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2012VCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION EXAM REVISION PROGRAM - ANSWERS

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1. Assessment of physical activity and sedentary behaviourQuestion 1Which of the following would be the most effective option to assess sedentary behaviour of a 4 year old child?

C Proxy-report survey completed by a parent

Short answer questions

Question 2

(a) Jane is the only child who does 60 minutes (min) per day and thus the only one to meet NPAG’s.

(b) Not more than 2 hrs

(c) Any from : questionnaire, interview, proxy report or diary/logs.

(d) Cannot measure any of the dimensions; can’t measure METS; can’t measure sedentary behavior; doesn’t provide any context or domains.

Question 3.

a. Describe what conclusions could be made about the physical activity behaviors of girls and boys in different

areas based on data such as that shown.

Girls tend to be most sedentary on the oval, which is the reverse situation for boys, which is where they are mostly involved in vigorous activity. Girls tend to be more active of court areas which also sees boys being most active in this space.

b. Discuss whether SOPLAY could be used to determine whether a 10 year old met the National Physical Activity

Guidelines for 5-12 yr old children.

No, SOPLAY only looks at structured engagement in physical activity during recess or lunch time(limited time

capture) and has no way of providing information on sedentary behaviours.

2. Changing physical activity behaviour: the social– ecological modelSample exam questionsQuestion 1Which factor would be classified within the social level of influence within the Social-Ecological Model?B. Parental encouragement

Question 2

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The photo below depicts a couple riding a hire bicycle along the St Kilda Boulevard. Explain what strategies this program may have implemented based on a Social Ecological framework: (a) Physical environment, (b) social environment and (c) organisational and policy.a. Physical environmentProvision of hire facilities, including helmets ; safe riding paths that are for cycists only (designated bike lanes) ; well lit areas to rideb. Social environmentEstablish riding groups so people can ride together; increase awareness of the social benefits of riding together with othersc. Organisational & policyIncentives to offer reductions for extended hire, or hire with friends; rules that offer discounts for multiple hire

during the year

d. Describe how you could determine this program was effective in encouraging more people to cycle around

Melbourne

An assessment of cycle users; awareness of cycling options;etc.. prior to the program needed to be taken in order

to make effective comparisions/evaluations.

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3. Promoting physical activitySample exam questionsQuestion 1

Vic Health is a statutory authority that fosters change in:B. Social, cultural and physical environments that influence the health of Victorians

Question 2

The most effective school-based physical activity interventions employ multiple approaches to promoting physical activity, rather than just introducing a single strategy, Outline three invention strategies that have been adopted in school settings.

Walking school bus Active after-school communities Kids – “Go for your Life” school programs Compulsory/mandated sport and physical education (100 minutes per week)

Question 3a. Describe another strategy that could be implemented during the intervention program in this school.Allocate spaces for specific year levels within the school; allow students to borrow sports equipment from level offices during the breaks; allocate extra teachers on yard dutyin “active areas”; encourage staff to take team training during the breaks. b. Explain what data would be required to evaluate whether the strategies used in the ‘Get off ya computer Campaign’ were effective in increasing the proportion of students at RSC meeting the national guidelines for physical activity and screen timePre-intervention surveys/questionnaires would need to be compared with post-intervention data from similar measurement tools.

4. Acute responses to exerciseQuestion 1. An acute muscular response to maximal exercise is a decrease in:

C. Intramuscular ATP & PC levels

Question 2. As exercise intensity increases:D. Intramuscular substrates decrease

Question 3.

a. Label the two different types of training on the graph. Solid circles = continuous,; open circles = long interval

b. List two respiratory changes that would allow for more oxygen to be taken up.Increased ventilation, increased tidal volume, increased gaseous exchange, increased respiratory rate, increased diffusion

c. At the 3 min stage of the training, identify two acute muscular changes likely in the training undertaken by the ‘dark circle” subject compared with the other type of training.

Looking for similar muscular response between continuous and long interval at 3 in stage of training (compared to rest)=increased blood flow to working muscles; increased muscle temperature; increased a-VO2diff; decreased substrates/increased fuel usage

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Question 4. A student performs a warm up and then commences to run around “The Tan” around the Botanical Gardens. When we consider her run, we would expect:Answer True or False for each question (NB – some exams will not contain True/False questions but understanding the content is important)

a. Plasma volumes would decrease rapidly within the first five minutes of the run, but then stabilise. T

b. The more motor units recruited during the run, the more likely she is to slow down because of CNS fatigue F

c. During the run vasoconstriction occurs in the arterioles supplying the inactive areas of the body and vasodilation occurs in the arterioles supplying the working muscles. T

5. Oxygen Uptake, Oxygen Deficit and Oxygen DebtQuestion 1Oxygen deficit is the period:

D None of the above

Question 2EPOC :

D All of the above

Question 3.

a. Describe the pattern of oxygen consumption from the start of exercise to the end of recovery.

There is a direct linear relationship between intensity and oxygen uptake or, as intensity increases there isan associated increase in oxygen uptake b. Explain why we incur an oxygen deficit when we undertake physical activity.

There is a lag between the increased oxygen demand and our body’s cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems being able to increase their rate of work to meet this demandc. Explain what causes the plateau in oxygen consumption

Oxygen supply is able to meet oxygen demand

6. Food Fuels and Energy Systems

Question 1At rest, most energy is obtained from:B Fats

Question 3. The graph below reveals the 50m splits for the 1500m world record swim by Grant Hackett (2001) : 14 min 10 seconds

a. How much energy would the anaerobic energy systems be contributing to the overall performance?5-8% (think about total duration and intensity)

b. Name the major energy system producing ATP at each of the following stages of the race:(i) First 50m - Anaerobic Glycolysis(ii) 500 – 700m - Aerobic(iii) 1400 – 1500m - Aerobic

Question 2Increased reliance on free fatty acids:

D All of the above

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c. What is the main fuel used to produce ATP during the final 100 m of the race?Glucose

d. At what stage of the race do you believe the aerobic energy system become the predominant supplier of ATP?

250-300m stage = 21/2 -3 minute stage of the raceQuestion 4. Complete the following table:

ENERGY SYSTEMS vs. FOOD FUELS @ VARIOUS EXERCISE INTENSITIES & DURATIONS

Maximal Intensity Duration

DOMINANT Energy system Food / Chemical Fuel

1-3 seconds ATP-PC STORED ATP

5 seconds ATP-PC PC

30 seconds ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS CHO

75 seconds 50% ATP-PC & Anaerobic Glycolysis : 50% Aerobic

CHO

120 seconds AEROBIC CHO

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7. Muscular Fatigue & Recovery Mechanisms

Question 1Which muscle fibres are most resistant to fatigue?A Slow oxidative

Question 3.A hockey centre performs 8 × 50-metre, 6 × 40-metre and 4 × 30-metre interval sprints as part of her training to improve speed. She aims to perform each sprint at maximal intensity. The following graph shows her PC restoration and lactate response during recovery after each sprint:

Question 4. The table below reveals the blood lactate levels exhibited by a 25 year old undertaking a cycle ergometer incremental test to exhaustion.

a. During what cycle speeds can lactate be effectively removed almost as soon as it can is produced?

0-25 kph

b. If the 25 year old subject wanted to improve their aerobic capacity, at what speed would you recommend she trains when using a bicycle?25 kph

c. Discuss the mechanisms that interfere with the subject’s ability to maintain constant speeds once LIP is

exceeded.

Glycolytic enzymes action is compromised which means ATP is resynthesized at a slower rate or if large amounts of H+ accumulate, fats might be switched to as an alternative fuel source also requiring decreased work-rates.

d. Discuss a dietary and non-dietary recovery strategy you recommend the 25 year old subject conducts in order to return to pre-test levels as quickly as possible.Dietary= hydration; consumption of gels & water and High GI foods within 30 – 60 minutes of event/training finishing.Non-dietary = wearing compression garments; performing an active recovery; participating in contrast bathing or having a massage

8. Fitness Components - definitions, factors affecting application, sporting relevance & assessment.

Question 1When comparing muscular strength and muscular power, muscular strength:B applies a force for a longer period of time

Question 2The number of muscle fibres recruited in a muscular contraction depends on:B the strength of the nerve impulses

What type of recovery should she be performing between each sprint/repetition?Passive

Why would the recovery time vary depending on the distances sprinted?The reliance on different energy system contribution, fuel depletion and accumulation of metabolic by-products

Why do a lot of “explosive” performers such as sprinters also include some aerobic conditioning in their training programs?To improve rate of PC replenishment/resynthesis as well as increase removal rates of H+ & Pi

Question 2Lactic acid accumulation causes:C hydrogen (H+) levels to increase

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Question 3.The following diagram shows various relationships between Slow Twitch(SO) fibres and two types of Fast Twitch (FOG) & (FG) fibre.

a. List one of the relationships portrayed in the above graph. As a person works at higher %of their VO2max, blood lactate levels increase The more fast twitch fibres activated during an activity and the greater the accumulation of blood

lactate As a person works at higher %of their VO2max they are more likely to activate increased numbers of

fast twitch fibres and less slow twitch fibres.

b. Based on the information contained above, what type of Fast twitch fibre would an elite marathon runner ideally like to have, and what advantages does this have over the other type of Fast twitch fibre?FOG are fast oxidative fibres which adopt slow twitch characteristics in response to aerobic training close to the athlete’s IP. These are able to perform at levels slightly under LIP without associated fatigue factors but with higher rate of ATP production compared to slow twitch fibres – very important o sustain frequent bursts of speed during the marathon.

c. Which component of fitness is sensitive to accumulated levels of muscle lactate?LME

Question 4. Complete the following table by filling in the following table taken from the 2011 "Strongest Woman" Competition held in Hawaii.Challenge Challenge Requirements Fitness Component1. A rope attached to a 2000 kg sled is used to pull it as quickly as

possible over 20 metres Muscular Strength

2. A 5 kg ball is launched as high into the air as possible by using two hands

Muscular Power

3. The description of any activity that involves rapid movement of body parts from point A-B, not just running speed!

Speed

4. Run up 50 stairs, rest for 5 seconds, run down 50 stairs – repeated 10 times in quickest possible time

Anaerobic Capacity

5. The description of any activity that involves rapid directional changes with accuracy and balance

Agility

6. A bucket filled with 10kg sand is held outstretched at shoulder height in each hand for as long as possible

LME

9. Data Collection & Activity Analysis

Question 1. A movement analysis was performed on soccer mid-fielder during the women's world games final using a grid method and the subject wearing a PE 3000 heart rate monitor during the match. The locomotor pattern summaries are found thin the following tables:

a. Why is an activity analysis conducted for various sports?

An activity analysis provides information specific about the contribution of energy systems, fitness components and major muscles used during a game/event in an effort to better understand how they contribute to successful performance as well as ensuring these are specifically trained in preparation for the match/event/competition.

b. What is the work: rest ratio for the midfielder analysed and how is this information used by the sports physiologists working with the club?

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W= 72.7% : Rest = 27.3% broken down to 3:1 (aerobic). This information would be used during training drills to simulate the game demands/situations and would see similar w:r being used to most effectively train energy system interplay

c. Discuss which components of fitness you believe the mid-fielder needs to have highly developed in order to be successful in the game and in your response make sure you use the data provided.

Must use data in responses: Aerobic capacity required to sustain efforts over 11.24 km run during the game. It is also important

for periods of the game deemed “rest” = 27.3%. Speed is required whilst moving at 25+ km/hr = 6.2 %of game

Agility required for side-shuffling = 9.6% of game as well as 256 directional changes.

Muscular power required to kick the ball over distance 30+ m = 3 reps.

d. The data collected suggests that the heart rate monitor was not the only instrument used to in this example. What other “measurement tools/strategies” were possibly used and what evidence from the data allows you to make these assumptions?

Direct observation&/or video analysis taken to obtain information on skills(not possible from HR);GPS data provides information about zones/running speeds (not available from HR)

e. Why is it important to consider the muscles used and the actions they perform during a games analysis?

The muscles used and actions performed inform the coaching/training staff about specific movements that need to be incorporated into the training in order to replicate/simulate game situations.

10. Assessment of Fitness

Question 1Reasons for fitness testing include:D All of the above

Question 3.The selectors for the National Junior Soccer Team want to perform selections for a competition that is to take place in three months. The selectors want to get profiles of each athlete who is put forward for selection, and intend to put the athletes through a battery of tests.

a. Would you advise the soccer selectors to conduct laboratory or field tests? Why?Given likely large numbers that might be nominated/recommended field tests might be better to actually reduce this to a smaller number to then consider taking into the laboratory. The field tests can assess large numbers at once over a range of different tests.

b. What are the advantages of laboratory testing?Direct, accurate and norm referenced – can be reproduced identically with greater consistency

than field tests.c. Explain how “informed consent” is used in the process of fitness testing.

Informed consent needs the test to be explained, potential risks identified, reasons for the testing being conducted and confidentiality of results assured. It is used to protect both the personnel conducting the test and those undertaking the test

Question 4. Testing was conducted on a group of elite netball players. Complete the following table:Fitness Test Protocol Fitness

Component Alternative Fitness Test that

Question 2Repeating tests throughout a fitness/training program:C helps evaluate the effectiveness of the program

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Assessed could be used specific to Netball

Subject stands behind line monitored by light gate and sprints as fast as possible over 15m where second light gate captures time.

Speed a. 20m sprint test

Subject jumps as high as possible using a two foot stationary leap and height off ground measured.

b. Muscular power

c.

Subject runs continuously for 12 minutes and total distance covered is recorded

Aerobic capacity d. Beep Test

Subject runs from A to C and through the 5 m markers, turns on the line and runs back through the 5 m markers. The time is recorded from when the athletes first runs through the 5 meter marker, and stopped when they return through these markers (that is, the time taken to cover the 5 m up and back distance - 10 m total B – C – B ).

e. Agility f. Semo Agility Test

Subject has skinfolds measured at triceps, supraillium and thigh. g. Body Composition

h. Underwater weighing

11. Fitness Training Principles, Methods & Applications

Question 1Training should be specific to the:D All of the above

Question 3 A swimmer completes six repetitions of a 50-metre swimming pool in 40 seconds (high intensity), with a two minute recovery between repetitions.a. What is the name given to this type of training? Intermediate Intervalb. What is the predominant energy system being trained? Anaerobic Glycolysisc. Indicate in the table below how the athlete would apply the principle of overload in the next training session.

Session Sets Repetitions Time of each rep. Recovery time

This session 1 6 40 seconds 2 minutes

Next session 1 7 40 2 minutes

d. Give one reason why the swimmer might also use running and cycling occasionally in training.Variety; to increase motivation

Question 2Overload can be achieved by:C Increasing both quality and quantity of training

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Question 4

a. Which training session would you recommend for the netballers (A - > D) – briefly discuss why?B = replicates game situations/demands

b. If you prescribed circuit training for the netball centre to undertake, list 4 activities you would include and how they relate to netball.All activities chosen must replicate actions/skills a centre would use during a game, e.g.

10m sprints every 60 seconds (1:15/20 work:rest) Push-ups/clap push-ups Squat Jumps “T”-agility drill

c. Why would the netball players listed perform different training even though they are on the same team?

Specificity of roles and playing demands which are different due to field restricted areas of play.

12. Training Adaptations

Question 1Strength training:A Increases muscular contractile proteins

Question 3.The graph below reveals the increase in LIP(LT) as a consequence of endurance training and Donovan & Brooks believe this occurs because of increased lactate clearance rather than a decrease in lactate production.

c. Increased mitochondria size and number contribute to improved lactate clearance. How do they also contribute to increased glycogen sparing?

Mitochondria are involved in the aerobic production of ATP primarily using glucose but also using FFA’s earlier during an activity (first 10-15 minutes). Lactate clearance occurs when extra oxygen can be combined with H+ ions to facilitate oxidation and removal from areas of high accumulation.

Question 4. Complete the following flow chart:

Aerobic Training Methods

Chronic Adaptations How the adaptation leads to performance improvements

Continuous CardiovascularFartlek Increased SV or Q or

ventricle sizeIncreased capillarisationIncreased blood volumesIncreased myoglobinIncreased plasma

All answers must specifically relate to how the change brings about improved aerobic/endurance performance:Increased SV or Q or ventricle size (all occur so only use 1) leads to more blood being ejected from the heart and hence more oxygen and fuels able to reach working mucles as well as greater removal of wastes.

Question 2Aerobic training:D All of the above

a. List two respiratory adaptations that would contribute to increased lactate clearance

Increased respiratory rate, increased gaseous exchange/diffusion, increased tidal volume

b. How would an increased cardiac output contribute to improved lactate clearance?Increased blood output per minute from the heart leads to increased blood flow to working muscles and removal of any associated by-products.

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Increased RBC’sLong Interval Respiratory

Increased tidal volumeIncreased pulmonary diffusionDecreased oxygen cost to diaphragm & intercostal muscles

All answers must specifically relate to how the change brings about improved aerobic/endurance performance:Decreased oxygen cost to diaphragm & intercostal muscles means more oxygen available to working muscles and greater ability to delay triggering H+ rapidly acumulating

MuscularIncreased a-VO2 diffIncreased oxidative enzymesIncreased mitochondria size/numberIncreased triglyceride stores

All answers must specifically relate to how the change brings about improved aerobic/endurance performance:Increased mitochondria lead to more aerobic ATP being produced and delays switch to anaerobic glycolysis system

13. Dietary performance Enhancement

Question 1. Trained cyclists rode stationary bikes at a set pace until they fatigued. In one session the riders consumed around 60 g of carbs per hour in an energy drink, and in a separate session the same riders had a placebo. The sessions were separated by a week, so there was ample time for recovery.

a. What effect did carbohydrate rich drinks have on the cycling performance of trained athletes?It kept blood glucose levels higher for longer during the activity as well as allowing the cycling to continue for

an additional hour compared to non-glucosesubjects/cyclists.

b. Cyclists often consume gels when riding long distances but it is recommended they “wash these down” with water – why?Being concentrated glucose, the gel would remain in the stomach longer and attract flow of blood and fluids to the stomach. Water will make the gel quicker to be absorbed by the cyclist without associated redirection of blood to the stomach and away from working muscles.

c. What is the trade off faced by cyclists when consuming caffeine in an effort to use free fatty acids earlier in the race and possible fatigue mechanisms that might outweigh this?Caffeine promotes fluid loss and might lead to the cyclist needing to “pee” more often than otherwise might be the case. The diuretic effect might contribute to elevated core temperatures and dehydration.

Question 2. The following diagram shows the carbohydrate loading protocol of an athlete who has copied an “old” procedure.

14. Physiological strategies to enhance recovery

a. How is this “old” technique different to that currently used by most marathon runners? Current techniques do not have the large depletion at commencement of the carb loading regime.

b. What “problems” exist with the “old” technique?Large disruptions to training; increased likelihood of injuries to deplete stores

c. Carbohydrates also play a vital role during recovery. Briefly discuss recovery diets for endurance training athletes with regard to consumption of CHO.

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Question 1. Cryotherapy will NOT :B. Increase core body temperature

Question 3. The following graph shows differences in blood flow in lower leg arteries that have been subjected to contrast bathing vs. those of someone simply performing a passive recovery:

a. During which two time periods was the leg immersed in “hot” water? 60 – 150 seconds & 420 – 510seconds

b. When would you not recommend contrast water therapy be used during recovery?

During soft tissue injuries to tendons, ligaments, etc. as well as instances of bruising/”corkies” and where core temperatures are significantly elevated, and players likely to be suffering heat stress.

Question 4. The following data shows subjects trained in a visual skill task and then retested at a later time, with improvement (ms) in performance illustrated across time. Each subject was retested only once, and each point represents a separate group of subjects. Waking versus sleep states shown. Subjects trained and then retested 3, 6, 9 or 12 h later the same day (green squares)vs. subjects (n=39) trained and then retested 8, 12, 15 or 23 h later, after a night's sleep (red squares)

15. Performance Enhancement – Psychological Considerations1. Elite athletes often talk about being ‘in the zone’. Improved concentration; improved arousal; improved

memory and use of performance templates; improved problem solving and thought processing.

a. Briefly describe what you think this to be and what the related performance characteristics are.b. Why is it important that arousal be considered on an individual, rather than a team, basis? Discuss briefly.

2. Several practices can be used to moderate arousal levels.a. Summarise the steps used in progressive muscle relaxation and outline how it brings about improved

performances.3. Briefly outline how stress inoculation training works.

4. Many techniques have been suggested as ways of increasing arousal. a. Provide at least three examples of these techniquesb. Provide at least three examples of arousal reduction techniques (other than progressive muscle relaxation)

5. Chose one of the above practices and clearly discuss how this could bring about improved results in a tennis final. Mental imagery - Goal setting - Relaxed breathing - Progressive muscle relaxation - Elevated breathing rate – Energised imagery - Mental rehearsal -

a. List 3 performance enhancing benefits associated with recommended amounts of sleep following training.b. Sleeping tablets are sometimes provided to athletes by their coaches – are there any problems associated with this practice?

Sedatives can to overuse; often associated with gastric upsets if used long term.

become addictive, depress CNS function and are open

Question 2. Massage improves performance by:D. Increasing blood flow, supply of nutrients and removal of wastes

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Stress inoculation/simulation -

6. a. What causes choking?b. Provide examples you have either witnessed or experienced where athletes have ‘choked’c. Discuss at least three psychological techniques you might suggest to deal with choking.

7. Identify and explain psychological factors which impact on performance in relation to the following key areas: training recovery competition16. Performance Enhancement – Legal & Illegal Considerations

Question 1. The graph reveals the effects of creatine supplementation on cyclists working maximally for 30 seconds then resting for 2 minutes.

a. What effect does creatine supplementation have on repeated sprint activities such as the one conducted by cyclist here?

Creatine supplementation allows for greater revolutions per minute to occur with each sprint bout as well and assisting lower decrements with consecutive sprints compared with cyclist not using supplementation

b. List 3 foods that should not be co-injested when using creatine supplementation.

Foods with high caffeine content (chocolates, coffee, etc.)c. What food might increase the effectiveness of creatine supplementation?CHO’s

Question 2. The following table reveals the changes in blood parameters following 28 days of LHTL (live high = 2800m simulated, train low) conditioning.

17. Anti-doping codes and practices

Question 1. The AFL’s anti-doping policy for performance enhancing drugs is:A. Both ASADA & WADA compliant

Question 2. The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA)’s main role is to:D. Detect instances of WADA code violations and deter people breaching the code via education programs

a. EPO is a naturally occurring hormone and can also be administered as a synthetic copy. What function does EPO have in the human body?EPO is a naturally occurring hormone growth factor that stimulates the formation of red blood cells.

b. High levels of EPO can have lethal consequences for those using it to gain an illegal advantage. What can potentially happen to cause death?

Increased blood viscosity leading to heart attack or stroke.

c. Why have many conditioning coaches turned to LHTL simulation by using altitude/hypoxic tents?Live high train low allows for greater adaptations to occur without the expense/time needed to travel to high altitudes and associated acclimatization periods required. Sleeping in hypoxic tents allows for some adaptations to take place whilst sleeping.

d. Why is it important that both EVF and Hb levels rise when considering legal performance enhancing training

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Question 3. Caffeine has been on and off WADA’s “prohibited list” several times in the last 15 years. BY referring to the rationale for anti-doping codes, why might WADA officials strongly be considering returning caffeine to the banned list? Some players using caffeine in large amounts need to take sedatives in order to sleep. These are interfering with their health and well-being and potentially becoming addictive.

Question 4. WADA reported a slight decrease in Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) and Atypical Findings (ATFs) - from 2.02% in 2009 to 1.87% in 2010. List two reasons for this drop.

It is important to note that the data for AAFs (i.e. the presence of prohibited substances or methods in samples) and ATFs (i.e. the presence of prohibited substances or methods requiring further investigation before potentially becoming an AAF) is only the analytical findings reported by the laboratories and all are subject to the results management process conducted by ADOs, which includes matching with Therapeutic Use Exemptions and longitudinal studies. Therefore, the number of AAFs and ATFs reported by laboratories may not correspond with the number of cases sanctioned (Anti-Doping Rule Violations) by ADOs