About Hyena
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Transcript of About Hyena
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ENGLISH
SNAMA : KADEK RAY
KELAS : XI IA 2
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 4 KENDARI
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HYENA
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Hyena
Hyenas (from Greek "" - huaina) are theanimals of the family Hyaenidae,a feliform suborder of the Carnivora. It is the
smallest biological family in the Carnivora(consisting of four species), and one of thesmallest in the mammalia. Despite their lowdiversity, hyenas are unique and vital
components to most African andsome Asian ecosystems.
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Although phylogenetically close
to felines and viverrids, hyenas are behaviourally
and morphologically similar to canines in severalaspects (see Convergent evolution) ; both hyenas
and canines are non-arboreal, cursorial hunters
which catch prey with their teeth rather than their
claws. Both eat their food quickly and may store it,
and their calloused feet with large, blunt, non-
retractible nails are made for running and making
sharp turns. However, the hyenas' grooming, scentmarking, defecating habits, mating and parental
behaviour are consistent with the behaviour of
other feliforms.
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Although long reputed to be cowardly
scavengers, hyenas, especially spotted hyenas,
do occasionally hunt for themselves, and have
been known to drive off leopards or lionesses
from their kills. Hyenas are primarily nocturnalanimals, but may venture from their lairs in the
early morning hours. With the exception of the
highly social spotted hyena, hyenas are generallynot gregarious animals, though they may live in
family groups and congregate at kills.
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Hyenas first arose in Eurasia during the Miocene period
from viverrid-like ancestors, and developed into two
distinct branches ; the lightly built dog-like hyenas andthe robust bone-crushing hyenas. Although the dog-like
hyenas thrived 15 million years ago (with
one taxon having colonised North America), they died
out after a change in climate along with the arrival
of canids into Eurasia. Of the dog-like hyena lineage,
only the insectivorous aardwolf survived, while the
bone-crushing hyenas (whose extant members arethe spotted, brown and striped hyena) became the
undisputed top scavengers of Eurasia and Africa.
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Hyenas feature prominently in the folklore and
mythology of human cultures they are sympatric
with. Hyenas are mostly viewed with fear and
contempt, as well as being associated with
witchcraft, as their body parts are used as
ingredients in traditional medicine. Among the
beliefs held by some cultures, hyenas are
thought to influence peoples spirits, rob graves,and steal livestock and children
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OriginsHyenas originated in the jungles of Miocene Eurasia 22
million years ago, when most early feliform species
were still largely arboreal. The first ancestral hyenas
were likely similar to the modern banded palm civet ;
one of the earliest hyena speciesexhumed, Plioviverrops was a lithe, civet-like animal
which inhabited Eurasia 20-22 millions years ago, and is
identifiable as a hyaenid by the structure of the middle
ear and dentition. The lineageof Plioviverrops prospered, and gave rise to
descendants with longer legs and more pointed jaws, a
direction similar to that taken by canids in North
America.
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Skull ofIctitherium viverrinum, one of the "dog-like"hyenas. American Museum of Natural History
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG -
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Rise and fall of the
dog-like hyenas
The descendants
ofPlioviverrops reached their
peak 15 million years ago,with more than 30 species
having been identified.
Unlike most modern hyena
species which are specialisedbone-crushers, these dog-like
hyenas were nimble-bodied,
wolfish animals; one speciesamong them
as Ictitherium viverrinum,
which was similar to a jackal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg -
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The dog-like hyenas were very numerous; in some
Miocene fossil sites, the remains ofIctitherium and other
dog-like hyenas outnumber those of all other carnivores
combined. The decline of the dog-like hyenas began 5-7
million years ago during a period of climate change,
which was exacerbated when canids crossed the Bering
land bridge to Eurasia. One species, Chasmaporthetes
ossifragus, managed to cross the land bridge into North
America, being the only hyena to do
so. Chasmopothertes managed to survive for some time
in North America by deviating from the cursorial andbone-crushing niches monopolised by canids, and
developing into a cheetah-like sprinter. The dog-like
hyenas died off 1.5 million years ago.
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Bone-crushing hyenas
By 10-12 million years ago, the hyena family hadsplit into two distinct groups ; that of the dog-likehyenas and the bone-crushing hyenas. The arrivalof the ancestral bone-crushing hyenas coincidedwith the decline of the similarly built butunrelated Percrocutidae family. The bone-crushing hyenas survived the devastating changesin climate and the arrival of canids which wipedout the dog-like hyenas, though they never
crossed into North America, as their niche therehad already been taken bythe Borophaginae family.
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By 5 million years ago, the bone-crushing hyenas
became the dominant scavengers of Eurasia,primarily feeding on large herbivore carcasses
felled by sabre-toothed cats . One
genus, Pachycrocuta, was a 200 kg (440 lb)mega-scavenger which could splinter the bones
of elephants. With the decline of large
herbivores by the late ice age, Pachycrocuta was
replaced by the smaller Crocuta.
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Rise of modern hyenas
The aardwolf can trace its lineage directly backto Plioviverrops 15 million years ago, and is theonly survivor of the dog-like hyena lineage. Itssuccess is partly attributed to its insectivorous
diet, for which it faced no competition fromcanids crossing from North America. Itsunrivaled ability to digest the terpene excretionsfrom soldiertermites is likely a modification of
the strong digestive system its ancestors used todigest foetid carrion.
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The striped hyena may have evolved from H.
namaquensis of Pliocene Africa. Striped hyena fossils are
common in Africa, with records going back as far as theMiddle Pleistocene and even to the Villafranchian. As
fossil striped hyenas are absent from
the Mediterranean region, it is likely that the species is a
relatively late invader to Eurasia, having likely spreadoutside Africa only after the extinction of spotted
hyenas in Asia at the end of the Ice Age. The striped
hyena occurred for some time in Europe during the
Pleistocene, having been particularly widespreadin France and Germany. It also occurred
in Montmaurin, Hollabrunn in Austria, the Furninha Cave
in Portugal and the Genista Caves in Gibraltar.
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The European form was similar in appearance to
modern populations, but was larger, being comparable
in size to the brown hyena.
The spotted hyena diverged from the striped and
brown hyena 10 million years ago. Its direct ancestor
was the Indian Crocuta sivalensis, which lived during
the Villafranchian. Ancestral spotted hyenas probablydeveloped social behaviours in response to increased
pressure from rivals on carcasses, thus forcing them to
operate in teams. Spotted hyenas evolved sharp
carnassials behind their crushing premolars, thereforethey did not need to wait for their prey to die, as is the
case for brown and striped hyenas, and thus became
pack hunters as well as scavengers.
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They began forming increasingly larger
territories, necessitated by the fact that their prey
was often migratory, and long chases in a smallterritory would have caused them to encroach
into another clan's turf. Spotted hyenas spread
from their original homeland during the MiddlePleistocene, and quickly colonised a very wide
area from Europe, to southern Africa
and China. With the decline of grasslands 12,500
years ago, Europe experienced a massive loss oflowland habitats favoured by spotted hyenas, and
a corresponding increase in mixed woodlands.
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Genera of the Hyaenidae (extinct and
recent)
ReconstructionofPachycrocuta breviostris
A spotted hyena of subfamilyHyaeninae
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crocuta_crocuta.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Short-faced_hyena1.JPG -
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Their pelage is sparse and coarse with poorly
developed or absent underfur. Most species have
a rich mane of long hair running from the withers
or from the head. With the exception of the
spotted hyena, hyaenids have striped coats which
they likely inherited from their vivverid ancestors.
Their ears are large and have simple basal ridgesand no marginal bursa. Their vertebral column,
including the cervical region are of limited
mobility. Hyenas have no baculum. Hyenas havean additional pair of ribs than canids, and their
tongues are rough like those of felids and
vivverids.
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Males in most hyena species are larger than
females, though the spotted hyena is exceptional,
as it is the female of the species that outweighsand dominates the male. Also, unlike other
hyenas, the female spotted hyena's external
genitalia closely resembles that of the male.
Their dentition is similar to that of the Felidae, but
is more specialised for consuming coarse food and
crushing bones. The carnassials, especially the
upper, are very powerful and are shifted far backto the point of exertion of peak pressure on the
jaws.
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The other teeth, save for the underdeveloped
upper molars, are powerful, with broad bases and
cutting edges. The canines are short, but thick androbust. Labiolingually, their mandibles are much
stronger at the canine teeth than in canids,
reflecting the fact that hyenas crack bones with
both their anterior dentition and premolars, unlike
canids which do so with their post-carnassial
molars. The strength of their jaws is such that both
striped and spotted hyenas have been recorded tokill dogs with a single bite to the neck without
breaking the skin.
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Hyenas lack perinial scent glands, but have a large
pouch of naked skin located at the anal opening.
Large anal glands open into it from above the anus.Several sebaceous glands are present between the
openings of the anal glands and above them. These
glands produce a white, creamy secretion which is
pasted onto grass stalks. The odour of this secretion
is very strong, smelling of boiling cheap soap or
burning, and can be detected by humans several
metres downwind. The secretions are primarilyused for territorial marking, though both the
aardwolf and the striped hyena will spray them
when attacked.
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Behaviour
Hyenas groom themselves often like felids and viverrids,and their way of licking their genitals is very cat-like(sitting on the lower back, legs spread with one legpointing vertically upward). However, unlike otherfeliforms, they do not "wash" their faces. They defecate in
the same manner as other Carnivora, though they neverraise their legs as canids do when urinating, as urinationserves no territorial function for them. Instead, hyenasmark their territories using their anal glands, a trait found
also in viverrids and mustelids, but not canids andfelids. When attacked by lions or dogs, striped and brownhyenas will feign death, though the spotted hyena willdefend itself ferociously.
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The spotted hyena is very vocal, producing a
number of different sounds consisting of whoops,
grunts, groans, lows, giggles, yells, growls, laughs and
whines. The striped hyena is comparatively silent, its
vocalisations being limited to a chattering laugh and
howling.
Mating between hyenas involves a number ofshort copulations with brief intervals, unlike with
canids in which there is a single, drawn out
copulation. Spotted hyena cubs are born almost fully
developed, with their eyes open and erupting incisorsand canines, though lacking adult markings. In
contrast, striped hyena cubs are born with adult
markings, closed eyes and small ears.