ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE 1500-1800EUROPE 1500-1800

CH. 7 ACH. 7 A

SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISMEUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM

CHARLES V: SPAIN’S KING FROM 1520-1566; CHARLES V: SPAIN’S KING FROM 1520-1566; CONTROLLED SPAIN, SPAIN’S AMERICAN COLONIES, CONTROLLED SPAIN, SPAIN’S AMERICAN COLONIES, PARTS OF ITALY, AND LANDS IN AUSTRIA AND THE PARTS OF ITALY, AND LANDS IN AUSTRIA AND THE NETHERLANDS.NETHERLANDS.

SPAIN’S POWERFUL EMPIRE:SPAIN’S POWERFUL EMPIRE:– CHARLES SPLITS HIS EMPIRE AFTER THE PEACE CHARLES SPLITS HIS EMPIRE AFTER THE PEACE

OF AUGSBURG.OF AUGSBURG.

FERDINAND: CHARLES BROTHER; GETS FERDINAND: CHARLES BROTHER; GETS AUSTRIA AND HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.AUSTRIA AND HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.

PHILLIP II: CHARLES SON; GETS SPAIN, SPANISH PHILLIP II: CHARLES SON; GETS SPAIN, SPANISH NETHERLANDS, AND SPAIN’S AMERICAN NETHERLANDS, AND SPAIN’S AMERICAN COLONIES.COLONIES.

PHILLIP II’S EMPIRE:PHILLIP II’S EMPIRE:– SEIZED PORTUGAL.SEIZED PORTUGAL.– B/N 1550 AND 1660 SPAIN SEIZED 339,000 LBS OF B/N 1550 AND 1660 SPAIN SEIZED 339,000 LBS OF

GOLD AND 16,000 TONS OF SILVER FROM AMERICA.GOLD AND 16,000 TONS OF SILVER FROM AMERICA.– PHILLIP LAUNCHED SPANISH ARMADA.PHILLIP LAUNCHED SPANISH ARMADA.– PHILLIP BUILT ESCORIAL, GRANITE PALACE THAT PHILLIP BUILT ESCORIAL, GRANITE PALACE THAT

SHOWED HIS POWER.SHOWED HIS POWER.GOLDEN AGE OF SPANISH ART: GOLDEN AGE OF SPANISH ART: – SPAIN’S 2 GREATEST PAINTERS OF THE 16SPAIN’S 2 GREATEST PAINTERS OF THE 16THTH AND 17 AND 17THTH

CENTURY.CENTURY.1. EL GRECO1. EL GRECO2. DIEGO VELAZQUEZ2. DIEGO VELAZQUEZ

– DON QUIXOTE: 1DON QUIXOTE: 1STST EUROPEAN NOVEL EUROPEAN NOVEL

ESCORIALESCORIAL

ESCORIALESCORIALCenter: the main Center: the main buildings (palace buildings (palace and monastery) on and monastery) on the right with the the right with the huge plaza; workers' huge plaza; workers' quarters at the far quarters at the far rightright

PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIREPROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE

1. INFLATION AND TAXES:1. INFLATION AND TAXES:– A. INFLATION HAD 2 CAUSESA. INFLATION HAD 2 CAUSES

1. POP. GREW AND DEMAND WAS 1. POP. GREW AND DEMAND WAS GREATER; THIS MADE PRICES RISE.GREATER; THIS MADE PRICES RISE.

2. SILVER FLOODED THE MARKET AND 2. SILVER FLOODED THE MARKET AND ITS VALUE DROPPED.ITS VALUE DROPPED.

– B. TAX BURDEN FELL ON LOWER CLASS B. TAX BURDEN FELL ON LOWER CLASS B/C NOBLES WERE EXEMPT; THIS B/C NOBLES WERE EXEMPT; THIS STOPPED BUSINESS’S FROM FORMING; STOPPED BUSINESS’S FROM FORMING; NO MIDDLE CLASS WAS FORMED.NO MIDDLE CLASS WAS FORMED.

PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIREPROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE

2. MAKING SPAIN’S ENEMIES RICH:2. MAKING SPAIN’S ENEMIES RICH:– A. SPANISH GOODS WERE MORE A. SPANISH GOODS WERE MORE

EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER EUROPEAN EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER EUROPEAN GOODS, AND BECAUSE OF THIS SPANISH GOODS, AND BECAUSE OF THIS SPANISH CITIZENS SPENT $ OUTSIDE SPAIN; THIS CITIZENS SPENT $ OUTSIDE SPAIN; THIS MADE OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES MADE OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WEALTHY.WEALTHY.

– B. PHILLIP DECLARED SPAIN BANKRUPT 3 B. PHILLIP DECLARED SPAIN BANKRUPT 3 TIMES.TIMES.

PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIREPROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE

3. DUTCH REVOLT:3. DUTCH REVOLT:– A. WILLIAM OF ORANGE AND FLOODING A. WILLIAM OF ORANGE AND FLOODING

DROVE THE SPANISH OUT OF THE DROVE THE SPANISH OUT OF THE NETHERLANDS AND THUS MADE THE NETHERLANDS AND THUS MADE THE DUTCH AN INDEPENDENT STATE.DUTCH AN INDEPENDENT STATE.

INDEPENDENT DUTCH PROSPERINDEPENDENT DUTCH PROSPER– DUTCH FLOURISHED WHEN THERE WAS DUTCH FLOURISHED WHEN THERE WAS

A SHORTAGE OF GRAIN IN EUROPE B/C A SHORTAGE OF GRAIN IN EUROPE B/C THEY HAD THE LARGEST FLEET IN THE THEY HAD THE LARGEST FLEET IN THE WORLD.WORLD.

ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE:ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE:

ABSOLUTE MONARCHS: KINGS THAT ABSOLUTE MONARCHS: KINGS THAT BELIEVED ALL POWER WITHIN A STATES BELIEVED ALL POWER WITHIN A STATES BOUNDARIES RESTED IN THEIR HANDS.BOUNDARIES RESTED IN THEIR HANDS.

DIVINE RIGHT: IDEA THAT GOD CREATED DIVINE RIGHT: IDEA THAT GOD CREATED THE MONARCHY AND THAT THE MONARCH THE MONARCHY AND THAT THE MONARCH ACTED AS GODS REPRESENTATION ON ACTED AS GODS REPRESENTATION ON EARTH.EARTH.

FRANCE’S ULTIMATE MONARCHFRANCE’S ULTIMATE MONARCH

A. RELIGIOUS WARS CREATE A CRISIS IN A. RELIGIOUS WARS CREATE A CRISIS IN FRANCE:FRANCE:– 1. HUGUENOTS AND CATHOLICS FOUGHT 8 1. HUGUENOTS AND CATHOLICS FOUGHT 8

RELIGIOUS WARS B/N 1562-1598.RELIGIOUS WARS B/N 1562-1598.– 2. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S MASSACRE: 6-WK 2. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S MASSACRE: 6-WK

NATION WIDE MASSACRE OF HUGUENOT’S IN NATION WIDE MASSACRE OF HUGUENOT’S IN FRANCE.FRANCE.

– 3. HENRY OF NAVARRE: MARRIED 3. HENRY OF NAVARRE: MARRIED CATHERINE AND WAS LATER KNOWN AS CATHERINE AND WAS LATER KNOWN AS HENRY IV, THE 1HENRY IV, THE 1STST KING OF THE BOURBON KING OF THE BOURBON DYNASTY IN FRANCE.DYNASTY IN FRANCE.

An Eyewitness Account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day An Eyewitness Account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day MassacreMassacre

by François Duboisby François Dubois

August 24, 1572, was the date of the infamous St. August 24, 1572, was the date of the infamous St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France. On that day, over 400 Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France. On that day, over 400 years ago, began one of the most horrifying holocausts in years ago, began one of the most horrifying holocausts in history. The glorious Reformation, begun in Germany on history. The glorious Reformation, begun in Germany on October 31, 1517, had spread to France—and was joyfully October 31, 1517, had spread to France—and was joyfully received. A great change had come over the people as industry received. A great change had come over the people as industry and learning began to flourish, and so rapidly did the Truth and learning began to flourish, and so rapidly did the Truth spread that over a third of the population embraced the spread that over a third of the population embraced the Reformed Christian Faith. Reformed Christian Faith. However, alarm bells began to ring at the Vatican! France was However, alarm bells began to ring at the Vatican! France was her her eldest daughter eldest daughter and main pillar—the chief source of money and main pillar—the chief source of money and power. . . . King Pepin of the Franks (the father of and power. . . . King Pepin of the Franks (the father of Charlemagne) had given the Papal States to the Pope almost Charlemagne) had given the Papal States to the Pope almost 1000 years earlier. Almost half the real estate in the country 1000 years earlier. Almost half the real estate in the country was owned by the clergy. was owned by the clergy. Meanwhile, back in Paris, the King of France and his Court Meanwhile, back in Paris, the King of France and his Court spent their time drinking, reveling and carousing. The Court spent their time drinking, reveling and carousing. The Court spiritual adviserspiritual adviser—a Jesuit priest—  urged them to massacre the —a Jesuit priest—  urged them to massacre the Protestants—as penance for their many sins! To catch the Protestants—as penance for their many sins! To catch the Christians off-guard every token of peace, friendship, and Christians off-guard every token of peace, friendship, and ecumenical good will was offered. ecumenical good will was offered.

Suddenly—and without warning—the devilish work Suddenly—and without warning—the devilish work commenced. Beginning at Paris, the French soldiers commenced. Beginning at Paris, the French soldiers and the Roman Catholic clergy fell upon the and the Roman Catholic clergy fell upon the unarmedunarmed people, and blood flowed like a river throughout the people, and blood flowed like a river throughout the entire country. Men, women, and children fell in heaps entire country. Men, women, and children fell in heaps before the mobs and the bloodthirsty troops. In one before the mobs and the bloodthirsty troops. In one week, almost 100,100 Protestants perished. The rivers week, almost 100,100 Protestants perished. The rivers of France were so filled with corpses that for many of France were so filled with corpses that for many months no fish were eaten. In the valley of the Loire, months no fish were eaten. In the valley of the Loire, wolves came down from the hills to feel upon the wolves came down from the hills to feel upon the decaying bodies of Frenchmen. The list of massacres decaying bodies of Frenchmen. The list of massacres was as endless as the list of the dead! was as endless as the list of the dead! Many were imprisoned—many sent as slaves to row Many were imprisoned—many sent as slaves to row the King's ships—and some were able to escape to the King's ships—and some were able to escape to other countries. . . . The massacres continued for other countries. . . . The massacres continued for centuries. The best and brightest people fled to centuries. The best and brightest people fled to Germany, Switzerland, England, Ireland and Germany, Switzerland, England, Ireland and eventually America and brought their incomparable eventually America and brought their incomparable manufacturing skills with themmanufacturing skills with them

France was ruined. . . . Wars, famine, disease France was ruined. . . . Wars, famine, disease and poverty finally led to the French Revolutionand poverty finally led to the French Revolution—the Guillotine—the Reign of Terror—the fall —the Guillotine—the Reign of Terror—the fall of the Roman Catholic Monarchy—atheism—of the Roman Catholic Monarchy—atheism—communism etc., etc. communism etc., etc.

When news of the Massacre reached the When news of the Massacre reached the Vatican there was jubilation! Cannons roared—Vatican there was jubilation! Cannons roared—bells rung—and a special commemorative bells rung—and a special commemorative medal was struck—medal was struck—to honor the occasion!to honor the occasion! The The Pope commissioned Italian artist Vasari to paint Pope commissioned Italian artist Vasari to paint a mural of the Massacre—which a mural of the Massacre—which stillstill hangs in hangs in the Vatican! the Vatican!

– EDICT OF NANTES: PASSED BY HENRY; EDICT OF NANTES: PASSED BY HENRY; DECLARED THAT HUGUENOTS COULD LIVE IN DECLARED THAT HUGUENOTS COULD LIVE IN FRANCE AND PRACTICE THEIR RELIGION IN FRANCE AND PRACTICE THEIR RELIGION IN SOME CITIES.SOME CITIES.

– FALL OF HENRY IV:FALL OF HENRY IV:

1. MANY LOVED HENRY AND HIS RELIGIOUS 1. MANY LOVED HENRY AND HIS RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE, BUT MANY HATED HIM FOR TOLERANCE, BUT MANY HATED HIM FOR TOLERATING HUGUENOTS.TOLERATING HUGUENOTS.

2. HENRY IV WAS STABBED TO DEATH BY A 2. HENRY IV WAS STABBED TO DEATH BY A FANATIC CATHOLIC ONE DAY IN HIS ROYAL FANATIC CATHOLIC ONE DAY IN HIS ROYAL CARRIAGE.CARRIAGE.

LOUIS XIII AND CARDINAL LOUIS XIII AND CARDINAL RICHELIEURICHELIEU

LOUIS XIII WAS HENRY IV’S SON.LOUIS XIII WAS HENRY IV’S SON.

CARDINAL RICHELIEU: LOUIS XIII CARDINAL CARDINAL RICHELIEU: LOUIS XIII CARDINAL WHO RULED FOR THE WEAK KING.WHO RULED FOR THE WEAK KING.

RICHELIEU TAKES 2 STEPS TO INCREASE RICHELIEU TAKES 2 STEPS TO INCREASE THE POWER OF THE BOURBON MONARCHY.THE POWER OF THE BOURBON MONARCHY.– 1. MOVED AGAINST THE HUGUENOTS.1. MOVED AGAINST THE HUGUENOTS.– 2. WEAKENED NOBLES POWER.2. WEAKENED NOBLES POWER.

LOUIS XIV RULES ABSOLUTELYLOUIS XIV RULES ABSOLUTELYLOUIS XIV: STRONGEST RULER IN HISTORY; BEGAN LOUIS XIV: STRONGEST RULER IN HISTORY; BEGAN RULE AT AGE 5. RULE AT AGE 5. King_Louis_XIV_and_French_Exploration_of_the_New_World_asf.asfKing_Louis_XIV_and_French_Exploration_of_the_New_World_asf.asf

CARDINAL MAZARIN: RULED WHILE LOUIS WAS A BOY.CARDINAL MAZARIN: RULED WHILE LOUIS WAS A BOY.– MAZARIN INCREASED TAXES AND STRENGTHENED MAZARIN INCREASED TAXES AND STRENGTHENED

THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT.THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT.

LOUIS XIV TAKES CONTROL:LOUIS XIV TAKES CONTROL:– A. BEGAN RULE AT AGE 23A. BEGAN RULE AT AGE 23– B. WEAKENED POWER OF THE NOBILITY.B. WEAKENED POWER OF THE NOBILITY.– C. INTENDANTS:GOV’T AGENTS WHO COLLECTED C. INTENDANTS:GOV’T AGENTS WHO COLLECTED

TAXES AND ADMINISTERED JUSTICE; HAD TAXES AND ADMINISTERED JUSTICE; HAD INCREASED POWER B/C OF LOUIS. INCREASED POWER B/C OF LOUIS.

LOUIS XIVLOUIS XIV

ECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC GROWTHJEAN BAPTISTE COLBERT: LOUIS FINANCE JEAN BAPTISTE COLBERT: LOUIS FINANCE MINISTER;TRIED TO MAKE FRANCE SELF MINISTER;TRIED TO MAKE FRANCE SELF SUFFICIENT; TAX CUTS FOR BUSINESSES;TARIFFS SUFFICIENT; TAX CUTS FOR BUSINESSES;TARIFFS ON IMPORTS.ON IMPORTS.

LOUIS’S GRAND STYLE:LOUIS’S GRAND STYLE:– LIVED IN LUXURY;HAD NEARLY 500 COOKS LIVED IN LUXURY;HAD NEARLY 500 COOKS

WAITERS, AND SERVANTS.WAITERS, AND SERVANTS.– LOUIS CONTROLS THE NOBILITY.LOUIS CONTROLS THE NOBILITY.– LOUIS REQUIRES HUNDREDS OF NOBLES TO LIVE LOUIS REQUIRES HUNDREDS OF NOBLES TO LIVE

W/ HIM AT VERSAILLES.W/ HIM AT VERSAILLES.– HIS PALACE AT VERSAILLES STRETCHED ALMOST HIS PALACE AT VERSAILLES STRETCHED ALMOST

500 YARDS AND HAD 2000 ROOMS.( PG. 521 )500 YARDS AND HAD 2000 ROOMS.( PG. 521 )

LOUIS XIVLOUIS XIV

VERSAILLESVERSAILLES

VERSAILLESVERSAILLES

LOUIS FIGHTS DISASTROUS WARSLOUIS FIGHTS DISASTROUS WARSLOUIS WAS UNSUCCESSFUL IN DEFEATING THE LOUIS WAS UNSUCCESSFUL IN DEFEATING THE DUTCH.DUTCH.TREATY OF NIJMEGAN: MADE PEACE B/N DUTCH TREATY OF NIJMEGAN: MADE PEACE B/N DUTCH AND THE FRENCH.AND THE FRENCH.WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION: SPAIN AND WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION: SPAIN AND FRANCE BOTH HAD BOURBON KINGS AND THEY FRANCE BOTH HAD BOURBON KINGS AND THEY WERE BOTH TOO POWERFUL; THEY WERE WERE BOTH TOO POWERFUL; THEY WERE ATTACKED BY ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, DUTCH, ATTACKED BY ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, DUTCH, PORTUGAL, GERMANY, AND ITALY BECAUSE THEY PORTUGAL, GERMANY, AND ITALY BECAUSE THEY HAD BECOME TOO POWERFUL.HAD BECOME TOO POWERFUL.TREATY OF UTRECHT: ENDED THE WAR OF TREATY OF UTRECHT: ENDED THE WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION;BOTH KINGS COULD SPANISH SUCCESSION;BOTH KINGS COULD CONTINUE TO RULE BUT SPAIN AND FRANCE CONTINUE TO RULE BUT SPAIN AND FRANCE COULD NO LONGER FORM ALLIANCES;BRITAIN COULD NO LONGER FORM ALLIANCES;BRITAIN ALSO TOOK THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTER. ALSO TOOK THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTER.

THIRTY YEARS WARTHIRTY YEARS WAR1. BOHEMIAN PROTESTANT REVOLT:1. BOHEMIAN PROTESTANT REVOLT:– A. FERDINAND II: HEAD OF THE A. FERDINAND II: HEAD OF THE

HAPSBURG FAMILY; RULED BOHEMIA; HAPSBURG FAMILY; RULED BOHEMIA; FUTURE HOLY ROMAN EMPORER.FUTURE HOLY ROMAN EMPORER.

– B. HE CLOSED PROTESTANT CHURCHES B. HE CLOSED PROTESTANT CHURCHES AND PROTESTANTS REVOLTED.AND PROTESTANTS REVOLTED.

– C. THIRTY YEARS WAR: FERDINAND’S C. THIRTY YEARS WAR: FERDINAND’S ARMY VS. PROTESTANT PRINCES.ARMY VS. PROTESTANT PRINCES.

2. HAPSBURG TRIUMPHS:2. HAPSBURG TRIUMPHS:– A. 1A. 1STST 12 YEARS OF WAR, THE 12 YEARS OF WAR, THE

HAPSBURGS (SPAIN AND AUSTRIA) HAPSBURGS (SPAIN AND AUSTRIA) CRUSHED THE TROOPS HIRED BY CRUSHED THE TROOPS HIRED BY GERMAN PRINCES.GERMAN PRINCES.

THIRTY YEARS WARTHIRTY YEARS WAR3. HAPSBURG DEFEATS:3. HAPSBURG DEFEATS:– A. PROTESTANT GUSTAVOUS ADOLPHUS OF A. PROTESTANT GUSTAVOUS ADOLPHUS OF

SWEDEN DROVE HAPSBURGS OUT OF N. SWEDEN DROVE HAPSBURGS OUT OF N. GERMANY.GERMANY.

– B. CARDINAL RICHELIEU AND MAZARIN OF B. CARDINAL RICHELIEU AND MAZARIN OF FRANCE DOMINATED THE REST OF THE WORLD.FRANCE DOMINATED THE REST OF THE WORLD.

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA: ENDED THIRTY PEACE OF WESTPHALIA: ENDED THIRTY YEARS WAR AND HAD 5 MAJOR EFFECTS.YEARS WAR AND HAD 5 MAJOR EFFECTS.– 1. WEAKENED HAPSBURGS.1. WEAKENED HAPSBURGS.– 2. STRENGTHENED FRANCE.2. STRENGTHENED FRANCE.– 3. MADE GERMAN PRINCES INDEPENDENT OF 3. MADE GERMAN PRINCES INDEPENDENT OF

HRE.HRE.– 4. ENDED RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE.4. ENDED RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE.– 5. INTRO. NEW METHODS OF PEACE NEG.5. INTRO. NEW METHODS OF PEACE NEG.

AFTER THIRTY YEARS WARAFTER THIRTY YEARS WARHAPSBURGS RULED AUSTRIA AFTER THIRTY YEARS HAPSBURGS RULED AUSTRIA AFTER THIRTY YEARS WAR.WAR.CHARLES VI WAS HAPSBURG RULER.CHARLES VI WAS HAPSBURG RULER.MARIA THERESA (CHARLES DAUGHTER) INHERITED MARIA THERESA (CHARLES DAUGHTER) INHERITED THE THRONE.THE THRONE.PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA CLASH;PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA CLASH;– PRUSSIA’S RULING FAMILY WAS THE PRUSSIA’S RULING FAMILY WAS THE

HOHENZOLLERNS.HOHENZOLLERNS.– RISE OF PRUSSIA:RISE OF PRUSSIA:

A. FREDERICK WILLIAM (THE ELECTOR) BEGAN A. FREDERICK WILLIAM (THE ELECTOR) BEGAN THE RISE OF PRUSSIA.THE RISE OF PRUSSIA.B. FREDERICK THE GREAT (FW’S SON) CONTINUED B. FREDERICK THE GREAT (FW’S SON) CONTINUED THE STRONG MILITARY OF HIS FATHER.THE STRONG MILITARY OF HIS FATHER.

AFTER THIRTY YEARS WARAFTER THIRTY YEARS WARWAR OF AUSTRIAN WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION:SUCCESSION:– MARIA THERESA MARIA THERESA

WON THE WAR WON THE WAR VS. FTG BUT VS. FTG BUT LOST SILESIA IN LOST SILESIA IN THE TREATY OF THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.CHAPELLE.