Absolute Pitch Chris Darwin Perception of Musical Sounds: 2007.
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Transcript of Absolute Pitch Chris Darwin Perception of Musical Sounds: 2007.
![Page 1: Absolute Pitch Chris Darwin Perception of Musical Sounds: 2007.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649ce15503460f949ab4b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Absolute Pitch
Chris Darwin
Perception of Musical Sounds: 2007
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What is it?Tone-AP• Ability to name notes in isolation• Ability to adjust a note to be, say, F#• Ability to sing F# to order
Pseudo-AP• Ability to name only A, but then relative
Piece-AP• Ability to say when a piece is in correct key
Graded rather than all or noneTone & Pseudo may be better for particular instruments
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Have you got it?
write down each note 4 practice notes then 3 groups of 12
http://www.aip.org/148th/Test_for_Absolute_Pitch.htm
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We all have it (badly (done))
Lockhead, G.R. and Byrd, R. (1981) Practically perfect pitch. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 387
Levitin, D. J. and Rogers, S. E. (2005). "Absolute pitch: perception, coding and controversies," Trends in Cog Sci 9, 26-33.
Hall, D. E. (1982). Practically perfect pitch': Some comments, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 71, 754-755.
X
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Done better ?
Zatorre, R. J., et al. (1998). "Functional anatomy of musical processing in listeners with absolute pitch and relative pitch," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 3172-7.
Zatorre, R. J. (2003). "Absolute pitch: a model for understanding the influence of genes and development on neural and cognitive function," Nat Neurosci 6, 692-5.
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Bimodal distribution
of AP &
non-AP
Athos, E. A.,et al. (2007). "Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 14795-800.
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How about Piece-AP?• 46 subjects sang two different popular songs
• 40% correct pitch on at least one trial • 12% correct pitch on both trials• 44% ± 2 semits on both trials.
Levitin, D. J. (1994). " Absolute memory for musical pitch: Evidence from the production of learned melodies.," Percept. Psychophys. 56, 414-423.
Terhardt, E. and Seewann, M. (1983). "Aural key identification and its relationship to absolute pitch," Music Percepn 1, 63-83.
• Musically trained listeners were presented with excerpts of Bach preludes at original key or shifted by a semitone30% of those without absolute pitch could do it
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But those that have it, have it
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Magic number 7(0) ± 2
• Non-AP: Identify c. 8 categories of pitch• AP: c. 70 categories
Zatorre, R. J. (2003). "Absolute pitch: a model for understanding the influence of genes and development on neural and cognitive function," Nat Neurosci 6, 692-5.
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Who has it? Nurture Nurture: Early musical training appears to be necessary but not sufficient for the development of AP. Interviewed 600 musicians (conservatoires, orchestras) <=4 years of age: 40% reported AP >=9 years of age: 3%
cf age of acquiring foreign-accent-free second language
Baharloo, S., Johnston, P. A., Service, S. K., Gitschier, J. and Freimer, N. B. (1998). "Absolute pitch: an approach for identification of genetic and nongenetic components," Am J Hum Genet 62, 224-31.
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Start of musical training
Levitin, D.J. and Zatorre, R.J. (2003) On the nature of early training and absolute pitch: A reply to Brown, Sachs, Cammuso and Foldstein. Music Perception 21, 105–110
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Tone-language
talkers
Deutsch, D., Henthorn, T., Marvin, E. and Xu, H. (2006). "Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period," J Acoust Soc Am 119, 719-22.
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Digression into speech perception
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Categorical Perception - 1
1. Set up a continuum of sounds between two categories
1 ... 3 … 5 … 7
/ba/ - /da/
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Categorical Perception - 2
2. Run an identification experiment
1 ... 3 … 5 … 7
% /ba/
100
0
Sharp phoneme boundary
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Categorical Perception - 3
2. Run a discrimination experiment
1 ... 3 … 5 … 7
% difft
100
0
1 versus 3
Discrimination peak
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/l/
/r/
English
/r/
Japanese
/t1/
Tamil
/t3//t2/
/t/
English
Different languages make different regions of acoustic space distinctive
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/r/ - /l/ - 3
% difft
or
% /ra/
100
0
English identification
Japanese discrimination
English discrimination
1 ... 3 … 5 … 7
F3
/ra/ /la/
50
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Phonemes by 12 months
Hindi adults Yes
English 6-8m Yes
English 8-10m a bit
English 10-12m No
English adults No
Discrimination of Hindi /t/ from /T/Head-turning: Werker & Tees 1981
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Back to Absolute Pitch
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Who has it?
12 of 21 early-blind trained musicians had APcompared with <20% of sighted musicians
(plus some fMRI evidence of change in STP asymmetry)
Hamilton, R.H. et al. (2004) Absolute pitch in blind musicians. Neuroreport 15, 803–806
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Who has it? Nature:Links to autism
Brown, W. A., et al. (2003). "Autism-related language, personality, and cognition in people with absolute pitch: results of a preliminary study," J Autism Dev Disord 33, 163-7; discussion 169.
Absolute pitch possessors 46% Socially eccentricRelatively good at Block Design (autism indicator)
Musician Controls
15% Socially eccentricRelatively bad at Block Design
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Who has it? Nature: Gene??
Nature??: Self-reported AP possessors were four times more likely to report another AP possessor in their families than were non-AP possessors.
Baharloo, S., Johnston, P. A., Service, S. K., Gitschier, J. and Freimer, N. B. (1998). "Absolute pitch: an approach for identification of genetic and nongenetic components," Am J Hum Genet 62, 224-31.
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How do they do it?18 musicians with absolute pitch (AP) Identified three successive piano tones by their letter names. • Perfect recall of these note names after upto 27 sec of:
– counting backwards– hearing random piano tones– singing descending scale
• But significant forgetting retaining letter trigrams while counting backwards for 18 sec.
Multiple codes (e.g., auditory, kinesthetic, and visual imagery) are probably used.
Zatorre, R. J. & Beckett, C. (1989). Multiple coding strategies in the retention of musical tones by possessorsof absolute pitch. Memory and Cognition 17, 582-589.
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Possible cognitive factors
• AP don’t need to refresh working memory in pitch memory tests - less activity in right frontal cortex
• Dorso-lateral cortex (forms associations?) active in AP when labelling individual tones and intervals, but in non-AP only when naming intervals.
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fMRI