Absolutism in Europe
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Transcript of Absolutism in Europe
What is Absolutism?
Absolutism: a government in which all power is vested in (held by) the ruler
-Typically a king or queen
**Absolutist states were not true to their name in that they did not have the resources to completely permeate into society.**
-differs from the 20th century idea of Totalitarianism
Details of Absolutism
Rulers claimed authority through Divine Right.-the idea that rulers were chosen by God to lead and that they only answered to God and God alone.-the kings made the law
-couldn’t be argued with -biggest threat of an absolute monarch = the
nobility.
How did an Absolute Monarch Rule?
-by solving financial problems-forcing higher taxes-creating other methods of raising funds
-bureaucracies made up of career officials appointed by and responsible to the king alone
-generally elite/middle class members-maintained permanent standing armies
-peace and wartime-glorified the state over all other aspects of culture-used war and expansionist foreign policy to distract from national problems
Henry IV “Henry the Great” (r. 1589-1610)
-civil wars, poor harvests, depopulation= weak France -promised a “chicken in every pot” -converted to Catholicism to get support from Catholics -Edict of Nantes (1598) –aka: Law of Concord-granted Protestants (mainly Huguenots) the freedom of public worship-wanted to earn the trust of the Protestants-also appointed Maximilien de Bethune as his chief minister (Protestant) aka “Sully”-kept France at peace (no warfare)-lowered taxes for peasants-yet revenue because of an increase in trade -murdered in 1610 by a crazed Catholic
Marie de Medici (1573-1642) & Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
-ruled as regent (temporary ruler) for Louis XIII, son of Henry IV and Marie-in 1624 Cardinal Richelieu became chief minister
-ruled from behind the throne, manipulating the young Louis XIII-using the royal army, he destroyed castles of nobles who opposed the king and executed many-divided France into 30 administrative districts (generalities)
-dilute local centers of political power-each under the control of an intendant, an agent of the crown and generally middle class
-took France into the 30 Years’ War in Germany-doubled taxes-by the time of his death, Richelieu had secured royal authority in France and elevated France’s position in Europe
Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) and the Fronde
-Succeeded Richelieu-Louis XIV now on the throne
-child king-faced a series of wide-ranging, uncoordinated revolts
-Mazarin and Louis XIV had to flee Paris-known as the Fronde (which was the name of a child’s slingshot game, indicating that the participants were childish)
-mainly from peasants objections to high taxes and increasing royal power-Mazarin gained support from city-dwellers and peasants longing for peace, bought nobles off enabling him to calm the revolts by 1653, crown has final authority again!
The Sun King, Louis XIV (1643-1715) -convinced he was God’s appointed
ruler for France-longest reign in European history
-72 years-“L;etat, c’est moi” = “I am the state”-exercised complete control over the
nobility-distrusted the nobility-appointed members of modest noble backgrounds/or middle class to the important governmental positions
The Palace at Versailles-massive public-works project-glorified him, his government,
and his reign-11 miles SW from Paris-over $100 million to build-filled with over 1400 fountains-took 35,000 workers 40 years to
create Europe’smost splendid palace and grounds
-required nobles to live at Versailles for part of the year
-used Versailles to entertain and display his power-manipulated the nobility to do what he wanted