to detect light with the analysis information coming

from the flame.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_per_millionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_per_millionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration


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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy"

+his method uses flame excitationA

atoms are excited from the heat of

the flame to emit light. +his method

commonly uses a total consumption

burner with a round burning outlet.

$ higher temperature flame than

atomic absorption spectroscopy

($$) is typically used to produce

excitation of analyte atoms. Since

analyte atoms are excited by the

heat of the flame, no special

elemental lamps to shine into theflame are needed. $ high resolution

polychromatorcan be used to

produce an emission intensity vs.

wavelengthspectrum over a range

of wavelengths showing multiple

element excitation lines, meaning

multiple elements can be detected

in one run. $lternatively, amonochromatorcan be set at one

wavelength to concentrate on

analysis of a single element at a

certain emission line. lasma

emission spectroscopy is a more

modern version of this method. See

-lame emission spectroscopyfor

more details. Atomic absorption spectroscopy

(often called $$) " +his method

commonly uses a pre"burner

nebuli!er (or nebuli!ing chamber)

to create a sample mist and a slot"

shaped burner which gives a longer

pathlength flame. +he temperature

of the flame is low enough that the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychromatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_emission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychromatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_emission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy


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widely expanded worldwide through production control

laboratories of foundries and steel mills.

$isible spectroscopy

%any atoms emit or absorb visible light. 2n order to obtain a

fine line spectrum, the atoms must be in a gas phase. +his means

that the substance has to be vaporised. +he spectrum is studiedin absorption or emission. isible absorption spectoscopy is

often combined with 0 absorption spectroscopy in 08is

spectroscopy.

%ltra&iolet spectroscopy

$ll atoms absorb in the 0 region because photons areenergetic enough to excite outer electrons. 2f the frequency is

high enough,photoionisationta;es place.

Infrared spectroscopy

Main article:Infrared spectroscopy

2nfrared spectroscopy offers the possibility to measure different

types of interatomic bond vibrations at different frequencies.

Especially in organic chemistrythe analysis of 2 absorption

spectra shows what type of bonds are present in the sample.

Thermal infrared spectroscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoionisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoionisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry


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Main article: Thermal infrared

spectroscopy

+hermal infrared spectroscopy measures thermal radiation

emitted from materials and surfaces and is used to determine thetype of bonds present in a sample as well as their lattice

environment. +he techniques are widely used by organic

chemists, mineralogists, andplanetary scientists. +his type of

spectroscopy is great for small children and animals of

miniscule si!es.

'uclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Main article:NMR spectroscopy

5uclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analy!es certain

atomic nuclei to determine different local environments of

hydrogen, carbon, or other atoms in the moleculeof an organic

compoundor other compound. +his is used to help determine

the structureof the compound.

Photoemission spectroscopy

(ess frequently used ) combined spectroscopy

aman spectroscopy uses the

inelastic scattering of light to

analyse vibrational and rotational

modes of molecules. +he resulting

CfingerprintsC are an aid to analysis.

2nelastic neutron scattering wor;s

li;e aman spectroscopy, with

neutronsinstead of light.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inelastic_neutron_scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inelastic_neutron_scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron


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aman =ptical $ctivity

spectroscopyexploits aman

scattering and optical activity

effects to reveal detailed

information on chiral centres in

molecules.

$uger electron spectroscopy is a

method used to study surfaces of

materials on a micro"scale. 2t is

often used in connection with

electron microscopy.

-ourier transform is an efficient

method for collecting variousspectra. +he use of -ourier

transform in spectroscopy is called

-ourier transform spectroscopy.

5early all infrared spectroscopy

(-+2) and nuclear magnetic

resonance (5%) spectroscopy are

performed with -ourier transforms.

Spectroscopy of matter in situationswhere the properties are changing

with time is called +ime"resolved

spectroscopy.

Spectroscopy using an $-%"based

analytical technique is called -orce

spectroscopy.

'ielectric spectroscopy

ircular 'ichroism spectroscopy avity ring down spectroscopy

*uadratic Compression Con&ersion "*CC# Algorithm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_optical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_optical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_Dichroismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity_ring_down_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_optical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_optical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_Dichroismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity_ring_down_spectroscopy


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Absorption and Emission

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