About the Benefits of Long Multipliers, With Some Remarks. Dispute About the Chemical and the...

7/29/2019 About the Benefits of Long Multipliers, With Some Remarks. Dispute About the Chemical and the Contact Theory

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About the benefits of long multipliers, with some remarks.

Dispute about the chemical and the contact theory of

galvanismof GT Fechner.

It is well known that the same multiplier can not be used to display all effects with

the same advantage that, in chains, in which no strong line resistance is effective

(thermo-electric chains and hydro-electric simple chains with large excitatory surface

or strong line liquid magneto-electric circuits of relatively short and thick wires), a

large number of turns of the multiplier without advantage that rather few turns of

thick wire here deserve the preference, while the other hand, the greater the resistance

in a chain (the smaller the excitatory surface, the poorer conducting the liquid, the

more and lower conductors are inserted in the chain), the more useful it is to increase

the number of turns, the fewer used, the thickness of the wire, factors that result fromthe Ohm ' 's theory can be derived without difficulty, and anyone who has to operate

with multipliers of various kinds opportunity to find confirmed daily. Who has to deal

a lot with experiments in the areas of galvanism and electro-chemistry, should be

provided with a whole range of multipliers of various kinds, and especially to point

out that it is for some studies of particular advantage to the extremes in the

establishment of the multiplier willing to keep. When I look at the one extreme, the

establishment of the multiplier, which I used in Schweigg. Journ. have described,

consisting of a simple copper strip wide and thick, makes a single turn around the

needle. Assist them withsimple thermo-electric chains, and in such magneto-electriceffects, where the current has to go through any long and thin wires, excellent

services, and can also sometimes in hydro-electric chains find application in cases

where it is intended, that the resistance of the measuring apparatus can be neglected,

which presupposes, however, that the connection be done with the excitation plates

by short and thick metal bars. For the measurement method by means of the

oscillations, however, provides the multiplier the drawback illustrates that by virtue

of the influence of the wide copper strip on the needle, the vibrations rapidly

verkleinern.In this and many other UPHOLSTERY would be preferable that this

extreme first stationary device in most cases I remember to have seen with ProfessorDove, in which a copper rod is bent to a few, about four, vertical coils next to each

other makes, which floats between the needle. Such a multiplier, since the lesser

width and greater length, through which the curved rod against the strip with respect

to the line resistance is a disadvantage, can be easily compensated for by an increase

of its thickness still merely express a disappearing almost all ratios lead resistance,

and the advantage of a larger multiplying before my organization have expected.

Of much more extensive application, but for many studies of hydro - electric

chains, as for some other purpose, is a multiplier that is used to represent the other

extreme, as many turns of thin wire, and it seems to me that the benefits Thisestablishment has not yet been duly envisaged since with the usual multipliers rare

(although it recently done by some observers) l) exceeds the number of several


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hundred turns, which are sufficient or even the most appropriate, in fact, in many

cases other hand, there are others where a multiplier whose line resistance surpasses

that of all other, the chain-forming parts by far, is extremely advantageous.

1) Councillor Gauss particular, has applied a multiplier of 20,000 feet in length

for the measurement of the induction capacity of the earth's magnetic forces in

Gttingen. Schnbein also uses a multiplier of several thousand turns.

I am now in possession of two multipliers of this type, of which the longer I

withL will denote a copper wire length contains 16454 Par foot 2) , of which 2 feet in

the unclothed state on average 0,226 grams weigh (from weighing from 38 wire ends

derived). This wire has a frame of 5 inches in length, as much width and 7 , one line

high, wound around the width of the frame and makes at the same 12076 turns which

(for approximately-held) number from the length of the first and last turn is derived

with respect to the total length of the wire. The other multiplier with smaller frames,

which IKwants to call, does not quite 3000 feet of copper wire of the same species

wound up in a little over 3000 turns, and the resistivity of the first is related to that of

the last for a casual measurement as 5.3 : l.

2) The (only for approximately eight to end) determining the length of

happened like this: The wire was wound on rollers 19. The wires were cut each

roll 4 feet (2 pulse from each end), and weighed (including silk). It was also the

entire weight of the coiled wire on each reel, is determined by weighing before

and after the roll processing, and under the condition that the trigger further

lengths are proportional weights, calculates therefrom the length of each wirepart. However, these calculations provide only an approximation. Fact, they

would be subject to the condition that eitherof the wires in each roller

everywhere have the same thickness and is everywhere overspun uniformly,

which is not the case, since the two ends of which roller is generally

considerable weight of differences both in the dressed state, when, after

removal of the Silk showed, - or that the provisions found in both ends (was

from which take the remedy) really provide the right remedy for the whole roll

of wire, after which, however, also can not rely, for the reason, because the

masterminds to the extent , as extended as you drag the hole of the threadingdie, always the same narrowing of the new, so that a long wire alternately

swells and thins again. This also prevents the line resistance of long wires, it is

to be determined from the weights, or directly from the measured length. Was

notwithstanding the whole, forming the long multiplier wire together, and as a

single variety, manufactured and overspun, the extremes of weight in weighing

the 38 cut ends of 2 foot length clothed state were but 0,198 and 0,307 grams,

the unclothed state 0,164 and 0.320 grm. For thicker wires differences like that

are so significant relationships with each other, do not exist, but that they are

also important enough to prevent for greater lengths a direct comparison of

their line resistance on the length, I've convinced me painfully.


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The effects that these multipliers in front of others ahead, are notably:

1) One can prove easiest again with them the deflection of the magnetic needle,

which produces the electricity in the state of motion machines. The longer multiplier,

which I have examined in this UPHOLSTERY, was when one of its ends with the

Konduktor an electrical machine of moderate efficacy, the other was with the ground

connection while rapid rotation of the machine, a stationary deflection of the doubleneedle of about 45 .

For shorter multipliers, it is usually possible only if the effects of isolation, yet out

of the spin drying over with silk, special care is taken to prove that phenomenon. That

the long multiplier without such precautionary shows such a strong effect is

explained by the observation made in Gttingen that the wire length to a power of

that kind does not express a debilitating effect, therefore, occurs here, the multiplying

principle of turns quite pure in effect. If now by virtue of the inadequacy of the

insulating property of the silk lost a significant portion of the wire by passing

electricity to the action goes, yet the residue is in virtue of this strong multiplication

still be strong enough to work in the registry.

2) In combination of the two multipliers can be very nice in Gttingen observed

with larger magnetic rods magneto - demonstrate electrical phenomenon. If, namely,

while the ends of both in-sufficient distance from each other multipliers asked to

communicate with each other, which consists of two strong needles twin needle of the

larger multiplier in vibration, the double needle of the other multiplier of self begins

to resonate. Wofern it is set up so that the period of the oscillations in both multipliers

coincidirt

3)

and the oscillations in the large multiplier obtained in sufficient length,so go the voluntary oscillations in smaller to about 60 on either side of the

equilibrium position. By Einhngung small magnet sticks instead of magnetic needles

in the large multiplier effects would be the undisputed accelerate.

3) I have this causes the fact that I am in all larger multiplier in time by means

of the approach of a weak magnetic rod umlenkte the twin needle. However, it

was easy and a natural coincidence of the period of the oscillations in both

multipliers can produce when magnetized needles in an appropriate manner

and still held variance corrected by the fact that the needle axes of a double

needle, rather than in parallel, under a small, for effecting change of restrictionsufficient angle to each other made.

3) causes a decrease in the action of these multipliers markedly loses its effect, so

that the closed chains thus generally show a remarkable consistency of the effect. For

example, the force of a zinc-copper chain with closure by the multiplier hadL in

weak sulfuric acid water within 10 minutes removed from the beginning of the

closure on to nothing Noticeable, but was seen after 2 1 / 2 hours at a ratio of l : 0 , 83

weakened.

For closure under very similar circumstances with a multiplier of about 80 turns of

much thicker wire, the resistivity after direct tests for resistance ofL as l : 1187


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behaved, the force was already after 5 minutes in the ratio of l : 0,387

weakened. Found in well water in the multiplierL under given circumstances within

5 minutes, a weakening in the ratio of l : 0,864, in the short multiplier against a

fromL ratio : 0.154 instead, usf

This peculiarity long multipliers is explained by experiments which I have shared

in my Mabestimmungen the galvanic chain in regard to the effect decrease. There Ishowed that this effect is partly due to a decrease continuously progressive increase

in the contact resistance. Now is clear that at closure not at all very comes with a

multiplier against the resistance of the contact resistance into account, the increase of

this resistance, when it takes place in a particular situation, must lose influence,

moreover, is very likely that the contact resistance the faster growing, the greater the

intensity of the current, but it has failed in the closing of the current multiplier of the

long much weaker than on closing with a short, which does not prevent, however,

that its display on the same chain but close just as strong or stronger fails, because of

the multiplicity of its turns.

However, as I have shown in my Mabestimmungen also on the change in the

current force yet another recently among others by Munck further investigated the

influence circumstance, namely the change of the electromotive force. Only

remarkably below this is not always the same type continuously on as the change in

the contact resistance, but constantly increases during this, the electromotive force for

a long time can be appreciably constant, until suddenly takes a different value of the

electromotive force after a time , the longer time can remain constant again, while in

the meantime, the contact resistance increases continuously

The jumps (or rather preceding in short period changes) of this kind, especially in

concentrated liquids (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, etc.), are very remarkable for the ratio

of this prevailing electromotive forces and can, like all relationships that address the

electromotive force , by means of long multipliers watch very clean, there is not here

(as in the absence of such multipliers still in my galvanic Mabestimmungen had to

happen) necessary to eliminate only by auxiliary experiments and calculation, the

complication with the changes in the contact resistance and the resistance of the

liquid, if you have only one convinced that this will bear against the constant part,

which the wire's total resistance, disappear, what one can easily recognize the fact

that neither approximation nor enlargement of the plates contributes somewhat moreto Noticeable increase of the current force. Those rapid changes depend at least in

part on changes, which also already out of influence of the chain through the liquid

out the metals 4) , and in some cases they coincidiren with visible just as rapid

changes in the chemical attack of the liquid. Meanwhile come before as I have

recently convinced me well enough, often gradually progressive changes in the

electromotive force. Additional Details I verspare for a different place.

May not need the following casual remark to be here. In more recent times it has

cell apparatus is highly recommended because of the great constancy of their effect,in which with the help of partitions of animal bladder, the copper, the zinc is one-

sided with copper sulphate in contact with Zinkvitriollsung. It is possible that this


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combination grant special advantages, but also possible that the benefit from regular

equipment with bare copper sulphate will be due only by the larger line resistance,

which brings the animal bubble in the liquid because of attempts in my

Mabestimmungen extension of the liquid Head just as the extension of the fixed

retardation effect of decreasing effect. This well-deserved tests since it is obvious

that, in the case of this assumption were correct, the animal bubble would prefer toreplace by a multiplier of more turns, the effects in the same (or rather even greater)

ratios, as he carried his resistance weakens, indicating also reproduced. I myself am

using for a long time with the advantage of such chains of zinc-copper with bare

copper sulphate under closure with long multipliers, where it is important to me to

maintain a constant current. I have with great exciting finish, which also retards the

effect of loss, get streams, which remained markedly constant for hours, although I

do, because I have my focus is not particularly aimed can not assure that this

constancy from the first moments of the closing of already occurred. Where,

however, the current appear not merely by displaying the multiplier strong, butshould be strong in itself, or where one wants to investigate conditions that affect the

resistivity of the liquid and of the transition, it will lose its usefulness.

4) Munck af Rosenschld (this Ann. Vol XLIII p 440), rather it derives from

occurring counter tension between liquid and metal. I can give him herein, for

reasons which I will explain elsewhere, do not join.

4) From these tools are excellent usability tests in distilled water or other liquids of

strong resistance line or transition resistance by more then receives them with clear

and measurable effects, where ordinary multipliers almost the display to fail. In theapplication of such a long multipliers loses a lot of cases, which at least used to be in

favor of them have asserted the supporters of the chemical theory, where that is

supposed to stop the galvanic effect of the lack of chemical action, all the weight by

the workshop have a significant current in such cases by means of the same is very

much noticeable.

5) You can do very little with exciting finishes and very small quantities of liquid

almost as much as the largest, which is especially in electrochemical studies with

precious metals and liquids of particular advantage. In fact, it is in these multipliers,

provided only that the resistance of the liquid is not very significant, almost

indifferent as to whether to apply a large or small causing surface, which can not be

otherwise, since the size of the excitatory surface after contact theory expresses no

influence on the electromotive force, but only by presents more transition points, the

reduction of here anyway does not affect eligible portion of the total resistance.

It is me allowed to not tire the reader through a special treatise on the subject in

question, to say a few words about Schnbein's last treatise in favor of the chemical

theory, at least if not all are out of place here, as the end the explanation, the effect of

long multipliers with this comes into question. Schnbein believes that several objections, which I placed against the chemical

theory, can be raise by proper consideration of line resistance, and refers to de la


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Rive's representation of the object. If you want to agree a prerequisite de la Rive's,

and even add another condition, so I admit that it was the case. However, this

assumption appeared to me clear and disintegrates on closer inspection, in itself, as a

consideration that I held in my earlier essay required for the same, as I find, however,

that others are not of one mind in this UPHOLSTERY, so like the later discussion

follow how the same is the case for consideration. Those basic condition to which dela Rive based's view is that the kinds of electricity in the simple chain with the liquid

diverge at the interface of the zinc at the same time resistant, by virtue of the

chemical action, and also partially be united by the same surface resistance again. I

do not understand how two steadily in opposite directions acting on the same kinds of

electricity forces a simultaneous or alternating movement thereof can bring in

opposite directions, it seems to me this with none of the ideas by which we tend to

treat the forces mathematically, agree to leave 5) . I admit immediately that for him

who is able which to bring clearness to this idea, myExperimentum cruets stops

against the chemical theory to be such by the same will of course carry even lessconcern to approve the other condition, which explanation thereof is required for

chemical views.

5) Experience reasons that de la Rive p. 116 of hisRecherches argues this could

as easily evident only in the sense of already established chemical theory to

prove anything, because they allow other explanations for other theories.

To illustrate, in connection, what is important here, so it turns to de la Rive

(Recherches p. the course of events as follows 30):

Zinc a closed by the multiplier simple zinc copper chain travels through the natural

electricities decomposing effect of chemical action negative, the liquid positive

electricity, and these two kinds of electricity are united partially by the same contact

surface of the zinc with the liquid by which their decomposition was assumed, partly

on the opposite way by flowing in opposite directions at that point of contact with the

liquid and the closing wire, and this last portion of kinds of electricity, it is just that

we perceive as current through the multiplier. The division between the two paths is

done on the ratio of the line, which they present, or what says the same thing, after

inverse ratio of their line resistance with de la Rive the contact resistance in regard tothe first path and its taking place in proportion to the increase of the excitation

surface decrease in right stop brings.

May now be in a concession that the first condition to show that the attempt I

asExperimentum cruets have led to the chemical theory, and the Schnbein only

confirmed by modified tests until now, has not refuted 6) , as by me to the No. . 5 of

my dissertation discussed the fact that at long closure wires reinforcing the line liquid

its influence on the propagation of electric power lose, is compatible only with the

second condition with the chemical theory that the contact resistance always

decreases in the same proportion by reinforcing or changing the line liquid than theamount of electricity excited by increases, which indeed possible in itself, but to

presuppose neither theoretically nor made any attempts by probably 7) , because of


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course those and related activities, can not itself without a circular argument, are cited

as evidence.

6) That the, what Schnbein p. 63 of his treatise remarked to me, in fact, is

based on misunderstanding, the attentive reader will find easy to mine. I have a

preponderance of water cells not only claimed as much, but if, as the

homogeneity of the plate pairs were lifted into the absurd cells arranged by

changing the action of the acid. Schnbein awkward trying to show that the

currents which pass from the absurd disposed plate pairs in the wire, holding

each other balance. This balance is yes, but just what I consider incompatible

with it against the chemical theory.

7) For the purposes of the contact theory, even this assumption is refuted by

positive tests, but I put no weight on it in this dispute because the chemical

theory could the facts which lead to the proof that sense suggest otherwise.

In fact, it was in a simple zinc-copper chain which aroused by a given liquid

quantity of electricity e, the resistance of the liquid wedgef, of the wire dand the

transition w, then, according to the division according to the inverse ratio of the

resistors, through the multiplier, the amount of electricity

. walk Is now the case wheref + w to dvanishes, ie for very long wire, remain thosecurrent size of the multiplier when changing the fluid unchanged, so must w in the

inverse ratio ofEalways wax and wane.

Just as with myExperimentum cruets. It can be shown that if the sum of the contact

resistance in the acid cellss and it attracted electricity quantity Sis in the water cells

but respectively w and W, the equality of the currents from both the Multiplier about

going after the adoption of the first condition can exist only through the second that

sS = wW,

that is, when the quantity of electricity developed grows in acid cells in the sameconditions, the contact resistance decreases in itself.

This condition is of course that happens is that when we increase the size of the

excitation by application of a positive metal in the acid cells rather than by increasing

the acid, immediately after the experiences Sreceives the excess weight. Therefore is

actually a third condition, which I leave to make the supporters of the chemical

theory itself, needed to explain the difference between the two cases.

Subtracting from it, the chemical theory with all these conditions concur, as the

contact theory, which is not the same need, I can of course do not mind, but I confess

that to me then the standard by which the preference of tends to be decidedtheories do notseem to be mistaken.


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That the contact theory, the peculiar changes experienced by the metals in liquids,

unexplained until now can, I'll admit right away, it does not quite herein far more than

the chemical theory, from which one can say the same. The attempts to provide

hypothetical explanations of the purposes of the chemical theory, the latter probably

can not count so much in favor of by tests like yourself very well could also hire

within the meaning of the contact theory by which something neither for nor againstthe matter can be decided. In Indemnified assumptions it will always be easy, any

thing to explain, but difficult to prove these assumptions to be reasonable.

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