Abnormal Psychology. WHAT IS ABNORMAL? Abnormal Psychology The area of psychological investigation...
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Transcript of Abnormal Psychology. WHAT IS ABNORMAL? Abnormal Psychology The area of psychological investigation...
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Abnormal Psychology
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WHAT IS ABNORMAL?
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Abnormal Psychology• The area of psychological
investigation concerned with understanding the nature of individual pathologies of mind, mood, & behavior
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Abnormal Psychology• Determining if someone has a
disorder is typically based on an evaluation of the individual’s behavioral functioning by people with some special/professional authority
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Abnormal Psychology• What helps psychologists to determine a
disorder is a classification scheme called • DSM-IV-TR: classifies, defines, & describes
200 mental disorders emphasizes the description of patterns/symptoms (*changed and updated by committees of psychologists often)
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Abnormal Psychology• Criteria Used to label behavior as
“abnormal”:1. Distress or Disability-
experiences personal distress or disabled functioning produces risk of psychological deterioration or loss of freedom (ie. agoraphobia)
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Abnormal Psychology2. Maladaptiveness- acts in ways that
hinder goals, doesn’t contribute to personal well-being, interferes with goals of others (ie. drinking heavily can’t hold a job
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Abnormal Psychology3. Irrationality-
acts/talks in ways that are irrational or incomprehensible to others (ie. responding to voices that others cannot hear)
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Abnormal Psychology4. Unpredictability- behaves
unpredictably or erratically (ie. smashing a window for no reason)
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Abnormal Psychology5. Unconventionality and
Statistical Rarity- individual behaves in ways that are statistically rare; does not necessarily lead to abnormality (ie. low intelligence- rare & undesirable; a genius- rare, but desirable)
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Abnormal Psychology6. Observer discomfort- a
person creates discomfort in others by making them feel threatened, or distressed in some way (ie. woman walking in the middle of the street talking to herself)
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Abnormal Psychology7. Violation of Moral &
Ideal Standards- individual violates expectations of how one ought to behave with respect to societal norms
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Abnormal Psychology• The more extreme & prevalent the
indicators are, the more confident we can be that they point to an abnormal condition• None of these are a necessary condition
shared by all cases of abnormality
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Abnormal Psychology• No single criterion by itself is a sufficient
condition that distinguishes all cases of abnormal behavior from normal variations in behavior• The distinction between normal &
abnormal is a matter of degree to which a person’s actions resemble a set of agreed-upon criteria of abnormality
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Problem of Objectivity• To declare/decide someone has a
psychiatric disorder is a judgment about behavior• GOAL: to make these judgments
objectively- w/o bias• Some disorder judgments are more
easily made w/o bias (depression & schizophrenia)
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Problem of Objectivity• Once an individual
has obtained an “abnormal label” people are inclined to interpret later behavior to confirm that judgment
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Problem of Objectivity• Ex- Rosenhan’s experiment- several
people faked hallucinations to get placed into a psych hospital once there they acted in a sane manner kept there for 3 weeks, & not one was identified as sane finally released with help from spouses/colleagues
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History of Mentally Ill1. For most of history, humans feared
the mentally ill & associated them with evil; they were in some cases imprisoned or killed
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History of Mentally Ill2. 1700s- idea emerges those suffering
from psychological problems are “sick” and suffering from illness rather than being possessed or immoral.- Reforms evolved in the way the ill were cared for/classified/diagnosed (Pinel & Kraepelin)
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History of Psychopathology2. Psychological- various approaches
perceive personal experiences, trauma, conflicts, and environmental factors, as the root of disorders- 3 Psychological Models of Abnormality:
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History of Mentally Ill3. Late 1700s-Early 1800s-
emergence of psychological reasons for mental illness, b/c people began to use techniques like hypnosis that seemed to cure people of “hysteria”
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History of Mentally Ill4. Modern versions combine
aspects of both medical and psychological models of mental illness
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Etiology of Psychopathology1. Biological- psychological disturbances
are directly attributable to biological factors (structural abnormalities in the brain, bio-chemical process, and genetic influences)- Ex.- neurotransmitters, brain injury, infection
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Etiology of PsychopathologyA. Psychodynamic- cause of
psychopathology is located inside the person; symptoms have their roots in the unconscious conflict & thoughts- if the unconscious is conflicted & tension filled person will be plagued by anxiety- conflict comes from struggle between Id, Ego, Superego
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Etiology of PsychopathologyB. Behavioral- abnormal behaviors acquired
thru learning & reinforcement- focus on current behavior & conditions or reinforcements that sustain the behavior; NOT internal psychological phenomena or early childhood- symptoms arise b/c person learned ineffective ways of behaving
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Etiology of PsychopathologyC. Cognitive- agree w/ behaviorists, but w/ a
twist; what matters is the way people perceive/think about themselves & about their relations w/ people & the environment- suggests psych. problems are result of distortions in perceptions of reality of a situation, faulty reasoning, or poor problem solving
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Etiology of PsychopathologyD. Sociocultural- emphasizes role culture
plays- particular cultural circumstances in which people live, may define an environment that helps bring about distinctive types or subtypes of psychopathology
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Non-Psychotic & Psychotic Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders• Causes:1.Biological- phobias are evolutionary
(shared across cultures); ability of certain drugs to relieve anxiety shows a possible biological cause; genetic basis- (twin study) for predisposition of 4 to 5 disorders
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Anxiety Disorders2. Psychodynamic- symptoms of anxiety
come from unconscious conflicts/fear; symptoms are trying to protect the individual from pain- panic attacks result of unconscious conflicts bursting into consciousness- Panic Attacks
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Anxiety Disorders3. Behavioral- focus on the way symptoms
are reinforced/conditioned- phobias- classically conditioned fears previously neutral stimuli become a frightening experience- OCD compulsive behaviors tend to reduce anxious thoughts reinforcing the compulsive behavior
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Anxiety Disorders4. Cognition- person may overestimate
nature/reality of threat or underestimate ability to cope w/ threat- people w/ anxiety may interpret their own distress as a sign of impending disaster vicious cycle
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Mood Disorders
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SWBAT• Examine a video of psych patients
at Bellevue Hospital• Analyze and discuss the patients
according to their symptoms
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Video• After viewing the video of
patients at Bellevue Hospital, write a ½ page reaction, which will be discussed at the beginning of tomorrow’s class
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SWBAT• Discuss Bellevue video reactions• Identify multiple perspectives of
the causes of mood disorders• Analyze the difference between
depression and bipolar disorder
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Mood Disorders• Major Depressive Disorder- feeling of
sadness/despair; usually appears before age 40; loss of previous source of pleasure; lasts avg. of 5 mos• Bipolar Disorder- episodes of severe
depression and manic episodes; onset age 20-29
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Mood Disorders• Causes: 1.Biological- levels of serotonin &
norepinephrine depression; levels mania- evidence of genetic factors (twin studies) influencing mood- some evidence that depressed people have small hippocampus
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Mood Disorders2. Psychodynamic-
- hostile feelings & unconscious conflicts originated in childhood - depression is anger turned inward toward the self; anger tied to intense & dependent childhood relationship where needs were not met
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Mood Disorders3. Behavioral- an effect of the amount
of positive reinforcement & punishment depression (not enough positive & too much punishment)- also a connection between lack of social skills & depression
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Mood Disorders4. Cognitive
a) - negative view of self- negative view of ongoing experience- negative view of future can lead to paralysis of will; no motivation to pursue goals
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Mood Disordersb) - explanatory style; depressed people can’t control future outcomes that are important to them - pessimistic view- learned helplessness expectancy that nothing they can do matters
Manic Depressive/Bipolar Disorder
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Mood Disorders• Gender Differences in Depression:
- women- 2x more affected, esp. in adolescence due to puberty- why? more thoughtful response style & tendency to focus obsessively on problems- men- actively distract themselves from feeling depressed by focusing on something else
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Mood Disorders• Suicide:
- most depressed people don’t commit suicide; 50-80% of suicides are attempted by depressed people- women attempt suicide 3x’s more than men men are more successful b/c of methods used
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Mood Disorders- since 1960, youth suicide ; white males are the highest- most youth suicides have given signs
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Knowledge Check!• Answer the T/F and Application
questions on your own• When finished, hand in your
sheet, and I’ll tell you what the answers were • Were your answers correct?
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Personality & Dissociative
Disorders
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SWBAT• Explain the 5 types of personality
disorders• Identify the causes of personality
disorders• Analyze the Dissociateive Identity
Disorder (DID) in “Inside Karen’s Crowded Mind”
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Personality Disorders• Read, “Inside Karen’s Crowded Mind”
and be prepared to discuss
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Personality Disorders• Chronic, inflexible, maladaptive pattern
of perceiving, thinking, or behaving• Personality traits are excessive in
degree & rigid• Usually recognized by adolescence or
early adulthood• Difficult to diagnose b/c of overlap
between disorders
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Personality Disorders• 5 Examples of Personality
Disorders:1. Paranoid-
distrust/suspicious; suspect others are trying to harm them; often jealous but unable to accept criticism themselves
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Personality Disorders2. Histrionic- excessive emotionally &
attention seeking; flamboyant, dramatic, seductive, manipulative; 2x-3x greater in women
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Personality Disorders3. Narcissistic- grandiose sense of
self importance, need for admiration; problems in interpersonal relationships; tend to exploit others; have difficulty recognizing & experiencing how others feel
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Personality Disorders4. Antisocial- pattern of irresponsible,
unlawful behavior (starts early) that violates social norms; don’t experience shame/remorse; disrupting class, getting into fights, running away from home; involved in crime (but not always)
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Personality Disorders- indifference to the rights of others- impulsive, manipulative, aggressive- more apparent in males (3-6x)- lack of conscience by age 15- aka: sociopath/psychopath
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Personality Disorders5. Borderline- 126 criteria, very
complicated to diagnose & treat; out of control emotions; “clingy”, hypersensitive to abandonment; history of hurting self; mood instability; unstable personal relationships; more in women
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Personality Disorders• CAUSES:
- genetic component, 67% of identical twins share the same disorder- research also points to environmental circumstances:
a) dysfunctional/physically abusive/neglectful familiesb) neurological damage prenatally
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Dissociative Disorders• Disturbance in the integration
of identity, memory, or consciousness• Dissociate/disown part of
themselves• Dissociative amnesia-
selective memory loss due to psychological reasons (major trauma)
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Dissociative Disorders• DID/Multiple Personality Disorder:
- 2+ distinct personalities exist w/in same individual
- one personality is dominant- personalities often contrast
w/ original self
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Dissociative Disorders- developed b/c they tried to escape from their life many have history of on-going sexual & physical abuse- very controversial some believe it doesn’t exist, patients make it up & therapists coach/help them
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia• Means split mind• Most serious type of disorder• Personality disintegrates thoughts
& perceptions are distorted; emotions are dulled/flat• Thinking becomes illogical &
disorganized
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Schizophrenia
• Hallucinations occur• Delusions & false beliefs• Incoherent language word salad• Sometimes neglect personal hygiene• Difference between mood disorders
& schizophrenia = disturbed thinking
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Schizophrenia• 2 Phases:
- Positive symptoms (aka acute/active)- symptoms very apparent (hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, wild ideas)- Negative symptoms- flattened emotions, withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention
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Schizophrenia• 4 Types of Schizophrenia:1. Disorganized- incoherent
patterns of thinking & language, bizarre behavior, emotions are flat or inappropriate to the situation; delusions, aimless, babbling & giggling
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Schizophrenia2. Catatonic- (not very common)
disruption of motor activity, seem “frozen”, or motionless; or at other times excessive motor activity
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Schizophrenia3. Paranoid- often comes
later in life, hallucinations; - delusions focus around:
a) being persecutedb) delusions of grandeur (God, millionaire)c) jealousy- mate is unfaithful
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Schizophrenia4. Undifferentiated- (fairly
common) mixture of symptoms, disorganized thinking
5. Residual- suffered from schizophrenia in the past, but it’s now dormant or in remission
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Schizophrenia• CAUSES:
- seem to have high levels of dopamine (Dopamine Hypothesis)- tends to run in families: genetic factors put people at risk, but environmental factors also must present themselves diathesis-stress hypothesis
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Schizophrenia- family interaction can be an environmental stressor- research shows that reducing criticism, hostility, and intrusiveness can help reduce reoccurrence of symptoms- often family behavior may not stop disorder, but can help manage it
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Schizophrenia- Brain functions/structure
might be different scans during hallucinations show increased activity in amygdala & lower activity in the frontal lobe
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Schizophrenia- Neuro-developmental hypothesis-
prenatal exposure & delivery complication increase vulnerability low birth weight & oxygen deprivation
- Maternal virus during pregnancy (esp. the flu) can increase probability
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Schizophrenia• Most believe it’s the high level of
dopamine or genetic
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Schizophrenia• TREATMENT:
- medication works to either block dopamine receptors OR prevent the release of dopamine- risks/side effects- tremors, seizures, slow mental functioning, drowsiness
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Schizophrenia- Generally appears in adolescence or
early adulthood- Patient falls into 3 Types:1. treated successfully recover2. partial recovery, but w/ frequent relapse3. endure chronic illness & generally permanently hospitalized
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Schizophrenia• Janny's World• Janny's Interns• Janny's Ranch