Absolutism Centralized government, bureaucracy, divine right EX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal...
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Transcript of Absolutism Centralized government, bureaucracy, divine right EX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal...
AbsolutismCentralized government, bureaucracy, divine
rightEX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal
(Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene)
Rise of EuropePortugal and Spain led the wayNorthern Europe looks outwardSearch for new trade routes
Gold, God, Glory
Colonization of Latin AmericaProtestant Reformation/Counter Reformation
Coercive LaborSlavery
Serfdom
Mita SystemConsumerism
Sugar, Silver, Slaves
The Big Picture1450-1750
Global Trade
Truly global – AmericasColumbian Exchange
Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans
Atlantic Slave Trade Mercantilism
Cultural and Intellectual Developments
RenaissanceScientific Revolution
EnlightenmentHumanismExploration
Neo-ConfucianismSailing technology
Printing pressGunpowder developments
Mining
Chinese Timeline
1. Kublai Khan, a Mongol, establishes the Yuan dynasty (1271 AD)2. Shang dynasty established – oracle bones used (1766 BC)3. Han Dynasty adopts Confucianism (206 BC)4. China Experiences a Golden Age – Song Dynasty (907 AD)5. China develops a feudal system during the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC)6. The Qin dynasty adopts Legalism (221 BC)7. The Ming dynasty restores Chinese rule in China (1368 AD)8. Han Dynasty collapses (220 AD)9. Tang Dynasty unites China (618 AD)
Do Now:Create a timeline on your handout of major events in Chinese history
0
1766 BC Shang
Dynasty established
1122 BCFeudalism under Zhou
221 BC Qin
Dynasty adopts
Legalism
206 BC Han
DynastyAdopts
Confucianism
907 Song DynastyGolden Age
1271MongolsEstablish
YuanDynasty
1368Ming Dynasty
Restores ChineseRule
Major Events in Chinese History Timeline
220 AD Han
Dynasty collapses
618 AD Tang Dynasty unites China
Ming Dynasty ChinaMing Dynasty China
The Reemergence of an EmpireThe Reemergence of an Empire
1368-1644
• Recovery and Repair• Recovery and Repair
• Rebuilding of a Dynasty• Rebuilding of a Dynasty
• Reconnaissance for an Empire• Reconnaissance for an Empire
Period 4: 1450-1750Period 4: 1450-1750
End of the Yuan DynastyEnd of the Yuan Dynasty
• Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340s• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in Japan, Vietnam and Java.• Kublai Khan’s successors were weak.• Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor,
piracy and crime increased.• Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule.
• Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340s• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in Japan, Vietnam and Java.• Kublai Khan’s successors were weak.• Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor,
piracy and crime increased.• Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule.
China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population
was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many millions died of bubonic plague.
China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population
was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many millions died of bubonic plague.
Kublai KhanKublai Khan
Recovery and RepairRecovery and Repair
• Focus on strong Centralized Government – Recovered Order
• Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy, Civil Service Exam• Erased all signs of Mongol rule• Abolished Chief Minister position – Emperor had Absolute Power!
• Focus on strong Centralized Government – Recovered Order
• Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy, Civil Service Exam• Erased all signs of Mongol rule• Abolished Chief Minister position – Emperor had Absolute Power!
The New Ming Dynasty looked to its past to enhance its future!The New Ming Dynasty looked to its past to enhance its future!
Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out corruption?
Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out corruption?
Zhu YuanzhangZhu Yuanzhang
Recovery and RepairRecovery and Repair•Re-established Confucian Patriarchal social structure – Neo-Confucianism •Re-established Confucian Patriarchal social structure – Neo-Confucianism
• Established Confucian schools and exams to select officials
• Established Confucian schools and exams to select officials
• Block printing led to wider production of printed materials –
Novels
• Block printing led to wider production of printed materials –
Novels
• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced European technology and beliefs.
• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced European technology and beliefs.
Rediscovered their Identity!Rediscovered their Identity!
Reading: Describe the various roles of women in Ming society. Reading: Describe the various roles of women in Ming society.
Recovery and RepairRecovery and Repair• Focus on agricultural foundation
– Recovery of Population• Focus on agricultural foundation
– Recovery of Population
• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered surveys and censuses to collect data
• Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of Hangzhou, Guangzhou
• Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan
• Stressed internal tradeEconomic Recovery
• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered surveys and censuses to collect data
• Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of Hangzhou, Guangzhou
• Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan
• Stressed internal tradeEconomic Recovery
• Repaired canals, reservoirs and irrigation system, planted trees –
Repaired Infrastructure
• Repaired canals, reservoirs and irrigation system, planted trees –
Repaired Infrastructure
Recovered sense of stability!Recovered sense of stability!
Protection of the DynastyProtection of the Dynasty• Rebuilt & added to Great WallRebuilt & added to Great Wall
• Repaired the Grand CanalRepaired the Grand Canal• Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript
Protection of the DynastyProtection of the Dynasty• Rebuilt & added to Great WallRebuilt & added to Great Wall
• Repaired the Grand CanalRepaired the Grand Canal• Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript
Rebuilding of DynastyRebuilding of DynastyEmperor YongleEmperor Yongle
Rebuilding of DynastyRebuilding of Dynasty
• Established a new capital city, Beijing, and built magnificent Imperial residence known as
the Forbidden City
• Established a new capital city, Beijing, and built magnificent Imperial residence known as
the Forbidden City
• Government regulation of trade – production of
porcelain
• Government regulation of trade – production of
porcelain
• Explore trade opportunities in “Western Ocean”
• Diplomacy – Opened relations with 200 new
societies• Demonstrate strength, Power,
Tribute System: – Collect tribute, gifts– Rituals of submission
Admiral Zheng He
Reconnaissance and Building of an EmpireReconnaissance and Building of an Empire
• 1405 - Emperor Yongle commissioned the building of an enormous fleet for aggressive maritime expeditions.
• Led by Zheng He, a Muslim Eunuch
PurposePurpose
Reconnaissance and Building of an EmpireReconnaissance and Building of an Empire
Zheng He and the Treasure FleetZheng He and the Treasure Fleet
The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying 1,000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five feet.
The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying 1,000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five feet.
Zheng He and the Treasure FleetZheng He and the Treasure Fleet
Strait of Malacca
Land travel not reliable after fall of MongolsLand travel not reliable after fall of Mongols
.Calicut
Reconnaissance and Building of an EmpireReconnaissance and Building of an Empire
Tap into Indian Ocean Basin
Trade
Tap into Indian Ocean Basin
Trade
Ming Dynasty ChinaMing Dynasty China
1368-1644
• Recovery and Repair• Recovery and Repair
• Rebuilding of a Dynasty• Rebuilding of a Dynasty
• Reconnaissance for an Empire• Reconnaissance for an Empire
Period 4: 1450-1750Period 4: 1450-1750
• Emperor Hongwu looked to past Confucianism to bring order
• Emperor Yongle rebuilt Great Wall and Grand Canal to continue power of the dynasty
• Zheng He went on 7 voyages to gain respect and tribute for Ming China
Major ChangesMajor Changes
•Focus on sea-based Indian Ocean trade rather than land-based Silk Road•Creation of northern capital (Beijing) and Forbidden City•Building of massive naval fleet and arrival of European merchants•Arrival of Christianity by Jesuit missionaries
ContinuitiesContinuities
•Use of Confucianism and mandate of heaven, collection of tribute•Threats from nomads in the north•Role of Women as inferior (Confucianism)•Merchants having low status – land ownership = status•Global need for Chinese goods (Silk, porcelain, tea, sugar, etc)
End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?
I. Politics – Arguments for ending voyages
A. Scholar-Gentry saw exploration as a _____________ project
E. Suspicious of outside trade – could cause instability and undermine authority – creates problems, not opportunity.
D. Some Chinese believed China was already _______________ and there was no need for exploration.
C. Trips were extremely ____________________.
B. Exploration was just one man’s interest (Emperor Yongle) not the push of an entire civilization.
Eunuch
Self-SufficientCostly
F. Scholar-Gentry thought money and focus should be on protecting the northern border from _________ invasions.Mongol
Close: Explain how the decision to destroy the Treasure Fleet was a major turning point in history!
End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?
II. Culture – Arguments for ending voyages
A. Scholar-Gentry believed ________ was primary form of wealth
B. Farming was more noble than trading.
1. Merchants could not keep up a ________________
2. Merchants could not perform religious rituals for ancestors overseas
3. Merchants live off other people’s hard work - parasites
land
Family Shrine
D. Neoconfucianism did not have _______________ impulse of Christianity or Islam.
C. Scholars thought that inferiors should seek superiors
Missionary
E. Role of Women – did not want women in market place
1. Strict role for women as homemakers
2. Practiced ______________ on elite womenFootbinding
Fall of the Ming and Rise of the QingFall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing
1644-1911Period 4: 1450-1750Period 4: 1450-1750
After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were dismantled and banned from being used. Government sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of
Zheng He’s travels were destroyed!
Beginning of Ming Isolation• Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel • Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times• Sought to preserve Chinese traditions• Policies impossible to enforce; smugglers carried out brisk trade with foreign merchants
Why do you think the Chinese isolated themselves and discontinued the Treasure Fleet voyages?
Rise of the QingRise of the Qing
1644-1911Defense efforts
costly, Led to high taxes
Defense efforts costly, Led to high
taxesWeak Rulers
led to
increased
corruption
Weak Rulers
led to
increased
corruption
Famines, hardships led
to Peasant Revolts
Famines, hardships led
to Peasant Revolts
Qing hired Manchu
warriors to put down
peasant revolts
Qing hired Manchu
warriors to put down
peasant revolts
By 1644, the Manchu swept into Beijing and
claimed the Mandate of Heaven – Qing Dynasty!
By 1644, the Manchu swept into Beijing and
claimed the Mandate of Heaven – Qing Dynasty!
Document InterpretationDocument InterpretationDorgon’s Decree to the People of Peking (Beijing)Dorgon’s Decree to the People of Peking (Beijing)
1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China. New York: The Free Press. 1975: 81.
1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China. New York: The Free Press. 1975: 81.
How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China? Which words from the document
support your findings?
How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China? Which words from the document
support your findings?
“We now occupy [the empire]. On behalf of your dynasty we took revenge upon the
enemies of your ruler-father. We burned our bridges behind us, and we have pledged not to return until every bandit is destroyed. In the counties, districts, and locales that we
pass through, all those who are able to shave their heads and surrender, opening their
gates to welcome us, will be given rank and reward, retaining their wealth and honor for
generations. But if there are those who disobediently resist us when our great armies arrive, then the stones themselves will be set
ablaze and all will be massacred”.
The Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty
• Qing bureaucracy and court ceremonies similar to Ming
• Continued Confucian rituals and allowed Ming officials to keep their positions
As foreign invaders, the Manchus faced years of
resistance from Chinese subjects still loyal to the Ming! • Continued civil service exams and
were generous patrons to the arts• Lowered taxes and state labor
demands.• Repaired infrastructure – roads,
bridges, dikes, canals, irrigation works
Qing GovernmentQing Government
•Expansion was seen as a defensive necessity against nomadic invaders•Signed Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)
that marked Chinese-Russian
border
•Expansion was seen as a defensive necessity against nomadic invaders•Signed Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)
that marked Chinese-Russian
border
•Expanded the Empire to include Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and
Manchuria•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as
Vassal tributary states.
•Expanded the Empire to include Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and
Manchuria•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as
Vassal tributary states.
A Chinese Empire?
The Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty
Qing Society• Manchus made up less than 2% of the population – Manchus prohibited from marrying Chinese• Men had to wear hair in traditional Manchu style called a queue – form of submission• Women remained confined to the household – footbinding and female infanticide was common
“Lose your hair, or lose your head!”
The Reign of Emperor Kangxi
The Reign of Emperor Kangxi
1661-17221661-1722
• Created encyclopedia and a dictionary of history and thought
• Wanted to be benevolent Confucian ruler – lowered taxes, expanded empire
• Tolerant of Christians and interested in foreign ideas and technology
• Strong and effective 61 year reign kept tensions low
• Kangxi was a significant Confucian scholar
• Patronized arts, opened Confucian schools and a national library
Could compare to Kublai Khan, Emperor Hongwu,
and King Louis XIV
Could compare to Kublai Khan, Emperor Hongwu,
and King Louis XIV
Ethnocentrism and Isolation leads to declineEthnocentrism and Isolation leads to decline
• By 1750, Qing Dynasty was declining– corruption, crime and banditry – rising population• Emperor Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade – some merchants,
compradors, became wealthy and influential• Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms
Port city of Macao Port city of Macao
1724 – Emperor banned Christianity when the Pope condemned Confucianism
The Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty
• Brought Stability to China – peace and prosperity
• Expanded borders and dominated region
Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s
Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s
• Great rule of Kangxi led to golden age• Continued policy of isolation and strict
economic regulation