About PSU‐UMT postgraduatebiomaterials, especially biodegradable polymers with plasc like properes...

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About PSU‐UMT postgraduate

colloquium

This is a collabora on between School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu and Marine and Coastal Resources Ins tute, Prince of Songkla University has adopted the colloquium for graduate students. This program

has been ini ated in order to enhance and share the academic knowledge among students par cularly in the field of marine and oceanography studies.

A er the first PSU‐UMT postgraduate colloquium was successfully organized in July 2017 with the theme of “Ocean Love beyond boundaries”. In this year, the second PSU‐UMT

postgraduate colloquium 2018 with the theme "Save The Ocean: Enhancing Ties and Collabora on for Sustainable Future" has contributed and opened opportuni es to students from various facul es whom are interested in marine and coastal issues, as well as marine science and environment.

We hope to inspire the younger genera ons to a end and con nue research on marine and coastal ecosystems and gain larger scale of opportunity for collabora on and network among par cipants.

As the lead organizers for the 2nd PSU‐UMT postgraduate colloquium 2018, we are honored to have worked with organizing team from School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu and other facul es of Prince of Songkla University for this successful event.

PSU‐MACORIN

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Advisers Assist.Prof.Dr. Jawanit Ki tornkool

Dr. Mathinee Yucharoen

Class President: Pablina Cadiz

Vice Class President: Ha Thi Thu Hue

Public Rela ons Pablina Cadiz Rachakorn Sirijarukul

Food Oasiq Hridoy Pathompong Pramneechote

Lodging/Accommoda on Kay Khine Soe Pimrak Moungkaew

Transporta on Ha Thi Thu Hue Ki wara Sornplang

Venue Siwanart Ruangsuwan Natchana Kaewfai

Cultural Ac vi es/Mul media/Performances

Adirake Markphol Patricia Blair Goh

Commi ees:

PSU‐MACORIN Organizing Commi ee

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Advisers Dr. Aqilah Mohammad

President: Choe Jia

Vice Class President: Karthi a/l Suresh

Secretary Amelia Tan Suet May

Treasurer Lee Shyen Yee

Commi ees:

Public Rela ons Daryl Lee Jia Jun

Food Ong Chai kee Aimi bin Osman

Lodging/Accommoda on/Transporta on

Si Syazwani Azmi Annisa Nursabrina bin Jaapar

Sponsorship & Souvenir Nurul Laili bin Rosli Nik Nurasyikin

Safety & Welfare Nur Safawa Abd Manab Shazwani Mohamed

Protocol Nur Hidayah bin Mohd Basir

Cultural Ac vi es/Mul media/Performances

Yuzwan Azura

PPSMS‐UMT Organizing Commi ee

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TIME ACTIVITY Venue

24th JULY 2018

08.30 ‐ 09.00 Registra on LRC2, 8th floor

09:00 ‐ 09:15 Opening ceremony and group photo

09:15 ‐ 09:45 Plenary talk: Marine microplas c contamina on by Assoc.Prof.Dr.Prawit Towatana Marine and Coastal Resources Ins tute, PSU

09.45 ‐ 10.00 Coffee break and poster presenta on

10.00 ‐ 12.30 Oral presenta on

12.30 ‐ 14. 00 Lunch and pray


15.00 ‐ 15.30 Coffee break and poster presenta on


18.30 ‐ 20.30 Buffet dinner and cultural ac vity Sport complex, 2nd floor

25th JULY 2018

09.00 ‐ 09.45 Plenary talk: Marine microbial biotechnology and biomaterials, especially biodegradable polymers with plas c like proper es by Assoc.Prof.Dr.Kesaven Bhubalan School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, UMT

LRC2, 8th floor

09.45 ‐ 10:00 Coffee break


12.00 ‐ 12.30 Discussion and closing ceremony

12.30 ‐ 14.00 Lunch and pray

14.00 ‐ 15.00 Campus sight seeing for students PSU museum

Discussion for poten al academic collabora on MACORIN mee ng room

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TIME ACTIVITY Venue

26th JULY 2018 (for UMT)

06:00 ‐ 08:45 Prayer and breakfast PSU Guesthouse

09:00 ‐ 12:00 PSU gallery

12.00 ‐ 14:00 Lunch and prayer

14:00 ‐18:00 Sight seeing Kimyong/greenway

18:00 Dinner PSU Guesthouse

27th JULY 2018 (for UMT)

06:00 ‐ 08:00 Prayer and breakfast PSU Guesthouse

08:00 HOMEWARD BOUND

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24th JULY 2018 Tuesday

10:00 ‐ 10:15 BIOLOGY AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF EDIBLE GELAM MUSHROOM IN TERENGGANU

Lee Shyen Yee, Mohammad Aqilah

10:15 ‐ 10:30 DEVELOPMENT OF MARGO ‐ A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FOR FOSSIL FUELS

Karthi Suresh, Farhanini Yusoff

10:30 ‐ 10:45

STATISTICAL MODELING FOR THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION OF POLY (3‐HYDROXYBUTYRATE‐CO‐3 HYDROXYVLERATE) BY MASSILIA HAEMATOPHILA UMTKB‐2 AND ITS POLYMER PROPERTIES

Jong Tse Kiun, Kai Hee Huong, Al‐Ashraf Amirul, Kesaven Bhubalan

10:45 ‐ 11:00 "SHRIMP AND FISH CATCH LANDING TRENDS IN SONGKHLA LAGOON, THAILAND DURING 2003‐2016"

Ha Thi Thu Hue, Siriporn Pradit, Apiradee Lim, Thongchai Ni ratsuwan

11:00 ‐ 11:15 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND SIZE AT SEXUAL MATURITY OF METAPENAEUS BREVICORNIS AND PARAPENAEOPSIS SCULPTILIS FROM THE MYEIK COASTAL WATERS, MYANMAR

Kay‐Khine‐Soe

11:15 ‐ 11:30 FIRST EVIDENCE OF MICROPLASTICS’ PRESENCE IN STOMACH OF LOLIGO CHINENSIS FROM SOUTHERN GULF OF THAILAND

Patricia Blair

11:30 ‐ 11:45 INGESTION OF MICROPLASTICS BY ZOOPLANKTON IN TERENGGANU

Zakaria daoud almashaqba, Roswa Md

11:45 ‐ 12:00 BACTERIAL DIVERSITY IN AAPTOS AAPTOS AND XESTOSPONGIA MUTA SPONGES COLLECTED FROM BIDONG ISLAND

T.S.M. Amelia, A.A. Amirul, K. Bhubalan

12:00 ‐ 12:15 APPLICATION OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE (PHA) AS ADJUVANT IN TRIGERRING IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST HEAMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA

Shazwani Mohamed, Abd Wahid Mohd Effendy, Amirul Al‐Ashraf Abdullah, Kesaven Bhubalan

12:15 ‐ 12:30 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MACROFAUNA

Siwanart Ruangsuwan, Mathinee Yucharoen

12:30 ‐ 14:00 LUNCH AND PRAYER

Session 1 Moderator: Pablina Cadiz Time keeper: Oasiq Hridoy

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24th JULY 2018 Tuesday

Session 2 Moderator: Racharakorn Sirijarukul Time keeper: Kay Khine Soe

14:15 ‐ 14:30 A STUDY ON COASTAL MANGROVE FOREST NUTRIENT STATUS IN RESPONSE TO LONG‐TERM DISCHARGE OF AQUACULTURAL WASTEWATER

Ming Yang Bee, Lili Wei, Seng‐Chee Poh

14:30 ‐ 14:45 SPATIAL, SEASONAL AND VERTICAL VARIATIONS OF INORGANIC NUTRIENTS IN KENYER, LAKE, TERENGGANU

Si Farhain Mohd Ludin, Poh Seng Chee

14:45 ‐ 15:00 DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED CO2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION MONITORING FOR LAKE SYSTEM

Daryl Jia Jun LEE, Kah Teik KEK, Seng Chee Poh

15:00 ‐ 15:30 COFFEE BREAK AND POSTER PRESENTATION

15:30 ‐ 15:45 CO‐CULTIVATING PROBIOTIC BACTERIA AND MICROALGAE IN A

SINGLE –CULTURED MEDIUM

N. S. A. Manab, H. Khatoon, K. Bhubalan

15:45 ‐ 16:00 PB SORPTION‐DESORPTION PATTERN DRIVEN BY CONSECUTIVE REDOX PROCESSES ON SUSPENSIBLE ESTUARINE SEDIMENT PARTICLES

Peizhen Loh, Shen Yu Sengchee Poh

16:00 ‐ 16:15 COASTAL VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SEA‐LEVEL RISE POTENTIALLY AFFECTED AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF KOH KHLANG COMMUNITY IN THE ANDAMAN SEA

Adirake Markphol , Jawanit Ki tornkool and Ponlachart Cho karn

16:15 ‐ 16:30 DEVELOPMENT OF GEODATABASE AND WEBGIS FOR LONG‐TERM RESEARCH MONITORING IN PULA BIDONG ARCHIPELAGO

Yuzwan Mohamad, Idham Khalil

18:30 ‐ 20:30 DINNER AND CULTURAL ACTIVITY AT SPORTS COMPLEX

Session 3 Moderator: Patricia Blair Goh Time keeper: Top

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TIME Session 4 Moderator: Adirake Markphol Time keeper: Hue

10:00 ‐ 10:15 THE DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOLOTHUROIDEA ON THE REEF FLAT OF PANWA CAPE PHUKET, PHUKET PROVINCE

Rachakorn Sirijarukul , Koraon Wongkamhaen, Ponlachart Cho karn

10:15 ‐ 10:30 SIZE‐FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF MASSIVE PORITES IN TERENGGANU ISLANDS

A. Osman, J. N. Lee

10:30‐10:45 CORAL REEF PRIMARY PRODUCTION AT PANWA CAPE, PHUKET

Pathompong Pramneechote, Su nee Sinutok, Koraon Wongkamhaeng, Ponlachart Cho karn

10:45 ‐ 11:00 BLEACHING TOLERANCE OF CORALS IN RESPONDING TO HIGH TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY

Pimrak Moungkaew, Mathinee Yucharoen

11:30 ‐ 11:15 BIOMASS ESTIMATES AND SPECIES DIVERSITY OF NATURAL AND PLANTED MANGROVE FORESTS IN TRANG, THAILAND

Pablina Cadiz, Ponlachart Cho karn

11:15 ‐ 11:30 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN RECENT SEDIMENTS AT MERANG RIVER, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

Nur Marni Zaini, Ong Meng Chuan

11:30 ‐ 11:45 DEVELOPING POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE‐BASED MICROBEADS AS AN EXFOLIATION AGENT

Sharumathiy Govindasamy, Al‐Ashraf Abdullah Amirul, Roswa Md Amin, Kesaven Bhubalan

11:45 ‐ 12:00 EFFECT OF LIGHT ON GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM FROM SONGKHLA LAKE, THAILAND

Pacharee Kaewchana, Anchana Prathep, Ponlachart Cho karn, Su nee Sinutok

12:00 ‐ 12:30 Discussion and closing ceremony

12:30 ‐ 14:00 Lunch and prayer

25 JULY 2018 Tuesday

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BIOLOGY AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF EDIBLE GELAM MUSHROOM IN TERENGGANU

Shyen Yee, Lee and Aqilah, Mohammad

School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia

Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract An edible Boletus sp. which commonly found growing near to the forest dominated by paperbark tree (Melaleuca cajupu ) has been consumed by locals in the district of Se u and Besut. However, there is no scien fic evidence and descrip ons to this species found in Terengganu. Therefore, this study was conducted to iden fy wild edible bolete from gelam forests in Se u by using morphological and molecular iden fica on as well as to document local knowledge of the local communi es on the u lisa on of edible bolete for food in their daily lives. Samples were collected, and the morphology of frui ng bodies were observed and recorded. PCR were conducted using ITS region to iden fy the species more accurately, and the mushroom was iden fied as Boletus griseipurpureus. Interview sessions with locals were carried out and some of them were recorded. Based on interviews with respondents, the species was found frui ng a er a long drought season then followed by heavy rain for several days. Gelam mushroom (kulat gelam) tastes bi er but has a unique flavour, which make it becomes a popular local cuisine in Malay communi es. A local recipe of making ‘kerabu kulat gelam’ was obtained from one of the respondents during interview, and the other ways of preparing this mushroom were recorded as well. This study has documented Boletus griseipurpurues found in Terengganu and the u lisa on of it by the locals, which able to develop a be er understanding to gelam mushroom. Keywords: wild edible bolete, local knowledge, morphology, Boletus griseipurpureus

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DEVELOPMENT OF MARGO ‐ A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FOR FOSSIL FUELS

Karthi Suresh, Farhanini Yusoff*


Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Demand on products and u li es tremendously increases propor onal to world popula on as days goes by which subsequently causes shortage of energies, which mainly derived from fossil fuels. Non‐renewable fossil fuel usage is at alarming level. The possible innova on that can save the world during fossil fuel deple on is fuel cell, which converts chemical energy into electrical energy However, it is realized that fuel cell have some cons to be looked, as one of the main component in the cell is pla num (Pt), which is an expensive precious metals. Pla num in electrochemical circuit will not be recovered completely while its usage is massive. Economic issues arises when high amount of pla num needed to reach the desired power densi es with larger fuel cell while pollu on was iden fied by using the pla num electrode in a way of release of carbon dioxide gas, (CO2) during the reac on. Hence, an alterna ve is developed, a magne c electrode called MarGO, consist of reduced graphene oxide and magne te, which is considered to be the best for reduc on of oxygen at cathode as well as safe to be prac ced while beneficial economically cost saving and environmental friendly with lesser pollu on compared to pla num electrode usage. Development of this electrode will economically benefits industry in cost and environmental. Keywords: graphene, environmental friendly, oxygen reduc on reac on, magne c nanopar cles

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STATISTICAL MODELING FOR THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION OF POLY(3‐HYDROXYBUTYRATE‐CO‐3 HYDROXYVLERATE) BY MASSILIA HAEMATOPHI-

LA UMTKB‐2 AND ITS POLYMER PROPERTIES

Jong Tse Kiuna, Kai Hee Huongb, Al‐Ashraf Amirulb,c and Kesaven Bhubalana,c,d,*

a School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia

b School of Biological Sciences, Universi Sains Malalaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia c Malaysian Ins tute of Pharmaceu cals and Nutraceu cals, MOSTI, 11700,

Penang, Malaysia. d Ins tute of Marine Biotechnology, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030

Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

* Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a microbial storage polymer synthesized naturally by some bacteria. The produc on of PHA by the bacteria of the genus Massilia remains mostly unexplored even though some previous studies had inves gated its ability to accumulate poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] homopolymer. For the first me, this study highlights the op miza on of poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate), P(3HB‐co‐3HV) copolymer produc on in shake flask culture using sta s cal design on a brackish water bacterium, Massilia haematophila UMTKB‐2. The result showed that this strain had demonstrated good versa lity in using 1‐pentanol, an alcohol‐based precursor and glucose as the carbon source on bacteria growth and P(3HB‐co‐3HV) produc on. The produc on of P(3HB‐co‐3HV) by M. haematophila UMTKB‐2 using op mal condi ons (0.07 wt% of 1‐pentanol, 176 rpm of agita on rate and 122 h of incuba on me) provided by response surface methodology (RSM) showed a 14 % increment of copolymer concentra on and twofold increment of 3HV monomer composi on compared with the normal condi ons (0.06 wt% of 1‐pentanol, 200 rpm of agita on rate and 108 h of incuba on me). The polymers produced were also characterized for its thermal and mechanical proper es. The P (3HB‐co‐3HV) produced in this study was determined as a block copolymer. The P(3HB‐co‐3HV) produced has lower mel ng temperature and lower crystallinity than P(3HB). The findings of this study serves as a pla orm for further development of large‐scale P(3HB‐co‐3HV) produc on in a bioreactor using M. haematophila UMTKB‐2. Keywords: Massilia haematophila UMTKB‐2, P(3HB‐co‐3HV), 1‐pentanol, response surface methodology

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MODELING AND PREDICTION OF FISH CATCH LANDING IN SONGKHLA LAGOON, THAILAND USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK, MULTIPLE ADAPTIVE REGRESSION SPLINE AND K‐NEAREST NEIGHBORS MODELS

Ha Thi Thu Hue1, 2, 3 *, Siriporn Pradit1, 3, Apiradee Lim4, Thongchai Ni ratsuwan5

1 Marine and Coastal Resources Ins tute, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand

2 Central Ins tute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam Na onal University

3 Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Prince of Songkla University

4 Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pa ani. 5 Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Thailand

*Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Time series analysis techniques and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models were used to analyze monthly fish and shrimp catch landing trends recorded for Songkhla shallow lagoon in Thailand (2003‐2016). Autocorrela on (AC) and Par al Autocorrela on (PAC) func ons were calculated to build seasonal ARIMA models. These models were well‐ chosen for explaining the me series and forecas ng future catch landings. It is found that both fish and shrimp catch landings tend to fluctuate steadily. The fish catch from 2017 to 2020 is steadily increasing on the average catch for the period 2003‐2016 by up to 36.06%, while the shrimp catch is decreasing by around 15.47% for the same period. This study demonstrates the importance of undertaking detailed studies of ecological and economic sustainable development to support the comprehensive fisheries management policy for Songkhla Lagoon. The present study shows an effec ve tool for making accurate forecasts; it also helps in decision making about, and fisheries management of the Songkhla Lagoon. Keywords: seasonal ARIMA models, ar ficial neural networks, me series forecas ng, fishery trend, Songkhla lagoon

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FIRST EVIDENCE OF MICROPLASTICS’ PRESENCE IN STOMACH OF LOLIGO CHINENSIS FROM SOUTHERN GULF OF THAILAND

Patricia Blair Goh

Marine and Coastal Resources Ins tute, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai,

Songkhla 90112, Thailand

Abstract This study focuses, for the first me, on the presence of microplas cs in stomach contents of Loligo chinensis (squid) bought from fish market at coastal area of Sathing Phra District, Songkhla Province from January and February 2018. 100 squids were examined and categorized into two sizes, large with averaging length 30.6±1.6cm and weight 65.3±2.2g; medium size with averaging length 21.2±1.4cm and weight 32.6±1.9g. Microplas cs were present in 73 individuals of squid with the average quan fica on of microplas cs 1.55±0.5 items per squid. Loligo chinesis is one of the economically important source of seafood in Thailand and have high consump on by local people in Southern Thailand be as well suitable candidates as one of the selected marine species for monitoring trends of ingested plas c debris. This preliminary result represents the first evidence of microplas c presence in marine organisms from Southern Gulf of Thailand.

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INGESTION OF MICROPLASTICS BY ZOOPLANKTON IN TERENGGANU

Zakaria daoud almashaqba 1, Roswa Md Amin 1,2*

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Tereng‐ganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

2Ins tute of Oceanography and Environment, Universi Malaysia Tereng‐ganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

*Corresponding author: roswa [email protected]

Abstract Plas cs are inexpensive, durable and solid, and offer significant advantages to use. They probably can improve the advantages of plas c to medical and experimental techniques that will give to humankind. Because of many improper rubbish control systems, or careless human behaviour, a large number of plas c parts have been discharged into the environment, and whereby have entered the earth oceans. The concern is that plas cs do not degrade biologically but are subdivided into small molecules under the ultraviolet radia on called as Microplas cs. In the end, these microplas cs accumulate in our oceans, where an es mated 200,000 pieces of plas c are found in every 2 square kilometres of the sea surface. Tiny plas c trash (Microplas cs; <5mm) are a common and universal contaminant of aqua c ecosystems. Inges on of microplas cs by marine biota, including zooplankton has been widely reported, but notwithstanding their vital environmental role in marine food‐webs, the effect of microplas cs on zooplankton con nues under‐researched. This study aims to inves gate the inges on of microplas cs by zooplankton from coastal to offshore areas of the Southern South China Sea. The rate of inges on will be detected depending on the order, life‐stage and body size of zooplankton using diges on methods. We hypothesise that the contamina on with Microplas c will be higher near the beach more than offshore because of the presence of tourists is usually on the beach and the sources of pollu on are closer. This study will further give the rate of microplas c contamina on on the seriousness of the situa on occur in the study area. Keywords: microplas c, zooplankton, south china sea, diges on, inges on

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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND SIZE AT SEXUAL MATURITY OF METAPENAEUS BREVICORNIS AND PARAPENAEOPSIS SCULPTILIS FROM

THE MYEIK COASTAL WATERS, MYANMAR

Kay‐Khine‐Soe

Marine Science Department, Myiek University, Myanmar

Abstract A total of 931 and 948 individuals of Metapenaeus brevicornis and Parapenaeopsis sculp lis were examined to es mate the spawning seasons and maturity stage using length frequency analysis. Samples have been taken from push net and trammel net fisheries of Myeik coastal waters from August 2015 to July 2016. The rendering of sex occurred when overall sex ra o (male: female) was 0.8 in M. brevicornis and 2.2 in P. sculp lis. Condi on factor of both species was lower than 0.014, indica ng that the fishing ac vi es in the study area is mainly on immature shrimps. Carapace length at first maturity of these two species were found to be 16.3±2.2 and 19.2±4.2 for males and females M. brevicornis, and 18.3±3.2 and 25.7±7.7 for male and female P. sculp lis, respec vely. Greatest number of females with fully‐ripe ovaries were found in 19‐36 mm in M. brevicornis and 19‐45 mm in P. sculp lis. Two peaks spawning periods were observed from January‐April and September‐October in M. brevicornis, while April‐June and August‐December in P. sculp lis.

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BACTERIAL DIVERSITY IN AAPTOS AAPTOS AND XESTOSPONGIA MUTA SPONGES COLLECTED FROM BIDONG ISLAND

1T.S.M. Amelia, 2,3A.A. Amirul, 1,3,4K. Bhubalan*

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengga‐

nu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Biological Sciences, Universi Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang,

Malaysia. 3Malaysian Ins tute of Pharmaceu cals and Nutraceu cals, NIBM, 11700

Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 4Ins tute of Marine Biotechnology, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030

Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract There is a lack of readily available reports on the bacterial diversi es of sponges Aaptos aaptos and Xestospongia muta from Bidong Island of the Malaysian South China Sea. Recognised as a bacterial hotspot, the marine sponge has been an acknowledged reserve of interes ng bacterial species and compounds. However, due to the difficulty in cul va ng sponge‐associated bacteria plus the emergence of bioinforma cs and metagenomics tools, sponge‐associated bacterial metagenomes have been increasingly targeted for poten al compound‐producing bacteria. Therefore, in this study, the bacterial diversity of locally abundant yet underexplored sponges, explicitly A. aaptos and X. muta from Bidong Island were inves gated. The sponge bacterial metagenomes were extracted using CTAB‐based extrac on protocol. Then, the bacterial diversi es were analysed using culture‐independent 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) amplicon sequencing. The high‐microbial‐abundance (HMA) sponge X. muta harboured a more diverse bacterial diversity than A. aaptos. The thus far uncharacterised microbial abundance of sponge A. aaptos exhibited the microbial community a ribute of an HMA sponge.

Con nued on the next page

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Furthermore, the sponge bacterial communi es between the two sponges were similar, implying that geographical loca on plausibly had an effect on sponge bacterial diversity. Addi onally, the dominant bacterial phyla consisted of Proteobacteria, Ac nobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Cyanobacteria, which were common sponge‐associated phyla. The dominant families were Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Desulfurellaceae, Nitrospiraceae, Oxalobacteraceae and Rhodobacteraceae, which included chemoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, photoheterotrophs, methylotrophs, nitrogen‐fixing and sulfur‐reducing bacteria. Sponge‐associated bacteria displayed poten al as a source of medicinally and biotechnologically important compounds. Keywords: Marine sponge, metagenome, bacterial diversity, Aaptos aaptos, Xestospongia muta

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APPLICATION OF POLYHYRXOYALKANOATE (PHA) AS ADJUVATANT IN TRIG‐ERRING IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA

Shazwani Mohamed1,2, Abd Wahid Mohd Effendy2, Amirul Al‐Ashraf Abdullah3,4,

Kesaven Bhubalan1,2,4*

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

2Ins tute of Marine Biotechnology, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

3School of Biological Sciences, Universi Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

4Malaysian Ins tute of Pharmaceu cals and Nutraceu cals, MOSTI, Malaysia

Abstract Adjuvant is an addi ve that is responsible for enhancing immune response when in associa on with an gens. Proper selec on of adjuvant is needed in order to improve the efficacy of vaccina on so that immune response can be regulated at its op mum. To date, adjuvant is either made up of alum or oil emulsion. The limited choices of adjuvant provide less protec ve immunity and toxicity is always a great concern whenever the use of adjuvant involve. Therefore a greener material such as biopolymer should bring forward to considera on. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a microbial‐derived biopolymer is well known for its biodegradable, biocompa ble and thermoplas c proper‐

es. Some PHA has even been developed into medical applica on material such as heart valve and pericardial patches. In this study, PHA was formulat‐ed as adjuvant in aiding vaccina on against haemorrhagic sep caemia dis‐ease. Biosynthesis of PHA via bacterial fermenta on was conducted and extracted purified crude polymer was fabricated into micropar cle emulsion and combined with Pasteurella multocida B:2 whole‐killed vaccine through solvent evapora on technique. Cell cytotoxicity study shows no IC50 values recorded on L6 cells treated with PHA adjuvanted vaccine formula on. For study of immune response, 12 female Sprague dawley rats were divided into four groups and given respec ve treatment; untreated, PHA, P.multocida vaccine, and PHA adjuvanted vaccine. Analysis on IgG, IgM and IgA an bodies level were conducted through ELISA. Result shows a very good eleva on of IgG an bodies level, moderate in IgM level and no significant pa erned observed for IgA level when rats is treated with PHA adjuvanted vaccine. Keywords: polyhydroxyalkanoate, Pasteurella multocida, haemorrhagic sep caemia, adjuvant, whole‐killed vaccine

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND DISTRIBU‐TION OF MACROFAUNA

Siwanart Ruangsuwan and Mathinee Yucharoen1,2

1Marine and Coastal Resources Ins tute, Prince of Songkla University,

Hatyai, Songkhla 90110 2Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research center, Prince of

Songkla University, Hatyai Songkhla 90110

Abstract

Macrofauna plays important roles on marine ecosystems as circula on of nutrients through grazing and by physically mixing sediment during the processes of feeding, burrow and construc on. They also help to increase oxygen content in marine sediment, ver cally distribute both dissolved and par culate nutrients and thereby influences a variety of microbial ac vi es. This study was a review of macrofauna observa on using different methodologies. There were several instruments of grab and core samplers, which were used for different aims of sampling. Collected samples were separated by sieve and treated using 10% formalin in seawater for sor ng at laboratory. The environmental parameters as depth, seawater temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH, salinity, sediment grain size and organic ma er were also measured in order to examine of the rela onship between macrofauna distribu on and environment, which would be a biological indicator of water quality or marine pollu on.

Keywords: macrofauna, indicator, environment, marine biodiversity

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A STUDY ON COASTAL MANGROVE FOREST NUTRIENT STATUS IN RESPONSE TO LONG‐TERM DISCHARGE OF AQUACULTURAL WASTEWATER

Ming Yang Bee1,2, Lili Wei1,*, Seng‐Chee Poh2

Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Ins tute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China

School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia.

Abstract Mangrove‐aquaculture wetland concept has been raised due to the environmental service provided by mangrove wetlands about water purifica on. However scarce literature provide the effect of introducing aquaculture wastewater into mangrove forest. This study aimed to access the response of mangrove forest to long term influx of aquaculture wastewater, in term of nutrient content in surface sediment and in the mangrove leaves. The study site was located in a Kandelia obovata dominated subtropical mangrove forest in Fujian, China where a high density of aquaculture ac vi es. A horizontal transect were plo ed between two dal creek (A and B) formed by daily aquaculture wastewater discharge. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents were tested on sediment, mangrove leaves and wastewater collected from the plots. Results showed that heterogeneity nutrient distribu on effect was most significant on sediment than on leaves within the mangrove forest. Nutrient content was found highest at the plot nearest to Creek A and decreased with increased distance from the creek. Nitrogen distribu on heterogeneity was especially significant suggested that N was limi ng nutrient instead on P. This was further proved by incomplete phosphorus resorp on proficiency (> 0.04%), N:P ra o < 13 and low phosphorus resorp on efficiency (< 50%). In conclusion, chronic discharge of aquaculture wastewater into mangrove forest leads to heterogeneity distribu on of limi ng nutrient. Besides, increasing availability of non‐limi ng nutrient can result in inefficient nutrient use by plant and adversely affect ability of mangrove forest to retain the par cular nutrient where excess nutrients are poten ally released to adjacent environment. Keywords: mangrove‐aquaculture wetlands, nutrient enrichment, water purifica on, nutrient availability

22

SPATIAL, SEASONAL AND VERTICAL VARIATIONS OF INORGANIC NUTRI‐ENTS IN KENYER LAKE, TERENGGANU

Si Farhain Mohd Ludin and Poh Seng Chee

School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu,

21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess spa al, seasonal and ver cal varia ons of ammonium (NH4‐N), nitrate (NO3‐N), nitrite (NO2‐N), and orto‐phosphate (PO4

3‐) availability in the Kenyir Lake, Terengganu. Water samples were taken from November 2017 to March 2018. In general, higher concentra ons of nutrients were recorded at the sta on near to Dam area. The concentra ons of orthophosphate, nitrite and nitrate were compared with the Na onal Water Quality Standards (NWQS) classifica on for Malaysia, and it fall in Class I water quality which indica ng a natural level, prac cally no treatment requirement. For ammonium concentra on, the comparison could not be made as it s ll not listed on Na onal Water Quality Standards for Malaysia. Keywords: nutrients, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, orthophosphate

23

DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED CO2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION MONITORING FOR LAKE SYSTEM

1Daryl Jia Jun LEE, Kah Teik KEK2, and 1Seng Chee Poh

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

2School of Ocean Engineering, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kua‐la Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Kenyir lake, claimed as the largest man‐made lake in South East Asia was built over Terengganu River without proper pre‐clearing (Ambak and Jalal, 1998; Rouf et al., 2010) with a depth ranging between 25‐130m. It is known to be a thermally stra fied deep reservoir (Fa mah et al., 2007) and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) are s ll scarce, in par cular in tropical regions. In this study, a well‐automated in situ mul ‐logger sensor for CO2, humidity, pressure, temperature and posi on logging system were developed for the greenhouse gases monitoring. Calibra on test has been conducted for zero offset error and regression correc on with standard CO2 gas. U lity of this technique were demonstrated with analysis of CO2 in the air during an experimental field campaign and to the laboratory‐based analysis of indoor air quality. A comparison between an established method using Los Gator Research’s (LGR, USA) CO2 analyzer and our developed sensor were performed showed that both instruments were in agreement at high concentra on (standard gas at 2982.6ppm). However, both LGR and developed sensor shown slight differences when measuring at low concentra on standard gas at 415.2ppm of CO2. A root mean square corrected CO2 data yield high‐accuracy result (within 10ppm) when compared to standard LGR method. Overall, this newly developed CO2 sensor had demonstrated its capacity to measure CO2 concentra on and is suitable for environment monitoring applica ons with lower cost. Keywords: Kenyir lake, Greenhouse gases (GHGs), CO2 analyzer

24

CO‐CULTIVATING PROBIOTIC BACTERIA AND MICROALGAE IN A SINGLE‐ CULTURE MEDIUM

1N. S. A. Manab, 2H. Khatoon, and 1,3,4K. Bhubalan*

1 School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

2 School of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

3 Ins tute of Marine Biotechnology, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

4 Malaysian Ins tute of Pharmaceu cal and Nutraceu cals, NIBM, 11700 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Probio c bacteria act as bio‐control agents that help in improving immune response to fight against pathogen and bacterial infec on. By incorpora ng probio c bacteria and microalgae together in a single‐culture medium, organisms involved especially larval‐rearing aquaculture can receive health and nutri onal benefits. In this study, bold basal medium (BBM) was used to cul vate freshwater Chlorella sp. in a controlled temperature (23ºC) with con nuous light (1000 lux) and aera on supply. Simultaneously, probio c bacteria Bacillus megaterium UMTKB‐1, Vibrio alginoly cus and Pseudomonas pu da were cultured in selected enrichment media and tested for their viability on BBM medium at 30ºC, 200 rpm. Both microalgae and probio c bacteria were centrifuged before co‐cul va on in single‐culture medium with an ini al microalgal concentra on of 600,000 cells/mL. The treatments were analysed at selected me intervals for 16 days using two cul va on modes: shake flask and aerated flask. Microalgal cell concentra ons and colony forming unit (CFU) bacterial counts were recorded. Co‐cul vated ‐B. megaterium and Chlorella sp. showed mutual increment of CFU counts and cell concentra‐

ons (aerated:5.83 ‐ 31.92 x105 cells/mL; shake flask: 5.85 ‐ 11.82 x105 cells/mL) respec vely along the incuba on period. Meanwhile, only the cell concen‐tra on of Chlorella sp. increased in the co‐cul va on of P. pu da (aerated:6.48 ‐ 13.70 x105 cells/mL; shake flask: 6.24‐10.68 x105 cells/mL) and V. alginoly cus (aerated:6.38 ‐ 12.52 x105 cells/mL; shake flask: 5.92 ‐ 9.73 x105 cells/mL). In conclusion, probio c bacteria and microalgae were able to coexist in single‐culture medium. This indicates posi ve applica on of mixed‐culture system in aquaculture cul va on. Keywords: probio c bacteria, microalgae, mixed culture, aquaculture

25

PB SORPTION‐DESORPTION PATTERN DRIVEN BY CONSECUTIVE REDOX PROCESSES ON SUSPENSIBLE ESTUARINE SEDIMENT PARTICLES

Peizhen Loh1,2,3, Shen Yu1*, Sengchee Poh3

1CAS Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Ins tute of Urban

Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

3School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

Abstract Metal sorp on‐desorp on on suspensible sediment par cles associated with dynamic redox processes might determine mobility and bioavailability of metals in aqua c environment. This study inves gates Pb sorp on‐desorp on on suspensible sediment par cles with Fe amendment under a consecu ve aerobic and anaerobic condi on. Fine par cles (1‐2µm and <1µm) separated from an estuarine sediment were mixed with a series of Pb and Fe combina ons in an electrolyte of 0.01M NaNO3 and agitated for a consecu ve incuba on of 24 hrs aerobic and 24 hrs anaerobic condi ons. Concentra ons of Pb and Fe in equilibriums were determined. Surface proper es of the par cles were characterized with SEM and BET and background Pb concentra on was frac onated by BCR sequen al extrac on. Over 50% of sediment par cle Pb was bonded with Fe/Mn oxides. The <1µm par cles showed be er crystalliza on in comparison with the 1‐2µm par cles, but which had a higher BET specific surface area. The 1‐2µm par cles showed an evident pa ern of Pb sorp on under the aerobic condi on and desorp on at anaerobic condi on with the series of Pb and Fe combina ons. However, the <1µm par cles were differen ated during the anaerobic condi on. The BCR frac ona on indicates an important role of Fe/Mn oxides on Pb adsorp on in the fine sediment par cles. Crystalliza on and specific surface area determined by par cle size were main factors in determining Pb sorp on‐desorp on pa erns on surfaces of the par cles Keywords: Pb, sorp on‐desorp on, estuarine, sediment par cles

26

COASTAL VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SEA‐LEVEL RISE POTENTIALLY AFFECTED AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF KOH KHLANG COMMUNITY IN THE

ANDAMAN SEA

Adirake Markphol

Marine and Coastal Resources Ins tute, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110

Abstract

This paper presents the result of combining sea‐level rise projec on and vulnerability assessment of ten villages covering the area of 100 km2 in Koh Khlang Subdistrict, Lanta District, Krabi Province, to show the areas to be affected by sea‐level rise. The research methodology is as follows: 1) sea‐level rise simula on at 0.5 and 1 meters was undertaken with the overlay technique to compare between a satellite map and sea‐level rise simulated maps to iden fy poten ally flooded areas. 2) Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) was used to measure levels of vulnerability in villages by combining two physical variables (eleva on and coastal slope) and four socio‐economic variables (popula on density, se lement, land use and road network). The result shows that flooding at 0.5 and 1 meter sea‐level rise simula on cover the area of 1.73 km2 and 2.63 km2 respec vely. For the CVI outcomes at the very high, high, medium, low and very low levels of vulnerability, the areas range from 2.36, 7.23, 55.85, 33.10 and 1.33 km2 respec vely. The research outcome is illustrated into an island map of poten ally flooded areas with different levels of vulnerability.

27

DEVELOPMENT OF GEODATABASE AND WEBGIS FOR LONG‐TERM RE‐SEARCH MONITORING IN PULAU BIDONG ARCHIPELAGO

*Yuzwan Mohamad1, and Idham Khalil1

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences (PPSMS), Universi Malaysia

Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. Abstract

Geographical Informa on System (GIS) has been used in many terrestrial applica ons in Malaysia. Data collected was stored, archived, modelled and displayed during monitoring and management purposes. Marine GIS, however, is limited due to scares datasets and was not fully integrated. Various sampling projects and data collec ons, for example, have been carried out by researchers from mul ple universi es and agencies in Pulau Bidong Archipelago. Data collected was kept by an individual researcher and was not systema cally catalogue. Hence, there is a need for a fully integrated geodatabase to store all marine and environmental datasets in the area. This to ensure the dataset can be centralized and arranged in a more structured and coordinated for easy access. The objec ve of this study is to develop a geodatabase model of marine datasets in Pulau Bidong, Malaysia waters. In the early stage, datasets from hardcopy and so copy scien fic expedi on and reports will be compiled. A File Geodatabase in ArcGIS was then created to host the datasets in the form of tables, raster and vector format. The geodatabase will be developed following “Malaysia Standard MS1759:2015, Geographic Informa on/geoma cs ‐ Feature and A ribute Codes”. The second phase of this study is to develop a WebGIS portal using ArcGIS online to enable end users with a simple, intui ve and useful interface to access the geodatabase. Future studies are planned to expand the scope to other UMT’s study sites. Keywords: GIS, geodatabase, WebGIS, geoma cs, Pulau Bidong Archipelago

28

THE DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOLOTHUROIDEA ON THE REEF FLAT OF PANWA CAPE PHUKET, PHUKET PROVINCE

Rachakorn Sirijarukul1,2, Koraon Wongkamhaeng3, Ponlachart Cho karn1,2*


Hatyai, Songkhla 90110 2Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research center, Prince of

Songkla University, Hatyai Songkhla 90110 3Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University,

Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Ra onale and Objec ves: Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) are benthic invertebrate that play important role within ecosystem. The excrete of sea cucumber increase alkalinity (Purcell et al. 2016) of sea water nearby and as a calcium carbonate contributor in the coral reef (Schneider et al. 2011). The study took place at Panwa cape, Phuket province, which has been established as Marine protected area in 2016, a er major coral bleaching even in Andaman sea in 2016. This study will be filling the knowledge in the area as Holothuroidea is one of the impor n animal in the coral reef ecosystem. The data of diversity and distribu on of Holothuroidea on the coral reef are needed in order to support the conserva on. Keywords: Panwa Cape, diversity, distribu on, Holothuroidea

29

SIZE‐FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF MASSIVE PORITES IN TERENGGANU ISLANDS

A. Osman & J. N. Lee*

* Postgraduate Centre, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences,

Universi Malaysia Terengganu Abstract The long‐lived coral, massive Porites acts as natural barrier for the coastal area from abrasive impact besides its importance in recording past environmental changes such as sea level changes and helps to deduce popula on response in its environment. The report of its distribu on is important for researches that are looking at massive Porites as the subject of study. This study aims to (1) determine the size structure of massive Porites in islands of Terengganu and to (2) compare the distribu on of massive Porites in islands in Terengganu. In each site, photos of 1x1m size is taken for benthic analysis using Coral Point Count extension (CPCe). Meanwhile, the size‐frequency of massive Porites is determined by measuring the diameter and height to compute the size of each individual found in 5 x 50m belt transect. Generally massive Porites on the northern island are newly established individuals with higher frequency of the smaller sizes found compare to the lower number of big individuals found on islands located towards the south of Terengganu.

30

CORAL REEF PRIMARY PRODUCTION AT PANWA CAPE, PHUKET

Pathompong Pramneechote1,2, Su nee Sinutok2,3, Koraon Wongkamhaeng4

and Ponlachart Cho karn1,2*


Kho Hong, Hat Yai, Songkhla 2Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center,

Prince of Songkla University, Kho Hong, Hat Yai, Songkhla. 3Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University,

Kho Hong, Hat Yai, Songkhla 4Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok,

Thailand 10900 Abstract An assessment of coral reef primary produc on was carried out by benthic oxygen flux chambers to compare the primary produc on of corals between reef slope and reef flat at Panwa cape, Phuket. The results show that gross primary produc on (GPP) of reef slope corals in June ‐ August 2017 was 18.26 (±3.06), 17.19 (±2.89) และ 21.91 (±3.00) µmolO2/l/h, respec vely. GPP of

reef flat coral was 25.17 (±6.35), 19.39 (±2.24) and 32.90 (±10.22) µmolO2/l/h, respec vely. Percent benthic cover was observed by photo belt transect method. At reef slope, there were 12 family and 25 genus of corals and there were 9 family and 17 genus in reef flat. Percentage of live coral cover in reef slope and reef flat were 21.65% and 43.93%, respec vely. Primary produc on of reef flat was higher than reef slope in every months and the highest primary produc on was found in August at both sites. Percent live coral cover in reef flat was higher but the coral diversity was lower than that at reef slope. This study indicated that light intensity and percent live coral cover is mainly driver for coral reef primary produc on for this site. The results from this study can be used for Phuket coral reef conserva on management and planning. Keywords : coral, primary produc on, reef slope, reef flat, Phuket

31

BLEACHING TOLERANCE OF CORAL RESPONDING TO HIGH TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY

Pimrak Moungkeaw1* and Mathinee Yucharoen1,2


Kho Hong, Hat Yai, Songkhla 2Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Prince of

Songkla University, Kho Hong, Hat Yai, Songkhla Abstract Mutualism rela onship between zooxanthellae and corals makes coral reef as a habitat of living marine organisms, which known to provides ecosystem services. Recently, human and natural threats made impact to coral reef communi es, especially coral bleaching which relates to global climate change. The main cause of coral bleaching was reported from increasing seawater temperature and high solar radia on, in par cular shallow reef areas. These affect to the photosynthesis pathway inside zooxanthellae’s chloroplast resul ng in the high produc on of Reac ve Oxygen Species (ROS), which damage the coral ssue. However, several researches men oned on adapta on of corals among environmental change such as replacement of corals between shallow and deep zone. The corals showed changing of zooxanthellae composi on, which built their tolerant ability to survive from environmental stressors. Thus, our study is going to inves gate the responses of coral holobiont (coral and its zooxanthellae) from different levels; inter dal and sub dal zones during bleaching and recovery periods. The assump on of higher tolerant ability would be adapta on of coral when it faces to high temperature and light intensity as well as familiar stressors from inter dal zone. Keywords: coral bleaching, high temperature, high light, tolerance

32

BIOMASS ESTIMATES AND SPECIES DIVERSITY OF NATURAL AND PLANTED MANGROVE FORESTS IN TRANG, THAILAND

Pablina Cadiza,b and Ponlachart Cho karna,b,*

aMarine and Coastal Resources Ins tute, Prince of Songkla University,

Songkhla, Thailand 90112 bCoastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Prince of

Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand 90112 *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This study evaluated the Biomass and species diversity in 10‐25‐YO (planted) and >50‐YO (natural) mangrove forests in Sikao, Kantang and Palian Districts, Trang, Thailand. The highest biomass was expected in >50‐YO mangrove forests with Rhizophora apiculata (4,166.84± 538.98 ton ha‐1), Avicennia lanata (3,292.72 ± 1,496.81 ton ha‐1) of Kantang, and A. officinalis of Palian (3,855.46 +2,260.00 ton ha‐1). The Species Diversity Indexes (H’) in Palian, Kantang and Sikao were 1.82, 1.21 and 0.84, respec vely. The Rhizophora apiculata in 10‐25 YO in Kantang obtained highest Dominance Index (C) of 1.00 and the lowest H’ value of 0.00. The 10‐25‐YO mangrove forest had lower species richness value of 4 compared to >50‐YO with species richness value of 13. Density of mature trees ranged from 560.71 ± 103.55 stems ha‐1 in Palian to 6220.00±459.78 stems ha‐1 in Kantang. The basal area (BA) in Kantang obtained the highest BA of 41.99 ± 37.03 m‐2 ha‐1. The 10‐25‐YO forest stands of R. apiculata in Kantang also had a BA of 35.58 ± 3.91 m‐2 ha‐1. Out of the 42‐species (26 true mangrove species and 15 mangrove associates species) recorded, two cri cally endangered species, Bruguiera haenisii and Sonnera a griffithii and one endangered species, Heri era fomes were found in the study sites. The Ceriops decandra and Phoenix paludosa were recorded as near‐threatened species. Overall, this study revealed that biomass and diversity in natural mangrove areas are higher than planted sites, and this suggests to op mize the efforts in management and conserva on of mangrove forests in Trang, Thailand. Keywords: above ground biomass.species, diversity, mangroves, vegeta on characteris cs

33

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN RECENT SEDIMENTS AT MERANG RIVER, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA


Marine Pollu on Research Interest Group, School of Marine and Environmental

Sciences (PPSMS), Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Abstract Human ac vi es such as fishing, aquaculture and boa ng ac vi es can be seen throughout Merang river. The main and private je y transpor ng tourists to islands like Redang Island is considered as an important establishment due to high boa ng ac vi es in this area. This study aimed to focus on metal study (Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe) of Merang river. A total of 64 sediment samples; 44 samples along the river and 20 samples at Merang coastal area were sampled using Ponar grab in the month of November 2017. Teflon Bomb closed diges on method with mixed acid was used to determine the concentra on in the sediment. The contamina on of heavy metal in the sediments were analyzed by using Induc vely Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The average of heavy metal concentra on for the elements are as follows; Pb (29.8±12.4) µg/g dry wt, Cu (17.7±6.5) µg/g dry wt, Fe (3.5±1.2) µg/g dry wt, Zn (58±22) µg/g dry wt, Cr (37.2±10.7) µg/g dry wt and Mn (320±151) µg/g dry wt. Geo‐accumula on Index (Igeo) and Pollu on Level Index (PLI) approach were used to determine the heavy metals contamina on levels in river sediment of Merang river. Igeo value shows that Merang river is prac cally uncontaminat‐ed and falls under Class 0. However, the contamina on values shows higher level of all six heavy metal elements, therefore, most of the elemental sources are naturally derived. The PLI value is 1.68±0.53, hence, there are heavy metal contamina on occur in Merang river. Keywords: heavy metal, sediment, Geo‐accumula on Index, Pollu on Level Index, Merang river

34

DEVELOPING POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE‐BASED MICROBEADS AS AN EX‐FOLIATION AGENT

Sharumathiy Govindasamya,b, Al‐Ashraf Abdullah Amirulb,c,

Roswa Md Amina, Kesaven Bhubalana,b,d,*

aSchool of Marine and Environmental Sciences, UMT, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

bMalaysian Ins tute of Pharmaceu cals and Nutraceu cals, NIBM, 11700 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

cSchool of Biological Sciences, USM, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. dIns tute of Marine Biotechnology, UMT, 21030 Kuala Nerus,

Terengganu, Malaysia. Abstract Major ocean stressors include the influx of petrochemical‐based plas c waste. The waste ranges from large plas c objects such as building debris, to the invisible microplas cs. Significant source of microplas cs are from the usage of microbeads in market as this material are used in cosme c scrubs. The possible way to counteract the problem is by subs tu on of synthe c plas cs to natural biodegradable polymer which is known as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] is the most common type of PHA produced by bacteria under imbalanced growth condi ons. Massilia haematophilla UMTKB‐2, isolated from brackish water was used to synthesize P(3HB) in shaken‐flask culture up to 0.8 ± 0.05 g/L by using glucose as the sole carbon source. Endotoxins from the polymer was removed using oxidizing agents and was evaluated using E‐TOXATETM kits. The P(3HB) produced was characterized for its thermal proper es and mechanical strength by differen al scanning calorimetry and tensile machine respec vely. P(3HB) microbeads were prepared by the double emulsion solvent evapora on technique and observed under scanning electron microscope for its shape and size. In vitro cell culture was carried out using human kera nocyte cells (HaCaT) on the P(3HB) microbeads to evaluate the cytotoxicity. The inges on of P(3HB) microbeads into marine organism (brine shrimp) was studied. A dermal scrub was formulated with the microbeads by mixing them with a semi‐solid base which is known as Hamin. The efficiency of the P(3HB)‐based dermal exfolia on agent was tested using DermaLab® Series SkinLab‐Combo. The plas c‐like proper es of P(3HB) makes a poten al subs tute for the conven onal plas c‐based microbeads. Keywords: Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate), microbeads, exfolia on, agent cosme cs.

35

EFFECT OF LIGHT ON GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM FROM SONGKHLA LAKE, THAILAND

Pacharee Kaewchana1,2, Anchana Prathep3, Ponlachart Cho karn2,4,

Su nee Sinutok1,2,*

1Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110

2Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110

3Seaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Department of Biology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110

4Marine and Coastal Resources Ins tute, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110

*Corresponding author: su [email protected]

Abstract

Macrophytes play an important role in maintaining high physical and biological diversity and act as ecosystem engineers that provide nutrient cycling capacity, and act as habitat structure and refugia for aqua c organisms. Field survey showed seasonal varia on in abundance and distribu on of submerged macrophytes. During summer, submerged macrophytes in Songkhla Lake is facing low light due to shading from an overgrowth of other macroalgae and phytoplankton bloom. This study inves gated the effect of low light on growth and photosynthesis of Ceratophyllum demersum from Songkhla Lake. C. demersum were maintain in the aquariums in the laboratory for 60 days under three light treatments: 180, 90 and 45 μmol photons m‐2 s‐1. Growth, photosynthe c ac vity (photosynthe c efficiency and pigment contents) and carbon capture poten al (organic ma er and carbon and nitrogen contents) were inves gated. The results showed that growth rate of C. demersum decreased with decreasing light intensity (0.4475 ±0.0580, 0.3925 ± 0.0366, 0.0370 ± 0.0796 g day‐1). However, there were no changes in dark‐adapted maximum quantum yield of Photosystem II, while light‐adapted effec ve quantum yield increased with increasing light intensity. The laboratory results suggested that light plays a major role on photosynthesis and growth of C. demersum and shading will affect abundance and distribu on of this species in Songkhla Lake. Keywords: submerged macrophyte; PAM fluorometry; growth; light stress; Songkhla Lake

37

GUT CONTENTS OF FEMALE HORSESHOE CRABS (TACHYPLEUS GIGAS) FROM JOHOR, MALAYSIA

Anis Syahira Abd. Halim1, Faridah Mohamad1, Nurhaidah Jamaludin1,

Nurul Huda Ahmad Ishak1, Ahmad Shamsudin Ahmad1, Noraznawa Ismail2, Fisal Ahmad3, Tuan Zainazor Tuan Chilek3

Horseshoe Crab Research Group (HCRG)

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

2Ins tute of Marine Biotechnology, Universi Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

3School of Food Science and Technology, Universi Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Abstract

Tachypleus gigas are also known as coastal horseshoe crab that can be found in the water of Indo‐Pacific regions. The knowledge about the food preference of T. gigas especially in Malaysia is s ll limited. This study aims to iden fy the gut content of female horseshoe crab from Johor. To avoid killing the horseshoe crab itself, gut samples were collected from three restaurants that serve horseshoe crab dishes. A total 23 gut samples were placed in ice box immediately to stop the decaying process before fixed in 10% formalin. Then, guts were dissected and the contents were transferred into 70% ethanol for further iden fica on. The gut contents were sorted under stereo microscope and observed under compound microscope to iden fy the lowest possible taxon. Results showed that, several iden fied food item such as bivalve, gastropod, fragments of shell, scaphopoda, crustacean, sand par cles and a few uniden fied biological materials. Among these food items found, crustacean was the least compared to sand par cles since it is present in all samples. Further study on feeding preferences is needed in order to increase the horseshoe crabs popula on in Malaysia. For example, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) could be used to iden fy the gut content more precisely. Keywords: coastal horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus gigas, food preferences, gut contents, Malaysia.

38

DETERMINATION OF ZOOPLANKTON INGESTION RATE ON SYNTHETIC AND BIODEGRADABLE MATERIAL AND ITS EFFECT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

Annisa Nursabrina Jaapar1, Roswa Md Amin1,2*, Kesaven Bhubalan1,

Si Nurtahirah Ja’afar1,2

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

2Ins tute of Oceanography and Environment, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

*Corresponding author: roswa [email protected]

Abstract

Synthe c microplas c fibres are frequently reported in samples from sediments, water column and biota whereas biodegradable plas cs is the solu on that we put an end to the accumula on of plas c in the environment. Plankton mainly zooplankton cons tute at the base of food chain in the ocean might easily mistake a piece of plas c for food intake, par cularly if they are of similar size as their food. So far, in Malaysia, studies were only concentrated on the presence of microplas c in organisms and its distribu on in marine and freshwater environment. None of this studies are focusing on inges on rate and physiological state such as reproduc ve success, respira on and survival once it is entering the ocean food chain. If biodegradable plas c are developed as an alterna ve to synthe c plas cs, determina on of the effects on organisms is essen al. Therefore, the main aims of this study are to inves gate the interac on of synthe c and biodegradable microplas cs and zooplankton by carrying out grazing experiment with different size of fluorescence microsphere and observe its effects on the zooplankton physiological func ons and enzyma c ac vity. Pre experimental study have been done to jus fy whether zooplankton feed on the microbead. Zooplankton were feed on biodegradable microbeads with size less than 5mm. Our preliminary result has shown 100% inges on a er 24 hours observa on. This new finding will provide a baseline informa on of microplas c interac on with marine organisms. We will further observe on the physiological effect and enzyma c ac vity on zooplankton a er synthe c and biodegradable microbeads inges on. Keywords: Enzyma c ac vity, microplas cs, physiological effect, South China Sea, zooplankton.

39

EX‐SITU DEGRADATION OF PALM OIL USING NATURAL SEAWATER AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM

Arularasu Muthaliar Tamothrana, Rachel Anne Chua Hui‐Wana, Puspanjali

Renganathana, Kesaven Bhubalana,b,c *

a School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

b Ins tute Marine Biotechnology, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

c Malaysian Ins tute of Pharmaceu cals and Nutraceu cals (IPharm), NIBM, 11700 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Palm oil industry has significant presence in Malaysia where is accounts for 39% and 44% of global palm oil produc on and exports respec vely. Palm oil industry have contributed to marine pollu on in form of oil spillage from vessel. Degrada on studies are important in establishing baseline data which is instrumental for mi ga on planning and policy making. In this study degrada on of crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil in seawater will be inves gated using shake flask method following OECD Guidelines for Tes ng Chemicals, OECD TG 306 (Biodegradability in seawater). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) level will be measured to determine degrada on rate. The study will be conducted for a maximum of 60 days or un l the 70% DOC removal is observed. Bacterial popula on in seawater will be determined via 16S‐rDNA metagenomic analysis. Cul vable heterotrophic bacteria counts will be determined based on colonies form on Zobell marine agar. Free fa y acid analysis of palm oil deriva ves in seawater will be determined using gas chromatography Preliminary study on palm oil degrada on in seawater found a reduc on of fa y acid concentra on (ppm) before and a er degrada on studies for palmi c acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C 18:0) and oleic acid (C 18:1). This indicates degrada on of palm oil into its fa y acid derivates and subsequent consump on by marine bacteria for metabolic ac vi es. Four bacteria were isolated and iden fied from palm oil degrada on in seawater. The bacteria isolated exhibited lipoly c ac vity. The iden fied strains are Pseudoalteromonas gela noly ca, Staphylococcus haemoly cus, Vibrio alginoly cus and Vibrio harveyi. Keywords: palm oil, degrada on, seawater, metagenomics

40

DEVELOPMENT OF MARGO ‐ A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FOR FOSSIL FUELS

Karthi Suresh, Farhanini Yusoff*

School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Demand on products and u li es tremendously increases propor onal to world popula on as days goes by which subsequently causes shortage of energies, which mainly derived from fossil fuels. Non‐renewable fossil fuel usage is at alarming level. The possible innova on that can save the world during fossil fuel deple on is fuel cell, which converts chemical energy into electrical energy However, it is realized that fuel cell have some cons to be looked, as one of the main component in the cell is pla num (Pt), which is an expensive precious metals. Pla num in electrochemical circuit will not be recovered completely while its usage is massive. Economic issues arises when high amount of pla num needed to reach the desired power densi es with larger fuel cell while pollu on was iden fied by using the pla num elec‐trode in a way of release of carbon dioxide gas, (CO2) during the reac on. Hence, an alterna ve is developed, a magne c electrode called MarGO, consist of reduced graphene oxide and magne te, which is considered to be the best for reduc on of oxygen at cathode as well as safe to be prac ced while beneficial economically cost saving and environmental friendly with lesser pollu on compared to pla num electrode usage. Development of this electrode will economically benefits industry in cost and environmental. Keywords: graphene, environmental friendly, oxygen reduc on reac on, magne c nanopar cles

41

A STUDY ON THE RESPONSE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS AND HEAVY METALS IN ACCESSING THE STRESS STATUS OF HIGHLY COMMER‐

CIAL FISH, Lates. Calcarifer FROM AQUACUTURE FARMS

1Mohamad Sofi Abu Hassan, 1Nurulnadia Yusoff 1,2,3, Si Nurtahirah Jaafar

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

2Ins tute of Oceanography and Environment, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia


Abstract Mass fish deaths in aquaculture farms reduce the produc vity of the aquaculture sector. Early warning assessment of the stress status through oxida ve biomarkers in cultured organisms could be important in avoidance of these events. The responses of catalase (CAT), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) ac vi es will be analyzed as poten al biomarkers for the stress status of highly commercial fish Lates calcarifer together will the level of heavy metals present in three different ssues, muscle, gills and liver. CAT, GST, SOD and GR ac vi es will be assayed by observing the change in absorbance using Microplate reader. Microwave diges on method will be employed to extract the target metals followed by measurement of concentra on by induc vely coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS).With regard to the response of CAT, GST, SOD and GR to the level of heavy metals present in the ssue, correla ons will be observed in be er understanding of the affect of heavy metals on the stress response of the fish, L. calcarifer from aquaculture farms in Kelantan and Terengganu. Keywords: Lates. Calcarifer, heavy metals, biomarkers, aquaculture farms

42

METALS ACCUMULATION IN CULTURED TIGER GROUPER, Epinephelus fus-cogu atus WITH ESTIMATED WEEKLY INTAKE BY HUMAN

Nik Mohmmad Azmi Nik‐Nurasyikin, Mohd Yusoff Nurulnadia*, Abu Hassan

Mohamad Sofi, Si Nurtahirah Jaafar

School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract In this moderniza on, industrial ac vi es and urban development usually takes place near the river and coastal areas where most of cage culture takes place. This could affect marine fish culture produc on as the development may led to aqua c pollu on such as metals contamina on. In this respect, this study focuses on quan fying metals concentra on in muscles, gills and livers of cultured ger grouper, Epinephelus fuscogu atus. Tiger groupers were sampled from the Semerak River, Kelantan and the Se u Wetland, Terengganu in April and May 2016. The samples were digested according to microwave diges on method and analyzed for Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni using induc vely coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry Perkin Elmer Elan 9000 (ICP‐MS). The bioaccumula on of metals (mg/kg, dry weight) follows the order of Fe> Zn> Cu> Ni> Pb and the concentra on trend increased from muscle to gill to liver, respec vely (p<0.05). Comparing to the Malaysia Food Act 1983 and Malaysia Food Regula on 1985, the metals concentra on was s ll under acceptable value. Calculated es mated weekly intake (EWI) also far below provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) suggested by WHO and FAO. This results indicated that ger grouper from aquaculture cage in selected areas are safe for human consump ons. As the calcula ons were based on small number of samples, future monitoring should be conduct in larger replicates to confirm the accuracy of data. Keywords: metal accumula on, Epinephelus fuscogu atus, The South China Sea, EWI

43

A REVIEW: COMPARISON OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ALGORITHMS USING REMOTE SENSING

Nor Shairah Azura Nazrrol, Razak Zakariya


Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Abstract

Determine the primary produc vity in the ocean is not simple as measuring the plant produc vity on land as primary produc vity is the major source of energy for ocean ecosystem. Understanding marine primary produc vity is cri cal for assessing the role of the oceans in many issues such global carbon cycle, ocean biological resources, and in evaluates the feature and quality of the ocean biological environment. It is impossible to obtain the spa al and temporal informa on on primary produc vity on a large scale in a short peri‐od of me using old method such as shipboard as it costly, me‐consuming and not suitable for rou ne monitoring programme. Therefore satellite remote sensing is an effec ve approach to acquire the ocean informa on in near real

me. Here, we compare several algorithms of produc vity measurements to understand the cri cal variables required for determine phytoplankton carbon fixa on. Based on the analysis of primary produc vity data, accuracy of produc vity algorithms in es ma ng primary produc vity is dependent mainly upon ability to accurately represent variability in PB

opt. The parameter, PB

opt can be further described as a func on of sea surface temperature or maximum primary produc vity per unit of chlorophyll a in the water column. The comparison models here are par cularly useful in the es ma on of ocean primary produc vity using satellite informa on. Keywords: ocean primary produc vity, satellite ocean colour, MODIS, phytoplankton, algorithms

44

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SELECTED METHANOLIC CRUDE FRACTIONS OF COASTAL MEDICINAL PLANT VITEX ROTUNDIFOLIA AS ANTIOXIDANT

AND ANTICANCER

Nurul Laili Rosli, Suvik Assaw* & Noor Wini Mazlan

Pusat Pengajian Sains Marin, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

Ins tute of Marine Biotechnology, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

[email protected] @ [email protected]

Abstract

Prolonged inflamma on due to extended ac va on of immune cells have caused inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and autoimmune disorder. Non‐steroidal an ‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used for treatment cause severe side effects which leads to research on finding alterna ves from natural products. Vitexicarpin, a chemical compound found in marine coastal plant, Vitex rotundifolia has been reported to have an oxidant, an cancer, and immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the bioac vi es of methanolic crude frac ons of V.rotundifolia fruits such as an oxidant, cytotoxic and inflamma on via in vitro and in vivo assays. Prior to inflamma on study, selected methanolic crude frac ons of V.rotundifolia fruits were evaluated for an oxidant and cytotoxic assays using DPPH radical scavenging assays and MTT assays on MCF‐7 cell line respec vely. Results revealed, the targeted frac ons of vitexicarpin from V.rotundifolia fruits, F6 and F7 showed differen al an oxidant ac vi es tested at 1mg/mL. Targeted frac on F6 demonstrated an oxidant ac vity of 14.34 % ± 2.52 meanwhile, frac on F7 with 54.01% ± 4.23. Cytotoxic ac vity of the targeted frac on F6 and F7 evaluated to have moderate cytotoxic ac vity with IC50 value of 18.73 ± 1.537 (µg) and 20.5 ± 1.083 (µg) respec vely. The IC50 value of standard vitexicarpin was 5.05 ± 1.259 (µg) which indicates it is near to highly toxic. As conclusion, the frac ons of V.rotundifolia fruits have the ability to inhibit radical scavenging and also the prolifera on of cancer cell. Next study, the suitable concentra on of the targeted V.rotundifolia frac ons will be evaluated using monocytes cell line RAW 264.7 for their an ‐inflammatory proper es. Keywords: Vitex rotundifolia, an oxidant, an cancer, coastal medicinal plant

45

SCLEROCHRONOLOGY RECONSTRUCTION OF MASSIVE Porites CORAL IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

*Ong, C. K.1, Lee, J. N.1, Tanzil, J. T. I.2

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia

Terengganu, Malaysia 2Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore


Abstract Coral sclerochronology is the study of growth records in the calcareous skeleton of hard coral. Past studies from different coral reef in the world had observed the decreasing trend in skeletal growth and forma on of dis nct stress banding pa erns in response to non‐op mum environmental condi on and climate changes. The interpreta on of skeletal growth records that are highly influenced by the environmental factors has been applying in current study using massive coral (Porites spp.) from seven coral reef sites around the Peninsular Malaysia. This study aims to reconstruct the historical temporal and spa al varia ons in coral skeletal growth pa erns revealed as density banding under x‐radiography and luminescence banding under ultra‐violet radia on. The skeletal growth parameters of linear extension rate, skeletal bulk density and calcifica on rate for every annual growth layer in the coral skeleton have been analysing. This study establishes a be er understanding on the skeletal growth variability for Porites spp. in respect to either the local specific environmental condi ons of the studied reef sites or common global climate events that stressed the coral reef in past. Keywords: coral sclerochronology, calcifica on, density banding, skeletal growth, Porites

46

TAXONOMY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ESTUARINE NEREIDIDAE IN KUALA IBAI TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

Si Syazwani Azmi and Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim *

School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu,

21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.


Abstract Polychaete worms from family Nereididae are well‐known and most diverse in the world. They can be found living in estuaries, freshwater and even in moist terrestrial ecosystems. However, the detailed descrip on on taxonomy and reproduc ve aspects of this family are s ll not well‐documented in Malaysian waters. The main objec ves of the present study are to describe nereidid species collected from mangrove areas, and to determine the presence of swimming behaviour and epitokous metamorphosis of the species found. The polychaetes were collected by tearing apart the decaying fronds of Nypa fru cans tree at six sites in March and May 2018. Meanwhile, swimming polychaetes were collected by scoop net during full moon, a er sunset me from January to June 2018. A total of 56 individuals belong to family Nereididae has been iden fied from; (Nypa worms, n=53), and sediment (n=3). Neanthes glandicincta is recognized as swimming epitokes that showing the epitokous modifica on. The present study shows the taxonomic update of estuarine nereidid and the first record of epitokous metamorphosis of N. glandicincta from Malaysia. Keywords: Neanthes glandicincta, reproduc on, epitokous metamorphosis, swimming, Kuala Ibai, Terengganu.

47

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN RECENT SEDI‐MENTS AT MERANG RIVER, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA


Marine Pollu on Research Interest Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences (PPSMS), Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus,

Terengganu, Malaysia

Abstract Human ac vi es such as fishing, aquaculture and boa ng ac vi es can be seen throughout Merang river. The main and private je y transpor ng tourists to islands like Redang Island is considered as an important establishment due to high boa ng ac vi es in this area. This study aimed to focus on metal study (Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe) of Merang river. A total of 64 sediment samples; 44 samples along the river and 20 samples at Merang coastal area were sampled using Ponar grab in the month of November 2017. Teflon Bomb closed diges on method with mixed acid was used to determine the concentra on in the sediment. The contamina on of heavy metal in the sediments were analyzed by using Induc vely Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The average of heavy metal concentra on for the elements are as follows; Pb (29.8±12.4) µg/g dry wt, Cu (17.7±6.5) µg/g dry wt, Fe (3.5±1.2) µg/g dry wt, Zn (58±22) µg/g dry wt, Cr (37.2±10.7) µg/g dry wt and Mn (320±151) µg/g dry wt. Geo‐accumula on Index (Igeo) and Pollu on Level Index (PLI) approach were used to determine the heavy metals contamina on levels in river sediment of Merang river. Igeo value shows that Merang river is prac cally uncontaminated and falls under Class 0. However, the contamina on values shows higher level of all six heavy metal elements, therefore, most of the elemental sources are naturally derived. The PLI value is 1.68±0.53, hence, there are heavy metal contamina on occur in Merang river. Keywords: heavy metal, sediment, Geo‐accumula on Index, Pollu on Level Index, Merang river

48

DEVELOPING POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE‐BASED MICROBEADS AS AN EXFO‐LIATION AGENT

Sharumathiy Govindasamya,b, Al‐Ashraf Abdullah Amirulb,c, Roswa Md Amina,

Kesaven Bhubalana,b,d,*

aSchool of Marine and Environmental Sciences, UMT, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

bMalaysian Ins tute of Pharmaceu cals and Nutraceu cals, NIBM, 11700 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

cSchool of Biological Sciences, USM, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. dIns tute of Marine Biotechnology, UMT, 21030 Kuala Nerus,

Terengganu, Malaysia. Abstract Major ocean stressors include the influx of petrochemical‐based plas c waste. The waste ranges from large plas c objects such as building debris, to the invisible microplas cs. Significant source of microplas cs are from the usage of microbeads in market as this material are used in cosme c scrubs. The possible way to counteract the problem is by subs tu on of synthe c plas cs to natural biodegradable polymer which is known as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] is the most common type of PHA produced by bacteria under imbalanced growth condi ons. Massilia haematophilla UMTKB‐2, isolated from brackish water was used to synthesize P(3HB) in shaken‐flask culture up to 0.8 ± 0.05 g/L by using glucose as the sole carbon source. Endotoxins from the polymer was removed using oxidizing agents and was evaluated using E‐TOXATETM kits. The P(3HB) produced was characterized for its thermal proper es and mechanical strength by differen al scanning calorimetry and tensile machine respec vely. P(3HB) microbeads were prepared by the double emulsion solvent evapora on technique and observed under scanning electron microscope for its shape and size. In vitro cell culture was carried out using human kera nocyte cells (HaCaT) on the P(3HB) microbeads to evaluate the cytotoxicity. The inges on of P(3HB) microbeads into marine organism (brine shrimp) was studied. A dermal scrub was formulated with the microbeads by mixing them with a semi‐solid base which is known as Hamin. The efficiency of the P(3HB)‐based dermal exfolia on agent was tested using DermaLab® Series SkinLab‐Combo. The plas c‐like proper es of P(3HB) makes a poten al subs tute for the conven onal plas c‐based microbeads. Keywords: Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate), microbeads, exfolia on, agent cosme cs.

49

SEASONAL CHANGES OF HEAVY METALS LEVEL IN SEDIMENT OF SETIU RIVER, TERENGGANU

Nur Amira Hidayah Madzlan and Ong, Meng Chuan

Marine Pollu on Research Interest Group, School of Marine and Environ‐

mental Sciences, Universi Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

Abstract Heavy metals contamina ons could have greater effects than organic or microbial contamina on because these elements could be cycled over a long

me. This study aims to inves gate the seasonal changes distribu on of metals (As, Pb, Cu and Zn) in bo om sediment of Se u river. Sediment samples were collected on January and July, 2017 in conjunc on with the dry and wet season, from 60 different sampling points along Se u river. The metals concentra on was detected by using ICP‐MS a er Teflon bomb closed diges on method with mixed acid. From the results, the average concentra on values of As, Pb, Cu and Zn are 3.05 ± 0.534 µg/g dry wt ; 19.9 ± 9.89 µg/g dry wt ; 1.304 ± 0.663 µg/g dry wt and 68.4 ± 31.8 µg/g dry wt for January, whereas, 2.46 ± 2.78 µg/g dry wt ; 16.7 ± 15.1 µg/g dry wt ; 14.7 ± 16.9 µg/g dry wt and 68.9 ± 48.5 µg/g dry wt for July. The geoaccumula on index showed that the area s ll can be considered as prac cally uncontaminated since the I‐geo values [January : As =0.004, Pb = (‐0.553), Cu = (‐0.400) and Zn = (‐0.331) ; July : As = (‐1.256), Pb = (‐1.113), Cu = (‐1.239) and Zn = (‐0.521)] are classified in Class 0. However, the pollu on load index (PLI) revealed the higher levels of As, Pb, Cu and Zn, therefore, indica ng to the anthropogenic sources especially around the fish farm area. Thus, Se u river can be assumed as contaminated since there are heavy metal contamina ons occur (PLI = 1.25 ± 0.336 (January) ; 0.99 ± 1.00 (July)). Keywords: heavy metals, Se u river, sediment, dry and wet season

50

CORAL REEF STATUS AT KOH NGAI, LAN‐TA NATIONAL PARK, TRANG PROVINCE

Sakarat Pat‐iama, Yuthakarn Suankaewa, Thikumpon Wongtawatchaib and Eknarin Rodcharoena*

aDepartment of Aqua c Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of

Songkla University, HatYai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand bMarine Na onal Park Opera on Centre Trang 3, Department of Na onal

Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conserva on, Sikao, Trang 92153, Thailand *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Thai coral reefs have been affected and destroyed from various human ac vi es; such as, coral colony broken by fisherman anchor, coral ssue wounded by tourist standing on, water pollu on by the over fish‐feeding. Therefore, the health of coral reefs have been more concerned on the many tourist area. The aim of this study was assessment of the coral status at two sta ons (the North‐East, NE and the South Sta on, S) of Koh Ngai, located in Lan‐ta Na onal Park at Trang Province. The healthy and dead coral percent cover, and genus iden fica on of coral were studied using photo belt transect method. A transect tape was laid horizontally to the shoreline. Coral photographs were taken every 30 m distance at a constant depth of 3 m (±50 cm). In total, three coral pictures were taken with 90 m distance for a site study. The corals percent cover were analyzed by using CPCe program. There were 17 genera founded at the NE sta on. Porites was the dominant genus (30.22±6.87%) for this site. The ra o of healthy corals to dead corals were 1:1 with 40.77±5.09% and 56.37±4.70% respec vely. Meanwhile, S sta on presented 25 genera, and also Porites was the dominant genus (14.04±3.15 %). The ra o of healthy corals to dead corals also were 1:1 with 39.10±5.99% and 59.23±6.56% respec vely. The evalua on of coral ra o at Koh Ngai can be concluded to fair condi on for both sta ons. The similarity of coral genera composi on between sta ons and within sta on were analysed by cluster analysis. The Similarity between two sta ons was 42.24% indica ng the different genera composi on. The similarity of coral genera composi on within sta on‐NE and S sta on was 49.46% and 60.14% respec vely. The result showed less similar genera composi on along the line transect at NE than S sta on. The current might be the main environmental factor affec ng on coral distribu on. Keywords: assessment, coral status, Koh Ngai, Trang province

51

DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BENTHIC FAUNA IN SONGKHLA PORT, THAILAND

Thanaphan Jombodina, Ratchanee Phu apreechab and Eknarin Rodcharoena*

aDepartment of Aqua c Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of

Songkla University, HatYai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand bMarine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center Lower Gulf

of Thailand, Meung, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand

*Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Benthic fauna play an important role in marine ecosystem as being food for other aqua c animals and reducing nutrient sediment by filter‐feeding behaviour. The aim of this study was to inves gate the diversity and abundance of benthic fauna community at Songkhla Port, which is closed to Songkhla lagoon mouth showing high fluctua on of environment. Benthic fauna and water sampling were collected two months interval from January to November 2017. The result showed that water quality including temperature (28.5–31.0 °C), salinity (0.0–33.0 ppt), transparency (20.0–130.0 cm), pH (7.6–8.1) and dissolved oxygen (5.25–6.43 mg/l) were varied month by month. However, water quality showed high similarity (84.57%) for all months by cluster analysis. There were three phyla including Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca, with 25 families reported in this study. Crustaceans were the most diversity (9 families) and abundance (17,883 ± 13,706 ind/m2) group, followed by polychaetes (8 family, 14,100 ± 9,585 ind/m2) and mollusks (8 families, 3,800 ± 5,486 ind/m2) respec vely. Barnacle was a dominant group of crustaceans (13,250 ± 8,453 ind/m2), whereas Serpulidae (11,250 ± 6,754 ind/m2) and My lidae (2,683 ± 3,815 ind/m2) were dominant families of polychaetes and mollusks respec vely. Cluster analysis showed that the benthic fauna in November were the least similarity to other months (37.41%). Moreover, correspondence analysis showed that distribu on of benthic fauna was varied by seasonal varia ons. The salinity and transparency were mainly environmental factors rela ng to distribu on pa ern of benthic fauna in the area. Keywords: benthic fauna, diversity, abundance, Songkhla port

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