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INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting Houston, TX 7 October 2009
Gary Horn Director, Rules & Standards
ABS Corporate, Houston
ABS Environmental and Energy Efficiency Program
ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct-2009 2
ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program
Background
Current issues
ABS ProgramEnvironmental
Energy Efficiency
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ABS MissionTo serve the public interest as well as the
needs of our clients by promoting the security of life, property and the natural environment
primarily through the development and verification of standards for the design,
construction and operational maintenance of marine-related facilities.
ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct-2009 4
IMO conventionsLoad line - Amount of cargo a vessel may safely carry
Tonnage - The carrying capacity of a ship based on volume
SOLAS -Construction, Communications, Lifesaving, Fire Protection, Fire Fighting
MARPOL - Pollution prevention from onboard lubricants and fuels , cargoes or emissions
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Current issues
Air Emissions
Ballast Water Management
Waste Streams
Noise
Cold Ironing
Ship Recycling
Harsh Environments (Arctic)
GHG and Fuel Efficiency
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ABS Program in Short
Support traditional classification work in verifying the safety of systems and installations
Providing knowledge and expertise related to environmental issues and regulatory developments
Offering clients solutions to environmental and energy challenges – beyond the scope of traditional classification
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Planned GuidesGuides
Environmental Protection Guide, Sept 2009Cold Ironing Guide (4Q 2009)Ballast Water Treatment Guide (4Q 2009)Green Passport, May 2008 (Update, 4Q 2009)Emission Abatement Systems Guide (4Q 2009)Fuel Cell Powered Ships Guide (2Q 2010)Gas Fueled Power Plants Guide (2Q 2010)
Advisory NotesBallast Water Treatment Advisory Notes (4Q 2009)Air Emissions Advisory Notes (1Q 2010)
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Air Emissions
Air Pollution Prevention -
MARPOL Annex VI – NOx, SOx, Ozone Depleting Substances, VOC – Progressive reduction in NOx and SOx limits
Green House Gases from Ships– CO2
main GHG– Interim Guidelines for Energy Efficiency Design Index and
Energy Efficiency Operational Index
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ABS Environmental Protection GuideSeptember 2009
Notations:
ENVIROENVIRO+
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Scope
The existing ABS Guide for Environmental Safety has been substantially revised:
To make it current with available technology and applicable international laws, Rules and standards
To establish environmental criteria (construction and operationally based) for enhanced environmental notations
New title: Guide for Environmental Protection
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ENVIRO
Foundational level that establishes compliance with international, environmental protection requirements
ENVIRO +
A higher level that establishes compliance with international, safety requirements plus additional requirements for enhanced environmental protection
Notations
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Compliance with applicable requirements of MARPOL:
Annex I
Annex II
Annex IV
Annex V
Annex VI
Once international regulations and standards are adopted, they are applicable to the Environmental Protection Guide
Base of Notation
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Design CharacteristicsManagement & Support SystemsSea Discharge:
OilNoxious Liquid SubstancesSewageGarbageWater BallastAnti-Fouling Systems
Air Discharge:
NOx
EmissionSOx
Emission
Cargo Vapor Emission & IncineratorsRefrigerant & Fire-Fighting Systems
Contents
Details
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Environmental issues which could come under the umbrella of the Environmental Protection Guide:
Energy efficiency indices
Cold ironing
Arctic operations
Noise emission
Regional notations
Future
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Sulphur Content Limits WorldwideArea Vessel Type % Max Sulphur
content by weight & ISO 8217 DM Grade Effective Regulation
Worldwide All 4.5% -
All Grades 19 May 2005 IMO
Baltic Sea SECA All 1.5% -
All Grades 19 May 2006 IMO / EU
EU Waters Passenger Ships on regular services between EU ports 1.5% -
All Grades 11 Aug 2006 EU
North Sea SECA All 1.5% -
All Grades 22 Nov 2007 IMO / EU
All EU Ports All 0.1% DMA 01 Jan 2008 EU
Within 24 miles offshore California
All (main & auxiliary diesel engines and auxiliary boilers) 1.5% DMA or 0.5% DMB only 01 Jul 2009 CARB
All EU Ports All vessels at berth for > 2 hours 0.1% -
All Grades 01 Jan 2010 EU
All EU Inland Waters/ Rivers Inland Waterways Vessels 0.1% -
All Grades 01 Jan 2010 EU
Baltic & North Sea ECA’s All 1.0% -
All Grades 01 July 2010 IMO
Within 24 miles offshore California
All (main & auxiliary diesel engines and auxiliary boilers) 0.1% DMA or DMB only 01 Jan 2012 CARB
Worldwide All 3.5% -
All Grades 01 Jan 2012 IMO
North American ECA All 1.0% -
All Grades August 2012 ? IMO
All ECA’s All 0.1% -
All Grades 01 Jan 2015 IMO
Worldwide All 0.5% -
All Grades 01 Jan 2020/25 IMO
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Annex VI NOX
Emission Limits
Ship Constructed(≥1 January)
Application of Requirements
EmissionLimits
Compliance at engine’s delivery except as below
1990to
2000Retroactive
to existing
engines
Engine size > 5000 kW and
≥
90 liters Tier I
1st
IAPP Renewal Survey
≥
12 mo after IMO advised
by Party of availability (physical and cost)
of “upgrade kit”
2000 ≥
x <2011> 130 kW ----
2011 ≥
x <2016Tier II
≥
2016Ships ≥
24m L or total propulsion power ≥
750kW
Operation outside of ECA
Tier III Operation within ECA
RPM
Total Weight of NO2
Emission (g/kWh) Relative NO2
Reduction from Tier I
< 130 130 ≤
n < 2000 ≥
2000
Tier I 17.0 45.0*n(-0.2) 9.8 Current
Tier II 14.36 44.0*n(-0.23) 7.66 15.5% -
21.8%
Tier III 3.40 9*n(-0.2) 1.96 80%
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How to achieve the new NOx
limitsTier II NOx
Limits
Achieved by in engine modifications (10-25%);Increased compression ratioDelayed injection; exhaust valve timingModified fuel nozzlesElectronic control of fuel injection providing- pre, triple or sequential injection
Other Techniques in engine modificationsExhaust Gas recirculation (30-40%)Water injection (direct or inlet air humidification)(50% reduction; 2-5% fuel penalty)Fuel emulsification (15-25%)
Tier III NOx
LimitsAchieved by engine modifications and fitting after treatment systems;
1.
Exhaust Gas NOx
Cleaning System
2.
Fitting after treatment devices i.e. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).
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Example of an Abatement Technology
ULFELS seawater energizing
tank
Ultra Low Frequency
Electrolysis/Electrodialysis
(ULFELS)
energized seawater spray
Untreated seawaterWash waterClean water
Overboard discharge
Seawater intake
Cyclone separator
Sludge to tankor decanter
Process Flow
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ABS RoleAssist Ecospec with applicability of IMO Regulations
Resolution MEPC 170 (57) – Guidelines for Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems [SO2]
NOx Technical Code
Calibration of instruments
•
to meet NOx Technical Code/Industrial Standards/Manufacturer’s Recommendations
System addresses: GHG/CO2, SO2, NOx, and PM
Act on behalf of MPA to witness testing and verification of test results
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Joint U.S. / Canada ECA Proposal
On March 27, 2009, U.S./Canada made a joint proposal for ECA designation
This was approved, in principle, at MEPC 59 (July 2009)
Expect adoption at MEPC 60 (March 2010)
ECA NOx ControlsTier 3 NOx 80% reduction new vessels (2016)
ECA PM and SOx Controls1.0% Fuel Sulfur (2010-2014)
0.1% Fuel Sulfur 2015+
•
Up to 96% reduction in SOx
•
~85% reduction in PM
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Joint U.S. / Canada ECA Proposal
Canada
United States (48 states)
Mexico
Saint-Pierre& Miquelon
Hawaii (U.S.)
Alaska (U.S.)
Greenland(Denmark)
160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
Bahamas
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Ballast Water ManagementTo control transport of evasive non-indigenous species
Implementation from 2009 includes Exchange Standard and Performance Standard
Compliance with Performance Standard depends on ballast capacity and the year of build1
BW Management Convention
Adopted in 2004To enter into force requires 30 States (35% of world’s GT)
As of August '09 18 States (15% GT)
1Ballast capacity < 5000 m3
ships built in or after 2009 must meet performance standard. Ballast capacity > 5000 m3
ships built after 2012
must meet performance standard. Compliance for all ships by 2014
(1500-5000 m3)
or 2016 (<1500 m3
or > 5000 m3).
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Ballast Water ManagementABS Guide for Ballast Water Treatment in final drafting phase.
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Ballast Water ManagementApproved systems (non-active substances):
Test procedureLab testsshipboard testAdministration type approval
Approved systems (active substances):Test procedureLab testsshipboard testIMO GESAMP-BWWG determinationMEPC Approval (basic and final approval)Administration type approval
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IMO: BWMS Approvals
Type-Approved Systems TA Certification“NEI –
VOS (Venturi Oxygen Stripping)” Liberia & Marshall Islands“Alfa Laval / Wallenius
Water AB -
PureBallast” Norway“Hamann
AG –
SEDNA / PERACLEAN” Germany“Techcross
Electro-Clean” Korea“OceanSaver
BWM” Norway“Hyde GUARDIAN” United Kingdom
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System Name Proposed by Approval type
Approved at
PureBallast
system Norway Basic & Final MEPC 56
SEDNA-Ocean BWM system using PERACLEAN Ocean system
Germany Final Basic
MEPC 57 MEPC 54
OceanSaver
BWM System Norway Final Basic
MEPC 58 MEPC 57
Electro-Clean (Electrolytic Disinfection) Korea Final Basic
MEPC 58 MEPC 54
RWO BWMS (CleanBallast) using EctoSys
electrochemical systemGermany Final
BasicMEPC 59 MEPC 55
NK-03 BlueBallast
System (Ozone) Korea Final Basic
MEPC 59 MEPC 56
Hitachi BW Purification System (ClearBallast)
Japan Final Basic
MEPC 59 MEPC 57
Greenship
Sedinox
BWMS Netherlands Final Basic
MEPC 59 MEPC 58
Approval Status of BWM System using Active Substances (G9)
BWM System: as of MEPC 59 (1)
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System Name Proposed by Approval type
Approved at
Special Pipe sys (with Ozone treatm’t)
Japan Basic MEPC 55
Resource Ballast Technologies System
South Africa Basic MEPC 57
GloEn-Patrol System Korea Basic MEPC 57
TG Ballastcleaner
and TG Environmentalguard
System Japan Basic MEPC 58
Ecochlor
BW Treatment System Germany Basic MEPC 58
Blue Ocean Shield BWMS China Basic MEPC 59
HHI BWMS (EcoBallast) Republic of Korea
Basic MEPC 59
AquaTriComb
[TM] BW Treatment System
Germany Basic MEPC 59
Approval Status of BWM System using Active Substances (G9)
BWM System: as of MEPC 59 (2)
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U.S. BWM: Phase 1 vs. Phase 2
Organism Size > 50 μ >10 μ
& ≤
50 μ ≤
10 μ
Phase 1
(IMO)< 10 / m3 < 10 / ml N/A
Phase 2
(x1000)< 1 / 100 m3 < 1 / 100 ml < 1,000 bacteria & 10,000
viruses per 100 ml
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US BWM: Public Meetings & Outreach
28 September
Seattle, WA*
30 September
New Orleans, LA*
02 October
Chicago, IL*
08 October
Washington, DC *
27 October
Oakland, CA
29 October
New York, NY* First round of meetings will be webcast.
Public comment period ends 27 Nov 2009
Specific questions asked / input requested
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Cold Ironing•
Currently, only the State of California has requirements for emission reduction at ports from 1 January 2014
•
Demand for Cold Ironing will increase in order to reduce Air Pollution from ships
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Installation Plans
Port of Los Angeles: in addition to existing terminals supplied with shore power, 15 terminals for China Shipping, NYK terminal (Berths 206-209) and the cruise ship terminal (Berths 91-93) are under considerationPort of Long Beach: in addition to existing terminals supplied with shore power, 3 berths and BP oil tanker terminalsPort of Seattle: cruise ship terminal (pier 30), pier 90-91Port of San Francisco: new terminal for cruise shipPort of San Diego: extension of cruise ship terminal under investigationPort of Juneau in Alaska: cruise ship berth is under consideration. (In 2002, five cruise vessels were converted to use shore power electricity)In addition to the above, 13 more ports in California are investigating the installation of shore power supply facilities
Ref.: Bluewater
Network Report (Published year: is unknown but estimated it in
second half of 2006 to first half of 2007)
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Industry Standards for Cold Ironing
Currently, there is a lack of industry standards addressing coldironing or shore power connectionsInternational Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) working on a draft IEC 60092-510 Standard “High Voltage Shore Connection Systems”. Draft dated 9 Jan 2009.International Organization for Standardization (ISO) working on a draft ISO 29501 Standard Onshore Power Supply (cold ironing). Draft dated 10 Aug 2007.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) working on a draft P1713 “Recommended Practice for Electrical Shore-to-Ship Connections.” Draft dated Jan 2009.A Publicly Available Specification (PAS) is planned to be published in 2009 based on the IEC, ISO and IEEE draft standards
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(1)
Connection to National Grid of Power Supply Distribution Network (100-230 kV) to be transformed to 33-66 kV at local sub-station
(2)
(2) 6-20 kV power distribution from local sub-station to port terminal
(3) Frequency converting from 50-60 Hz, depending upon ship’s frequency
(4) Power supply to connector at wharf for power receiving cable from ship
(5) Cable supporting tower or cable support facility
(6) Shore power receiving panel onboard
(7) Transformer depending upon ship’s nominal voltage
(8) Power distribution in ship
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Shore Power Supply ArrangementRef.:
“European Commission Directorate General Environment, Ship Emission; Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instrument”
Reported by Entec
UK Limited., Aug. 2005
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ABS Requirements
Means to check incoming power: voltage, frequency and phase rotation should be provided at the shore connection switchboard
Circuit protection: the shore power connection and the downstream equipment are to be protected against over current, short circuit and ground fault
Short-circuit level at main switchboard: onboard circuit breakers are to be rated to withstand the maximum short-circuit current that are generated onboard. The ratings of the circuit breakers is not to be exceeded by shore power source.
Protective device coordination: the circuit breakers associated with the shore power connections are to be coordinated with the circuit breakers in the vessel’s system
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ABS Requirements
Stepdown transformer: to be of shielded type so that under failure condition the low voltage side is not subjected to the high voltage level
Shore power in parallel with vessel generator: parallel operation only long enough to transfer load
Reverse power protection: generators are to be protected from reverse power
Synchronization equipment: means are to be provided to allow the vessel generator to be brought into synchronization with the shore power. Including volt meters and means for adjusting the generator’s Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).
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ABS Requirements
Discharge high voltage cable residual charge: means to discharge any residual voltage in the high voltage cable is to be provided
Equi-potential bonding: equi-potential bonding between the hull and the shore is to be provided
Frequency and/or voltage converter: where converters are provided, the total Voltage Harmonic distortion (Vth) is not to exceed the limits for the vessel’s equipment
High voltage cable installation: high voltage cable run within accommodation area is to be encased in duct or equivalent and clearly marked
ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct-2009 38
Ship Recycling (Green Passport)MEPC 58 approved the draft ship recycling convention that was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Hong Kong 11-15 May 2009
Will enter into force 24 months after 15 States signed (not less than 40 percent of the gross tonnage) and (annual ship recycling volume during the preceding 10 years constitutes not less than 3 percent of the gross tonnage).
Ships will be required to carry an inventory of hazardous materials (structure/equipment systems, operational waste, stores)
Recycling facilities required to submit a “Ship Recycling Plan”
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Harsh Environment
Increased Interest in Arctic Transportation
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Receding Ice Cover & Changing Nature of Ice
September 2007
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Shorter Routes & Available Technology
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Offshore Exploration
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Challenges -
Environment
Unique environment
Oil spill recovery difficult
Ice
Remote
Lack of infrastructure
Slow ecological recoveryLow temperatures and short summer
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Rules & Guides
Guide for Vessels Operating in Low Temperatures Environments
First published in 2005
Supplementary informationWeather conditions
Additional reference materials
Administration listings
Meteorological organization listings
Update the Guide in 3Q 2009 including:Polar operation versus Baltic operation
Temperature charts for guidance
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GHG ABS activities
CO2 Index Software, Nov 2008 (Update, 1Q 2010)
(It will be renamed to Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator – EEOI)
EEDI sensitivity study with HEC
Participates on IACS bench at IMO
Fuel Efficiency studies
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U.S. Proposal on GHG
Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) based
Goal based
Ship based
Transparent
Market-based, closed system (traded among ships only)
Target established – then improve over time (alternatively market-based solution)
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US Proposal on GHG: Further Work
Additional detailsEfficiency baseline
Verification
Non-compliance
Follow up paper to MEPC 60
Detailed discussions
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Efficiency
Increasing efficiency simply saves on fuel consumption which in-turn helps drive down emissions.
Several new and old ideas surfacing.
Many depend on fuel cost savings for implementation, but also now regulations
ABS is undertaking and sponsoring research on a range of operational and design efforts
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Prime Movers
COMBUSTION & MECHANICAL
• Engine Designers:Electronically Controlled EnginesImproved Turbo ChargerImproved Cylinder LubricationBetter Fuel NozzlesImproved Fuel/Air MixtureLNG Burning
• Suppliers, Vendors, Inventors:
Fuel TreatmentFuel Additives
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Prime Movers (Cont.)
EXHAUST GAS LOSS
(~25% of Total Fuel)
• WHR:Power TurbineSteam Turbine (1/2 Stage)CombinedGas Turbine Combined with DG.Thermo Electric Material
ABS sponsoring research on Thermoelectrics
at Maine Maritime Academy.
ABS has experience with these systems on large container systems.
• Cool Water & Lube Oil Loss:
(~25% of Total Fuel)
Further to Present well known applications difficult to improve due to low temp energy (except scav. Air cooler)
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Propulsor
Efficiency
PROPULSOR EFFICIENCY
(~65 -
70% Efficiency)Improved Propeller Design
• Blade Design, RPM, DIAM, CFD
Rudder/Propeller Interaction
CONTRA Rotating Propellers
Podded Propellers
Fins, Caps, Wake Improvements
ABS performing CFD research into optimizing propeller design in an effort to lower fuel consumption and thereby emissions
ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct-2009 52
Optimization of Cargo Intake/Operation
• Maximizing PayloadLines for Max Stability & Cargo IntakeMain Dimensions (F.Ex. Baby Postpanmax)Min. WBSteel Distribution & Weight (Class Rules & Tools)Economy of Scale
• Route Optimization:Roll & Pitch ReductionMinimize Adverse ConditionConstant Fuel Optimized SpeedJIT Voyage Planning
• Propeller & Hull Cleaning
ABS research into Baby Postpanamax
container vessels as
an example of cargo/performance optimized design
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• Typical Drag Distribution ( Vary with Shiptype
) :
Friction 75 – 90%
Wave 5 – 20%
Wind 5 – 10%
• DesignOptimization Against Actual Operation (Lines & Bulbs Design)
CFD
Ducktail
• Coating
• Air Lubrication
• Reduced Speed ( container vessels )
Drag Minimization
ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct-2009 54
• Energy SavingsOptimizing Systems (Pumps, Pipings, Fans)Switch Off ConsumerReefer Optimization
• Water Cooled, Reefer CompressorsDirect Air Intake To Diesel Engines
• Energy AuditsPresent Status / Improvements
• Consumption MetersAwareness
• Alternative EnergySolarSails
Other Improvement Options
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Energy Saving Measures for Ship Designs and OperationsReturn on Investment (ROI)
= Benefit Rating / Cost Rating
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ship Size
Design
Speed
Ship Pro
porti
ons
Minimum B
allas
t
Adopt
Slower Spee
dsHull
Clea
ning
Prope
ller D
esign
Rudde
r Des
ignWea
ther R
outin
g
Perfor
mance
Mon
itorin
g
ROI = 6.0 (highest rating)= 0.0 (lowest rating)
Selected Energy Saving Measures (Naval Architecture)
Result of joint Herbert Engineering and ABS research
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