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Oracle Database Files Concepts
The final components of the Oracle architecture are the physical files where our
information resided on disk. Oracle has several types for data files, each for a different
purpose:
* Database datafiles
* Control files
* Online redo logs
* arameter files
* Other database related files
!et"s look at each of these physical files in a bit more detail.
Database datafles
Database datafiles are physical files stored on disk. These files are used to store data
on disk. Database datafiles are only written to by the D#$% processes that we
introduced you to earlier &there is an e'ception or two to this statement, but for now,
assume that this point this true(.
These database datafiles are associated with Oracle "tablespaces", which are "logical"containers for tables and inde'es.
Control fles
The Control )ile of the database is a binary file that contains a great deal of database
information. The control file contains the database name, data about the database log
files. Oracle cannot function without valid control files.
#ecause the control file is so important, Oracle allows you to maintain duplicate
copies of the control file. $hen you have more than one control file, then you are said
to be multiple'ing your control files. t is a good practice to put these multiple copies
on different disks to protect the control file. !ater in this book, we will demonstrate
how to do this.
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Online redo logs concepts
Think of the online redo logs like a tape recorder that records every change in the
Oracle database. +s changes occur, they are regularly recorded in the online redo logs,
ust like you might record a movie on your -C%.
n the event that a disk crashes, you may have to replace the disk and restore the disk
data from a backup tape. f this backup tape was several days ago, you have lost a lot
of data.
)ortunately, Oracle can "replay" the saved transactions in the online redo logs, and re
apply lost transactions back into the database. /any times, this means that Oracle can
recover from a crash without the D#+ having to do anything other than ust telling the
database to startup. $e will cover the topic of online redo log files and how they
relate to database recovery in later chapters of this book.
+t a minimum, Oracle re0uires that you have two online redo logs assigned to the
database. Oracle will write redo to the first log, and when the first log is full, Oracle
will switch to the second log and write the same redo. 1ach of these individual online
redo logs is known as an online redo log group.
The reason we call them groups is that there can be mirrored copies of the online redo
log files in each group. !ike control files, it"s a good idea to have multiple'ed copies
of the Online redo logs. Oracle allows you to define multiple copies of these files.
1ach copy is called a member. 1ach redo log group can have one or more members.$e will discuss the online redo log files in more detail in later chapters.
Oracle Parameter fle Concepts
The parameter file &sometimes called init.ora( contains configuration information for
the database to use at startup time. The parameter file you configure how much %+/
the database is going to use, where to find the control files, where to write trace files,
and a whole host of other information. n most cases the database will not start
without a parameter file. Oracle allows you to have a manual parameter file &called a
)!1( or a serverside parameter file &called a 2)!1(.
Other Database Related Files
$hen working with the Oracle database you will be introduced to a number of
different kinds of files. The following table is a list of the most common files and their
general purpose. +s we proceed through the chapters of this book, you will be
introduced to many of these files in more detail.
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* Oracle Trace )iles Created by Oracle in a number of different situations. These can
be created as a result of a database crash, a session failure, an une'pected but non
fatal database failure, or based on specific user operational commands.
* +lert log This is the general log file for each Oracle database.
3etworking configuration files These files are used to configure the different
network components of the Oracle database. These include files such as tnsnames.ora
and listener.ora.
* Oracle Database 2oftware #inaries The Oracle Database software includes the
basic programs that allow the database to function
A binary file is computer -readable but not human-readable. All executable programs are stored
in binary files, as are most numeric data files. In contrast, text files are stored in a form
(usually ASCII) that is human-readable.
data files contain just text or pictures hich are not executable.
Executable file :
An executable file (sometimes called an app!short for "application") is a
computer file containing step-by-step instructions in a form that the computer can follo. #y
contrast,
Executable file is a file that is used to perform various functions or
operations on a computer. Unlike a data file, an executable file cannot
be read because it has been compiled. On an IBM compatible
computer,
Common executable files are
.BAT, .COM, .!, and .BI".
#ependin$ on the operatin$ s%stem and its setup
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/file.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/compile.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/os.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/compile.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/os.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/file.htm
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Extension Format Operating System(s)
ACTION Automator Action Mac OS
APK Application Android
APP Executable Mac OS
BAT Batch File Windows
BIN Binary Executable Windows, Mac OS, Linux
CMD Command Script Windows
COM Command File Windows
COMMAND Terminal Command Mac OS
CPL Control Panel Extension Windows
CSH C Shell Script Mac OS, Linux
EXE Executable Windows
GADGET Windows Gadget Windows
INF1 Setup Information File Windows
INS Internet Communication Settings Windows
INX InstallShield Compiled Script Windows
IPA Application iOS
ISU InstallShield Uninstaller Script Windows
JOB Windows Task Scheduler Job File Windows
JSE JScript Encoded File Windows
KSH Unix Korn Shell Script Linux
LNK File Shortcut Windows
MSC Microsoft Common Console Document Windows
http://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/batfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/fl/exefile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/ipa-file.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/batfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/fl/exefile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/ipa-file.htm
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MSI Windows Installer Package Windows
MSP Windows Installer Patch Windows
MST Windows Installer Setup Transform File Windows
OSX Executable Mac OS
OUT Executable Linux
PAF Portable Application Installer File Windows
PIF Program Information File Windows
PRG Executable GEM
PS1 Windows PowerShell Cmdlet Windows
REG Registry Data File Windows
RGS Registry Script Windows
RUN Executable Linux
SCR Screensaver Executable Windows
SCT Windows Scriptlet Windows
SHB Windows Document Shortcut Windows
SHS Shell Scrap Object Windows
U3P U3 Smart Application Windows
VB VBScript File Windows
VBE VBScript Encoded Script Windows
VBS VBScript File Windows
VBSCRIPT Visual Basic Script Windows
WORKFLOW Automator Workflow Mac OS
WS Windows Script Windows
WSF Windows Script Windows
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WSH Windows Script Preference Windows
Extension Format Program
0XE Renamed Virus File F-Secure Internet Security
73K TI-73 Application TI Connect
89K TI-89 Application TI Connect
A6P Authorware 6 Program File Adobe Authorware
AC GNU Autoconf Script Autoconf
ACC GEM Accessory File Gemulator
ACR ACRobot Script ACRobot
ACTM AutoCAD Action Macro AutoCAD
AHK AutoHotkey Script AutoHotkey
AIR Adobe AIR Installation Package Adobe AIR
APP FoxPro Application Visual FoxPro
ARSCRIPTArtRage Script ArtRage Studio
AS Adobe Flash ActionScript File Adobe Flash
ASB Alphacam Stone VB Macro Alphacam
AWK AWK Script AWK
AZW2 Kindle Active Content App File Kindle Collection Manager
BEAM Compiled Erlang File Erlang
BTM 4DOS Batch File 4DOS
CEL Celestia Script Celestia
CELX Celestia Script Celestia
CHM Compiled HTML Help File Firefox, IE, Safari
http://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/ahkfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/air-file.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/ahkfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/air-file.htm
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COF MPLAB COFF File MPLAB IDE
CRT Security Certificate Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari
DEK Eavesdropper Batch File Eavesdropper
DLD EdLog Compiled Program Edlog
DMC Medical Manager Script Sage Medical Manager
DOCM Word Macro-Enabled Document Microsoft Word
DOTM Word Macro-Enabled Template Microsoft Word
DXL Rational DOORS Script Rational DOORS
EAR Java Enterprise Archive File Apache Geronimo
EBM EXTRA! Basic Macro EXTRA!
EBS E-Run 1.x Script E-Prime (v1)
EBS2 E-Run 2.0 Script E-Prime (v2)
ECF SageCRM Component File SageCRM
EHAM ExtraHAM Executable HAM Programmer Toolkit
ELF Nintendo Wii Game File Dolphin Emulator
ES SageCRM Script SageCRM
EX4 MetaTrader Program File MetaTrader
EXOPC ExoPC Application EXOfactory
EZS EZ-R Stats Batch Script EZ-R Stats
FAS Compiled Fast-Load AutoLISP File AutoCAD
FKY FoxPro Macro Visual FoxPro
FPI FPS Creator Intelligence Script FPS Creator
FRS Flash Renamer Script Flash Renamer
FXP FoxPro Compiled Program Visual FoxPro
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GS Geosoft Script Oasis Montaj
HAM HAM Executable Ham Runtime
HMS HostMonitor Script HostMonitor
HPF HP9100A Program File HP9100A Emulator
HTA HTML Application Internet Explorer
IIM iMacro Macro iMacros (Firefox Add-on)
IPF SMS Installer Script Microsoft SMS
ISP Internet Communication Settings Microsoft IIS
JAR Java Archive Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari
JS JScript Executable Script Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari
JSX ExtendScript Script Adobe ExtendScript Toolkit
KIX KiXtart Script KiXtart
LO Interleaf Compiled Lisp File QuickSilver
LS LightWave LScript File LightWave
MAM Access Macro-Enabled Workbook Microsoft Access
MCR 3ds Max Macroscript or Tecplot Macro 3ds Max
MEL Maya Embedded Language File Maya 2013
MPX FoxPro Compiled Menu Program Visual FoxPro
MRC mIRC Script mIRC
MS 3ds Max Script 3ds Max
MS Maxwell Script Maxwell Render
MXE Macro Express Playable Macro Macro Express
NEXE Chrome Native Client Executable Chrome
OBS ObjectScript Script ObjectScript
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ORE Ore Executable Ore Runtime Environment
OTM Outlook Macro Microsoft Outlook
PEX ProBoard Executable ProBoard BBS
PLX Perl Executable ActivePerl or Microsoft IIS
POTM PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Design Template Microsoft PowerPoint
PPAM PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Add-in Microsoft PowerPoint
PPSM PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Slide Show Microsoft PowerPoint
PPTM PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Presentation Microsoft PowerPoint
PRC Palm Resource Code File Palm Desktop
PVD Instalit Script Instalit
PWC PictureTaker File PictureTaker
PYC Python Compiled File Python
PYO Python Optimized Code Python
QPX FoxPro Compiled Query Program Visual FoxPro
RBX Rembo-C Compiled Script Rembo Toolkit
ROX Actuate Report Object Executable eReport
RPJ Real Pac Batch Job File Real Pac
S2A SEAL2 Application SEAL
SBS SPSS Script SPSS
SCA Scala Script Scala Designer
SCAR SCAR Script SCAR
SCB Scala Published Script Scala Designer
SCRIPT Generic Script Original Scripting Engine1
SMM Ami Pro Macro Ami Pro
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SPR FoxPro Generated Screen File Visual FoxPro
TCP Tally Compiled Program Tally Developer
THM Thermwood Macro Mastercam
TLB OLE Type Library Microsoft Excel
TMS Telemate Script Telemate
UDF Excel User Defined Function Microsoft Excel
UPX Ultimate Packer for eXecutables File Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
URL Internet Shortcut Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari
VLX Compiled AutoLISP File AutoCAD
VPM Vox Proxy Macro Vox Proxy
WCM WordPerfect Macro WordPerfect
WIDGET Yahoo! Widget Yahoo! Widgets
WIZ Microsoft Wizard File Microsoft Word
WPK WordPerfect Macro WordPerfect
WPM WordPerfect Macro WordPerfect
XAP Silverlight Application Package Micrsoft Silverlight
XBAP XAML Browser Application Firefox, IE
XLAM Excel Macro-Enabled Add-In Microsoft Excel
XLM Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook Microsoft Excel
XLSM Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook Microsoft Excel
XLTM Excel Macro-Enabled Template Microsoft Excel
XQT SuperCalc Macro CA SuperCalc
XYS XYplorer Script XYplorer
ZL9 Renamed Virus File ZoneAlarm
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executable file
A file in a format that the computer can directly execute. $nli%esource files, executable files cannot be read by
humans. &o transform a source file into an executable file, you need to pass it through a compiler or assembler .
In 'S systems, executable files hae either a.C* or.++extension and are called COM files and EXE files,
respectiely.
An executable file (sometimes called an app!short for "application") is a
computer file containing step-by-step instructions in a form that the computer can follo. #y
contrast, data files contain just text or pictures hich are not executable.
SAP Executables
List of interesting SAP Executables in alphabetical order:
•car - &he Compression &ool of SA for nearly all deliered files andexecutables. CA is the name for old releases and the SACA is thename as of /.0'. It or%s a bit similar to 1in2ip.
• dipgntab - Actiation and adjustment of the nametabs ith the A#A
'ictionary.
• dw - disp+work - "'ispatcher 3 1or%process" - "&he complete 4ernel"
- 5ere the complete A#A is processed ...
• niping - Small Client and Serer in order to test the saprouter internallyith the 6I-rotocol (SA 6etor% Interface).
• lib_dbsl - &he 'atabase-Shared 7ibrary for the %ernel programs (as of
/.8A).
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/format.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/format.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/execute.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/execute.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/source.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/compiler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/compiler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/compiler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/assembler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/assembler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DOS.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DOS.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/extension.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/extension.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/COM_file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/COM_file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/EXE_file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/EXE_file.htmlhttp://www.easymarketplace.de/SAPCAR.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dipgntab.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dw.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dw.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dw.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/niping.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/lib_dbsl.phphttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/format.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/execute.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/source.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/compiler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/assembler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DOS.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/extension.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/COM_file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/EXE_file.htmlhttp://www.easymarketplace.de/SAPCAR.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dipgntab.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dw.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/niping.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/lib_dbsl.php
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• librfc - &he 9C (emote 9unction Call) 7ibrary, that is aailable for any
platform to deelop and run a 9C Serer or 9C Client.
• ntscmgr.exe - ntscmgr - the tool for installing the SArouter as serice.
It is part of eery 1indos SA 4ernel. As it has no %non errors, it isnot necessary, to patch it. :ust use ntscmgr.exe from your existingindos %ernel.
• r3check - &his is a tool, that can Cluster-&ables for errors.
• r3ldctl - &he tool for exporting all table structures to the file system
during a S;'#-*igration.
• r3load - &he table import 3 export tool of SA during Installation,
$pgrade and *igration.
• r3setup - &he Installation (and *igration) &ool for all SA systems up to
elease 0.es of the different tables in the
target database during the import in an S;'#-*igration.
• r3trans - &his is the tool, that does the real or% for tp. tp controls the
import and export of changes and r?trans does them using scripts, that
ere generated from tp.
• r3up - &he tool that controls the $pgrade (*oing to higher SA
eleases) of an SA System.
• rfcexec - &he tool to start other programs from ithin SA (A#A) on
the S leel ia the gateay on any other (or the same) serer.
• rfcoscol - Similar to saposcol. It is needed, hen no SA instance is
running on the 'atabase Serer.
• sapcar - &he Compression &ool of SA for nearly all deliered files and
executables. It or%s a bit similar to 1in2ip.
• sapevt - &his program is able to trigger eents ithin the SA system.
&he tp tool uses this feature. It can be used as trigger for self-ritteninterfaces as ell.
http://www.easymarketplace.de/saprouter.php#Setuphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/r3check.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/r3trans.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/SAPCAR.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sapevt.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saprouter.php#Setuphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/r3check.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/r3trans.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/SAPCAR.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sapevt.php
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• sapftp - 9& Client, that can be used from ithin the SA system (from
A#A) to communicate ith other 9& serers.
• saphttp - 5&& Client, that can be used from ithin the SA system
(from A#A) to communicate ith other 5&& serers - e.g. forinterfaces.
• sapinst - &he Installation (and *igration) &ool for all SA systems as of
elease 0.@=.
• saplicense - &he &ool for the installation of a ne SA 7icense. &his is
needed hen the license expires e.g. because of a hardare change.
• saposcol - &he SA Interface to the perating System for erformance
'ata. &he perating System Collector collects C$ $sage, 'is%erformance, aging etc.
• sappad - ery nice 3 small +ditor a lot better than notepad. It handles
79 and C;79 correctly as ell.
• sappfpar - &his tool can be used for chec%ing the profiles after changes
and before restarting the SA system.
• saprouter - &he program for the outer Connection from customers to
SA and ice ersa.
• sapxpg - &he tool for starting S commands from ithin SA Systems.
• sapwebdisp - &he SA 1eb dispatcher is used for load balancing for
an setting up an SA Internet scenario. It is the only application, thatneeds to be located in the '*2. +erything "behind" this can (andshould) be located in your intranet. So, only one port on one I adressneeds to be opened to internet and the SA 1eb dispatcher can handlethe traffic ith the different SA instances.
• startrfc - &he tool is a ery easy SA command line interface to start all
of the implemented function modules of SA systems.
• tp - !he &ransport &ool. &his program coordinates the complete
import and export of program and table changes made ithin the SA
http://www.easymarketplace.de/saplicense.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saposcol.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sappad.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sappfpar.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saprouter.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/startrfc.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saplicense.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saposcol.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sappad.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sappfpar.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saprouter.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/startrfc.php
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system in order to transport them through the complete System7andscape.
• complete kernel - 5ere you can see an oerie of all 0.@= 4ernel
programs. &his oerie is created from 1indos ith *ax'#
**********************************************************************************
HOW TO EXTEND TABLE SPACE SAPTEMP with brtools
e hat tablespace should be extent, please chec% the aailable spacecarefully before decide to extent table space
@.Bo to serer login ith adm
?.un brtools
/.Bo to space management (option number @)
8.Bo to extend tablespace (option number
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0. #elect $( % #ie o the ne, -le in 34 Optional/5. #elect $) % 6!to etend 7es8+o/ Optional/19.#elect $ % 3aimal -le sie in 34 3asie/ Optional/11.7o! can see the s:l statement in option $5 % #;L command. Optional/12.o contin!e select $C % Eec!te the s:l command.1".#elect contin!e and con-rm the ret!rn to 4=OOL# men!.
1'.Eit rom the $#pace management& men! !sing b bac/1(.+o, it is possible to eit rom 4=OOL# !sing option $5 % Eit program&.
NOTE: Check next page or a detailed procedre
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How to e#tend an Oracle datafle sin!
B"TOOLS
S$$ar%
1. Logon to the systems as ora2. Eec!te brtools". #elect $2 % #pace management&'. #elect $' % 6lter data -le&
(. #elect $" % 6lter data -le action action/& and type resi!e ↵
). #elect $' % ablespace name tablespace/& and type the tablespace name. #elect $( % Data -le names -le/& and speciy the complete path o the data
-le
0. Chec the inp!t data and select contin!e to la!nch the 4=#?6CE interace.5. Con-rm the call to $4=#?6CE&19.#elect $ +e, data -le sie in 34 incrsie/& and speciy the ne, sie in 3411.Chec the inp!t data and select contin!e this ,ill act!ally eec!te the
resiing/. Loo or any error messages.12.#elect contin!e and con-rm the ret!rn to 4=OOL# men!.1".Eit rom the $#pace management& men! !sing b bac/1'.+o, it is possible to eit rom 4=OOL# !sing option $5 % Eit program&.
NOTE: Check next page or a detailed procedre
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Detailed &rocedre
1. Logon to the systems as ora2. Eec!te brtools
". #elect $2 % #pace management&
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'. #elect $' % 6lter data -le&At is obligatory to -ll items mared ,ith $B&.
(. #elect $" % 6lter data -le action action/& and type resi!e ↵
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). #elect $' % ablespace name tablespace/& and type the tablespace name
. #elect $( % Data -le names -le/& and speciy the complete path o the data -le
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0. Chec the inp!t data and select c to contin!e to la!nch the 4=#?6CE interace.
Data-les can be checed ,ithin the #6? system ,ith transaction D492 > C!rrent
sies > #elect the tablespace > Data -les 8 emp -les
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5. Con-rm the call to $4=#?6CE&
19.#elect $ +e, data -le sie in 34 incrsie/& and speciy the ne, sie in 34
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11.Chec the inp!t data and select contin!e this ,ill act!ally eec!te the resiing/.Loo or any error messages.
12.#elect contin!e and con-rm the ret!rn to 4=OOL#.1".Eit rom the $#pace management& men! !sing b bac/
+o, it is possible to eit rom 4=OOL# !sing option $5 % Eit program&.
*******************************************************************************
kernel upgrade questions
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1hen sap recommends in early atch alerts e go for the %ernel patch upgrade.
/)1hat are the files do you donloaded from serice mar%et placeG
AH
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This chapter describes tablespaces, the primary logical storage structures of any
Oracle database, and the physical datafiles that correspond to each tablespace. The
chapter includes:
• 6n Antrod!ction to ablespaces and Data-les
• ablespaces
• Data-les
A yo! are !sing r!sted Oracle see the Trsted Oracle% "er&er
'dministrator(s )ide or more inormation abo!t tablespaces and
data-les in that enironment.
6n Antrod!ction to ablespaces and Data-les
Oracle stores data logically in tablespaces and physically
in datafles associated ,ith the corresponding tablespace. Fig!re '
1 ill!strates this relationship.
Figure 4 - 1. Datafiles and Tablespaces
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+lthough databases, tablespaces, datafiles, and segments are closely related, they have
important differences:
databases and tablespaces
+n Oracle database is comprised of one or more logical storage units
called tablespaces. The database5s data is collectively stored in the database5s
tablespaces.
tablespaces and datafiles
1ach tablespace in an Oracle database is comprised of one or more operating system
files called datafiles. + tablespace5s datafiles physically store the associated database
data on disk.
databases and datafiles
+ database5s data is collectively stored in the datafiles that constitute each tablespace
of the database. )or e'ample, the simplest Oracle database would have one tablespace
and one datafile. + more complicated database might have three tablespaces, each
comprised of two datafiles &for a total of si' datafiles(.
schema obects, segments, and tablespaces
$hen a schema obect such as a table or inde' is created, its segment is created withina designated tablespace in the database. )or e'ample, suppose you create a table in a
specific tablespace using the C%1+T1 T+#!1 command with the T+#!12+C1
option. Oracle allocates the space for this table5s data segment in one or more of the
datafiles that constitute the specified tablespace. +n obect5s segment allocates space
in only one tablespace of a database. 2ee Chapter 6, 7Data #locks, 1'tents, and
2egments7, for more information about e'tents and segments and how they relate to
tablespaces.
The following sections further e'plain tablespaces and datafiles.
ablespaces
6 database is diided into one or more logical storage !nits
called tablespaces. 6 database administrator can !se tablespaces to
do the ollo,ing
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• control dis space allocation or database data
• assign speci-c space :!otas or database !sers
• control aailability o data by taing indiid!al tablespaces
online or oGine
• perorm partial database bac!p or recoery operations
• allocate data storage across deices to improe perormance
6 database administrator can create ne, tablespaces add and
remoe data-les rom tablespaces set and alter dea!lt segment
storage settings or segments created in a tablespace mae a
tablespace readonly or ,riteable mae a tablespace temporary orpermanent and drop tablespaces.
This section includes the following topics:
• he #7#E3 ablespace
• 6llocating 3ore #pace or a Database
• Online and OGine ablespaces
• =eadOnly ablespaces
• emporary ablespaces
he #7#E3 ablespace
Eery Oracle database contains a tablespace named #7#E3 that
Oracle creates a!tomatically ,hen the database is created. he
#7#E3 tablespace al,ays contains the data dictionary tables or
the entire database.
+ small database might need only the 282T1/ tablespace9 however, it is
recommended that you create at least one additional tablespace to store user data
separate from data dictionary information. This allows you more fle'ibility in various
database administration operations and can reduce contention among dictionary
obects and schema obects for the same datafiles.
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Note: The 282T1/ tablespace must always be kept online. 2ee 7Online and Offline
Tablespaces7 .
+ll data stored on behalf of stored !2;! program units &procedures, functions,
packages and triggers( resides in the 282T1/ tablespace. f you create many of these
!2;! obects, the database administrator needs to plan for the space in the
282T1/ tablespace that these obects use. )or more information about these obects
and the space that they re0uire, see Chapter
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Figure 4 - 3. Enlarging a Database by Adding a New Tablespace
The si?e of a tablespace is the si?e of the datafile&s( that constitute the tablespace,
and the si?e of a database is the collective si?e of the tablespaces that constitute the
database.
The third option is to change a datafile5s si?e or allow datafiles in e'isting tablespacesto grow dynamically as more space is needed. 8ou accomplish this by altering
e'isting files or by adding files with dynamic e'tension properties. )igure =
= illustrates this.
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Figure 4 - 4. Enlarging a Database by Dynaically !i"ing Datafiles
)or more information about increasing the amount of space in your database, see
the Oracle7 Server Administrator's Guide.
Online and OGine ablespaces
6 database administrator can bring any tablespace ecept the
#7#E3 tablespace/ in an Oracle database online accessible/
or o*ine not accessible/ ,heneer the database is open.
Note: The 282T1/ tablespace must always be online because the data dictionary
must always be available to Oracle.
+ tablespace is normally online so that the data contained within it is available to
database users. @owever, the database administrator might take a tablespace offline
for any of the following reasons:
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• to mae a portion o the database !naailable ,hile allo,ing
normal access to the remainder o the database
• to perorm an oGine tablespace bac!p altho!gh a tablespace
can be baced !p ,hile online and in !se/
• to mae an application and its gro!p o tables temporarily
!naailable ,hile !pdating or maintaining the application
+hen a Tablespace )oes O*ine
Hhen a tablespace goes oGine Oracle does not permit any
s!bse:!ent #;L statements to reerence obIects contained in the
tablespace. 6ctie transactions ,ith completed statements that
reer to data in a tablespace that has been taen oGine are not
aJected at the transaction leel. Oracle saes rollbac datacorresponding to statements that aJect data in the oGine
tablespace in a deerred rollbac segment in the #7#E3
tablespace/. Hhen the tablespace is bro!ght bac online Oracle
applies the rollbac data to the tablespace i needed.
8ou cannot take a tablespace offline if it contains any rollback segments that are in
use.
$hen a tablespace goes offline or comes back online, it is recorded in the data
dictionary in the 282T1/ tablespace. f a tablespace was offline when you shut
down a database, the tablespace remains offline when the database is subse0uently
mounted and reopened.
8ou can bring a tablespace online only in the database in which it was created because
the necessary data dictionary information is maintained in the 282T1/ tablespace of
that database. +n offline tablespace cannot be read or edited by any utility other than
Oracle. Thus, tablespaces cannot be transferred from database to database &transfer of
Oracle data can be achieved with tools described in Oracle7 Server Utilities ).
Oracle automatically changes a tablespace from online to offline when certain errors
are encountered &for e'ample, when the database writer process, D#$%, fails in
several attempts to write to a datafile of the tablespace(. Asers trying to access tables
in the tablespace with the problem receive an error. f the problem that causes this disk
O to fail is media failure, the tablespace must be recovered after you correct the
hardware problem.
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,sing Tablespaces or "pecial Procedres
4y !sing m!ltiple tablespaces to separate diJerent types o data
the database administrator can also tae speci-c tablespaces oGine
or certain proced!res ,hile other tablespaces remain online and
the inormation in them is still aailable or !se. Ko,eer specialcirc!mstances can occ!r ,hen tablespaces are taen oGine. For
eample i t,o tablespaces are !sed to separate table data rom
inde data the ollo,ing is tr!e
• A the tablespace containing the indees is oGine :!eries canstill access table data beca!se :!eries do not re:!ire an indeto access the table data.
• A the tablespace containing the tables is oGine the table data
in the database is not accessible beca!se the tables arere:!ired to access the data.
An s!mmary i Oracle determines that it has eno!gh inormation in
the online tablespaces to eec!te a statement it ,ill do so. A it
needs data in an oGine tablespace then it ca!ses the statement to
ail.
=eadOnly ablespaces
he primary p!rpose o readonly tablespaces is to eliminate the
need to perorm bac!p and recoery o large static portions o adatabase. Oracle neer !pdates the -les o a readonly tablespace
and thereore the -les can reside on readonly media s!ch as CD
=O3s or HO=3 dries.
Note: #ecause you can only bring a tablespace online in the database in which it was
created, readonly tablespaces are not meant to satisfy archiving or data publishing
re0uirements.
$henever you create a new tablespace, it is always created as readwrite. The %1+D
O3!8 option of the +!T1% T+#!12+C1 command allows you to change the
tablespace to readonly, making all of its associated datafiles readonly as well. 8ou
can then use the %1+D $%T1 option to make a readonly tablespace writeable
again.
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%eadonly tablespaces cannot be modified. Therefore, they do not need repeated
backup. +lso, should you need to recover your database, you do not need to recover
any readonly tablespaces, because they could not have been modified.
8ou can drop items, such as tables and inde'es, from a readonly tablespace, ust as
you can drop items from an offline tablespace. @owever, you cannot create or alter
obects in a readonly tablespace.
-aking a Tablespace Read#Onl.
se the #;L command 6LE= 64LE#?6CE to change a tablespace
to readonly. For inormation on the 6LE= 64LE#?6CE command
see the Oracle% "er&er "/0 Reerence.
Read#Onl. &s$ Online or O*ine
3aing a tablespace readonly does not change its oGine or onlinestat!s.
Offline datafiles cannot be accessed. #ringing a datafile in a readonly tablespace
online makes the file readable. The file cannot be written to unless its associated
tablespace is returned to the readwrite state. The files of a readonly tablespace can
independently be taken online or offline using the D+T+)!1 option of the +!T1%
D+T+#+21 command.
Restrictions on Read#Onl. Tablespaces
7o! cannot add data-les to a tablespace that is readonly een iyo! tae the tablespace oGine. Hhen yo! add a data-le Oracle
m!st !pdate the -le header and this ,rite operation is not allo,ed.
To update a readonly tablespace, you must first make the tablespace writeable. +fter
updating the tablespace, you can then reset it to be readonly.
Read#Onl. Tablespaces and Reco&er.
=eadonly tablespaces hae seeral implications !pon instance or
media recoery. #ee Chapter 2' MDatabase =ecoeryM or more
inormation abo!t recoery.
emporary ablespaces
#pace management or sort operations is perormed more eNciently
!sing temporary tablespaces designated ecl!siely or sorts. his
scheme eJectiely eliminates serialiation o space management
operations inoled in the allocation and deallocation o sort space.
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6ll operations that !se sorts incl!ding Ioins inde b!ilds ordering
O=DE= 47/ the comp!tation o aggregates =O? 47/ and the
6+6L7PE command to collect optimier statistics bene-t rom
temporary tablespaces. he perormance gains are signi-cant in
parallel serer enironments.+ temporary tablespace is a tablespace that can only be used for sort segments. 3o
permanent obects can reside in a temporary tablespace. 2ort segments are used when
a segment is shared by multiple sort operations. One sort segment e'ists in every
instance that performs a sort operation in a given tablespace.
Temporary tablespaces provide performance improvements when you have multiple
sorts that are too large to fit into memory. The sort segment of a given temporary
tablespace is created at the time of the first sort operation. The sort segment grows by
allocating e'tents until the segment si?e is e0ual to or greater than the total storagedemands of all of the active sorts running on that instance.
8ou create temporary tablespaces using the following 2;! synta':
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace TEMPORARY
8ou can also alter a tablespace from 1%/+313T to T1/O%+%8 or vice versa
using the following synta':
ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace TEMPORARY
)or more information on the C%1+T1 T+#!12+C1 and +!T1% T+#!12+C1Commands, see Chapter = of Oracle7 Server SQL eference.
Data-les
6 tablespace in an Oracle database consists o one or more
physical datafles. 6 data-le can be associated ,ith only one
tablespace and only one database.
$hen a datafile is created for a tablespace, Oracle creates the file by allocating the
specified amount of disk space plus the overhead re0uired for the file header. $hen adatafile is created, the operating system is responsible for clearing old information and
authori?ations from a file before allocating it to Oracle. f the file is large, this process
might take a significant amount of time.
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Additional #nforation$ )or information on the amount of space re0uired for the file
header of datafiles on your operating system, see your Oracle operating system
specific documentation.
2ince the first tablespace in any database is always the 282T1/ tablespace, Oracle
automatically allocates the first datafiles of any database for the 282T1/ tablespace
during database creation.
Data-le Contents
6ter a data-le is initially created the allocated dis space does not
contain any dataQ ho,eer Oracle reseres the space to hold only
the data or !t!re segments o the associated tablespace it
cannot store any other programRs data. 6s a segment s!ch as the
data segment or a table/ is created and gro,s in a tablespace
Oracle !ses the ree space in the associated data-les to allocateetents or the segment.
The data in the segments of obects &data segments, inde' segments, rollback
segments, and so on( in a tablespace are physically stored in one or more of the
datafiles that constitute the tablespace. 3ote that a schema obect does not correspond
to a specific datafile9 rather, a datafile is a repository for the data of any obect within
a specific tablespace. Oracle allocates the e'tents of a single segment in one or more
datafiles of a tablespace9 therefore, an obect can 7span7 one or more datafiles. Anless
table 7striping7 is used, the database administrator and endusers cannot control which
datafile stores an obect.
#ie o Data-les
7o! can alter the sie o a data-le ater its creation or yo! can
speciy that a data-le sho!ld dynamically gro, as obIects in the
tablespace gro,. his !nctionality allo,s yo! to hae e,er
data-les per tablespace and can simpliy administration o data-les.
)or more information about resi?ing datafiles, see the Oracle7 Server Administrator's
Guide.
OGine Data-les
7o! can tae tablespaces o*ine mae !naailable/ or bring
them online mae aailable/ at any time. hereore all data-les
maing !p a tablespace are taen oGine or bro!ght online as a !nit
,hen yo! tae the tablespace oGine or bring it online respectiely.
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7o! can tae indiid!al data-les oGineQ ho,eer this is normally
done only d!ring certain database recoery proced!res