Absolutely, Positively Last of the Mosquitoes Announcements Speaking Today: Sean Allen, Lauren...
Transcript of Absolutely, Positively Last of the Mosquitoes Announcements Speaking Today: Sean Allen, Lauren...
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Absolutely, Positively Last of the Mosquitoes
AnnouncementsSpeaking Today: Sean Allen, Lauren TorbettSpeaking Thursday: Mark Goodman, Charity SelbredeAbout Thursdays Class …
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Sampling Adults
• Males – Not interested in them
• Blood questing females – Light/CO2 traps
• Gravid females – Gravid traps
• General – Resting Boxes (Culeseta & Anopheles)
• Non-attraction traps – sample at random
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CDC - Light/CO2 Baited Trap• Can use gas, dry ice, or
chemical sachet• Generally overnight• May be used with light• Some differentiate by time
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Other Traps for Blood Questers
Mosquito magnet used as a sampling tool Sonic trap mimics the
sound of a dog’s heartbeat
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Gravid Traps1. Generally left overnight
2. The type of water affects trap catch
3. Very susceptible to rainfall
4. May also find eggs on/near water
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Impact Assessment
• Biting Rate– Human Bait– Animal Bait
• Disease Risk– Prevalence in Mosquito Population– Prevalence in Host Population
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Human Landing/Biting Rate1. Fixed time interval2. Sample at same time of day
3. Standardized human
4. Widely restricted
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Sentinel Animals
More commonly used as an early warning for disease risk
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Landing Rates & Impact
• Human Nuisance – Must know two things:– Number of bites people are willing to tolerate– Bite rate that results in action
• Disease risk – Must know the proportion of bites that result in new infections
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Final Thoughts on Mosquito Population Sampling
• All commonly used methods are relative – None give absolute estimates.
• Different species are sampled at different rates for each technique.
• Generally, must pre-define which species in the mosquito complex is the target of a sampling program then select the appropriate technique(s).
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Determining Disease Prevalence in Mosquito Populations
Sort into pools
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Many diseases have simple strip tests available (tend to be around 70% accurate, but their cheap & easy).
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This one costs $60 & does 20 tests
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More accurate and sophisticated techniques are available
• Most are based on an amplification procedure.
• Such procedures require facilities with appropriate containment as well as specialized equipment & training.
• Cost prohibitive in many management programs (typically $20 – 25/test).
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End of Mosquitoes
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Brachycerous Flies
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Muscid Flies
• Flies in the family Muscidae• Similar in appearance to house flies (Musca
domestica)• Not typically human disease vector• Main problems for humans:
– Nuisance– Contamination– Exsanguination possible– Can be significant economic problems (esp. on
livestock)
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Principal Species in Kentucky
• About twice as many species as mosquitoes world wide
• 5 X as many species in N. America (vs. mosquitoes)
• Only 9 species of med/vet importance (cf. Table 16.1).
• Only 4 of these are important in Kentucky
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1. House Flies
• Eggs laid in batches of 75 – 150, 500 in a female’s lifetime
• Immatures are maggots– Vermiform
diperteran larvae without distinct head capsules
• Sexually dimorphic• Life cycle ~ 10d
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2. Stable Fly
• Stomoxys calcitrans• Similar life cycle &
appearance to house fly• Blood feeder• Larvae breed in wet
organic matter (esp. straw mixed with manure)
• Primary effect: Reduces livestock performance (economic); nuisance
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3. Horn Fly
• Haematobia irritans• Mostly on cattle backs• Essentially only a cattle problem (larval habitat)• Economic pest of cattle
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4. Face Fly
• Musca autumnalis• Similar in appearance to
house fly• Main Impacts:
– Transmit eye diseases in livestock (e.g. bacterial conjunctivis [Pink Eye])
– Irritate Livestock (Economic)
– May attempt to overwinter in large numbers in houses (nuisance).