About the Author

Wolfgang Maasberg started his careerat WOMA Germany in 1967. Soon hisfield of expertise resulted in demonstrat-ing to potential customers advancedhigh-pressure water tools and equip-ment (up to 10,000 psi). The 1968expansion of WOMA to the UnitedStates extended this activity into theAmericas.

Also involved in the applicationadvancements of commercial-industrialhydro-vac systems and rotary surfacecleaning equipment (25–600 hp),Wolfgang following WOMAs employ-ment utilized the newly developed high-pressure water tool variety for serviceproviders involved in the introduction ofapplication technologies to navy-marine, industrial and commercial businessidentities.

Providing commercial and industrial cleaning services integrating hazardouswaste abatement and dredging applications, paint coating removal, concretesurface abrasion-roughening and/or demolition applications the sewer, pipe, boilerand condenser maintenance criterion concluded the field of activity. Thedevelopment and prototyping of mobile hydro-vac systems, wastewaterrecovery, filtration and recycling equipment (18–300 hp) enriched the existingapplication variety.

Today, these successful technologies support an array of applicationsflourishing also within the lower horsepower ranges. Wolfgang developed his

W. Maasberg, Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing,Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-835-5,� Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012

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business model based on practical, hands-on experience applying experimental andmost up-to-date equipment and tooling varieties.

Recording all bid and practical job application aspects in the commercial andindustrial environment does sustain the constant expansion of the establishedbusiness model and correlating instructional manual.

578 About the Author

Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviationsand Symbols, Industrial LanguageDiscovery

Abrading Surface preparation of concrete, intended to roughen the surface profileof the concrete subsequent removing foreign material, UHP, hydro-blast andwater abrasive blasting are methods of surface abrading

Abrasive A fine granulated material used for hydro-abrasive blasting

Abrasive jet Solid-soluble abrasive particles admixed to a water jet

Abrasive water jetting-blasting-abrasives Admixed to one or more water jets ina venturi configuration

Absorption The uptake or absorbing of water, other fluids and dissolved chemical

Abatement Reducing the degree or intensity off, or eliminating pollution

Abatement debris Waste from remediation activities

ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, a common thermoplastic

Accumulator A pressure chamber absorbing-equalizing reciprocating p. pressure-cycles pulsations, and fluid mass-shock

In consideration acronyms, abbreviations and symbols directly pertain to theapplication criterion influenced by pressure-washing, hydro-blast and UHP jettingprocedures developed for commercial and industrial environments. This includestechnical standards for jetting equipment, commercial industrial manufacturinghardware and process. The commercial industrial language discovery also extendsinto books Index content revealing commercial and industry specific vocabularynot relating to a specific core application vocabulary found within the applicationregister criterion

W. Maasberg, Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing,Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-835-5,� Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012

579

Adhesion is called the bonding strength of a coating, the degree of attractionbetween a coating and substrate or between two coats of paint that are heldtogether by chemical–mechanical force

Adsorption Removal of pollutant from air or water by collecting the pollutant onthe surface of a solid material, treating waste in which activated carbon, nut-shells, etc. remove organic matter from wastewater

Adsorption (2) The result of an material (filter media) capable of extracting asubstance from a mixture of gases and/or liquids and gathering it on the surfaceof the media in an condensed layer, the process is not accompanied by physicalor chemical changes

Acid A corrosive solution with a pH less than 7, and has the ability to react withbases or alkalis in water solutions. Litmus paper turns red, a pH of 1 indicates asstrong acid. Orange-lemon juice and vinegar also contain acids. Specific acidsare applied for phosphatizing and aluminum brightening, concrete etching, etc.

Acid gas scrubber-air handling system To remove acid gas exhaust from var-ious industrial processes

Acid inhibitors Chemicals greatly reducing the attack of acids on metals,inhibitors may also prevent damage caused by acids

Acid resistant brick-tile Suitable for use in contact with chemicals, foodstuffs,etc; usually laid with acid resistant mortars

Acid resistant, cast iron pipe Cast iron pipe containing between 14.25 and 15%silicon, small amounts of manganese, sulfur and carbon manufactured in samedimensions as cast iron pipe

Acidic Said of igneous rocks (brick’s), containing more than 65% silica

Activated sludge A primary effluent is mixed with bacteria-laden sludge and thenagitated and aerated to promote biological treatment, speeding the breakdownof organic matter in raw sewage undergoing secondary waste treatment

acfm Actual cubic feet per minute

AC Alternating electric current that reverses its direction at regular intervals, thenumber of times per second the current completes its flow in both directions iscalled the frequency and given the unit in hertz (Hz)

ACM Asbestos containing materials

Aeration Exposes to circulating air, adds oxygen to the wastewater and allowsother trapped gases to escape, the first step in secondary treatment via activatedsludge

Aflatoxin Naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by two types of mold

580 Glossary

Agribusiness Agriculturally related businesses that supply farm inputs such asfertilizer or equipment or are involved in the marketing of farm products, suchas warehousing, processors, wholesalers, transporters and retailers

Agricultural pipe drain Porous or perforated pipes lay in a gravel filled trenchdraining subsoil

Aggregate Inert granular material such as natural or manufactured sand, gravel,crushed gravel and stone, vermiculite, perlite, air cooled blast furnace slagbound by concrete or mortar utilizing a matrix form or an inert granularmaterial that is added to gypsum plaster

Air pollution scrubber-system Built to remove contaminants from air, utilizingwater and/or chemicals

ALARA As low as reasonably achievable, a radiation safety principal for mini-mizing radiation doses

Alternator Alternating electric current generator

Algae Various aquatic plant life forms

Algae discoloration A type of roof discoloration caused by algae, commonlycalled fungus growth

Alkaline builders Starting with the strongest, caustic soda, sodium ortho-metasilicate, Trisodium phosphate, soda-ash, borax, bicarbonate of soda

Alkali Chemical substance such as potassium hydroxide or sodium carbonate thatneutralizes acid

Aluminum brightener An acidic cleaning solution, etching aluminum surfaces, abrightening effect

Ambient conditions The weather including air temperature, relative humidity,dew point and wind velocity

Anaerobic digester Vessel for digesting the organic matter in a waste treatmentplant by organisms which do not use oxygen

Anti siphon valve Utilized to prevent contamination of drinking water whenpump equipment is connected to city supply, equivalent to a check valve

Anodized aluminum (Anodic coating) A coating chemically bonded to an alu-minum surface to prevent oxidation

Atm Atmosphere

Asbestos abatement Procedures to control fiber release from asbestos containingmaterials in a buildingvessel or industrial property, to remove them entirely,encasement, encapsulation, repair, or enclosure

ASCS Air systems cleaning specialist

Glossary 581

Airless spraying A coating method utilizing hydraulic pressure between 2 and3,000 psi to atomize paint

Air band -air shutter A band or disc on a fuel burner that adjusts and regulatesair to combustion chamber

Artillery or shotgun fungus A growth identified by small black dots of varioussizes creating stubborn or permanent stains on most surfaces

Asphalt-based paints A specialized cut back asphalt product that can containsmall amounts of other materials such as lampblack aluminum flakes, ormineral pigments, they are used in water proofing operations and other similarapplications

Asphalt plastic cement Asphalt based sealant material meeting ASTM D4586type one or two used to seal and adhere roofing materials. Also called mastic,blackjack, roof tar and bull

Asphalt-concrete primer Asphalt–based primer used to prepare concrete andmetal for asphalt sealant applications

ASU Air separation unit

Atmospheric tanks Rectangular or cylindrical vertical or horizontal are used forliquids, whose vapor pressure is atmospheric or below at storage conditions

Autogenous flash point Called also self ignition flash-point or auto ignition, thetemperature at which a substance will self ignite. No outside source, flame orheat is required

Auto-start An automatic startup system built into some pressure washers andhydro-blast units configured so as to start up when a electric or pneumaticsignal a pressure drop or the trigger gun is operated

AWT Advanced wastewater treatment

Automatic cool-down Automatic shutdown sequence, continuous cool down ofheating coils preventing excessive calcium buildup

Back-flow valve To prevent contamination of city drinking water when utilizingcity water source as a hydrant or valve assembly

Bag-house unit Utilized for dust collection from massive air streams throughoutthe industrial-commercial environment it is the final portion of a dust collectionsystem

Ballast Water stored in tanks onboard ships utilized to trim and stabilize a vessel

Ball valve Is a quarter turn on-off valve

Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate

Bar A metric unit of pressure

582 Glossary

Barrier coatings A layer of a material that obstructs or prevents passage ofsomething through a surface that is to be protected

Baume Baume scale is a measure of a solution’s specific gravity not itsconcentration

Bentonite A colloidal clay commonly used to provide a tight seal around a wellcasing, soil remediation-stabilization and honing applications

Bio-accumulation The increase in concentration of toxic chemicals heavy metals,and certain pesticides in plants and animals as they take in contaminated air,water, nutrition or food

Biodegradable A natural process by which an organic or carbon containingmaterial is decomposed by Micro-organisms producing carbon dioxide, waterand inorganic salts

Befouling Biological encrustation of surfaces in seawater by flora and barnacles

Biological monitoring By means of living organisms to test the quality of eithereffluent to be discharged into receiving waters or waters downstream from adischarge

Biomass Is anything derived from plant or animal matter and includes agricul-tural, forestry waste and energy crops. It is burnt as fuel, or combustible oils areextracted from it

Bioremediation Use of living organismsnormally bacteria, bugs, snails, etc. toalter a compound into a non-hazardous substance, also applied to clean up oilspills or remove-convert other pollutants from soil, water, or waste water

Biosecurity Agricultural practices intended to reduce or prevent the introductionof infectious disease on a farm or other production facility

bbl/day Barrels per day

Blackwater Water that contains animal human or food waste

Blasting pressure Pressure usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) orkilo Pascal (kPa)

Bleach A product that will whiten, brighten and remove stains on wood, hard andporous surfaces

Blow-down valve A valve as utilized on car tires to introduce compressed air todewater pump equipment

Blushing A dulling effect caustics and acids can have on finished or paintedsurfaces seen often as a ‘‘whitening agent’’

Blush rust First formation of iron oxide found on a steel surfaces followingexposure to high-pressure water coating removal-cleaning applications by thepassivated surfaces to moisture

Glossary 583

BTU British thermal unit-unit of heat energy equal to the amount of heat requiredto raise the temperature of 1 pound off water by 1�F at sea level

BMP Best management practice(s)

Burst pressure The pressure at which a component will fail

BFW Boiler feed water

Brackish Mixed fresh and salt water

Brick-stone beam Several courses of bricks or stones (lintel) held together byiron straps

Bridge deck The portion of a bridge that provides direct support for vehicle andpedestrian traffic

Brush-off blast cleaning A blast-cleaning standard with the lowest qualityrequirements

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand: biological oxygen demand

Boson’s chair A suspended device from a single cable or rope for use by a singleindividual in sitting position

Bottom ash Non-airborne combustion residue from burning pulverized coal in aboiler

Boiling point Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or Centigrade at which anygiven liquid bubbles or gives off vapors

Boot-top Area on the exterior hull of a ship between the light load line and thedeep load line

Bore-pump The diameter of a pumps piston or plunger

Builder A material that enhances or maintains the cleaning efficiency of thesurfactant in a detergent

Buffer Compounds when contained in a solution causes the solution to resistchange in pH

Bug hole Irregular or regular cavities usually not exceeding 15 mm in diameter,resulting from entrapment of air bubbles in formed concrete surfaces

Burnish Polish or rubbing to a smoother or glossier surface

Burst-plate Burst plate assembly; a safety device installed to the discharge side ofa hydro-blast system and is generally only activated when accidentallyexceeding pumps operating pressure by one third before a catastrophic platefailure will explosively eliminate system pressure and possibly the full watervolume produced (never ever exchange burst plate with a penny nickel orquarter)

584 Glossary

Burner Burner blows fuel over the electric arc igniting a flame inside of coilassembly

Burner gun Removable assembly within an oil burner housing that typicallycontains oil line nozzle adapter, nozzle, static pressure plate/fins, electrodesupport and electrodes

Burner drawer assembly Same as burner gun

Butadiene styrene (Acrylonitrile) ABS is a common thermoplastic used to makelight rigid molded products

By-pass Water flow diverted from a pumps pressure side to the suction side

By-pass plug A small plug that must be installed in a commonly used version of aoil burner fuel pump if the pump is to be used in a to pipe system (suction andreturn)

CCTV Closed-Circuit TV

Cadmium Toxic cadmium compounds have been used as color pigments oftenmixed with other heavy metal compounds

Calcium carbonate Insoluble compound that results from the reaction of sodiumor potassium carbonate especially in hot water soluble with acid

Calcium carbonates-2 An environmentally friendly powder-light abrasive usedwith high-pressure water as blast-cleaning agent correctly applied withoutdamaging or adversely affecting stone surfaces

Calcium hypochlorite Specific chlorine bleach used in deck cleaning productsalso marginally effective against mildew

Calcium oxide Chemical name for lime or quick lime

CAFOs Facilities with a capacity of 2,500 or more swine subject by the EPA topoint source pollution permit requirements

Carbon dioxide percentage When measured in oil or gas burner flu-gas indicatesefficiency of combustion

Catwalk A often narrow walkway to facilitate plant structure access

Caulk To fill and joint with mastic or asphalt cement to prevent leaks

Caustic Strong alkaline substances eroding many types of materials with a pHgenerally greater than 12.5 (sodium hydroxide). Caustic materials have a cor-rosive effect on human tissue

Caustic embrittlement Corrosion from acidic media couples’ with internal stressto form a brittle alloy particular at grain boundaries. This causes reducedductility and metal failure, if the metal is subject to bending stress

Glossary 585

Cavity flashing A sheet of waterproofing material installed across the gap of acavity wall can be of ferrous or nonferrous continuous material

Cavitation The formation and implosion (collapse) of gas bubbles created withinthe contact area of an high velocity water stream causing metal pitting,sometimes deformation on high pressure water valves, plungers etc.

Cavitation damage (2) The pitting of concrete caused by implosion (collapse) ofgasses bubbles in high velocity flowing water

C� Degrees Celsius metric scale of temperature

Class ‘‘A’’ The highest fire-resistance for roofing as per ASTM E-108 indicatingroofing is able to withstand severe exposure to fire originating from sourcesoutside the building

Class ‘‘B’’ Fire-resistance rating that indicates roofing materials are able towithstand moderate exposure to fire originating from sources outside thebuilding

Cloud point The temperature a detergent-concentrate or solution separate intotwo distinct phases

Cleaning units An arbitrary measure of effectiveness which is the product of psiand gpm resulting from? an actual horsepower input, arbitrary due to nozzledesign efficiency and stand off distances to various surfaces

Cleanser A powdered cleaning product usually containing an abrasive, surfactantand sometimes a bleach

Clean Water Act The principal law governing pollution of the nation’s riverslakes, estuaries and coastal waters

CCR Central contractor registration is the primary registrant database for the USFederal Government

CAA Clean air act—federal law governing efforts to control air pollution

CGCC Coal gasification combined cycle

CCI Cotton council international

CEM Continuous emission monitoring

CERCLA Comprehensive environmental response compensation, and liabilityact

Check valve Allows flow-through in one direction only

Chlorination In wastewater treatment plants used as a pretreatment to keepeffluent from turning septic

CH4 Methane

586 Glossary

Chelating A substance has the ability to chemically bind calcium and/or mag-nesium ions to form a water-soluble third substance

Chiller Cools a fluid to a temperature below that obtainable if water only wereused as a coolant utilizing a refrigerant such as ammonia or freon

CIP Clean-in-place system and procedure

CIPP Cured-in-place pipe lining

CMU Concrete masonry units smooth or split-faced concrete block walls

CMRS Certified microbial remediation supervisor

Coils Mounted in vertical or horizontal position transferring heat from fire sidearea to the high-pressure water and only when in operation

Combustible liquid A liquid with a flashpoint above 148�F but less than 200�F

Combination machine Equipment that can function as a cold and hot pressure-washer and/or steam cleaner

Combined-cycle system Utilizes gas from heating coal which operates a com-bustion turbine connected to a generator and the exhaust gases from this turbineheat water that in turn operating a steam powered generator

Clarifier A clarifier is a active process tank that allows solids to settle out ofsolution

Cooler Cools liquids or gases by means of water

C.O.C. and C.C.C. Cleveland open or closed cup method to establish and expressthe flash-point or fire-point of a substance

COD Chemical oxygen demand

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

Complex phosphates Utilized in detergents to overcome water hardness to breakup and suspend water-insoluble material,

Condenser Condenses a vapor or mixture of vapors

Contactor A heavy-duty relay that allows a low power control signal to turn on/off a much higher power load

Corrosion inhibitor A product in a cleaner that protects against an attack on metal orliving tissue or inhibits a discoloration of aluminum, magnesium, zinc and chrome

Crevice A narrow opening or fissure

CSS Chloride scrubbing system

Glossary 587

CTB Coal tar pitch cementitious solid that is obtained as a residue in the partialevaporation or fractional distillation of coal tar and used in coatings, paint,roads, roofing, coal briquettes, and sealants

Coal tar A tar that contains polycyclic aromatic compounds and is produced bythe destructive distillation of bituminous coal

CT Combustion turbine

CFM Cubic feet per minute

CFR Code of Federal Regulations (www.access.gop.gov/nara/cfr)

CFSAN Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (vm.cfsan.fda.gov/list.htm)

Conveyance loss Water loss in pipes channels, conduits, ditches and surfaces byleakage or evaporation

Cut-back A coating binder as coal tar or asphalt in an organic solvent to provideeasy application

CVI Certified ventilation system inspector

CWA Clean water act 1972

CWS Cooling water supply

CWR cooling water return

DBB Double block and bleed

Decontamination Removal of harmful substances such as noxious chemicals,harmful bacteria or other organisms, or radioactive material from room,equipment and structural surfaces

Deflocculating The breaking up of solid soil aggregate into small particles to beflushed

Degreaser A product that emulsifies grease and oil

Demulsify Breaking down an emulsion of its insoluble material forming a sep-arate layer (oil–water)

Dermal toxicity The ability of a pesticide or toxic chemical to poison people bycontact with the skin

Descaling High-pressure water cleaning technique for removal of hard waterdeposits detergents or chemicals from interior of a condenser or heat transfertubes

Descaling pump Acid resistant pump circulating acid solution through a boiler orheating coils

dB Decibel(s)

588 Glossary

Density A measure of how heavy a specific volume of a solid liquid, or gas is incomparison to water

Deflagration Dispersion of dust particles in sufficient quantity and concentrationwhich can cause a rapid combustion if the event is confined by an enclosure asbuilding vessel or equipment and ignited by heat, flame or static electricity

Deflocculating agent A material added to a suspension to prevent settling

Degasification A water treatment that removes dissolved gases from the water

Demineralization A treatment process that removes dissolved minerals fromwater

DEQ Department of environmental quality

Dew point The temperature at which a gas or air at atmospheric pressure issaturated with a condensable component

Digester A large cylindrical vertical pressure vessel, where wood chips aresteamed with caustic cooking solutions

Dilution ratio That amount of water mixed with a chemical

Direct belt drive Refers to the transfer of power between motor and pump

Direct current (DC) Electric current that flows in one direction only such as thebattery current

Diaphragm pump A positive displacement pump

Dissolved solids The quantity of dissolved material in parts per million (ppm)

DOC Dissolved organic carbons

DOE Department of Energy

Double acting plunger, piston A pump design in which fluid is discharged duringboth directions of stroke

Down-fired burner Oil burner that fires downward into a vertical heating coil

Downstream The pressure-discharge side of every pressure washer or hydro-blastequipment

Downstream injector Chemical injector installed on the pressure-discharge sideof any pressure-washer

Double lance-wand Manually variable-adjustable pressure wand with chemicalapplicator nozzle-jetting

Draft diverter Utilized in a flue discharge diverting possible downdraft allowscombustion gases to escape from the equipment regardless of flue draft con-ditions and preventing back-draft from entering the combustion chamber and/orcontrols excessive up-draft in flue by drawing air through the diverter, rather

Glossary 589

than through the combustion chamber, generally a draft hood provides the samefunction

Drip leg A gravity sediment and condensate collection by a vertical pipe installedbefore pipe enters a gas-fired appliance

Drum kit A prepackaged quantity of concentrated chemical which can be dilutedwith water to equal a 55 gallon drum of normal strength chemical

Dry Rot Wood rot caused by certain fungi dry rot can result from condensationbuild-up, dry rot will not remain localized and can damage any lumber touchingthe affected area

Dryvit A registered trade name for exterior siding known as EIFS referred to assynthetic stucco (pressure sensitive)

Dry steam Steam that does not contain velocity transferring water droplets

DSI Pilot-less ignition system for gas burners a direct spark ignition

[ Interior diameter

D-U-N-S Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) provides a unique nine digit identificationnumber for each physical location of your business location

Dump-gun A trigger gunwhich switches the water flow from nozzle orifice two amuffled nozzle orifice of equal size within the gun housing or dumps thepressurized water directly to atmosphere

Dwell time The active penetrating time necessary for a chemical application to asurface before pressure-washing hydro-blasting, rinsing and/or substrate neu-tralization commences

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

Effluent Wastewater treated or untreated that flows out of a treatment plant sewer,or industrial discharge, generally refers to waste discharge into surface water

Effluent limitations Restrictions established by a State or EPA on quantities ratesand concentrations in wastewater discharges

Eaves Lower edge of a sloping roof of a building which projects beyond the wall

Eaves fascia The vertical board attach to the end of roof rafters

EIFS Exterior insulation low-maintenance synthetic-stucco wall finish-systems(water jet sensitive)

Environmental site assessment the process of determining whether contamina-tion is present on parcel or real property

Enclosure Putting an airtight impermeable, permanent barrier around asbestoscontaining materials, to prevent the release of asbestos fibers into the air

590 Glossary

Emulsifier A chemical that aids in suspending one liquid in another usually anorganic chemical in an aqueous solution (water)

Emulsification The breaking up fats oils, grease and other soils into small par-ticles which are then suspended in water

Entrain To trap bubbles in water either mechanically through turbulence orchemically through a reaction

Environmental exposure Human exposure to pollutants originating from facilityemissions threshold levels are not necessarily surpassed, low-level chronicpollutant exposure, one of the most common forms of environmental exposures

Elastomeric Materials having rubber like properties

Electrode An insulated conductor that carries high voltage for ignition from therear area of an burner gun to the combustion area. They are usually used in pairswith ignition spark occurring between them located near the fuel nozzle (in fuelvapor-spray)

Electrostatic static precipitator Is a device that gives coal dust particles anelectric charge to be attracted to a collector plate precipitators help to preventair pollution

Equivalent orifice size The orifice of a qualified jetting nozzle is not a roundhole. Various nozzles performance charts list the relevant orifice size which isthe diameter capacity of a round hole (water passage)

Etching A solution reacting with a surface it is on and either removes a micro-scopic layer of the metal or dissolves-dulls glass

Evaporation pond Areas where sewage, industrial liquid waste is pumped ordumped and dried

Exposure level The amount (concentration) of chemicals at the absorptive humanskin surfaces

Exposure concentration The concentration of a chemical or other pollutantrepresenting a health threat in a given environment

Exposure assessment Identifying the pathways by which toxins may reachindividuals, estimating how much of a chemical an individual is likely to beexposed to and estimating the number likely to be exposed

Exposure pathway The pass from sources of pollutants via, soil, water, clothing,and or food to humans

Excess air Air supply to a burner over and above what is needed for combustion

Fabric filter A cloth device that catches dust particles from industrial emissions(bag house)

Ft.2 Square-foot

Glossary 591

�F Degrees Fahrenheit the scale of temperature used in the United States

Farrow-to-finish A confinement operation where pigs are bred and raised to theirslaughter weight

Fascia girder Exposed outermost girder of a structure often treated architectur-ally providing an attractive appearance

FCOJ Frozen concentrated orange juice

Filters and strainers Intended to protect fluid end (pump head) by removing highvelocity contaminants extending valve bodies plunger-packing surfaces andnozzle offices operational cycle

FDA Food and Drug Administration

Feed lot A confined area for the controlled feeding of animals

Ferric iron corrosion A form of galvanic corrosion in which the reduction of ironIII (Ferric) to iron II (Ferrous) is coupled to oxidation of iron 0 (metal) to iron II(Ferrous)

FGD Flu-gas desulphurization process

Fillers Ingredient that adds weight volume and/or lower the cost of a chemicalproduct

Fines Crushed or powdered material such as blast abrasive residual

Fire point Temperature at which vapors of a solvent will ignite and continue toburn when the external source of flame is removed

Filter A porous material through which a fluid is past to remove matter insuspension

Flash point The temperature at which vapors of a solvent will ignite when anexternal source of flame is introduced

Flash rusting Occurs on metal within minutes to a few hours after hydro-blastcleaning procedures

Flow-actuated unloader Often incorporating a pressure regulation capabilitypermitting continuous jetting operations when maintaining trigger gun in openor water jetting operation. Stopping water flow in the high-pressure hose andtrigger gun assembly (closed trigger position) diverts-bypasses and returnspumps continuously produced water volume from valve body directly to suc-tion-float tank and this preferably under near negative pressure creating theleast possible water turbulence-air saturation and heat

Flow switch An electric switch with the provision to sense fluid flow

Float tank-suction tank The water tank on a pressure-washer or hydro-blast unit.The water level is maintained by a float valve or sensor regulating water supply

592 Glossary

receiving recycled water from pump head and pressure regulators or flowactuated Unloader. Suction tanks also reduce waters air-gas saturation andtemperature before returning to the pressure cycle of equipment

Float valve Operates by buoyancy of a float attached to a lever arm in operationmaintaining fluid level of suction tank

Flow The amount of water forced through the pressure-washer hydro-blast orUHP equipment measured in gpm and for steam cleaning equipment in gph

fpm Feet per minute

Flue-gas desulphurization system or scrubber is the device that removes morethan 90% of the sulfur dioxide emissions from the burning process of coal

Flue gas desulphurization Employs a sorbent usually lime or limestone, toremove sulfur dioxide from the gases produced by burning fossil fuels

Fly-ash The airborne combustion residue from burning coal or other fuels

FSIS Food Safety and Inspection Compliance services USDA

FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy- can be used to identify thegeneric resin of existing coatings. Most coatings are carbon based revealing in atest procedure their organic make-up

Food borne illnesses Human illnesses caused by food borne pathogens

Food borne pathogens Disease causing microorganisms, usually bacteria, fungi,parasites, protozoan and viruses

Fuel pump A fuel pump is used to pressurize fuel oil vaporizing-atomizing oilthrough burner nozzle

g Gram(s)

Gables Triangular portion of the end of a building having a double sloping rooffrom the level of the cornice or eave to the ridge of the roof

gal Gallons

Galvanic corrosion Metal corrosion that occurs because of an electric contactwith a more noble metal or nonmetallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte

Gas jet Gas orifice

Gas orifice A fixed size gas nozzle incorporating air inlet holes and a mixing tube

Gate valve Screw action from a handle shaft to move a solid gate across the flowpath to shut of flow

Glossary 593

Gate A door or mechanical device utilized on locks and dams to control passageof water

Gasification Conversion of solid materials such as coal into gas for use as a fuel

General corrosion Uniform metal loss from entire exposed metal surface thisform of corrosion is often the result of metal exposure to strong acids

Generator A burner requires either a 12 V direct current or 120 V alternatingcurrent to develop the electric arc

Germicide Any agent that will kill bacteria especially those causing disease

GFCI Ground fault circuit interrupter same as GFI

Gloeocapsa magma is a species of cyanobacteria this particular algae feeds onlimestone present in asphalt shingles, etc.

Gooseneck A portion of a water service connection between the distributionsystem a water main and a water meter (pig tail)

Governor A regulator devise used on internal combustion engine to maintainconstant engine speed with variable loads often applied to avoid installation of aflow actuated Unloader

GPM Gallons per minute

GPH Gallons per hour

Graving dock A fixed basin for dry-docking ships composed of reinforced con-crete, steel sheet pile, or masonry near waterways

GTC Gasification Technologies Council

Graying The bleaching and drying out of a wood surface produced by sun’s rays

Gravity feed Suction conditions for a pump where pumped water is drawn from areservoir or tank higher than pumps suction inlet

Gray water Domestic wastewater composed of wash water from kitchen bath-room, laundry sinks, tubs and washers

Gun or trigger-gun A pistol like handle with a hand sized trigger assembly(on/off) ergonomically designed to effectively distribute nozzles-lance recoilforces upon operator incorporating a valve mechanism to shut off a water jet atwill. Dump-gun designs only internally divert systems high-pressure water to aguns low-pressure side, thus eliminating recoil forces

HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (www.cfsan.fda.gov/*lrd/haccp.html)

Hale concrete Concrete whole from defects micro fractures, disease, anddeformities

594 Glossary

Hardness Natural water characteristic due to the presence of dissolved calciumand magnesium

HASMAT Hazardous Material Regulations

HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations Emergency Response

HAZCOM U.S. regulation governing hazardous chemicals in the workplace

HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning systems or processes

Hazardous waste Any solid waste that is ignitable, explosive, reactive or toxicand which may pose a substantial hazard to human health and safety or to theenvironment when improperly managed

Heating coil Metal coil tubing used in pressure washer and hydro-blast equipmentconveying heat to pressurized flowing water

Heat exchanger Performs a double function by heating a cold fluid utilizing a hotfluid which it cools

High limit switch Senses excessively high water discharge temperatures reducingor turning off heat generation

HP-WC High-pressure water cleaning is performed at pressures from 70 to207 MPa 5,000–30,000 psi with or without the addition of other liquids orabrasives, to remove unwanted matter from various surfaces. Where the termhigh-pressure water cleaning is used without further qualification, it is con-sidered to be describing hydro-blast or water jetting operations below30,000 psi (2,041 bar)

High-pressure water cleaning Hydro-blasting water blasting

Hg Vacuum level measured in terms of inches of mercury (Hg). One standardatmosphere equals 14.69 psia (29.92 in-Hg) any fraction of an atmosphere is apartial vacuum and equals with negatives gauge pressure. A torr is defined as1/760 of an atmosphere and can also be thought of as 1 mm-Hg where 760 mm-Hg equals 29.92’’ in.-Hg. Even smaller is the micron, defined as 0.001 torr

Hydraulic horsepower Pressure derived at a jetting nozzle = psi 9 gpm: 1714

Hydro-blasting-1 Hydro-blasting is derived from the German language hydro-dynamic—fluid forming

Hydro-blasting-2 Strahlläppen-combined with US dictionaries explanation forblasting

Hydro-blasting-3 Blasting—a forcible stream of water (steam) from an openingtherefore = ‘‘Hydro-blasting’’ expression developed in 1967 by WolfgangMaasberg, Jr. commissioned and approved by Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. identi-fying his high-pressure water as a tool technique to the North American market

Glossary 595

in 1968 at 5–10,000 psi today identifying applications performed at equipmentoperating pressures of 70–207 MPa, 5,000–30,000 psi or (340–2.041 bar)

Hydraulic cement That sets and hardens by chemical interaction with waterbeing capable of doing so under water

Hydrocarbons Any of a large class of organic compounds containing only carbonand hydrogen crude oil and natural gas are often referred to as hydrocarbons orhydrocarbon fuels

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) One of the most potent acids available HF cleans alu-minum by disintegration

Hydrogen embrittlement Corrosion from acidic media couples with internalstress to form a brittle alloy particularly at grain boundaries. This causesreduced ductility and metal failure if the metal is subject to bending stress

Hydrolysis Chemical reaction in which water reacts with another substance toform one or more new substances

Hydrophilic Having an affinity for water in accepting or wetting and/or capableof uniting with or dissolving in water

Hypochlorite In sodium salt form the active bleaching ingredient in liquidchlorine bleach H2O water

H2S Hydrogen sulfide

H2SO4 Sulfuric acid

Horizontal machine A pressure-washer in which the axis of the heating coil ishorizontal

Horsepower hp, the measure of the rate that work is done, 1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s;1 hp = 746 w; 1 hp = 42.4 Btu/min;

hp High-pressure

hr Hour(s)

HRSG Heat recovery steam generator

HTHRU High-temperature heat recovery unit

IAQA Indoor air quality association

ID Inside diameter of a hollow round hole such as in a nozzle pipe-lance or high-pressure hose fitting

IDEM Indiana Department of Environmental Management

Igniter, solid-state A solid-state device used to convert a DC or AC voltagesupply to high voltage in order to provide ignition spark

Inert A material that will not react to a particular cleaning compound

596 Glossary

Inhibition The process in which a thin-film organic compound is deposited on ametal surface reducing the corrosion potential of the metal while the metal isexposed to an oxidizing environment after pressure washing, hydro-blasting orUHP application procedures

Inches mercury (in. Hg.) 1 in. Mercury is the pressure at the bottom of a columnof mercury 1 in. deep (1 Hg. = � psi)

Inches water column (in. W.C.) 1 in. water column is the pressure at the bottomof a column of water 1 inch deep (1 psi = 27.700 W. C.)

Inorganic Any material not made with carbon except carbon dioxide andcarbonates

Impact nozzle Nozzle employed by a steam cleaner wand which covers pressureproduced by nozzle with a tapered steam expansion nozzle

Injection ratio Is the rate of chemical injected into a water stream the ratio ofwater to the ratio of chemical flow

Intensifier pump A hydraulic driven double piston pump the pressure increase ofwater at multiple hydraulic pressures Ø ø

IPM Integrated pest management

IPP Independent power producer

IRM Integrated resource management

ISEP Ion separation unit

Isocyanate Are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and diphenylmethane diisocyanate(MDI) a reactive material for polyurethane manufacturing

Jar Test A laboratory procedure that simulates a water treatment plant’s coagu-lation/flocculation units with differing chemical doses, mix speeds and settlingtimes to estimate the minimum or ideal coagulation dose required

kg kilogram(s)

Kilowatt A unit of power equal to 1,000 w

kW kilowatt(s)

Laitance A weak and nondurable material containing cement and fines bleedingfrom aggregates

Lance-wand Various lengths of tubing used to clean heat exchangers and/orretain water jetting nozzles to a trigger gun (wand)

Leaching The process by which chemicals are dissolved and transported throughthe soil by percolating water

LEL Lower explosive limit

Glossary 597

LFL Lower flammable limit

lb or lbs Pound or pounds

Lime Calcium-carbonate appears as hard white deposits inside of hot water pipingderived from hard water and as various discolored residues on surfaces in needof cleaning

Liter (L) Liter a metric unit of volume measure (1 gallons = 3.79 L)

Litmus test The use of litmus paper to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a watersolution (pH)

LNG Liquefied natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -160�(Celsius) at atmospheric pressure it condenses to a liquid. This liquid takes up600 times less than the volume of gas

Lotus effect The measure of resistance to the wetting of a surface on a nanoscalea rough surface more hydrophobic than a smooth surface reducing contact areabetween water droplet and surface

Locking type Unloader Utilizes operating pressure to unload and bypass waterback to suction tank while maintaining static operating pressure within high-pressure hose and trigger gun assembly

Lockout The means to protect workers from injury or death caused by accidentalstartup or the release of stored energy from equipment

LP–WC Low pressure water cleaning-performed at pressures less than 34 MPa–5,000 psi up to 25 hp and is also called ‘‘power washing’’ or ‘‘pressure wash-ing’’, NACE-SSPC-WJTA

LOX Liquid oxygen

LP Low-pressure

LP Gas Liquefied petroleum gas

LPG Liquefied petroleum gas is usually propane or butane and is derived from oil

LTHRU Low temperature heat recovery unit

Magneto An alternator with permanent magnets generating current to drive a highvoltage ignition coil commonly used to generate ignition spark for smallengines and sometimes oil burner ignitions

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) A government required form that must beon file for each chemical manufactured describing the hazards precautions andingredients present within the formulation

Manifest A form used by haulers transporting waste that lists EPA identificationnumbers type and quantity of waste, the generator it originated from, the

598 Glossary

transporter that shipped it and the storage or disposal facility to which it is beingshipped. It includes copies for all participants in the shipping process

Manifest system Tracking of hazardous waste from ‘‘cradle-to-grave’’ (genera-tion through disposal) with accompanying documents known as manifests

Masonite Siding resembling a wood grain surface but is a composite materialconsisting of wood and various alternative fibers bound by resins

Masonry Primer An asphalt-based primer used to prepare masonry surfaces forbonding with other asphalt products

mg milligram

Metering pump An accurate positive displacement pump that can be constant orintermittently operated at various specific adjustable chemical flow rates

Metering valve Generally a venturi operated valve adjusting chemical flow rateby mechanical restriction

Methyl methacrylate Polymerization to produce various polymers clear plastics,molding putty, etc.

Micro-switch Small momentary electric action switch

min Minute(s)

Mildew-mold Plantlike growth visually identifiable as small black dots or grayishdark patches often when active also green in appearance

Millimeter (mm) One-thousandth of a meter (metric) 100 = 25.4 mm

Mill scale The various oxides of iron formed in the milling of iron and steel

MSW Municipal solid waste

MW Megawatt(s)

MWe Megawatt(s)-electric

MWH Megawatt-h(s)

Modified bitumen Rolled roofing membrane with polymer modified asphalt andeither polyester or fiberglass reinforcement

MSH A scale of hardness named after F. Mohs, German mineralogist 1773–1839

Mohs Scale A scale of hardness used in mineralogy the degrees increasing inhardness, is: talc 1; gypsum 2; calcite 3; fluorite 4; apatite 5; feldspar 6; quartz7; topaz 8; sapphire 9; diamond 10’

Moleing US interpretation for Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. 1958–1960 patented tubedrain, pipe, conduit and sewer cleaning technique by various self propellingnozzles affixed to an hp-hose assembly

Glossary 599

Mopping To apply hot asphalt or coat tar using a hand mop or mechanicalapplicator

MRF Material recovery system

Multi pass coil Heating coil configuration permitting combustion gases to passalong the length of the coil more than once in different directions

Muriatic acid An acid used to remove concrete and mortar also called hydro-chloric acid

NAAQS National ambient air quality standards

ND Non-detectable

Needle valve Some applications justify the irregular utilization of an compara-tively inexpensive high-pressure needle valve assembly permitting its manualpressure regulation as in the function of a bypass valve (never ever operate as apressure regulator)

NESHAPS National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NETL National Energy Technology Laboratory

N2 Nitrogen gas

NH3 Ammonia

NiO Nickel oxide

NO�NO2�NOx Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides

Nozzle number Orifice size designation for a nozzle manufacturer identifyinggpm-psi performance criteria what subsequent horsepower prerequisites

NP None-prior proprietary

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (permit)

NPT National pipe taper-thread

Number 1 and number 2 Fuel oil normally used in oil fired pressure washers.Number one essentially kerosene, number two oil, essentially home heating oilor diesel fuel. When sold as diesel fuel a variety of additives are present

NV Non-visible contamination is the presence of organic matter, such as a verythin film of oil or grease and/or soluble ionic materials such as chlorides,ferrous salts and sulfates remaining on a substrate after water removal orevaporation-drying procedure

OD Outside diameter, the external diameter of a round object such as a pipe,drain, piston, hose or nozzle

600 Glossary

ODP Open drip proof, electric motor construction resistant to dripping fromabove

O&M Operating and maintenance

OEM Original equipment manufacturer

Open gun A pressure washing, hydro-blasting or UHP gun operating a triggeractivity to open position

O2 Oxygen, gas

Orangeburg pipe Two varieties exist, one with homogeneous solid walls, andone with laminated walls, cellulose fibers (wood, etc.) impregnated with hotcoal/tar pitch, today considered obsolete but still in service, manufactured byfiber conduit company in Orangeburg USA, today replaced by PVC

Organic A substance composed of hydrogen and carbon

Over the ditch Pipeline work that is executed after the pipeline is welded toge-ther but before lowering into the trench

OWM Office of wastewater management

Oxalic acid based wood brightener Unique in removing stains formed by ironscrews, nails and tap water, lightens the graying effect from environmentalexposure to wood

Oxygen deficiency Low oxygen in atmosphere generally below 19.5% is a healthhazard

Pancake Coil A coil in which the pipe is wound in a flat spiral, more commonlydesigned in one or more pancakes situated on the outlet side of a heating coil

Packing The seal between a pump plunger and cylinder

Passivation A process which involves the deposit of a metal compound film onthe surface of the same metal reducing the corrosion potential of the surfaceafter pressure washing, hydro-blasting or UHP cleaning procedures

Pasting A process which suppresses, fuses and seals or confines industrial dustand powder like products

PEL Permissible exposure limits

Permeability The rate at which liquids pass-through soil or other materials in aspecified direction

Peptizing The breaking up of solid particles into extremely small particles to asize as to mimic a true solution

Pharmaceutical manufacturing process Any process involving the manufac-turing of pharmaceutical products, and intermediates, including but not limitedto the following operations: manufactured by chemical synthesis, separation of

Glossary 601

medical chemicals including but not limited to antibiotics and vitamins frommicro organisms, manufacturing of botanical and biological product by theextraction of organic chemicals from vegetative materials or animal tissuesand/or the formulation of pharmaceutical into various dosage forms, such ascapsules, inject-able solutions, or ointment form, etc

Phenolic resin Can include any of various synthetic thermosetting resins such asBakelite obtained by the reaction of phenols with simple aldehydes such asformaldehyde, for producing coatings adhesives, countertops and moldedproducts, etc

Pickling Cleaning of metal oxides from metal surfaces applying acidic solutionsbefore further processing of the metal

Piston cup Piston seal between piston and cylinder

Piston pump A pump in which the high-pressure seals are part of the movingpiston

Pitch diameter The diameter of a pulley the v-belt makes drive contact

Pitting Non-uniform distribution of corrosion potential across a metal surfacewhich results in a selective attack on areas of high corrosion potential

P& IDs Piping and instrument drawings

pH The relative acidity and alkalinity of water or chemical solution from 0 to 14(potential of hydrogen) The term pH tells how many hydrogen atoms (H+) arein a liquid, pH of 7.0 is neutral, higher values indicate increasing alkalinity andlower values indicate increasing acidity

Plating A form of galvanic corrosion in which a more active metal is oxidizedfrom its metallic state to a dissolved ion, while a less active metal is reducedfrom dissolved ion to a metallic solid

Plastic yield The yield point of drilling mud measures the pressure necessary fordrilling mud to flow

Plunger-pump A pump in which the high-pressure packing is part of the sta-tionary cylinder assembly

Pollution Contamination of air, water, land or other natural resources, creating anuisance or harmful to public health and livestock, wild animals, birds, fish orother life

Pressure gauge Gauges are liquid-filled (oil–glycerin) to dampen reciprocatingpumps pressure fluctuations, gauges are reliable when operated within the �range off their indicated pressure range

Positive displacement pump Within its operating range there is a fixed relationbetween input shafts rpm and volume of liquid pumped

602 Glossary

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

Phosphatized Metal surfaces, chemically treated with an acidic phosphate solu-tion, providing an protective coating on metal surfaces. Applied as a corrosioninhibitor and surface treatment for enhanced paint adhesion

Phosphoric acid An inorganic acid that is commonly used for metal cleaning andrust removal

Pot-holing Uncovering buried utilities to visibly confirm their location before anytype of excavating or construction commences

Polycarbonate Thermoplastic polymers, which are easily worked or molded orthermoformed

Polyvinyl chloride Commonly abbreviated as PVC, most widely used thermo-plastic polymer after polyethylene, and polypropylene

Polyvinyl acetate PVA is a rubbery synthetic polymer utilized to manufacturewood glue and adhesives, etc.

Poultice method Removal of deep set stains, by a soft moist mass (slurry orpaste), pooled with various cleaning agents causing the stain extraction

Pop-off valve A safety device, relieving pressure and water volume explosivelyby safely abolishing all designed restrictions

POTW Publicly owned treatment works (permit)

PMOC PMCC Pansy’s Martins Open and Closed Cup methods of establishingand expressing flash and fire points used by refineries in particular

PM Preventive maintenance

PMP Project management plan

ppm Part(s) per million (mass) commonly used to represent the level of pollutantconcentrations where concentrations are small

ppb Parts per billion, units commonly used to establish the maximum permissibleamount of a contaminant in water or air

Precipitating builder A chemical water softener converting hardness in mineralsto an insoluble form

Precipitate The process in which an insoluble solid formed by chemical reactionin a solution falls to the bottom of the reaction vessel

Pre-mix Chemical mixing process of concentrates, prior to application

Pressure Amount of force per unit of area over which the force is acting as psiand bar and does not relate to cleaning effectiveness of an orifice or nozzle

Glossary 603

Pressure actuated Unloader An Unloader that switches to the bypass modewhen its discharge pressure is slightly surpassed such as for instance whenclosing the trigger mechanism on a pressure-washing, hydro-blast or UHP gun.Can be an air, hydraulic, mechanical or pressure trapping function. Can alsoincorporate an automatic or manual pressure regulation

Pressure cleaning The use of high-pressure water, with or without other sub-stances with pump pressures below 5,000 psi at max 25 hp

Pressure controls Pressure–volume relief valves, regulators, Unloader’s andburst plates must only be serviced by qualified personal

Pressure feed Pressure washer supply a direct feed, generally tap pressure range50–90 psi, and often not sufficient in gpm performance for commercialequipment requiring a charge tank

Pressure regulator Maintains a set psi configuration with varying flow rates andinlet pressures

Pressure spike A minute pressure surge that occurs, in an unloader’s dischargeside actuating the bypass mechanism

Pressure relief valve Installed to pump head’s discharge side, preventing pres-sures exceeding rated maximum operating pressure of pump (equipment). Caremust be taken, because various available units will not permit the full passageof produced water volume. Most often critical when plungers are exchanged fora higher water volume configuration (change of application), mismatching thepressure relief function

Pressures switch An electric switch sensing fluid actuated pressure at a preset oran adjustable pressure range

Pressure trapping Unloader An Unloader that switches to the bypass modewhen its discharge pressure exceeds a minute set psi value. First developed-patented by Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. WOMA Corp. supporting the operation of10,000 psi trigger guns. (Discontinuing water flow on jobsite)

Primary containment The main method of storing a wastewater stream

psig Pound(s) per square inch gauge; therefore zero psig equals approximately14.7 psia

psia Pound(s) per square inch absolute, without deducting atmospheric pressure

PTO Power take-of pump drive, generally placed on rear of tractor engine-trans

Pump protector temperature operator relief valve Preventing excessive tem-perature build up when running in bypass mode

Psi Pound(s) per square inch

Psia Absolute gauge pressure

604 Glossary

Psig Negative gauge pressure

Quench tank A water filled tank used to cool incinerator residue or hot material oproducts during industrial processes

Quality assurance–Quality Control A system of procedures, checks, audits andcorrective actions to ensure that all EPA research design and performance,environmental monitoring and sampling, and other technical reporting activitiesare of the highest achievable quality

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Raw Sewage Untreated wastewater and its contents

R1, R2 etc. See SAE 100R1, 100R2, etc.

Reaction, recoil thrust The back thrust produced by water forced out of an orifice(Nozzle), continuous thrust in pounds is =0.0526 9 gpm 9 psi

Reactivity Characteristic of a material to produce a chemical reaction

Reduction Paint fading and spotting of aluminum surfaces through the use ofharsh acidic or alkaline products, breaking down surfaces substrate

Reboiler Connected to the bottom of a fractionating tower, providing the reboilheat necessary for a distillation process

Reed switch Low current electric switch, utilizing two magnetic alloy wiressealed in a glass tube, actuated by a magnet

Regeneration rate The volume of water, expressed in gallons per minute (gpm)or gallons per hour (gph), which a well produces independent of well waterstorage

Relief valve A valve that automatically opens if pressure applied exceeds itsspecific set limit

Reserve alkalinity The measure of buffering capacity above pH 9.5 of an alkalinecleaning product, also expressed as the equivalent amount of sodium hydroxide

Retro-reflectivity The capacity to return light (paint-coatings)

Refractory Usually a high temperature insulation material as brick, tile or glass,etc.

Rinse agent It aids in the spot-free drying of a painted or vehicle surface after awash cycle

Rotating nozzle Either in zero or twin fan nozzle configuration, set to rotate byvarious degreed impact positions to a surface, rpm regulated by psi-gpm flow topossibly ultrahigh rotating speeds

rpm Revolutions per minute

Glossary 605

Rust and corrosion inhibitors Reduction of iron and steel flash-rust develop-ment, during and after a cleaning procedure with high-pressure water

RV valve Pressure relief valve, set or adjustable

S Sulfur, elemental

Saturated felt An asphalt-impregnated felt used as an underlayment between theroof deck and roofing material

SAE Specifications for hydraulic hose, often classifies pressure washing hose byidentifying numbers of braid layer reinforcements to inner tube

Safety factor The ratio of burst pressure to working pressures, safety factor offour to one of a component or hose (4,000 psi working pressure times for equalsa burst pressure of 16,000 psi)

Salt The by-product of reaction of on acid and base

Sanitizing Reduces the number of bacterial contaminants to a safe level asrequired by the public health department guidelines

Saturated steam Steam at the exact ‘‘boiling temperature’’

Schedule 60, schedule 80 Designation for the two strengths of steel-stainless pipemost often used as gun barrel-extension-wand, lance-nozzle retainer andheating coil materials

Settling tank or sedimentation tank or clarifier A vessel in which solids settleout of water by gravity during waste water or drinking water treatmentprocesses

Seal coat A liquid asphalt treatment used to waterproof and improve the texture ofan asphalt substrate

Sedimentation the process of depositing matter that settles to the bottom of aliquid medium

Sequestering agent An aqueous solution combines with a metallic ion forming awater soluble ombination in which the ion is substantially inactive

Sewer nozzle Various nozzle designs and techniques patented by WolfgangMaasberg, WOMA Corp. 1958–1960 introducing to world the self-propellingpipe, drain and sewer cleaning application

Shore Shore durometer hardness, testing rubber and softer plastics

SJW Standard pressure washing, hydro-blast or UHP water which is of sufficientpurity and quality that it does not impose any threat to proper extended functionof pressure producing equipment and will not impose additional contaminantsto a surface being cleaned by introducing additional impurities or possiblesoluble sediments harmful to a surface treatment

606 Glossary

Steam table A table of numerical values relating to the boiling temperature ofwater to its pressure Example: at 100 psi, water boils at 338�F, at 200 psi waterboils at 388�F

Steam cleaner Similar in construction to a hot pressure washer, except that thewater is usually heated to a higher temperature at 300�F or more

Steam trap A device, which removes water droplets from steam

Straight through machine Equipment of the past, continuously operating a high-pressure hose and wand assembly (water-steam) avoiding the operation of atrigger gun

Stress corrosion cracking corrosion reduces the ability of metal to distributestatic stress, resulting in localized areas in which the static stress exceeds theyield point of the metal, producing a metal failure with little loss of metal

Stroke, pump The distance traveled by a pump piston or plunger between apressure and suction cycle

Stucco Often a concrete textured surface applied by hand trowel

Stylus A device to measure the distance between peaks and valleys to determine aprofile, hydro-abrasive blasting on steel surfaces, supporting the correct choiceof an abrasive and method

Sludge Solid, semi-solid, or liquid waste from municipal, commercial or indus-trial waste-watertreatment facilities, waste water treatment plants, or air pol-lution control facilities

Sludge Is the muddy waste produced during processes to remove sulfur from coal

Slurry Is coal that is ground to a powder and mixed with water and pumpedthrough a pipeline

Soap Water soluble cleaning compound, made by treating a fatty acid with acaustic chemical

Soda ash Commercial form of anhydrous sodium carbonate

Sodium hypochlorite Specific chlorine bleach used in deck cleaning products

Sodium per-if carbonate A powder ingredient present in deck cleaning product

Soffit Exposed undersurface of an overhead component on buildings, such as abalcony, lintel, beam, cornice, vault or arch

Soluble Substance capable of being dissolved in a liquid

Solution Formed by dissolving one or more substances in a liquid resulting in ahomogenous mixture

Solvent A liquid that has the ability to dissolve, suspend or extract other materials

Glossary 607

Solvents Organic chemicals added to detergents to remove soluble dirt, break-upand suspend, and they can range from harmless to extremely toxic to humansand property

SO2, SO3, SOx Sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, combined sulfur dioxide andtrioxide

Specific gravity Is the ratio of a material to the density of water

SPF Refers to the isocyanides and resin components used to make polyurethanefoam

SRU Sulfur recovery unit

Stack liner The protective lining for flues, or other exhaust interiors subject to ahigh temperatures or corrosive conditions

Sulfuric acid cleaner Used in solution with water to remove light cement smears,excess grout, efflorescence or mineral deposits

Surface Tension Expressed in ‘‘dynes’’ per square centimeter the force requiredto penetrate the surface of a non agitated liquid

Surfactant An active biodegradable agent, that increases the emulsifying, dis-persing and surface wetting properties of a solution, ranging from non foamingto extremely high foaming

Sump Low-lying collection point, for an effluent or water, which may requireneutralization or other treatment before discharge

Super-concentrate A concentrate initially diluted that becomes a concentrate thatis diluted again before use

Super-heater Heats vapor above the saturation temperature

Superstructure Part of the ship above the main deck

Surge hose A high-pressure water hose utilized as pulsation dampener and/oraccumulator

Surge ball Compressible sphere placed within a chamber used to absorb pressurepulsations

Surge tank-surge chamber Area or tank receiving medium velocity air saturatedand sometimes heated water from pressure regulator bypass functions

Surface profile The surface contour established by hydro-abrasive blast cleaning,classified by depth and its texture, average peak to valley height on steelsurfaces

Synergism Two chemicals are combined and the combined effect of the chemicalreaction is greater than either one acting independently

608 Glossary

Synthetic detergent Cleaning products manufactured based on syntheticsurfactants

Tannin The resin that leaches out of wood, creating a brownish to black stain

TCLP Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure

TEFC Totally enclosed fan cooled electric motor

TEDE Total effective dose equivalent

Temperature limit switch Shuts off the heat if it senses excessively high dis-charge temperatures

Temperature rise For hot and cold pressure washers and/or hydro-blast equip-ment the difference in water temperature between the equipment’s suctionand/or bypass-discharge side

Tertiary treatment Any level of wastewater treatment beyond secondary treat-ment and can include filtration, nutrient removal, removal of nitrogen andphosphorus, toxic chemicals or metals and also called advanced treatment whennutrient removal is included

Thermo One thermo equals 1000,000 BTU

Thickening agents Increases the viscosity of liquid detergent

Time delay shutdown Automatically turns the machine off if they trigger gun isnot in use for a set interval time

Transformer control Low power transformer used to step down the voltagesupplied to lower the value for operations of controls

Transformer ignition Low power transformer to step up a supply voltage, suchas 120 or 240 V to high-voltage such as 10,000 V to provide ignition spark

Trigger lock A locking device incorporated into a trigger gun, preventing acci-dental operation

Trigger gun Versus dumb gun design

TSP Trisodium Phosphate an alkaline substance containing phosphates encour-aging growth of mildew and mold

Total circulating volume Volume of liquid which will be contained in theequipment being cleaned plus the volume of liquid contained in hose or piping,including settling-suction tanks, etc. and the equipment needed to connect to afluid recycling-circulating truck, pressure washing and hydro-blast equipment,etc.

Toxic waste Waste that poses as substantial presents or potential hazard to humanhealth or the environment when improperly managed

TLV Threshold limit value

Glossary 609

TSCA The toxic substances control act gives EPA the ability to track industrialchemicals produced or imported

TSS Total suspended solids in waste or drinking water, measuring the quantity ofpollutants

TOC and TCC Taglibue open and closed cup method of establishing andexpressing flash and fire points

TOC Total organic carbon

Turbidity Indicates the degree of water cloudiness caused primarily by thepresence of colloidal matter

Two-step machine A cold pressure washer or hydro-blast equipment, whichapplies two different chemicals in separate applications

UHP-WJ Ultra high-pressure water jetting performed at pressures above210 MPa or above 30,000 psi

UL Underwriters Laboratories, independent organization for standards andproduct testing

UL 1776 Product standard for pressure washers, issued on 9 October 1992, rec-ognized by ANSI

Ultra high-pressure water cleaning High-pressure water as a tool with orwithout substances for cleaning, coating removal or demolition applicationswith pressures exceeding 210 MPa–30,000 psi (2.041 bar)

Unloader A valve developed by WOMA Corp. (late 1950s) sensing that water isnot discharged from the trigger gun, in response directing pumps total wateroutput pressure-less into pump-heads by-pass circuit (suction side of pumpheads valve assembly) in doing so maintaining the operating pressure betweenpump head discharge and trigger-gun assembly. Activating the trigger gunresumes operation at precise system pressure

Upstream injector Chemical injector installed on the water suction side of anypressure washer

Upper detection limit The largest concentration that an instrument can reliablydetect

U.S. gallon Equal to four liquid quarts, eight liquid pints, 231 cubic inches (in.2),or 3.785 l, weighs 8.33 lb (3.78 kg)

Vacuum hydro-blasting A vacuum shroud support to simultaneously capturedebris and water ricochet within a cleaning process facilitating water recovery-filtration-recycling procedures

Vac switch Electric switch sensing a vacuum actuated by a diaphragm

610 Glossary

VC The visible surface cleanliness is the visible condition of a substrate whenviewed without magnification after a high-pressure water cleaning or abrasivetreatment procedure is concluded

Vapor barrier A moisture impervious layer which prevents passage of water intoa material or structure

Vapor pressure The absolute pressure at which a liquid, at a given temperaturestarts to boil, (flash to gas–vapor)

Vapor Retarder Any material used to prevent the passage of water vapor

Vapor Space Corrosion Attack of volatile corrosive materials on concrete andmetal surfaces above the level of liquids containing the volatile materials insolution

Vapor transmission rate The rate moisture passes through a material, structureor coating

Variable pressure wand A jetting wand equipped with two tubes and anadjustable selector valve for low-pressure chemical applications

Varnish A liquid that is converted to a transparent solid film after being applied ina thin layer

Varnish stain A varnish that has a transparent color added, generally lesspenetrating power than a true stain

Vinyl emulsion polymers Paint and coating raw material, vinyl based chemistry

Viscosity The property of a fluid that resists internal flow by its interacting liquidthickness

V2O5 Vanadium pent oxide

VOC Volatile organic compounds

Volume percent Expressing concentration in which the volume of an individualcomponent of a mixture is divided by the volume of the total mixture and thisresult is multiplied by 100

VSMR Ventilation system mold remediator

Watt 1 watt = 3.4 Btu/hr, 1 W = 44.3 ft-lb/min, 746 W = 1 hp

Water-borne coatings The carrier which is a water emulsion, water dispersion, oringredients that react chemically with water

Waste-heat boiler Steam production similar to a steam generator, except theheating medium is hot or a liquid producing a chemical reaction

Water hardness Soluble metal salts, generally those of calcium and magnesiumand/or iron and manganese, are often responsible for cleaning problems. Soapcan turn into insoluble soap curds or it can reduce the ability of surfactants to

Glossary 611

perform their cleaning function. Expressed in grains per gallon (gpl), grains perliter (gpl), or parts per million (ppm), as one gpg equals 17.1 ppm. water free ofcalcium and magnesium is described as soft and if appreciable amounts ofeither or both are present, it is called hard

Water Jetting The terminology developed by WOMA England, from Germantechnical dictionary, Strahl geschwindigkeit—jet speed—therefore ‘‘jetting’’and (Wasser) Strahl—flüssig—jet-stream, therefore ‘‘Water Jetting’’ (1964),5,000–30,000 psi

Waterjetting NACE-SSPC terminology for water jetting is the use of a standardwater jetting discharge from a nozzle at pressures of MPa 70 (10,000 psi) to207 MPa to prepare a surface for coating or inspection. This description ofpressurized water jetting performance with a velocity greater then 335.3 m/s or1,100 ft/on a nozzle orifice does not identify a job classification or capability.As to the jetting performances for corrosion, coating and concrete substrateprep, cleaning or removal requirements can only be correctly identified byrecognizing necessary gpm-hp-and psi configurations relating to a jobs indi-vidual tool selection most often in variance between contractors

Waterproof underlayments Modified bitumen–based roofing underlayments,which are designed to seal wood decks and waterproof critical leak areas

Water pollution The introduction of substances that makes water impure com-pared with undisturbed water, usually, this comes from soil erosion, introduc-tion of poisonous chemicals from industries and spills of domestic sewage orindustrial and agricultural waste

Water logging Soaking of agricultural land caused by rising of the water table

WC Water cleaning—the use of pressurized water discharged from a nozzle toremove unwanted matter from a surface

Wand Seamless aluminum, steel and stainless pipe extending a trigger gun’sbarrel reach

Wetting Agent The ability to displace air from a surface, improving the processof wetting that surface by reducing the surface tension of water to spread oradsorb or absorb more freely

Weep hole Small holes or openings used to permit water and condensate to drainto a building exterior

Weep hole (2) Openings, or installed pipes near the bottom of a retaining wall,permitting free drainage from backfill and gravel material, preventing build upof pressure behind a the wall

Weight Percent Expressing concentration in which the weight of an individualcomponent of a mixture is divided by the weight of the total mixture and at thisresult is multiplied by 100

612 Glossary

Wet scrubbers Designed to remove contaminants from an air stream using wateror an aqueous chemical solution

WJ Waterjetting-water discharged from and nozzle at pressures of 70 MPa(10,000 psi) or greater to prepare a surface for coating or inspection, watervelocity is greater than 340 m/s (1,100 ft/s) when exiting nozzle orifice

WJ-1 Clean to bare substrate when viewed without magnification proves free ofoil, grease, unidentified foreign matter, rust, previous coatings, and/or prioridentified mill scale in/on specified surface areas. Various surface discolor-ations are possible due to unidentified environmental conditions and steel tosteel surface variances

WJ-2 Very thorough or substantial surface cleaning to a matte (dull, mottled)finish which when viewed without magnification, is free of all visible oil,grease, dirt and rust except for randomly dispersed stains of rust, tightlyadherent thin and other tightly adherent foreign matter. The staining or tightlyadherent matter is limited to maximum of 5% of the surface staining

WJ-3 Thorough cleaning the surface to a matte (dull, mottled) finish, which whenviewed without magnification is free of all visible oil, grease, dirt, and rustexcept for randomly dispersed stains of rust, tightly adherent thin coatings andother tightly adherent foreign matter. The staining or tightly adherent matter islimited to and maximum of 33% of the surface

WJ-4 Light cleaning of a surface which shall be cleaned to a finish, when viewedwithout magnification, is free of all visible oil, grease, dirt, dust, loose millscale, loose rust and loose coating. Any residual material shall tightly adhere

Vinyl Today a common but varying type of exterior surface, home–industrialstructures

Zephiran A chloride solution (benzalkonium) used when skin comes in contactwith any acidic product used for aluminum brightening

ZLD Zero liquid discharge

Through the years, vanished and surviving equipment manufacturers, and/orcontractors applying high-pressure water as a tool, including the industrial–commercial engineer establishing application requirements coined a vocabularyidentifying tooling, application oriented techniques and processes. Industryassociations such as the AWT, BHRA, WJT, CITA, PNA, NACE, SSPC andWJTA work hard to unify and create an unbiased vocabulary standard. The mostcommon terms have been gathered and explained so as not to cause excessconfusion in identifying neutral and impartial acronyms, abbreviations andcommercial–industrial language or terms.

Glossary 613

Trade Related Publications

1. Andreas W. Momber (1998) Waterjet applications in Construction Engineering, by A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam, NL, http://www.balkema.nl

2. ACI- American concrete Institute and, BRE, ICRI (2003) Concrete repair manuals volume 1and 2 published jointly, http://www.concrete.org

3. Cyril Harris (1993) Dictionary of Architecture & Construction, McGraw-Hill, Inc.http://www.mhprofessional.com

4. DOT, Emergency response guidebook for first responders during the initial phase of ahazardous material incident, http://www.hazmat.dot.gov/gydebook.htm

5. Joe Harrington (2001) Industrial cleaning technology, by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, http://www.balkema.nl

6. Jonathan M. Whitt (1999) Power-washing 101, A manual for operating a residential and lightcommercial, pressure washing business, Advantage publishing company, Little RockArkansas 72205-3823, Tel. 501-280-0007 http://www.adpub.com

7. Master Painters Institute (2002) Maintenance Repainting Manual, by MPI, exterior systemsevaluation, surface preparation, http://www.mpi.net

8. Nalco Chemical Company (1988) The Nalco Water Handbook, McGraw-Hill Inc.,http://www.mhprofessional.com

9. NASSCO (206) Jetter Code of Practice, WRc Swindon, Frankland Road Blagrove, Swinden,Wiltshire SN5 8YF, England http://nassco.org

10. Raymond E.F. Weaver (2003) Practical Math for the Protective Coatings Industry, TheSociety for Protective SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

11. The Society for Protective Coatings (2004) Surface preparation and coating of concrete,surface preparation and considerations for concrete substrates, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

12. The Society for Protective Coatings (2002) Good painting practice, Painting manuals volume1 a. 2 http://www.sspc.org SSPC

13. The Society for Protective Coatings (2001) The inspections of coatings and linings, SSPC,http://www.sspc.org

14. The Society for Protective Coatings (2000) Protective coatings, fundamentals of chemistry,corrosion and its control, http://www.sspc.org

15. The society for Protective Coatings (2004) The fundamentals of cleaning and coating-concrete, Common mechanisms of concrete deterioration SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

16. The Society for Protective Coatings (2001) Paint Film degradation, mechanisms and control,Failures related to particular substrates SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

17. Steel Structures Painting Council (1998) Protective Coatings for Pulp and Paper mills, TheSociety for Protective Coatings, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

W. Maasberg, Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing,Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-835-5,� Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012

615

18. The Society for Protective Coatings (1992) Maintenance coating of weathering steel, fieldevaluations and guidelines, http://www.sspc.org

19. The Society for Protective Coatings (2002) Surface preparation and cleaning of metals byWaterjetting prior to recoating, Joined surface preparation standard SSPC-SP 12/NACENo. 5, http://www.sspc.org

20. The Society for Protective Coatings (2004) Supplements to systems and specifications, SSPCpainting manual volume 2, cleaning metals by Waterjetting, surface cleanliness requirements,dehumidification and temperature control during surface preparation, http://www.sspc.org

21. SSPC (2000) Standard Method of Evaluating the Degree of Rusting on Painted SteelSurfaces, http://www.sspc.org

22. SSPC-NACE (2001) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared byWaterjetting, http://www.sspc.org

23. SSPC-NACE (2001) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by WetAbrasive Blast Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

24. SSPC (2002) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Dry AbrasiveBlast Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

25. SSPC (2004) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Power andHand Tool Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

616 Trade Related Publications

Index

AAbrasive contaminants, 443Absorption–adsorption rate, 263Acidic–corrosive environments, 84

acid-caustic rich interiors, 180acid etching, 57acidic produce, 114

ACM products, 409Abattoirs, 38

abrasive blast techniques, 11abrasive sizing, 514acid damaged surfaces, 57adhesives-mastics, 10adhesion parameters, 10adsorption, 530aerobic microbes, 530after coolers, 290aged wood siding, 542aldehydes, 530

Aluminum LanceGuide, 439

aluminum siding, 544ALARA, 415Alkaline, 111

aluminum smelting, 129Agricultural environments, 1

agricultural sector, 38aggregate façades, 258air barrier designs, 269airborne toxic-volatile organic

compounds, 496airborne activity, 30air-conditioning, 22air sampling, 411air-slurry-water-abrasive, 12aircraft cowlings, 22

Aircraft engine parts, 26air filtration systems, 88

Airports, aviation industries, 22Alkyd resins, 494Alumina, Mill scale, 92Aluminum oxide, 512

aroma preservation, 81American Fire Hose Manufacturing

Company, 199anaerobic biological treatment, 530anchor profile, 57

Andreas W. Momber, 60Animal pounds, 1

animal fats (grills), 536Animal rendering, 38

anti-graffiti coatings, 322‘‘Application Index’’‘‘Application Core Curriculum’’APPLICATION REVIEW, 559‘‘APPLICATION INDEX CATALOG’’Aquatic-marine pools and tanks, 441

asbestos abatement, 411asphalt-bituminous mats, 12

Asphalt-mastic-coating, 12Asphalt-bituminous splatter, 494Asphalt-tar-mastics industries, 9

auxiliary boilers, 298Avian pathologists, 7Aquaculture water treatment facilities, 105ATÜMAT (High Pressure Water

Jet Equipment), 93

BBacker rod, 379Bacteria and biological effects, 374

W. Maasberg, Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing,Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-835-5,� Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012

617

B (cont.)Bacterial-salmonella, 2

bacterial growth, 1backfill-surfaces, 544

Baking coal, 126Baking soda, 513

barge cleaning process, 143ball valve assembly, 422

Barnacles, 154Battery manufacturers, 29Bernoulli theory, 62Bernoulli’s nozzle design, 122Bernoulli, reversed nozzle-venturi, 275

best management practices(BMPs), 528

Beverage, bottling facilities, 32Bid and paperwork illustrations, 557

bilge wells, 506biological effects, 374biodegradable detergents, 415

Biomass powered power-plantBioremediation, 530Bilge voids, 504Biosecurity, 2

biosecurity guidelines, 99biological oxygen demand

situation (BOD), 181bird control fixtures, 48

Bituminous product installs, 305boatswain’s chairs, 48

Blank-off, 505black liquor by-product, 177blast furnace operations, 126blast media, 312blood lead laboratory, 31

Boilers and steam generators, 115bottom-top felts, 177

Breweries and distilleries, 32Brick-block-stone-stucco and masonry façade

cleaning, 250brick glaze, 250brick reversal, 255brick substrate, 309brick failure (refractory), 88bridge decks, 56

Briggs & Stratton, 108brush technique, 55buffer-pH controller, 532buffered acid solution, 544buildup fragmentation, 86

Buildings, washing exterior-interior, 44bulk manufacturers

Butadiene styrene, 494Butchers-slaughterhouse operations, 38

CCable-reel unit, 472CCTV inspection access, 455Calcined bauxite, 512Calcium sulfate areas, 267Calcium carbonate, 494

calcium oxide product, 87candle wax events, 536carbonation-salt-rust, 57

Carbonation, 194‘‘CASTÜMAT’’

catalytic-cracking, 384catch basins, 478

Cattle-hog-poultry operations, 1Cattle-hog-poultry slaughterhouse

operations, 38Cascading water, 267Caustic exposure, 180Caustic soda, 258, 415

cavitational influences, 290clay formations, 378cement and lime manufacturing, 86cement-lime kilns, 86

Cement-concrete film, 310Cement powder, 514City fountains, 445Chain of Custody Record, 569

charge water, 422chart recorder, 422chemical metering, 4chemical attack, 259

Chemical applications, 112Chemical application specifications, 256

chemical exposure, 159chemical injectors, 275chemical oxygen demand (COD), 181, 528

Chemical rinse aids, 523Centrifugal charge pump, 427Ceramic beads, 512

chilling and hanging facility, 38chicken stock breedingclassifying substrate, 510clear-coat technology, 480clinker cooler, 92

Clinker removal techniques, 185Clinker-slag development, 286

clinker burning process, 88closed-loop wash water recovery, 486coagulation, 530

Coal gasification plants, 71mobile wash water recovery, 527

Coalescing oil–water separatorCoal Mines, 71

coke oven gas, 126

618 Index

Cocoa, 81cocoa plant, 82

Coffee, tea, 81Coal-rock drilling, 71Coal-rock stratospheres, 71Coarse contamination (mass), 415Coarse edge-weld seam polishing, 450Coating-asbestos removal, 64Coating blisters, 446Code of good practices, 38Cold storage facilities, 35Coke product accumulation, 494Colloidal dispersion, 478Commercial–industrial structures, 54Coke product accumulationCementitious wall board, 303Compact triplex pumps, 61Competent person training-certification, 61Concrete cutting, 494Concrete batch equipment, 90Concrete residual, 494Concrete surface slurry, 141Concrete and clay masonry, condenser or

small tube heat exchangersConfined work spaces, 58Confined space entry, 159, 497Confined space entry permit, 567Construction joints, 379Construction cycles, 25Construction industries, 54Construction safety, 59Contracting bid status, 23Contractor’s basic safety information, 557Convenience stores, 49Copper stains, 536Corn cob granules, 513Coating failures, 159Cosmetic process industry, 174Corrosion inhibitors, 318Convenience store, 393Cradle to grave, 409Crash floors, 55Crude oils, 494Cured grain, 534

DDaily Time Ticket, 566

debris pulling method, 462Dairy foods, byproducts and derivatives, 93

dairy breed associations, 101Data Universal Numbering System, 397

de-boning area, 38Decaffeination, 82

Decommissioning–decontamination, 193decontamination practices, 410

Deck staining, 541Deformed-damage tubes, 301Dredging ponds, 106

dehumidifying equipment, 4degreasers, 447

Demineralized water disasterdemilitarize warheads-bombs, 490

Demolition-rehab procedures, 54demolition-restoration, 48deodorized, 476dampener, 427dense mineral powders, 134

DELEADING, 31deteriorated brick, 254

Dietary supplement industry, 170cleanup, 429discharged to storm sewers, 391disinfecting, sanitizing contaminated

areas, 46dissolved, 528dissolved organics, 530dissolved organic carbons (DOC), 181distilleries, 36deteriorating coating, 57dolomite lime (hydration), 86double bottom, 146downstream chemical injection, 541downstream equipment, 78

Down Time Work SheetDolomite lime (hydration), 572DRI plant, 122DRI top gas scrubbers, 128Drivers Inspection Checklist, 574

drive-thru (flat work), 11duel wand, 487dump-metering valve, 425

Durable traffic markings, 304drying processes, 55

EElasticity-tensile strength

electronic certified chart recorder, 78Electronic pipe locator, 470

effluent transfer reservoirs, 55effluent filtration-control, 134effluent intake and solids separatorefflorescence, 56, 255

Emulsified asphalts, 9emulsifiers, 11emulsified product, 528

Emulsified oil–water separator

Index 619

E (cont.)Emulsion polymers, 494

energy-shock, fluidepoxy resins, 494epoxy-urethane coating, 480

Epoxy–resin–vinyl–latex-paintmanufacturing, 61

erratic injector operation, 275evaporation coolers, 114evaporation procedures, 528

Evisceration room, 38excavating method, 372

Exhibition and sport arenas, 157Extraction-processing, 81Extraction methods, 81Expansion-control joint cleaning on rigid

pavement, 378Expansion joints, 25

explosive constituent, 418exterior weathering

FFaçade inspectors, 47

façades performance issues, 48false bottom, 472

Fat smear accumulations, 41feed mill equipment, 5feed water quality requirements, 192

FGD stack cleaning, 194felts, 384

Fermentation residual, 494fertilizer manufacturing, 35

Freon HNS-200C, 416fiber–plastic structure, 385fiberglass tank lining, 504

5-l filtrate, 526filter plates, 389

Filters, 384fin structure, 386

Fish-farms hatcheries-nurseries, 102Fish processing, 101

fish farm water source, 102fish-waste, 103filter cloth, 389filter cake sedimentation, 88fire brick damage (refractory), 87

Fire-disaster cleanup, 46fire hazard control, 110fire proofing material, 413fire suppression systems, 113fire triangle, 386flat glass, 131

fire hydrant’s, 463flammable–combustible cargo, 143flare exhaust units, 471fleet washing, 121flex lance operation, 62

Flight deck substrate, 406flocculation, 528flock replacement, 3flue inlet, 471fluidized bed drying facilities, 84fluid filtration systems, 389fluid pulsation dampeners, 72fluorescent dyes, 421

FDA-USDA, 115Foaming-soaps-detergents-acids, 272

food grade high-pressure hoses, 36Food-produce retailers, 114

food and produce manufacturingprocesses, 58

Food processing companies, 108Food processor residual, 494Food service industries, 108

foodstuffs, 115foundries’ melt process, 129foreword jet, 465

Foundries, steel mills, forging shops, 122Fountain coating, 449

friable asbestos, 413friction losses, 275freeze–thaw cycling, 378friction and texture testing, 25frozen-refrigerated fruit, 115frozen juice, 36

FSH Confined Space Entry Permit, 568fugitive lead emissions, 30

Fungus-mold, 271

GGas and vacuum vessels, 421Garnet, 512

gear-blowers, 142gear-up, break-down times, 44

GEAR – LIST Nr., 564General surface preparation-restoration, 250

generator, 463geotechnical investigation, 372graffiti removal applications, 250

Glass beads, 512glass fiber manufacturing, 90glass–ceramic–porcelain, 131

Glass grit, 512Glass-lined pharmaceutical plant

vessels, 495

620 Index

Glass linings, 495Gas and vacuum vessels

grain elevators, 5ghosting event, 327grain (raised), 534granulated milk producers, 81gravity separation, 530grout strength, 257grout-mortar product, 262ground-roadway stabilitygravity feed procedures, 274grease extraction, 113grease interceptor, 114

HH2O compressors, 438(H2SO4), 158HACCP system, 2Hazardous materials cleanup, 523

hazardous waste identification, 44hazardous waste site, 55

Hazardous waste removal, 58Hazardous industrial waste recovery, 409

hazardous communication course(HAS-COM), 155

HASMAT regulations, 204HAZMAT team, 429

high-rises, 48historic masonry, 268healthcare organizations, 110

Heating hardware, 81HEPA filtration, 412

heat exchanger deck hardware, 78herbs, 81herbal oils, 84hazardous analysis, critical control

point system (HACCP)hazardous air pollutants, 129high density clay, 376hog operations, 4

High temperature paint-coating removalhochdruck wasser strahl pistole

(high pressure water jet gun), 93hold times, 422homicide and self-inflicted death, 417hood-duct fires, 113

Honda, 108Horse stables, 1

hotel-municipal pools, 441hose damage, 462hydraulic roof shoring, 71hot-cold water pressure-washer and

systems (1,500 to 9,000 psi), 110

humidity, 114Humidity controls, 514

hydraulic systems, 421Hydro-abrasive blasting, 507HYDRO-BLASTING 5,000-30000 psi

hydrogen fluoride, 134Hydrofluoric (acid), 261

hydrogen peroxide, 177hydroxide application, 537

Hydrostatic testing, 421Hydro-tea, 526, 528

hydroxide solution, 262hydro-vac application criteria, 409hydro-vac dredging, 103hygiene departments, 41hygiene practices, 93hydro concrete mill, 57hydro-coke drum cutters, 63hydro-vac wet mode system, 414

Highway-road services, 157HVAC duct insulation, 410

IIndustrial–commercial equipment, 477Insect–pest suppression, 429Inspection video

interchangeable piston-plungercombinations, 108

interior linings, 480interface adhesion factors, 405

Icicle-shaped ring deposits, 287interface strength, 308

Isocyanate, MDI & TDI, 494

JJet bridge areas, 24

jet fuel, 146JP-4-JP-5 fuel tanks, 504Juice processing, 32

KKawasaki steel works, 123

kiln, 86Kiln-boiler-furnace cleaning, 285Kiln & preheater & precalciner, 92

kitchen exhaust hood cleaning, 35Kennels-zoos-aquariums, 1

kerosene spills, 536Kobe, 123Kohler, 108Kubota, 108

Index 621

LLabyrinth technique, 74

labyrinth valve body, 72lanyards, 146lateral thrust advancing, 372

Laundry-garbage chute cleaningand sanitizing

Large tube heat transfer units,lateral cutters

Latex (green state), 494Latex synthetic, 494

lead rich coating removal, 58lead oxide, 131leak detection, 421leakage analysis, 422

Lechler, 488licensed hazardous waste site, 55

Lake & pond management, 101light oil jetting, 435

Light oils, 494limestone, 443liquid filtration, 83liquid or gaseous state, 86

Lydia M. Ph.D. and Charles A. Frenzel, 397locomotive, 480

MMarble, 443Material Recovery Systems (MRF), 178Magnesium sulfate, 513MAGNOMAT, 138Make-up water, 527Maritime vessels, 137

marketing strategy, 45mastic-polymer elasticity, 380

Max-vacuum standard, 142Microbreweries, 35

micro brewery industry, 82micro-organisms, 94

Micro-organismsMicrobial analysis, 433

mildew and/or mold growth, 269, 535Milk processing, concentrates,

powders, 93milk solids, 99milk reception, 99mineral extraction processes, 76mechanical extraction from

random rock, 74Melamine, 513Methyl methacrylate, 494

metallic activity, 262metallurgy stations, 128

Metal pitting, 514milk concentration, 81mobile wash water recovery, 527

Mold remediation, 429‘‘monitor-hole watch’’, 155misting events, 498mud-sedimentation, 435multilayer coating system, 307

Multimedia filtrationMunicipalities, 157

muriatic-hydrochloric acid, 257moss and mold developments, 431

NNatural gas combined cycle

power plant, 191NATO airports, 24Navy vessels, 145

naval job specifications, 319negative airflow, 412neutralizing the recoil forces, 288non-destructive test procedure, 422nozzle assemblied, 374nozzle standoff distance, 430

Nonferrous metal industries, 122Nonskid coating, 400

non-hazardous wash water, 120Non-ionic detergent, 265

nonselective germicide(1% active iodine), 102

non-permeable surfacesnonskid coatings, 308

NPDES discharge permit, 424nitrogen oxides, 134nozzle-injector technology, 510nozzle-lance configuration

(angulations), 87NPDES, 119Nuclear Power Plant

decontamination, 193nuclear material-handling industry, 414

Nut shells, 513

OOdor-stench control, 429, 431Offshore oil platforms, 137

oil–fats, 112oil–grease filter, 112

Oil lube systems, 435oil compressors, 435oil rigs, 57oil jetting application, 436

622 Index

oil/water separation, 393open drip-proof, 439organic oils, 536

Ornamental statuary-monuments, 441Orangeburg lateral pipe, 454Oil skimming vessel, 470

organic waste, 4Organic–inorganic filtration, 409

organic chemicals, 170organic stains, 265

Oscillating speeds, 380Otto Teufer, 9

oxidation, 530oxidization of topcoats, 399oxygen deficiency, 35oxygen deficient atmospheres, 498oxygen enriched atmospheres, 498oxygen depletion (BOD), 528oxidation, 257

Ozone generator, 531

PPackage boiler services, 290

paper machine, 180paper-pulp mill, 178painting-coating-liner

resurfacing, 57Paint dried solvent, 494Paint epoxy, 494Pasting, 282

pasteurization processes, 81patina, 251peak count, 514

PCBs and VOCs, 530Pelletizing plant, 129Pellet types, 127

pest development, 1penetrating wetting, 421

Penetrating wood preservative, 545Permissible exposure limits

(PELS), 411pest suppression, 429

Phenolic resins, 494piers, 57pipe-sewer inspection, 455

Pipeline cleaning and cuttingapplications, 452

pile driving applications, 373pile sections, 376pile driving method, 377porous profile, 11polishing filtration, 527

Polymer jetting methods, 280

Polymerization, 281potable water source, 406plant food safety-hygiene regulations, 86plant infrastructure, 158

Plastic media, 513plastic dams-booms, 525plastic–vinyl siding, 543plate processing, 31pharmaceutical outsourcing, 174pharmaceutical products, 82, 170

Pharmaceutical bulk manufacturers, 176phenolic, 530

Phosphatized degreasers, 415phosphoric filtration, 30phosphoric polishing filters, 529

pH values, 255Pipe, brick and block manufacturing, 86

pipe radius, 457Polycarbonate, 494Poly vinyl chloride, 494Poly vinyl acetate (PVA), 494Pre-cast companies, 90Prefabricated building assembly, 86Pre Job Safety Meeting, 570Premature brick failure, 88Pre-qualifying, 157Pressure-leak testing, 421

pretreatment clarifier, 525primary–secondary–tertiary

clarifiers, 181Product cutting nozzles, 61

product recovery equipment, 36Produce retailers, 108

product warranty guidelines, 57profiling procedures, 468profile height, 515proposal, 565pollution prevention hardware, 132pond liners, 76porous stone substrate, 443poultries, 41pulp-paper industry, 87

Psi x Gpm: 1,714 = Hp, 247Pulp-paper, 176

paperboard, 176cellulose, 176pull off parameters, 161purification, 170

Polishing, etching, metal burr-flushremoval, 450

poultice concentrates, 315powder operations, 81

Power-plant service, 135pylon structures, 56

Index 623

QQuarantine restriction, 3Quick exchange plunger-piston, 71

RRadiation protection, 194Radiation-protection technician, 194Rail accident site-emergency response, 198Rail bridge, rail maintenance

departments, 198Railcar coatings, 480Railcar units, 481Railroad-commuter-light rail maintenance

yards, 98Railroad inspection, 208Repair Work Sheet, 573Railways historical associations,

theme parks, 98Rail safety and signage procedure, 203Raymond E.F. Weaver, 67Rebar systems, 48Reddish-brown stains, 257Red meat producers, 5Ready-mix concrete industries, 86Ready mix plants, 89Rehabilitation process, 57Refinery-oil-polymer-chemical manufacturing

environments, 61Refrigerated-frozen dairy products, 93Refrigeration, 35Regulatory agencies, 410Repair cycles, 422Rigid steel lance, 61Rigid lance operator, 62Remington cannon, 86Remote control camera, 470Resetting nail-heads and screws, etc., 533Restoration projects, 315Retail-processing environment, 115Respiratory protection, 31, 417Restoration, waterproofing, 44Road deck installation, 57Road film, 483Roof safety, 500Roof asphalt-composite tile, wood shingle

cleaning, 532Roots, 459Rubber bladders, 458Runways, 22Runway cleaning, 24Rubber build up, 24RV valve, 424Rx cavity floor, 416

Rx cavity refueling, 416Rx head stud-ring, 416

SSacrificial coating, 322

salt deposits, 56sanitation program, 96

Sawdust, 513sawed groove, 378scaffold primary access, 14scarifying method, 57screens, 384self propelling of flex lance

assemblies, 61Secondary fish processing plants, 101

secondary spill containment, 203Self-contained breathing apparatus, 506

sectionalized rinse, 263Seasonal batch requirements, 170

semi-full production cycle, 86septic and/or treatment facility, 528

Sewer cleaning techniques, 456Sewers, laterals, culverts, sumps, industrial

pipe cleaning, 452Sidewalks, decking, tank and pool

construction, 378silica sand, 131

Siliceous stones-rock, 265Silica sand, 512Silicon carbide, 511Sintered bauxite, 512

sheet point friction, 376shellfish producers, 105shellfish and crustacean

products, 105Shopping zones, 157Shot Crete, 59

shellfish, 101skip-jack nozzle, 457

Slag’s, Fly-ash, 92slaughterhouse-meat processing

operations, 201sludge or slurry pumping, 76staging facilities, 55

Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 40CFR, 414

stack-exhaust deposits, 483Stack-flue plate, 471Stack height, 471

standoff distances, 492Static extraction, 76

static pressurized water–oil charge, 424steel–concrete rehabilitation, 198

624 Index

Steel cutting-demolitionapplications, 211, 507

Steam generators, three drum water tubeboilers, 290, 421

Steam–vapor–gas flue stacks, industrialelevator shafts, 470

Storm surges, 459storm water runoff, 154spill prevention response plan, 141

Spin-Jet technologysterilization–pasteurization-manufacturing

cycles, 96STOP-GO command, 296

subsoil conditions, 26substrate-interface, 534

Surface modulation, 450surface-soil-ground-aquifers, 119surface roughness, 446suspended organics, 530soaking cycle, 445soda pop manufacturers, 36sodium carbonate, sodium

hydroxide, 41sodium-hypochlorite NaOC1, 375soft drink container, 490soil contamination, 477solid rocket fuel shells, 490soluble, 528

Soluble abrasives, 452solvent borne coatings, 480solvent extraction, 82, 530solvent rich solution, 75soil profiles, 377soil treatment, 409spawning facilities, 103structural steel joints, 48

Sugino, 488sulfite pulping process, 177

Surface prep, graffiti removal, 44surface preparation reference, 521supermarket chains, 114sugar refineries, 87

Surface pasting, 272Surface preparation, 54

surface profile, 515surface roughness, 57

Surface tension reducer, 427Synthesizing-combining, 182

TTailgate Safety Meeting, 571Tannins, 534, 537Tank top plating, 506

Tanks, vessels-autoclaves, precipitators,container cleaning, 488

tarpaulin methods, 44T-assembly, 388T-dual abrasive cleaning head, 301

taconite rock, 127tank fog, 4tea, 81

Tank car cleaning applications, 202tarpaulin-covering procedures

(splash proofing), 112temperature cycling, 421tensile strength-elasticity-stickiness, 63tear-off visors, 292

3D tank-cleaning, 446theme-park facilities, 285

Thermal-hot scale removal (cracking), 441Theme-amusement parks, 180

thermal environment, 86thermal shock fragmentation, 55thermal shock method, 311thick-film adhesion, 401

Tile-brick-grouts, 472top cone conditions, 528

(TPH), 312total suspended solids in wastewater

effluent (TSS), 5283M foils, 312

total dissolve solids in wastewatereffluent (TDS), 528

total petroleum hydrocarbon counttowers and tanks

toxic priority pollutants, 477Traffic control, 55

transfer hose technology, 81transit car manufacturing industries, 208

Tracer concentrate, 427Trade Related Publications, 615

trench degradation, 459Traffic barricades, 470

trace elements, 543Tropical marine livestock centers, 101Trucks-trailers-tankers-railcars, 108Turbine flow meter, 427

turbine fouling, 192turbine oil, 436two-step chemical cleaning method, 261two-Pronged abrasive manifold

UUpstream manhole, 457UHP trigger-gun, 468Urea, 271

Index 625

U (cont.)U-tube condensers, 191Underwater hydro-blasting, 521UV damages, 534UV protection, 534

VVacuum booms, 525

vacuum chill box, 64Vacuum-dredging tools, 4

vacuum assist water recycling, 36, 51vacuum shoe, 413, 526vacuum shroud, 525volume-psi metering, 423valve flange joint, 374vegetative materials, 170

Vehicle fleets, rail-car,truck-trailer-tanker, 477

ventilation valve, 424Verbal Quoted Price By Phone, 575

vertical pipe-cleaning, 475Veterinary associations, 7Veterinary facilities, 1

vinegar, 443Vinyl emulsion polymers, 494Vinyl, wood, aluminum siding

cleaning, 532viscous-sticky products, 9

Volatile substance removal and effluentseparation, 488

volatile-gaseous environment, 394volatile organic compounds, 170

WWaste product (biomass), 182

waste transportation trip ticket, 464wastewater treatment facility, 134, 161,

175Wastewater reclamation technology,

evaporation, 523waste-refuse handling, 319wash water discharge, 477

Wash water control, recovery, filtration,recycling, 523

Washing exterior-interior surfaces, 53wastewaters neutrality (pH 5–6), 528water abrasive injectors, 276water bladders, 401water based coatings, 325water borne coating, 480water compressibility, 11water/air droplets, 11water barriers, 526water-effluent run-off, 55waterproofing, 14water filled bladders, 524water pollution control, 523water purification systems, 33water saturation ratio, 528water solubility, 483water soluble road film, 483

Well casing walls, 377well drilling platforms, 478weld tagging, 376wet-end exposure, 180wet/dry interface to scrubber vessels, 188whirl jets, 467whirl-jet chamber, 491whitewater tanks, 177whitening, 261wire mesh-plate-vane mist eliminators, 384wood-façade, 533

Wood restoration and preservation,seal-coating applications, 532

wooden fencing, 447wood stain, 534

Wood structures-decks-seal-landing and fencerestoration, 532

Wolfgang Maasberg Sr., 61WOMA Corp., 61WOMA designed 2-D and 3-D nozzles

XX-ray fluorescent analyzer, 270

626 Index